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EXYUSUBS.COM

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The First World War
was the biggest armed conflict

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which the world has ever seen…

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The Great War.

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Since the summer of 1914
and during the next four years,

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more than 40 countries fought each other

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on land...

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the sea...

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and in the air...

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without mercy...

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and until the very end.

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Crimes against the civilian population
Serbia and Belgium.

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Gas in the trenches of the western front.

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Unlimited submarine operations
Germany and Austria-Hungary.

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HUNDREDS DEAD ON LUSITANIA

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Allied blockade of Germany,

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Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire.

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Ottoman genocide against the Greeks,

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Assyrians and Armenians.

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They were just some
from the many faces of that war.

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By the end of November 1918,

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in the Great War
more than 20 million people were wounded

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and more than 16 million were killed.

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The Bolshevik Revolution in Russia

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the rise of the USA as a dominant world power,

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Nazism and Adolf Hitler's rise to power,

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were direct consequences
the First World War,

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as well as World War II.

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And then the cold war,
in its many forms.

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Balkan wars in the 1990s.

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Eternal Middle East crises.

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In the summer of 1914
Peace reigned in Europe.

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There has not been a major war for more than 50 years.

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This period is called the Belle Epoque.

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The twenty-eighth of June
in Franje Josip Street in Sarajevo,

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the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina,
then part of Austria-Hungary,

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the heir to the Austrian throne was killed.

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The assassin was a young Bosnian student.

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That's why it's a month later

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Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.

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Seven days after that,

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all the great European powers entered the war.

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But why are countries in Europe and the world
so they entered the war ready

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and how it came about
until the First World War?

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NINETEENTH CENTURY

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In the 1870s, 40 years
before the assassination in Sarajevo,

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Bosnia and Herzegovina
it was still part of the Ottoman Empire.

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It was like that since the 15th century,

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when the Ottoman Turks invaded Europe

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and conquered most of the Balkans.

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But now, after four centuries
cruel regime,

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the fall of the empire was near.

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In the 19th century, the Balkan nations,

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Serbs, Greeks, Bulgarians and Romanians,

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liberated their countries with weapons.

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Now it's Bosnia and Herzegovina's turn.

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It was a popular slogan at the time

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"Balkan to the Balkans",

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that is, that the great powers
they don't need to mix.

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INSTITUTE FOR BALKAN STUDIES

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They should be released to the Balkan peoples
to make their own arrangements

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about his future.

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The majority of the Bosnian population
they are actually Serbs,

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UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA

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It's natural
that Serbia wanted to unite those Serbs

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with the homeland,

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as was natural
in the context of the 19th century

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that they also wanted the Serbs to
from southern Hungary and Slavonia

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united with the rest of Serbia.

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But the future of Bosnia and Herzegovina

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she was in the center of interest
and one great power

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From the middle of the 19th century
foundations of the Austrian Empire

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they shook the revolutions
and the civil war with the Hungarians.

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VIENNA, EMPIRE OF AUSTRIA
OCTOBER 28, 1848

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By the 1860s, the Austrian Empire
it had already lost the Italian provinces

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in the wars with Piedmont.

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And in the war with Prussia
Austria lost its dominant position

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in the German Confederation.

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After Italy and Germany
united to the detriment of Austria,

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Emperor Francis Joseph was excellent at preventing

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further disintegration of the Empire

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and reach a so-called compromise with the Hungarians.

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THE EMPIRE OF AUSTRIA
VIENNA

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Although the name of the country was Austria-Hungary,

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the largest ethnic group
in the empire there were Slavs,

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which were more numerous than the Austrian ones
Germans and Hungarians together.

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Vienna was afraid that Serbia would
could turn its foreign policy around

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according to the southern Slavs in the monarchy

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that Belgrade could become
South Slavic Piedmont.

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Any expansion of Serbia
which would include Bosnia and Herzegovina,

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as well as some other areas,

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it was unacceptable
from the point of view of Austria-Hungary,

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being part of her subjects
belonged to the same group

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and therefore could take on the same aspirations.

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AUSTRIA-HUNGARIAN MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS

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Vienna could accept nation states,

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but only those that are
had limited importance

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and which he could control.

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If Serbia
annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina...

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BIOGRAPHER OF FRANK JOSIP

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...would become a country of medium importance,

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and that was unacceptable.

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In the summer of 1875

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in the mountains of Herzegovina
the shots rang out again.

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It remained unknown that they were Bosnian Serbs

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during those rebellions

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declared on several occasions
unification with Serbia.

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Bosnia with Serbia and Herzegovina
with another Serbian state,

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and that was the Principality of Montenegro.

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In July 1876, Serbia and Montenegro

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they declared war on the Ottoman Empire.

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But the fate of Bosnia and Herzegovina
it was already decided.

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Austria-Hungary cannot allow it
for Serbia to occupy and keep

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an enclave in between
Dalmatia, Croatia and Slavonia...

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SECRET CONFERENCE IN REICHSTADT

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...because that would bring danger
by province,

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especially the Dalmatian coast,

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which, in the form of a thin ribbon,

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obviously had to join the new Serbia.

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It was agreed that Serbia will
get territory expansion

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in the part of Bosnia around the Drina,

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at the same time near Novi Pazar
in old Serbia.

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The rest of Bosnia and Herzegovina

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will be annexed to Austria-Hungary.

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To get Russian support
for such a solution,

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Austria was ready for anything.

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If Russia starts a war against the Ottomans,

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Austria-Hungary
would remain benevolently neutral...

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AGREEMENT IN BUDAPEST

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...but would provide assistance in military logistics,
ambulance vehicles,

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supplies springs, as well as diplomatic protection

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in relation to other forces,

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in order to Russia
could reach its most important goal:

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straits in the Black Sea.

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CONSTANTINOPLE
THE BLACK SEA

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In April 1877
Russia declared war on the Ottoman Empire.

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But at the peace conference in Berlin
in the summer of 1878,

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the great powers have decided
that the Black Sea straits will

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remained closed to the Russian war fleet.

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TREATY OF BERLIN

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At the same time, they allowed Austria-Hungary

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to occupy Bosnia and Herzegovina,

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but also Sandžak near Novi Pazar,

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in order to Austria
separated Serbia and Montenegro.

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While Bosnia and Herzegovina
came to the occupation

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and precisely Vienna,

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formally she still was
part of the Ottoman Empire.

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Austro-Hungarian generals
they planned to complete the occupation

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until August 18, the birthday of Francis Joseph,

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but they met with fierce resistance,

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first Bosnian Muslims,
and then also Orthodox Serbs.

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THE BATTLE FOR SARAJEVO
AUGUST 19, 1878.

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Austria-Hungary needed it
more than 150,000 soldiers...

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heavy artillery…

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and more than three months of warfare and reprisals

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against the local population
to occupy Bosnia and Herzegovina.

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With this, Franjo Josip increased his reputation.

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He readily annexed a piece of territory

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because he lost so much in the past.

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THE FALL AND DAMAGE OF THE HABSBURG EMPIRE

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Bosnia and Herzegovina is a Slavic region,

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so there is no reason

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why would the population
wanted to live under occupation

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Austrian army. That's how it was.

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They resisted until the suppression of resistance
two or three years later.

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Germany was united under the leadership of Prussia

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and its "iron chancellor"
Otto von Bismarck

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during three wars.

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In the war against Denmark in 1864,

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after the victory over Austria in 1866,

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and then France in 1870 and 1871.

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At the head of the victorious army
were king of prussia,

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the future German Emperor William,

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and the Chief of the Main Command
Helmuth von Moltke.

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PROCLAMATION OF THE GERMAN EMPIRE
JANUARY 18, 1871 CASTLE OF VERSAILLES

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Bismarck is the unification of Germany

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placed Prussia in the center of Germany.

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And in the center of Prussia was the Prussian army.

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In the center of the Prussian army
was the Hohenzollern Monarchy,

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and that monarchy had a long tradition
launching wars without warning.

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But the new German Reich
he pretended rapidly

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to the most progressive European country.

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By the end of the 19th century,
Germany has already overtaken

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Great Britain, France and Russia
in almost all areas.

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In total industrial production,

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in achievements in the humanities
and natural sciences,

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as well as in social assistance
for German workers.

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Living standards were improving,

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and the population grew
with 41 million in 1871

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to 68 million in 1913.

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But the further growth of Germany
in the era of colonialism

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were held back by other great powers.

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During the "Race for Africa"

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Germany acquired only three colonies,

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while the old colonial masters
kept most of the world for themselves.

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Although Germany became very strong,

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she entered the international stage late.

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Especially in terms of colonial possessions.

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One of the foreign policy goals
was to ensure that Germany…

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"CAUSES OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR"

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...gets a well-deserved "place under the sun"

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and well-deserved status in the "European concert",

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that is, the balance of forces.

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"A place under the sun"
he meant expansion

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overseas colonial empire...

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MILITARY HISTORIAN

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...but also strengthening the position in Europe,

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on the basis of economic supremacy
over neighboring countries,

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but also military supremacy.

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Vilim's grandson Vilim II.
succeeded to the throne in 1888.

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German Empire
he ruled for the next 30 years.

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He was the last German emperor.

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William II. he was seriously ill.

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During the birth, the nerves in his neck were damaged.
He was not facing well.

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He was a militaristic monarch
with a crippled hand.

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BIOGRAPHER OF WILLIAM II.

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It was difficult for him.

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He was trying to compensate for his damage…

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PRINCE WILLIAM OF PRUSSIA

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...by demonstrating
bellicosity and militarism.

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William II. as an emperor he thought:

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"My grandfather built an army."

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He called him William the Great.

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"It is my duty to use that army

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how Germany would become
hegemonic power in Europe."

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That was his dream.

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The role model has always been quick victory,

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especially against France
1870 - 1871.

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New Germany
it was too small for two leaders.

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As soon as William II. established as the new emperor,

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Bismarck was deposed.

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A few days before the shift...

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MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY

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...Bismarck to the Russian ambassador Šuvalov

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promised that the Insurance Agreement,
which was preventing

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the possibility of conflict between Germany and Russia,

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be extended.

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INSURANCE AGREEMENT, JUNE 25, 1867.

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Caprivi said he was not a juggler...

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REICH CHANCELLOR

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...and that he can't juggle
with three balls at the same time.

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Therefore they had to throw one ball,
and that was Russia.

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Russia was isolated.

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As a consequence,

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Russia has committed itself to making
alliance with France.

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War against France in the west

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for Germany it would mean
and the war against Russia in the east.

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A war on two fronts is a nightmare
for any military strategist.

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The consequence was that,
in the event of a war on two fronts,

250
00:21:02,160 --> 00:21:06,600
German Empire
found pressed on both sides.

251
00:21:06,680 --> 00:21:11,400
There would be no chance of a quick victory
against the enemy.

252
00:21:13,960 --> 00:21:17,600
It is for these reasons

253
00:21:17,680 --> 00:21:21,600
1875 and again in 1887

254
00:21:21,680 --> 00:21:24,840
Moltke proposed a preventive war,

255
00:21:24,920 --> 00:21:26,960
or against France or against Russia.

256
00:21:27,040 --> 00:21:32,760
This would solve the problem of two fronts

257
00:21:32,840 --> 00:21:36,800
before the outbreak of war on both sides.

258
00:21:39,480 --> 00:21:42,640
But Bismarck agreed
strongly opposed.

259
00:21:42,720 --> 00:21:44,640
Without the Chancellor's consent,

260
00:21:44,720 --> 00:21:48,120
even the emperor could not
take Germany to war.

261
00:21:50,080 --> 00:21:53,560
However, in 1890
Bismarck was gone.

262
00:21:53,640 --> 00:21:59,880
William II. he decided to become
the only German ruler.

263
00:22:05,080 --> 00:22:08,080
Of course, he appointed all the ministers.

264
00:22:08,160 --> 00:22:11,800
The chancellor and all the generals
they were the people he appointed.

265
00:22:11,880 --> 00:22:13,720
They behaved accordingly.

266
00:22:14,680 --> 00:22:18,240
They didn't act like
republican civilian statesmen.

267
00:22:18,320 --> 00:22:21,240
They behaved
like courtiers and militarists.

268
00:22:23,440 --> 00:22:27,280
Chancellor Bernhard von Bulow
he would write on the cuff

269
00:22:27,360 --> 00:22:30,360
what would the emperor order him to do,
not because he might forget

270
00:22:30,440 --> 00:22:32,000
but to show the emperor

271
00:22:32,080 --> 00:22:34,600
that they will remember
exactly what the emperor told him.

272
00:22:34,680 --> 00:22:38,040
In accordance with the tradition of German politics,

273
00:22:38,120 --> 00:22:41,720
we will do everything to protect
their rights and interests

274
00:22:41,800 --> 00:22:44,080
in East Asia and the West Indies

275
00:22:44,160 --> 00:22:48,680
without unnecessary rudeness,
but also without weakness.

276
00:22:48,760 --> 00:22:49,800
DECEMBER SIX, 1897

277
00:22:49,880 --> 00:22:52,880
We don't want anyone to be in our shadow,

278
00:22:52,960 --> 00:22:56,120
but we claim our place under the sun.

279
00:23:28,720 --> 00:23:31,640
Having decided on the so-called
"civilizing mission"

280
00:23:31,720 --> 00:23:33,800
in Bosnia and Herzegovina,

281
00:23:33,880 --> 00:23:39,400
The Austrians announced... the implementation
agrarian reforms and abolition of serfdom,

282
00:23:39,480 --> 00:23:41,440
improving the standard of living...

283
00:23:41,520 --> 00:23:43,000
EMBASSY OF THE EMPIRE, VIENNA

284
00:23:43,080 --> 00:23:47,720
...opening of schools
and improvement of the tax system,

285
00:23:47,800 --> 00:23:50,080
judicial reform

286
00:23:50,160 --> 00:23:54,320
and equal treatment of members
three religious groups.

287
00:23:57,080 --> 00:24:01,280
The priority was construction
modern roads and railways.

288
00:24:05,320 --> 00:24:09,200
Construction projects that she implemented

289
00:24:09,280 --> 00:24:11,960
Austro-Hungarian administration

290
00:24:12,040 --> 00:24:15,480
they served for exploitation

291
00:24:15,560 --> 00:24:19,320
mineral wealth of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

292
00:24:19,400 --> 00:24:21,600
The rest was secondary.

293
00:24:25,040 --> 00:24:29,960
In Bosnia it was five times more
police stations than schools.

294
00:24:30,040 --> 00:24:35,880
Social progress was reserved
for a thin layer of the population.

295
00:24:37,600 --> 00:24:40,880
In 1882
the new Austro-Hungarian finance minister,

296
00:24:40,960 --> 00:24:44,520
and thus the administrator of Bosnia and Herzegovina,

297
00:24:44,600 --> 00:24:47,000
became Benjamin von Kallay,

298
00:24:47,080 --> 00:24:50,760
historian and former diplomat in Belgrade.

299
00:24:51,720 --> 00:24:54,240
He left a deep mark in that period,

300
00:24:54,320 --> 00:24:57,040
and he remained in office for 21 years.

301
00:25:00,040 --> 00:25:02,680
The man who wrote the history of the Serbs

302
00:25:02,760 --> 00:25:06,680
now he got his homework
to separate Bosnia and Serbia.

303
00:25:08,520 --> 00:25:12,120
Serbs had hundreds of religious schools

304
00:25:12,200 --> 00:25:16,800
in which they kept their Serbs
and Orthodox traditions.

305
00:25:16,880 --> 00:25:19,800
And then Benny von Kallay told them:

306
00:25:19,880 --> 00:25:22,240
"You are no longer Serbs, now you are Bosnians."

307
00:25:23,080 --> 00:25:26,160
He imposed the Bosnian language,

308
00:25:26,240 --> 00:25:31,400
and he banned even his own book
History of the Serbs,

309
00:25:31,480 --> 00:25:34,480
which was published before the occupation of Bosnia,

310
00:25:34,560 --> 00:25:39,160
and in which he claimed
that all the inhabitants of Bosnia,

311
00:25:39,840 --> 00:25:43,680
and especially Bosnian Muslims,
of Serbian origin.

312
00:25:49,640 --> 00:25:52,320
Bosnian Serbs wanted the same

313
00:25:52,400 --> 00:25:57,120
what they wanted in 1878:
human and civil rights,

314
00:25:57,200 --> 00:26:02,360
and to be free owners of the land
which they processed.

315
00:26:02,960 --> 00:26:05,600
But the occupying power in Bosnia and Herzegovina

316
00:26:05,680 --> 00:26:09,240
did not solve the problems
the largest ethnic groups.

317
00:26:11,800 --> 00:26:15,080
Kallay even prevented agrarian reform,

318
00:26:15,960 --> 00:26:19,800
so at the beginning of the 20th century,
as in the Middle Ages,

319
00:26:19,880 --> 00:26:22,320
Christian peasants were still serfs.

320
00:26:23,360 --> 00:26:26,120
A third of his crop
they gave to Ottoman beys,

321
00:26:26,200 --> 00:26:28,840
who were still the owners of the land.

322
00:26:30,280 --> 00:26:32,600
At the same time, the Austro-Hungarian administration

323
00:26:32,680 --> 00:26:36,120
she continued to raise taxes

324
00:26:36,200 --> 00:26:38,520
even more than the Ottomans.

325
00:26:41,480 --> 00:26:45,440
By 1910, 32 years
after the beginning of the Austro-Hungarian occupation,

326
00:26:45,520 --> 00:26:49,840
almost 90 percent of the population
of Bosnia and Herzegovina

327
00:26:49,920 --> 00:26:51,640
it was still illiterate.

328
00:26:53,000 --> 00:26:55,520
It was a unique case in Europe.

329
00:27:12,600 --> 00:27:15,840
MURDER OF THE SERBIAN ROYAL COUPLE

330
00:27:17,400 --> 00:27:20,080
COUP IN SERBIA

331
00:27:25,880 --> 00:27:28,880
KILLED SERBIAN ROYAL COUPLE

332
00:27:29,600 --> 00:27:34,880
TWENTIETH CENTURY

333
00:27:44,720 --> 00:27:48,600
After the assassination of the autocratic king
Aleksandar Obrenović

334
00:27:48,680 --> 00:27:51,320
and his wife in the spring of 1903,

335
00:27:51,400 --> 00:27:53,480
a group of military rebels brought

336
00:27:53,560 --> 00:27:56,520
to the Serbian throne of Petar Karađorđević.

337
00:27:57,880 --> 00:28:00,760
King Petar is in Serbia
brought back democracy.

338
00:28:00,840 --> 00:28:04,360
Through parliament are ideas
on national unification

339
00:28:04,440 --> 00:28:08,440
came to the fore again
Serbian foreign policy.

340
00:28:11,160 --> 00:28:13,960
At the same time they
in the Austro-Hungarian provinces

341
00:28:14,040 --> 00:28:19,360
Croatia-Slavonia and Dalmatia
a new political force appeared.

342
00:28:20,360 --> 00:28:23,240
Croatian and Serbian
they got married in 1905

343
00:28:23,320 --> 00:28:26,320
united in the Croatian-Serbian coalition.

344
00:28:27,160 --> 00:28:31,640
It is her main goal
was the unification of the southern Slavs.

345
00:28:35,800 --> 00:28:40,880
Vienna considered it a threat

346
00:28:40,960 --> 00:28:43,840
on its borders.

347
00:28:43,920 --> 00:28:49,320
While Serbia was an ally

348
00:28:49,400 --> 00:28:52,840
subordinated to Austria-Hungary,

349
00:28:52,920 --> 00:28:54,480
there was no such fear.

350
00:28:54,560 --> 00:29:00,680
But now the whole situation has changed.

351
00:29:03,920 --> 00:29:09,280
That's why he's in Vienna,

352
00:29:09,360 --> 00:29:12,800
in political and military circles,

353
00:29:12,880 --> 00:29:18,760
created a certain attitude towards Serbia.

354
00:29:18,840 --> 00:29:21,040
Kind of an obsession.

355
00:29:29,440 --> 00:29:32,280
It's not just a matter in Serbia.

356
00:29:32,360 --> 00:29:34,800
Serbia is giving Vienna a headache.

357
00:29:34,880 --> 00:29:36,360
UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA

358
00:29:36,440 --> 00:29:38,160
People in Budapest, Hungarians,

359
00:29:38,240 --> 00:29:40,960
face an even bigger headache,

360
00:29:41,040 --> 00:29:42,480
and those are the Romanians.

361
00:29:43,920 --> 00:29:48,800
That's how they existed
two irredentist smaller states

362
00:29:48,880 --> 00:29:51,760
which were getting stronger on the southern border.

363
00:29:51,840 --> 00:29:55,120
This made an impression on the Austrians

364
00:29:55,200 --> 00:29:56,920
that they are under siege

365
00:29:57,000 --> 00:29:59,720
and that they are surrounded by enemies.

366
00:29:59,800 --> 00:30:01,960
Conrad, who was
paranoid about Italy…

367
00:30:02,040 --> 00:30:03,680
CHIEF OF THE AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN STAFF

368
00:30:03,760 --> 00:30:05,640
...he said: "Another enemy:

369
00:30:05,720 --> 00:30:08,280
Italy is just waiting to attack us.

370
00:30:08,360 --> 00:30:12,360
Therefore, we need to remove all these threats

371
00:30:12,440 --> 00:30:14,400
before they attack us first."

372
00:30:14,480 --> 00:30:17,600
That's why it's Conrad
advocated preventive wars.

373
00:30:31,760 --> 00:30:36,560
And the emperor asked
how he will get Germany out of the environment.

374
00:30:38,000 --> 00:30:40,200
To achieve this, it seemed logical

375
00:30:40,280 --> 00:30:42,000
take advantage of family ties,

376
00:30:42,080 --> 00:30:45,480
first with my uncle,
British King Edward VII.,

377
00:30:45,560 --> 00:30:46,840
and then Nikki,

378
00:30:46,920 --> 00:30:51,040
Russian Emperor Nicholas II.,
who was also his cousin.

379
00:30:52,080 --> 00:30:54,640
The Russian regiments must join us.

380
00:30:54,720 --> 00:30:59,240
I believe that the possibility will
rape and robbery in beautiful France

381
00:30:59,320 --> 00:31:01,960
entice the Russians to join us.

382
00:31:04,080 --> 00:31:06,360
But Nikola had other priorities.

383
00:31:09,640 --> 00:31:13,200
In 1904, Japan attacked Russia in Manchuria.

384
00:31:15,160 --> 00:31:18,080
After the Russian army
sent to the far east…

385
00:31:18,160 --> 00:31:19,680
JANUARY 9, 1905

386
00:31:19,760 --> 00:31:22,640
...a revolution broke out in St. Petersburg.

387
00:31:26,400 --> 00:31:28,480
The revolution was suffocated in blood.

388
00:31:31,600 --> 00:31:35,960
In 1905, the Russian army
suffered a heavy defeat

389
00:31:36,040 --> 00:31:38,040
in the war against Japan.

390
00:31:39,120 --> 00:31:42,880
Russian military power was practically destroyed.

391
00:31:42,960 --> 00:31:47,040
Russia's recovery took a long time.

392
00:31:55,200 --> 00:31:57,840
Russia could not fight in Europe.

393
00:31:57,920 --> 00:32:00,880
France was
at the mercy of Germany.

394
00:32:01,440 --> 00:32:04,760
He is in that situation
chief of the German High Command

395
00:32:04,840 --> 00:32:10,080
Count Schlieffen prepared
his Angriffsplan gegen Frankreich.

396
00:32:10,160 --> 00:32:12,760
A quick, lightning war against France.

397
00:32:16,720 --> 00:32:21,760
That was the problem
which is the German-French border

398
00:32:21,840 --> 00:32:27,440
on the French side was well fortified,
along the Vosges massif.

399
00:32:27,520 --> 00:32:30,600
A quick penetration was not possible there.

400
00:32:30,680 --> 00:32:37,560
So Schlieffen came up with a plan
passes through neutral Belgium,

401
00:32:37,640 --> 00:32:40,880
as well as through the neutral Netherlands,

402
00:32:40,960 --> 00:32:46,440
in order to attack France from the northeast.

403
00:32:46,520 --> 00:32:52,600
Expecting that the French army
ready to fight

404
00:32:52,680 --> 00:32:55,400
they could surround her

405
00:32:55,480 --> 00:32:59,880
circular action and destroy it.

406
00:33:05,360 --> 00:33:08,800
This idea was formulated by Schlieffen

407
00:33:08,880 --> 00:33:12,240
in 1905 in his memorandum,

408
00:33:12,320 --> 00:33:16,440
which is known today
like the Schlieffen Plan.

409
00:33:19,200 --> 00:33:24,800
But the war could not start
without a major international crisis.

410
00:33:56,480 --> 00:34:01,360
France since 1830
most of North Africa, Algeria and Tunisia

411
00:34:01,440 --> 00:34:03,360
placed under its colonial rule.

412
00:34:06,040 --> 00:34:10,600
Now she reached out
for the last remaining territory,

413
00:34:10,670 --> 00:34:12,760
but so did Germany.

414
00:34:12,840 --> 00:34:14,840
MOROCCO

415
00:34:14,920 --> 00:34:18,440
Morocco was a European problem.

416
00:34:19,960 --> 00:34:22,630
Towards the end of the 19th century
a conference was held.

417
00:34:22,710 --> 00:34:24,230
UNIVERSITY OF PARIS-SORBONNE

418
00:34:24,320 --> 00:34:26,760
It was decided that no European country

419
00:34:26,840 --> 00:34:30,630
will not occupy
unilateral position in Morocco.

420
00:34:31,360 --> 00:34:35,840
France converted
Morocco into a protectorate

421
00:34:35,920 --> 00:34:38,150
and thereby violated that agreement.

422
00:34:38,230 --> 00:34:40,520
The Germans were dissatisfied.

423
00:34:41,120 --> 00:34:45,230
They tried to force France
to give up.

424
00:34:45,800 --> 00:34:50,710
The emperor in March 1905
landed in the Moroccan port of Tangier.

425
00:34:50,800 --> 00:34:53,670
He offered the Sultan
support against France.

426
00:34:54,670 --> 00:34:57,000
Paris saw this as a direct threat.

427
00:34:57,080 --> 00:35:00,600
Europe found itself on the threshold of war.

428
00:35:14,000 --> 00:35:17,800
The German emperor is after all
decided not to attack

429
00:35:17,880 --> 00:35:22,720
because he understood that Britain
they will not allow the defeat of France.

430
00:35:22,800 --> 00:35:23,960
A WAR BETWEEN GERMANY AND ENGLAND?

431
00:35:24,040 --> 00:35:27,480
Her navy was decidedly stronger,

432
00:35:27,560 --> 00:35:31,680
and she could land 100,000 soldiers
somewhere on the continent.

433
00:35:33,600 --> 00:35:36,880
Britain clearly said for the first time:

434
00:35:36,960 --> 00:35:40,520
"We cannot allow France to be crushed

435
00:35:40,600 --> 00:35:44,280
because Britain would be left alone
opposite the continent

436
00:35:44,360 --> 00:35:47,680
which would be united under your leadership,
and we cannot allow that."

437
00:35:56,200 --> 00:35:59,600
United Kingdom,
the greatest colonial power in the world,

438
00:35:59,680 --> 00:36:03,120
it had the largest navy
in the history of the world.

439
00:36:13,400 --> 00:36:17,240
In 1897,
under Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz,

440
00:36:17,320 --> 00:36:20,080
Germany began to strengthen its fleet.

441
00:36:20,160 --> 00:36:22,680
The goal was to equalize with the British.

442
00:36:26,040 --> 00:36:30,200
This prompted the British admirals
to insist on a pre-emptive strike

443
00:36:30,280 --> 00:36:34,080
to the German navy
before it becomes too strong.

444
00:36:39,360 --> 00:36:41,440
But instead of a preemptive strike,

445
00:36:41,520 --> 00:36:46,480
Great Britain took the second step
towards securing naval supremacy.

446
00:36:47,040 --> 00:36:53,080
ROYAL PORTSMOUTH SHIPYARD,
OCTOBER 2, 1905

447
00:36:53,160 --> 00:36:56,400
Britain launched in 1905

448
00:36:56,480 --> 00:37:00,320
the first heavily armed
warship Dreadnought,

449
00:37:00,400 --> 00:37:02,440
with cannons with a diameter of 30 cm.

450
00:37:02,520 --> 00:37:04,680
Eventually they wanted 38 cm guns,

451
00:37:04,760 --> 00:37:07,240
and they were also thinking about 45 cm.

452
00:37:08,840 --> 00:37:14,040
And that's more than all the others
warships in the world.

453
00:37:14,120 --> 00:37:15,840
MILITARY HISTORIAN

454
00:37:15,920 --> 00:37:18,440
That created pressure
to other navies,

455
00:37:18,520 --> 00:37:20,840
and especially to Germany.

456
00:37:22,760 --> 00:37:25,800
The Germans had a huge doubt.

457
00:37:25,880 --> 00:37:29,000
The warships they were building

458
00:37:29,080 --> 00:37:33,080
they were small enough
to be able to pass through the Kiel Canal

459
00:37:33,160 --> 00:37:37,760
from the Baltic Sea to the Atlantic
and the North Sea, and back.

460
00:37:38,320 --> 00:37:42,800
There are new warships
were too big for that channel.

461
00:37:42,880 --> 00:37:47,080
Therefore, they would have to sail around Denmark.

462
00:37:47,160 --> 00:37:49,720
They didn't have to decide on their own

463
00:37:49,800 --> 00:37:54,880
will they build warships
which will be like British ones.

464
00:37:54,960 --> 00:37:59,520
They also had to widen the Kiel Canal.

465
00:38:09,640 --> 00:38:12,000
The Germans accepted the challenge.

466
00:38:12,560 --> 00:38:14,680
Works on widening and deepening

467
00:38:14,760 --> 00:38:18,520
98 km long Kiel Canal
started in 1907,

468
00:38:18,600 --> 00:38:22,240
at a time when Germany
began to build their large ships.

469
00:38:30,160 --> 00:38:33,480
The European one has started
a naval arms race.

470
00:39:00,960 --> 00:39:03,960
They took place in Europe
two arms races

471
00:39:04,040 --> 00:39:05,080
before the war.

472
00:39:05,160 --> 00:39:07,440
SKETCH OF 75-MM CANNON

473
00:39:07,520 --> 00:39:12,000
In 1897, the French developed a 75-mm gun

474
00:39:12,080 --> 00:39:14,480
who was firing
about twenty shells per minute.

475
00:39:18,360 --> 00:39:22,320
It was a serious increase
in rate of fire,

476
00:39:22,400 --> 00:39:25,520
and that created pressure

477
00:39:25,600 --> 00:39:29,280
on all other European armies
to develop rapid artillery.

478
00:39:31,240 --> 00:39:33,760
One of the first armies
who introduced that cannon

479
00:39:33,840 --> 00:39:36,560
was the Serbian army in 1905.

480
00:39:38,360 --> 00:39:41,360
Attracted by the quality of the guns
which they produced

481
00:39:41,440 --> 00:39:44,240
Austrian Skoda and German Krupp,

482
00:39:44,320 --> 00:39:47,760
but also by offering a large French loan,

483
00:39:47,840 --> 00:39:50,280
the Serbian government for the first time

484
00:39:50,360 --> 00:39:54,280
she did not decide to buy a weapon
from Austria or Germany.

485
00:39:56,600 --> 00:40:00,960
Vienna was shocked when Serbia decided

486
00:40:01,040 --> 00:40:06,800
sign agreements with other countries
without consulting the Viennese diplomacy.

487
00:40:07,360 --> 00:40:11,160
They thought:
"If Serbia wants to be independent",

488
00:40:11,240 --> 00:40:18,240
and 97% of Serbian exports
it depended on Austria-Hungary,

489
00:40:18,320 --> 00:40:20,640
"We will impose sanctions on her

490
00:40:20,720 --> 00:40:24,720
so will Serbia
have to return to our flock.”

491
00:40:25,520 --> 00:40:27,560
In January 1906

492
00:40:27,640 --> 00:40:30,280
Austria-Hungary introduced a trade embargo

493
00:40:30,360 --> 00:40:33,160
on the export of Serbian livestock.

494
00:40:33,240 --> 00:40:36,280
That is the economic conflict
known as the Pig War.

495
00:40:38,040 --> 00:40:42,280
But Serbia is in 1911
emerged victorious from that war.

496
00:40:42,360 --> 00:40:45,560
It profited by finding new markets

497
00:40:45,640 --> 00:40:49,600
in France, Russia,
Switzerland and Germany.

498
00:40:53,840 --> 00:40:57,120
It was political emancipation,

499
00:40:57,200 --> 00:41:00,080
economic emancipation,
military emancipation.

500
00:41:00,160 --> 00:41:05,000
That's how Serbia became attractive,

501
00:41:05,080 --> 00:41:07,840
a kind of Balkan Piedmont,

502
00:41:07,920 --> 00:41:11,760
especially for Serbs,
but also for other South Slavs.

503
00:41:14,520 --> 00:41:17,080
Serbs of the Orthodox and Muslim faiths

504
00:41:17,160 --> 00:41:20,040
they undertake to work and encourage

505
00:41:20,120 --> 00:41:23,640
realization of self-government
for Bosnia and Herzegovina,

506
00:41:23,720 --> 00:41:26,240
under the supreme authority of the Sultan.

507
00:41:26,320 --> 00:41:28,360
GATHERING OF BOSNIAN MUSLIMS AND SERBS

508
00:41:28,440 --> 00:41:29,880
In accordance with free will,

509
00:41:29,960 --> 00:41:32,920
the people will decide
about the social system of the state

510
00:41:33,000 --> 00:41:38,680
and elect managers,
alternately Muslims and Orthodox Serbs.

511
00:41:42,040 --> 00:41:44,800
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY
FEBRUARY 1908

512
00:41:44,880 --> 00:41:47,560
In the elections of 1908 in the provinces

513
00:41:47,640 --> 00:41:49,680
Croatia-Slavonia and Dalmatia,

514
00:41:49,760 --> 00:41:52,280
Croatian-Serbian coalition
she won a big victory.

515
00:41:52,360 --> 00:41:56,480
She won 56 out of 81 seats in the parliament.

516
00:41:59,160 --> 00:42:02,040
When the Croatian-Serbian coalition

517
00:42:02,120 --> 00:42:03,880
took over power in Croatia,

518
00:42:03,960 --> 00:42:07,960
Vienna was very worried.

519
00:42:09,680 --> 00:42:12,760
They banned the import of Serbian newspapers

520
00:42:12,840 --> 00:42:14,680
in Bosnia.

521
00:42:14,760 --> 00:42:17,280
They were imprisoning people.

522
00:42:18,200 --> 00:42:24,280
They arrested Serbian leaders
and accused them of high treason.

523
00:42:26,040 --> 00:42:30,480
That is why Austria decided to give
another blow.

524
00:42:30,560 --> 00:42:36,320
It announced the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Austria-Hungary.

525
00:42:59,960 --> 00:43:01,760
On the last day of 1905

526
00:43:01,840 --> 00:43:06,200
Emperor William II. he replaced
Alfred von Schlieffen.

527
00:43:06,280 --> 00:43:08,760
To the position of chief
German High Command

528
00:43:08,840 --> 00:43:11,200
he appointed his personal assistant.

529
00:43:11,760 --> 00:43:14,080
The Kaiser called him Julius,

530
00:43:14,160 --> 00:43:18,000
but his real name was
Helmut von Moltke, the younger.

531
00:43:19,280 --> 00:43:20,720
It was the emperor's choice,

532
00:43:20,800 --> 00:43:23,960
more based on personal preference

533
00:43:24,040 --> 00:43:26,040
and, more importantly, on the name,

534
00:43:26,120 --> 00:43:29,960
since Helmut von Moltke
had his famous uncle.

535
00:43:30,680 --> 00:43:34,200
William II. he considered
that he might have inherited something from him.

536
00:43:34,280 --> 00:43:37,480
The younger Moltke asked the emperor:

537
00:43:37,560 --> 00:43:40,840
"You think you can
win the same lottery twice?”

538
00:43:41,560 --> 00:43:44,000
You can work a little, but during the war...

539
00:43:44,080 --> 00:43:45,440
WILLIAM II.
DECEMBER 31, 1905

540
00:43:45,520 --> 00:43:48,600
...I will be my own chief of command.

541
00:43:49,880 --> 00:43:51,200
As soon as Moltke was appointed,

542
00:43:51,280 --> 00:43:54,320
the situation in Europe began to change.

543
00:43:55,680 --> 00:43:59,600
Russia is slowly but surely
began to recover from the revolution

544
00:43:59,680 --> 00:44:01,400
and the war against Japan.

545
00:44:01,480 --> 00:44:04,080
It looked
that her army would recover

546
00:44:04,160 --> 00:44:06,280
in five to six years.

547
00:44:07,800 --> 00:44:11,840
A war on two fronts
was becoming a possibility again.

548
00:44:11,920 --> 00:44:13,400
Like his uncle,

549
00:44:13,480 --> 00:44:18,040
Moltke the younger was determined
prevent this from happening.

550
00:44:21,520 --> 00:44:22,960
Now or never.

551
00:44:23,040 --> 00:44:25,920
Jetzt oder nie, the sooner the better.

552
00:44:26,000 --> 00:44:28,880
He advocated war at every opportunity.

553
00:44:29,960 --> 00:44:31,760
At no point did he say:

554
00:44:31,840 --> 00:44:34,240
"Maybe we should slow down a bit.

555
00:44:34,320 --> 00:44:35,680
Maybe we're not strong enough."

556
00:44:35,760 --> 00:44:39,640
But at the same time he was also surrounded
to people who said the same thing.

557
00:44:42,840 --> 00:44:46,840
After Russia's return to the game,
german military plan,

558
00:44:46,920 --> 00:44:50,320
the so-called Schlieffen Plan,
it needed to be updated.

559
00:44:52,160 --> 00:44:54,800
Germany's basic strategic dilemma
it was simple.

560
00:44:54,880 --> 00:44:56,160
They are in the middle.

561
00:44:56,240 --> 00:44:59,400
If you want to win fast,
you must attack France first.

562
00:44:59,480 --> 00:45:01,960
You can't beat Russia quickly.

563
00:45:02,040 --> 00:45:04,800
Therefore, the basic idea
destroy the French army…

564
00:45:04,880 --> 00:45:06,880
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE

565
00:45:06,960 --> 00:45:11,200
…before Russia
manages to mobilize and send his forces.

566
00:45:12,520 --> 00:45:14,200
While Germany and Austria had

567
00:45:14,280 --> 00:45:17,520
dense railway network,
in Russia this was not the case.

568
00:45:17,600 --> 00:45:20,360
Therefore, the deployment of the forces of the Central Powers

569
00:45:20,440 --> 00:45:24,040
should be much faster than the Russian ones.

570
00:45:24,120 --> 00:45:26,400
While Germany would attack France,

571
00:45:26,480 --> 00:45:28,400
its background, the Russian front

572
00:45:28,480 --> 00:45:32,000
would be provided by the army of Austria-Hungary.

573
00:45:35,000 --> 00:45:39,160
And then, after a lightning victory
over France at six to eight Sundays,

574
00:45:39,240 --> 00:45:42,280
most of the German forces
it would shift to the east

575
00:45:42,360 --> 00:45:44,120
and opposed the Russians.

576
00:45:46,040 --> 00:45:47,400
Given the size of Russia

577
00:45:47,480 --> 00:45:50,120
and the underdevelopment of the railway network,

578
00:45:50,200 --> 00:45:53,480
as well as the ineffectiveness of the Russian administration,

579
00:45:53,560 --> 00:45:55,240
The Germans thought they would succeed.

580
00:46:03,680 --> 00:46:06,640
We, Francis Joseph, Emperor of Austria

581
00:46:06,720 --> 00:46:08,680
and the apostolic king of Hungary,

582
00:46:08,760 --> 00:46:12,080
population of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

583
00:46:13,360 --> 00:46:16,240
When our forces are
crossed the borders of your countries...

584
00:46:16,320 --> 00:46:18,000
FRANJO JOSIP, OCTOBER 6, 1908.

585
00:46:18,080 --> 00:46:22,120
…you were guaranteed
to come as friends

586
00:46:22,200 --> 00:46:26,480
to right the wrongs
which your homeland suffered so much

587
00:46:26,560 --> 00:46:30,720
through many years and led the country
to a happier future.

588
00:46:32,480 --> 00:46:36,160
Order and security
they replaced violence and repression.

589
00:46:36,240 --> 00:46:40,200
Trade and traffic are constantly developing.

590
00:46:40,280 --> 00:46:42,240
Increasing influence of education

591
00:46:42,320 --> 00:46:44,640
is present in your country.

592
00:46:44,720 --> 00:46:47,360
Under the protection of an organized administration,

593
00:46:47,440 --> 00:46:50,600
everyone can enjoy it
in the fruits of their labor.

594
00:46:51,640 --> 00:46:54,080
Where would we lift Bosnia and Herzegovina...

595
00:46:54,160 --> 00:46:56,560
With those words, Emperor Franjo Josip,

596
00:46:56,640 --> 00:46:58,640
after 30 years of occupation,

597
00:46:58,720 --> 00:47:02,160
declared the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina

598
00:47:02,240 --> 00:47:04,120
to the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

599
00:47:08,120 --> 00:47:11,520
Of course it was
violation of international law,

600
00:47:11,600 --> 00:47:13,520
of the Berlin Treaty.

601
00:47:13,600 --> 00:47:18,200
Serbia fiercely opposed it.

602
00:47:18,280 --> 00:47:23,840
They believed that Bosnia belonged to Serbia
as Alsace-Lorraine,

603
00:47:23,920 --> 00:47:30,840
key province
for Serbian and Yugoslav unification.

604
00:47:31,800 --> 00:47:34,200
In Belgrade, there is news about the annexation

605
00:47:34,280 --> 00:47:38,000
Bosnia and Herzegovina was met with fury.

606
00:47:38,560 --> 00:47:42,120
The largest demonstrations were held
in the history of the city.

607
00:47:45,080 --> 00:47:47,960
In an attempt to reduce tensions,
Minister of Foreign Affairs

608
00:47:48,040 --> 00:47:50,680
he asked Vienna, and later Berlin,

609
00:47:50,760 --> 00:47:52,880
territorial compensation,

610
00:47:52,960 --> 00:47:55,720
more precisely, Sandžak and Novi Pazar,

611
00:47:55,800 --> 00:47:59,320
from where the Austro-Hungarian army
was withdrawn.

612
00:48:01,520 --> 00:48:02,880
Serbia wanted to expand

613
00:48:02,960 --> 00:48:06,200
and finally get
common border with Montenegro.

614
00:48:07,360 --> 00:48:11,120
But Austria had none
such plans for Serbia.

615
00:48:13,120 --> 00:48:16,920
A month before the annexation,
SEPTEMBER 5, 1908,

616
00:48:17,000 --> 00:48:20,000
Austro-Hungarian minister
of Foreign Affairs Aehrenthal

617
00:48:20,080 --> 00:48:24,760
met with a German colleague
Schoen in Berchtesgaden.

618
00:48:24,840 --> 00:48:28,720
He told him in confidence
that his plan after the annexation

619
00:48:28,800 --> 00:48:31,320
“total destruction
of the Serbian revolutionary nest...

620
00:48:31,400 --> 00:48:33,400
AUSTRIA-HUNGARIAN MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS

621
00:48:33,480 --> 00:48:37,160
...and the division of Serbia
between Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria."

622
00:48:39,520 --> 00:48:43,400
MESSAGE TO AUSTRIA
SERBIA IS ARMING

623
00:48:45,280 --> 00:48:48,240
The Serbian press also started calling for war.

624
00:48:53,000 --> 00:48:55,280
Since the army was not ready,

625
00:48:55,360 --> 00:48:57,240
people close to the government and military circles...

626
00:48:57,320 --> 00:48:58,320
DRAMATIST

627
00:48:58,400 --> 00:49:00,760
...they started gathering thousands of volunteers

628
00:49:00,840 --> 00:49:03,640
to the National Defense organization,

629
00:49:03,720 --> 00:49:08,440
armed Chetnik troops ready to leave
to fight in Bosnia against Austria-Hungary.

630
00:49:09,200 --> 00:49:11,480
We have to deal a devastating blow to Serbia...

631
00:49:11,560 --> 00:49:12,760
VIENNA, MAY 1908.

632
00:49:12,840 --> 00:49:14,840
...regardless of the point of view of other powers.

633
00:49:14,920 --> 00:49:17,040
Austrian invasion of Serbia

634
00:49:17,120 --> 00:49:19,560
could lead Russia to intervene.

635
00:49:19,640 --> 00:49:23,160
It would be a casus foederis for Germany.

636
00:49:24,640 --> 00:49:26,840
But the Russians secretly supported

637
00:49:26,920 --> 00:49:29,880
Austro-Hungarian annexation plan.

638
00:49:31,280 --> 00:49:34,360
In September 1908 in Buchlovice

639
00:49:34,440 --> 00:49:37,520
Russian Foreign Minister Iswolsky
he gave to Aehrenthal

640
00:49:37,600 --> 00:49:40,640
Russian consent to the planned annexation.

641
00:49:43,480 --> 00:49:45,800
Iswolsky had the following reasons.

642
00:49:45,880 --> 00:49:49,520
"There are antagonisms with Japan
in Manchuria, Korea,

643
00:49:49,600 --> 00:49:52,600
but we will settle that with concessions.

644
00:49:52,680 --> 00:49:56,960
There are antagonisms with England
in Afghanistan, Persia,

645
00:49:57,040 --> 00:49:59,280
but we will agree on concessions.

646
00:49:59,360 --> 00:50:01,480
There are antagonisms with Austria-Hungary.

647
00:50:01,560 --> 00:50:03,560
We will make an agreement with Austria-Hungary.

648
00:50:03,640 --> 00:50:06,400
For what reason?
The consequence of all those concessions

649
00:50:06,480 --> 00:50:08,760
there will be a conference

650
00:50:08,840 --> 00:50:13,800
on which will
consider the strait issue.

651
00:50:14,560 --> 00:50:17,520
Although Austria-Hungary
achieved annexation,

652
00:50:17,600 --> 00:50:21,320
did not support Russia.

653
00:50:22,040 --> 00:50:23,640
Straits in the Black Sea

654
00:50:23,720 --> 00:50:26,760
the rest were closed to the Russian Navy.

655
00:50:34,000 --> 00:50:37,320
Now the Russian press started calling for war.

656
00:50:45,080 --> 00:50:48,160
While Serbia was facing
with the Austrian ultimatum,

657
00:50:48,240 --> 00:50:51,400
German is an ultimatum
sent to St. Petersburg.

658
00:50:55,640 --> 00:50:58,240
As the Marquis of Montecuccoli used to say,

659
00:50:58,320 --> 00:51:00,640
the famous Austrian general:

660
00:51:00,720 --> 00:51:03,640
"There are only three prerequisites for war:

661
00:51:03,720 --> 00:51:06,760
money, money and, again, money.”

662
00:51:06,840 --> 00:51:10,560
But that was in 1908 and 1909

663
00:51:10,640 --> 00:51:14,560
it was not in the Russian budget.

664
00:51:14,640 --> 00:51:17,480
The Bosnian crisis caught the Russian army by surprise

665
00:51:17,560 --> 00:51:21,680
unable to attack effectively,

666
00:51:21,760 --> 00:51:23,960
but she could not even defend herself effectively.

667
00:51:30,800 --> 00:51:36,360
The decision to give in to the Austrian one
threat and German ultimatum

668
00:51:36,440 --> 00:51:39,280
humiliates the Russian elite.

669
00:51:39,360 --> 00:51:42,680
All of them, from Nicholas II. down,

670
00:51:42,760 --> 00:51:47,480
were determined to Russia
he will never humiliate like that again.

671
00:51:49,640 --> 00:51:51,200
What an opportunity we missed...

672
00:51:51,280 --> 00:51:52,920
APRIL 24, 1909

673
00:51:53,000 --> 00:51:54,880
...to solve the European question.

674
00:51:55,440 --> 00:51:57,560
Probably won't be back anytime soon…

675
00:51:57,640 --> 00:51:59,000
SEPTEMBER 14, 1909

676
00:51:59,080 --> 00:52:01,320
...and in such favorable circumstances.

677
00:52:17,200 --> 00:52:21,160
The Moroccan tribes settled in 1911
rebelled against the sultan.

678
00:52:22,800 --> 00:52:25,640
That served as an excuse
for France to send

679
00:52:25,720 --> 00:52:30,160
of its 20,000 soldiers
and take full control of Morocco.

680
00:52:31,600 --> 00:52:33,400
In response, the Germans sent

681
00:52:33,480 --> 00:52:36,240
the small Panther gunboat

682
00:52:36,320 --> 00:52:38,400
to the Moroccan port of Agadir.

683
00:52:40,920 --> 00:52:44,320
But one more time
the British naval threat

684
00:52:44,400 --> 00:52:47,560
dissuaded the Germans from action.

685
00:52:52,920 --> 00:52:56,040
German Navy
she couldn't handle British yet.

686
00:52:59,440 --> 00:53:01,960
Works on the Kiel Canal
and a large submarine base

687
00:53:02,040 --> 00:53:04,760
in the North Sea were underway,

688
00:53:04,840 --> 00:53:08,280
but it's up to completion
was a few more years.

689
00:53:09,440 --> 00:53:13,240
New maritime law,
passed in the same year, 1911,

690
00:53:13,320 --> 00:53:17,760
it allowed Germany to speed up
construction of warships by 50 percent.

691
00:53:19,080 --> 00:53:21,280
Instead of two large ships per year,

692
00:53:21,360 --> 00:53:25,040
since 1917
she was to start building three ships.

693
00:53:27,280 --> 00:53:29,600
With that rhythm, Germany planned to melt

694
00:53:29,680 --> 00:53:32,960
British naval superiority
in just a few years.

695
00:53:43,000 --> 00:53:47,560
Another Navy objective
it was to bring Britain to its knees.

696
00:53:47,640 --> 00:53:50,920
Britain is due to its numerous obligations

697
00:53:51,000 --> 00:53:54,000
around the world and smaller people

698
00:53:54,080 --> 00:53:58,520
had to build three ships each
for every two Germans.

699
00:53:58,600 --> 00:54:01,480
If the Germans had 60 ships,

700
00:54:01,560 --> 00:54:03,880
The British would have to build 90 of them,

701
00:54:03,960 --> 00:54:06,280
and economically it was not possible.

702
00:54:06,360 --> 00:54:08,280
Tirpitz said: "The moment will come

703
00:54:08,360 --> 00:54:10,160
when the British will break.

704
00:54:10,240 --> 00:54:12,320
They will come and say that they can't go on.

705
00:54:12,400 --> 00:54:14,040
BRITISH MINISTER OF WAR

706
00:54:14,120 --> 00:54:16,120
Our hospitals and schools are suffering,

707
00:54:16,200 --> 00:54:17,600
the economy is collapsing.

708
00:54:17,680 --> 00:54:20,200
What should we do? What can we give you

709
00:54:20,280 --> 00:54:23,760
in exchange for slowing down
naval arms race?”

710
00:54:23,840 --> 00:54:26,120
Tirpitz knew exactly what he was looking for.

711
00:54:26,200 --> 00:54:29,080
He wanted Britain
sign an agreement with Germany

712
00:54:29,160 --> 00:54:33,760
and promises to remain neutral
in case of war on the continent,

713
00:54:33,840 --> 00:54:35,840
no matter how the war started.

714
00:54:35,920 --> 00:54:39,200
In other words,
Germany asked for carte blanche

715
00:54:39,280 --> 00:54:43,680
for an attack on France or Russia,
whenever he wants.

716
00:54:48,120 --> 00:54:51,240
The decisive battle
will begin in September 1914.

717
00:54:51,320 --> 00:54:53,000
COMMANDER OF THE BRITISH NAVY

718
00:54:53,080 --> 00:54:55,320
That suits the Germans if they want to go to war.

719
00:54:55,400 --> 00:54:58,560
The army and fleet will be mobilized,

720
00:54:58,640 --> 00:55:00,200
The Kiel Canal will be completed,

721
00:55:00,280 --> 00:55:03,000
and new ships built.

722
00:55:05,760 --> 00:55:07,480
In the spring of 1912

723
00:55:07,560 --> 00:55:09,240
Britain and France agreed

724
00:55:09,320 --> 00:55:12,240
the return of all their own
warships to Europe.

725
00:55:12,320 --> 00:55:14,440
They divided their defensive efforts.

726
00:55:17,640 --> 00:55:20,680
The French fleet controlled the Mediterranean,

727
00:55:20,760 --> 00:55:23,680
while the British Navy
should increase attendance

728
00:55:23,760 --> 00:55:25,280
in the North Sea.

729
00:55:27,400 --> 00:55:29,840
In July 1912 in Paris

730
00:55:29,920 --> 00:55:33,760
General Joffre and Zhilinsky
they signed a military convention.

731
00:55:33,840 --> 00:55:36,440
In the event of a German attack on France,

732
00:55:36,520 --> 00:55:39,400
Russia would attack Germany
within 15 days

733
00:55:39,480 --> 00:55:42,000
and headed towards Berlin via Prussia.

734
00:55:45,160 --> 00:55:50,240
Political relations in Germany
they became more and more complex.

735
00:55:50,320 --> 00:55:53,640
Social Democratic Party
she won in 1912

736
00:55:53,720 --> 00:55:56,520
35 percent of the seats in the Reichstag.

737
00:55:56,600 --> 00:56:00,120
That's how she became the strongest
a political party in Germany.

738
00:56:05,120 --> 00:56:08,080
Germany was becoming more and more democratic.

739
00:56:08,160 --> 00:56:10,320
It had a strong socialist movement,

740
00:56:10,400 --> 00:56:14,360
republican,
Marxist and pacifist.

741
00:56:16,120 --> 00:56:20,440
There was danger
that the Social Democratic Party will

742
00:56:20,520 --> 00:56:24,960
the Catholic Center Party
and the Liberal Party simply say:

743
00:56:25,040 --> 00:56:29,960
"This form of government
not suitable for modern society."

744
00:56:30,040 --> 00:56:32,520
The more powerful these parties were,

745
00:56:32,600 --> 00:56:37,880
the less
military traditions could be kept.

746
00:56:37,960 --> 00:56:39,880
Time was an important factor,

747
00:56:39,960 --> 00:56:42,120
and that is the German high command
clearly understood.

748
00:56:54,840 --> 00:56:57,120
Russia has huge resources,

749
00:56:57,200 --> 00:57:01,320
in terms of raw materials and population.

750
00:57:02,080 --> 00:57:04,320
If the economy continues
grow at such a rate,

751
00:57:04,400 --> 00:57:06,560
Russia will become a superpower

752
00:57:06,640 --> 00:57:09,600
what to do in the world of that time

753
00:57:09,680 --> 00:57:11,680
could only wear USA.

754
00:57:12,280 --> 00:57:15,680
Maybe the British Empire,
if it stays together,

755
00:57:15,760 --> 00:57:18,320
but certainly not some
a continental European country.

756
00:57:19,000 --> 00:57:22,920
The future seemed to belong to Russia,

757
00:57:23,000 --> 00:57:26,640
and that was deeply troubling
German rulers

758
00:57:26,720 --> 00:57:29,600
and wider German society.

759
00:57:30,160 --> 00:57:32,280
From the German point of view,

760
00:57:33,200 --> 00:57:36,960
there was a combination
fear and temptation.

761
00:57:37,720 --> 00:57:40,400
If you go to war now,
you will probably win

762
00:57:40,480 --> 00:57:43,080
and if you wait ten years,
you will almost certainly lose.

763
00:57:51,480 --> 00:57:54,520
It was also becoming a concern
that by 1917

764
00:57:54,600 --> 00:57:57,520
Russia fully recovered
from defeat by Japan

765
00:57:57,600 --> 00:57:59,800
and the revolution of 1905.

766
00:58:00,800 --> 00:58:04,080
The Russians were expected to finish
its big military program

767
00:58:04,160 --> 00:58:06,240
and stand firmly on your feet again,

768
00:58:08,040 --> 00:58:10,800
this time with two million soldiers.

769
00:58:14,200 --> 00:58:16,880
Germany and Austria thought:

770
00:58:16,960 --> 00:58:18,760
"Our situation is getting worse.

771
00:58:18,840 --> 00:58:20,800
Others grow stronger,

772
00:58:20,880 --> 00:58:21,800
and we are lagging behind."

773
00:58:25,080 --> 00:58:27,080
It's not so much about weapons,

774
00:58:27,160 --> 00:58:30,520
how much in France
railway construction in Russia.

775
00:58:30,600 --> 00:58:31,640
That's a real threat.

776
00:58:33,160 --> 00:58:38,320
Russia in 1912 and 1913.
received a generous French loan.

777
00:58:38,400 --> 00:58:42,760
The condition was construction
of strategic railways in Western Russia.

778
00:58:43,640 --> 00:58:46,800
The tracks that led
towards the German border.

779
00:58:54,080 --> 00:58:56,320
In three to four years

780
00:58:56,400 --> 00:59:00,000
Russia could mobilize
as fast as the Austrians,

781
00:59:00,080 --> 00:59:02,640
and maybe a little slower than the Germans.

782
00:59:02,720 --> 00:59:06,680
Schlieffen Plan after 1917
was no longer possible.

783
00:59:06,760 --> 00:59:09,120
Now they could still fight
on two fronts.

784
00:59:09,200 --> 00:59:12,040
But in a few years
that would no longer be possible.

785
00:59:12,120 --> 00:59:15,880
That was the main argument
for preventive war.

786
00:59:15,960 --> 00:59:17,800
In a global sense,

787
00:59:17,880 --> 00:59:20,320
The First World War was a preventive war

788
00:59:20,400 --> 00:59:22,440
against the Russian railway construction program.

789
00:59:34,280 --> 00:59:37,840
It is clear that the chief
German High Command

790
00:59:37,920 --> 00:59:40,920
he didn't want to wait
for the enemies to prepare.

791
00:59:41,680 --> 00:59:45,480
It makes sense that you plan to attack

792
00:59:45,560 --> 00:59:47,240
to surprise others.

793
00:59:47,320 --> 00:59:50,080
The problem is what it would look like
as aggression,

794
00:59:50,160 --> 00:59:52,120
whatever,

795
00:59:52,200 --> 00:59:55,840
and what your people would not support.

796
00:59:55,920 --> 00:59:58,040
Even your allies wouldn't support you

797
00:59:58,120 --> 01:00:02,920
if it would seem
that you started that war.

798
01:00:03,000 --> 01:00:05,120
Therefore, it was necessary to cover up the war.

799
01:00:09,120 --> 01:00:13,920
It was crucial that it look
as if Berlin had been attacked.

800
01:00:15,120 --> 01:00:18,240
There was a lot of talk about it
how to create the impression of an attack

801
01:00:18,320 --> 01:00:20,640
in order for the population to give support

802
01:00:20,720 --> 01:00:24,080
and that maybe Britain
would not involve in the war.

803
01:00:27,040 --> 01:00:31,520
German public opinion
it was prepared with articles

804
01:00:31,600 --> 01:00:35,080
written by the main command,
and in which Russia is

805
01:00:35,160 --> 01:00:37,520
as a barbarian state
which kills its own people,

806
01:00:37,600 --> 01:00:40,800
shooting people in Petrograd and so on.

807
01:00:40,880 --> 01:00:46,640
But it is the best way
to push Austria in the Balkans

808
01:00:46,720 --> 01:00:48,200
to the war against Serbia.

809
01:00:49,960 --> 01:00:52,520
Maybe they shouldn't even be pushed
because they themselves want it.

810
01:00:52,600 --> 01:00:54,880
We will support them.

811
01:00:56,160 --> 01:00:59,000
The experience of the Moroccan crisis has shown

812
01:00:59,080 --> 01:01:03,920
that they could not rely on
to the Austrian allies in crisis

813
01:01:04,000 --> 01:01:07,240
which did not directly affect
to their interests.

814
01:01:07,320 --> 01:01:10,160
Therefore, Berlin considered
that the Balkan crisis

815
01:01:10,240 --> 01:01:13,120
key and crucially important

816
01:01:13,200 --> 01:01:16,080
if it was wanted to provoke the beginning of war.

817
01:01:17,600 --> 01:01:21,400
If they would, and that's what they considered
90 percent sure,

818
01:01:21,480 --> 01:01:24,840
Russia supported Serbia
and declared war on Austria,

819
01:01:24,920 --> 01:01:27,560
then it will look like just
we are helping an ally.

820
01:01:27,640 --> 01:01:29,560
We will not look like aggressors,

821
01:01:29,640 --> 01:01:32,600
although we will actually attack France,

822
01:01:32,680 --> 01:01:36,560
before we turn to Russia.

823
01:01:39,040 --> 01:01:43,680
And the main goal of that Bethmann-Hollweg plan

824
01:01:43,760 --> 01:01:46,480
was for Britain to remain neutral

825
01:01:46,560 --> 01:01:50,560
in a skirmish that would seem to her
like a war in the distant Balkans.

826
01:02:01,320 --> 01:02:04,160
Austro-Hungarian annexation in 1908

827
01:02:04,240 --> 01:02:09,080
it encouraged the creation of numerous groups
and secret societies of young Bosnians.

828
01:02:17,040 --> 01:02:20,920
One of them was a progressive association
Serbian and Croatian youth in Sarajevo.

829
01:02:21,000 --> 01:02:24,200
One of the members was Gavrilo Princip.

830
01:02:26,960 --> 01:02:30,600
There was a secret society in Serbia
Serbian military officers

831
01:02:30,680 --> 01:02:36,880
named Union or Death,
better known as the Black Hand.

832
01:02:37,920 --> 01:02:42,880
One of the leaders was a lieutenant colonel
Dragutin Dimitrijević "Apis",

833
01:02:42,960 --> 01:02:47,080
which in 1903
organized a coup d'état.

834
01:02:47,160 --> 01:02:49,280
Now he decided to knock it down

835
01:02:49,360 --> 01:02:53,080
Prime Minister Nikola Pašić and his government.

836
01:02:55,360 --> 01:02:58,880
Black hand and revolutionaries
and nationalist groups in Bosnia

837
01:02:58,960 --> 01:03:01,080
they had a common goal:

838
01:03:01,160 --> 01:03:06,040
liberate Bosnia and Herzegovina
Austro-Hungarian authorities.

839
01:03:14,120 --> 01:03:17,200
The main goal of Serbian politics

840
01:03:17,280 --> 01:03:21,520
it was to end
the Ottoman rule of old Serbia,

841
01:03:21,600 --> 01:03:25,760
and these are the provinces of Kosovo and Manastir,

842
01:03:25,840 --> 01:03:28,160
Slavic Macedonia.

843
01:03:28,240 --> 01:03:33,560
Bosnia was not part of Serbia's plans

844
01:03:33,640 --> 01:03:39,240
to incite rebellion
or any internal turmoil.

845
01:03:39,320 --> 01:03:42,840
The main focus was on the south.

846
01:03:48,720 --> 01:03:50,680
To finally liberate their lands

847
01:03:50,760 --> 01:03:52,800
since the century of Ottoman rule,

848
01:03:52,880 --> 01:03:55,680
Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece and Montenegro

849
01:03:55,760 --> 01:03:58,920
they launched military operations
against the Ottoman Empire

850
01:03:59,000 --> 01:04:01,520
October 8, 1912.

851
01:04:20,480 --> 01:04:26,920
SKOPJE, VILAYET OF KOSOVO
OCTOBER 26, 1912

852
01:04:28,320 --> 01:04:30,480
One of the most important elements

853
01:04:30,560 --> 01:04:33,440
Serbian strategies in the First Balkan War

854
01:04:33,520 --> 01:04:37,480
was to gain access to the Adriatic Sea

855
01:04:37,560 --> 01:04:44,560
and get a direct territorial connection
for export to third countries.

856
01:04:44,640 --> 01:04:48,960
The Austro-Hungarian customs war showed

857
01:04:49,040 --> 01:04:55,760
that Austria undertakes everything
in order to block Serbian exports

858
01:04:55,840 --> 01:04:59,720
and put Serbia again
under its political influence.

859
01:05:01,520 --> 01:05:04,560
It was crucial for Vienna

860
01:05:04,640 --> 01:05:10,400
limit the expansion of Serbia.

861
01:05:10,480 --> 01:05:17,480
It was not acceptable
to allow Serbia to reach the Adriatic.

862
01:05:17,560 --> 01:05:22,600
A way to make it happen
was to establish an Albanian state.

863
01:05:22,680 --> 01:05:26,480
SERBIAN PENETRATION TOWARDS THE ADRIATIC

864
01:05:32,440 --> 01:05:36,240
Tensions between Vienna and Belgrade
were becoming dramatic.

865
01:05:36,320 --> 01:05:42,080
BALKAN WAR
THE AUSTRIAN-HUNGARIAN CONFLICT WITH SERBIA

866
01:05:42,160 --> 01:05:45,600
In Berlin they are
everyone considered it a welcome occasion.

867
01:05:47,480 --> 01:05:49,480
All but one man.

868
01:05:53,920 --> 01:05:58,400
In November 1912
they are even Chancellor Bethmann-Hollweg

869
01:05:58,480 --> 01:06:00,440
Minister Kiderlen-Waechter

870
01:06:00,520 --> 01:06:04,360
and the generals spoke to William II.

871
01:06:04,440 --> 01:06:09,560
that Austria should be encouraged
to attack Serbia

872
01:06:09,640 --> 01:06:12,080
before Serbia reaches the Adriatic.

873
01:06:12,640 --> 01:06:15,960
Vilim hesitated.
He had a plan B ready.

874
01:06:17,080 --> 01:06:20,240
Instead of Austria attacking Serbia,

875
01:06:20,320 --> 01:06:22,160
she should have bribed her.

876
01:06:22,240 --> 01:06:24,280
Give them a lot of money, he said.

877
01:06:24,360 --> 01:06:26,720
When the war against Russia begins,

878
01:06:26,800 --> 01:06:29,920
the Serbian army will be involved
to the Austro-Hungarian army,

879
01:06:30,000 --> 01:06:31,760
so we will beat Russia more easily.

880
01:06:32,680 --> 01:06:34,120
It is often said that Germany

881
01:06:34,200 --> 01:06:36,680
there is no need
to fight for Austrian interests…

882
01:06:36,760 --> 01:06:38,120
NOVEMBER 1912

883
01:06:38,200 --> 01:06:42,160
...and not even for the port of Durrës,
but that's not the point.

884
01:06:42,840 --> 01:06:46,200
If Austria has to fight
for its role as a great power,

885
01:06:46,280 --> 01:06:47,560
regardless of the occasion,

886
01:06:47,640 --> 01:06:50,160
then we must stand by her

887
01:06:50,240 --> 01:06:52,680
as it is sown we would not have to fight alone

888
01:06:52,760 --> 01:06:55,400
together with a weakened Austria.

889
01:06:55,960 --> 01:06:58,160
Austria-Hungary can count

890
01:06:58,240 --> 01:06:59,640
with the support of the German Reich.

891
01:06:59,720 --> 01:07:01,280
WILLIAM II.
NOVEMBER 21, 1912

892
01:07:01,360 --> 01:07:03,880
Germany is ready
unsheath the sword.

893
01:07:05,840 --> 01:07:09,000
On November 21, 1912, the emperor ordered

894
01:07:09,080 --> 01:07:12,480
to his new ambassador in London,
to Prince Lichnowski,

895
01:07:12,560 --> 01:07:14,840
to assess the British position

896
01:07:14,920 --> 01:07:17,240
in the event of a continental war.

897
01:07:20,840 --> 01:07:23,240
The next day, November 22,

898
01:07:23,320 --> 01:07:26,520
Conrad's Replacement,
general Blasius Schemua,

899
01:07:26,600 --> 01:07:30,000
and Archduke Francis Ferdinand
they came secretly to Berlin

900
01:07:30,080 --> 01:07:32,280
to a meeting with the emperor and Moltke.

901
01:07:33,120 --> 01:07:35,920
Moltke understood the situation
in relation to Russia and Serbia.

902
01:07:36,000 --> 01:07:37,640
NOVEMBER 21, 1912

903
01:07:37,720 --> 01:07:39,800
He promised not only to protect,

904
01:07:39,880 --> 01:07:44,640
but also launch a strong offensive
harmonized with ours.

905
01:07:44,720 --> 01:07:48,080
Emperor William was particularly merciful,
ready to support us in everything.

906
01:07:48,160 --> 01:07:49,440
FRANCIS FERDINAND

907
01:07:49,520 --> 01:07:54,640
Full security in that sense,
entirely against other forces.

908
01:07:56,840 --> 01:07:59,800
In his speech on December 2, 1912,

909
01:07:59,880 --> 01:08:05,120
Chancellor Bethmann-Hollweg promised
full German support to Austria-Hungary

910
01:08:05,200 --> 01:08:08,360
in front of the Reichstag and the whole world.

911
01:08:12,120 --> 01:08:16,640
It was a permit,
given both in secret and in public,

912
01:08:16,720 --> 01:08:21,350
given by the emperor, Moltke
and Bethmann-Hollweg.

913
01:08:21,430 --> 01:08:23,760
The Austrian leadership has been given a clear message

914
01:08:23,840 --> 01:08:27,760
that Germany will support them
if they attack Serbia.

915
01:08:43,240 --> 01:08:45,840
They gathered such a large army

916
01:08:45,920 --> 01:08:49,960
that it was believed in Belgrade
that the war had just begun,

917
01:08:50,040 --> 01:08:54,270
that the war will begin in a few weeks,

918
01:08:54,350 --> 01:08:58,840
at a time when the majority
Serbian forces were in the south

919
01:08:58,920 --> 01:09:01,080
and protected new territories.

920
01:09:02,840 --> 01:09:07,720
On December 8, the emperor read it
Lichnowski's telegram from London.

921
01:09:08,640 --> 01:09:11,160
In the general European conflict
which could arise

922
01:09:11,240 --> 01:09:14,200
from the Austrian attack on Serbia,
it is unlikely

923
01:09:14,270 --> 01:09:16,470
that Britain could remain an observer.

924
01:09:16,560 --> 01:09:17,640
GERMAN AMBASSADOR

925
01:09:17,720 --> 01:09:20,840
England could not possibly allow it

926
01:09:20,920 --> 01:09:23,240
crushing France.

927
01:09:23,310 --> 01:09:27,350
England does not want to face then

928
01:09:27,430 --> 01:09:31,350
with a united continent
under the leadership of one power.

929
01:09:33,430 --> 01:09:35,560
The Kaiser was furious.

930
01:09:35,640 --> 01:09:37,520
He called a meeting.

931
01:09:37,600 --> 01:09:40,640
It was later called the War Council.

932
01:09:41,640 --> 01:09:43,430
It was held on Sunday morning,

933
01:09:43,520 --> 01:09:47,240
December 8, 1912,
in the Berlin Palace.

934
01:09:47,880 --> 01:09:50,560
Austria must act decisively
deal with Serbia

935
01:09:50,640 --> 01:09:53,310
or they will lose control over the Slavs

936
01:09:53,390 --> 01:09:55,240
in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy.

937
01:09:55,320 --> 01:09:56,400
WILLIAM II., DECEMBER 8, 1912.

938
01:09:56,480 --> 01:09:59,920
If Russia supports the Serbs,
which is quite expected,

939
01:10:00,000 --> 01:10:02,920
war would be inevitable for us too.

940
01:10:03,000 --> 01:10:04,960
I believe that war is inevitable.

941
01:10:05,040 --> 01:10:06,360
DECEMBER 8, 1912

942
01:10:06,440 --> 01:10:08,520
The sooner, the better.

943
01:10:09,080 --> 01:10:11,480
Moltke said "the sooner the better".

944
01:10:11,560 --> 01:10:15,000
We are ready, and any delay
will make our position more difficult.

945
01:10:15,560 --> 01:10:18,200
But Tirpitz took the upper hand.

946
01:10:18,280 --> 01:10:20,000
COMMANDER OF THE GERMAN NAVY

947
01:10:20,080 --> 01:10:23,160
He said the Navy would like to
that the great conflict,

948
01:10:23,240 --> 01:10:27,160
so he said, postpone it for a year and a half,

949
01:10:27,240 --> 01:10:29,080
until the Kiel Canal is ready...

950
01:10:31,360 --> 01:10:33,880
in the summer of 1914.

951
01:10:41,360 --> 01:10:45,880
The next day, December 9, work began
on the new Law on the Army.

952
01:10:47,600 --> 01:10:51,680
The military budget was increased by as much as 35%.

953
01:10:51,760 --> 01:10:56,360
He reached
2.4 billion marks in 1913.

954
01:10:57,400 --> 01:11:01,360
The number of soldiers will increase by 140,000,

955
01:11:01,440 --> 01:11:03,040
and that until 1914.

956
01:11:09,080 --> 01:11:12,440
The creation of a strong Serbian empire
it must not be allowed.

957
01:11:12,520 --> 01:11:15,480
The key is not to be surrounded by Slavs.

958
01:11:15,560 --> 01:11:16,680
WILLIAM II, DECEMBER 10, 1912.

959
01:11:16,760 --> 01:11:18,520
The decision can be postponed,

960
01:11:18,600 --> 01:11:21,040
but the problem will appear again
in a year or two.

961
01:11:21,800 --> 01:11:24,080
It will be necessary to establish a Balkan state

962
01:11:24,160 --> 01:11:27,480
which will not be turned
Petrograd than Vienna.

963
01:11:27,560 --> 01:11:30,280
Turkey will need to be strengthened again.

964
01:11:34,560 --> 01:11:38,640
But in December 1912
Austria-Hungary gathered

965
01:11:38,720 --> 01:11:42,040
a large military force near Belgrade.

966
01:11:44,560 --> 01:11:46,960
They had to pull them over and tell them

967
01:11:47,040 --> 01:11:49,840
that they changed their minds.

968
01:11:49,920 --> 01:11:52,040
The Emperor sent a letter to Francis Ferdinand,

969
01:11:52,120 --> 01:11:54,840
Moltke wrote to Conrad von Hötzendorf,

970
01:11:54,920 --> 01:11:57,760
and Bethmann-Hollweg wrote to Berchtold:

971
01:11:57,840 --> 01:11:59,800
"Not yet. Wait!"

972
01:12:09,920 --> 01:12:12,280
Then the Austrians said:

973
01:12:13,160 --> 01:12:16,320
"Let's say the Balkans
belongs to the Balkan peoples."

974
01:12:16,400 --> 01:12:20,440
Because if you follow ethnic boundaries,

975
01:12:20,520 --> 01:12:23,800
Serbia will get relatively little.

976
01:12:23,880 --> 01:12:27,480
Namely, Macedonians are considered Bulgarians,

977
01:12:27,560 --> 01:12:30,320
and in Kosovo there is an Albanian majority.

978
01:12:30,400 --> 01:12:32,680
They believed that Serbia
they will get almost nothing.

979
01:12:33,280 --> 01:12:36,160
They were waiting for the second round of discussion.

980
01:12:36,240 --> 01:12:39,680
They were waiting for the collapse of the Balkan Entente

981
01:12:39,760 --> 01:12:41,880
and that the winners of the First Balkan War

982
01:12:41,960 --> 01:12:43,080
mutual conflicts.

983
01:12:50,000 --> 01:12:52,200
That is on June 29, 1913

984
01:12:52,280 --> 01:12:55,240
Bulgarian attack on Serbian and Greek forces

985
01:12:55,320 --> 01:12:57,040
started the Second Balkan War.

986
01:13:03,720 --> 01:13:05,640
The Austrians told the Bulgarians:

987
01:13:05,720 --> 01:13:09,920
"We will support you,
but only if you buy Romanians.

988
01:13:10,920 --> 01:13:13,640
If you bribe Romanians with territory,

989
01:13:13,720 --> 01:13:17,160
we will join you
in inflicting defeat on Serbia."

990
01:13:18,360 --> 01:13:23,040
The Bulgarians refused
hand over the territory to the Romanians.

991
01:13:23,120 --> 01:13:27,440
The Austrians said, "Well, if so,
our offer is no longer valid."

992
01:13:27,520 --> 01:13:29,480
The Bulgarian emperor was enraged.

993
01:13:29,560 --> 01:13:32,400
"Who could have thought
that you will miss

994
01:13:32,480 --> 01:13:36,040
the perfect opportunity
to wipe Serbia off the map!"

995
01:13:36,680 --> 01:13:37,960
It's all over

996
01:13:38,040 --> 01:13:40,400
so that the lone Bulgarians were defeated.

997
01:13:40,480 --> 01:13:44,040
It was a big defeat
Austrian foreign policy.

998
01:13:56,480 --> 01:14:00,320
Bulgarian and Austrian interests
they were united in defeat.

999
01:14:00,400 --> 01:14:04,760
Bulgaria became
an important ally of the Central Powers,

1000
01:14:05,960 --> 01:14:08,480
as well as the Ottoman Empire.

1001
01:14:11,600 --> 01:14:14,640
Germany was building a railway
between Berlin and Baghdad.

1002
01:14:15,960 --> 01:14:19,040
German general Otto Liman von Sanders

1003
01:14:19,120 --> 01:14:23,120
he organized the Turkish army
according to the German model.

1004
01:14:25,240 --> 01:14:28,320
That's how Russia came into the environment.

1005
01:14:37,040 --> 01:14:39,120
It is from the Russian point of view

1006
01:14:39,200 --> 01:14:43,160
Serbia was the most reliable
an ally in the Balkans.

1007
01:14:43,240 --> 01:14:45,720
The only country
which they could rely on.

1008
01:14:45,800 --> 01:14:49,720
Unlike all the others,
Serbia had no one to rely on.

1009
01:14:50,960 --> 01:14:54,280
Bulgarians could benefit
from the conflict between the Russians and the Austrians.

1010
01:14:54,360 --> 01:14:55,800
Like the Romanians.

1011
01:14:55,880 --> 01:14:58,640
Greece could turn around
Germany and Britain.

1012
01:14:58,720 --> 01:15:00,240
Like the Turks.

1013
01:15:00,800 --> 01:15:05,960
But Serbia, because of its commitment
anti-Austrian policy,

1014
01:15:06,040 --> 01:15:08,080
she could only turn to Russia.

1015
01:15:08,160 --> 01:15:11,400
Therefore, he is her reliable ally.

1016
01:15:11,480 --> 01:15:14,960
Its value increased further

1017
01:15:15,040 --> 01:15:16,920
after two Balkan wars.

1018
01:15:20,160 --> 01:15:21,920
He distinguished himself in the Balkan wars

1019
01:15:22,000 --> 01:15:26,600
French 75-mm Schneider-Creusot gun.

1020
01:15:27,600 --> 01:15:31,480
It is to the French High Command
given on self-confidence.

1021
01:15:33,000 --> 01:15:34,440
They were convinced

1022
01:15:34,520 --> 01:15:38,400
that the Serbian army has gained in quality.

1023
01:15:39,080 --> 01:15:40,840
They felt great respect

1024
01:15:40,920 --> 01:15:45,760
according to what they called
"military virtues of the Serbian people".

1025
01:15:45,840 --> 01:15:50,480
They were reliable, strong
and ready to sacrifice.

1026
01:15:53,960 --> 01:15:57,560
Serbian generals used to say: "We are vulnerable

1027
01:15:57,640 --> 01:16:01,400
at this moment
because Serbia is trying to absorb

1028
01:16:01,480 --> 01:16:03,160
newly conquered areas.

1029
01:16:03,240 --> 01:16:05,200
The army must be reorganized.

1030
01:16:05,280 --> 01:16:07,680
We need a new mobilization system.

1031
01:16:07,760 --> 01:16:09,600
We need a lot more.

1032
01:16:09,680 --> 01:16:10,840
Give us three years.

1033
01:16:10,920 --> 01:16:13,640
We and the Montenegrins will be able to send
half a million people

1034
01:16:13,720 --> 01:16:15,280
to fight against Austria."

1035
01:16:15,360 --> 01:16:19,080
This is of great benefit to Russia.

1036
01:16:19,160 --> 01:16:22,400
Three or four Austrian corps less

1037
01:16:22,480 --> 01:16:24,280
on the eastern front.

1038
01:16:24,360 --> 01:16:28,000
It's on that level
it's about pure realpolitik.

1039
01:16:28,720 --> 01:16:30,400
But on another level it is not.

1040
01:16:30,480 --> 01:16:34,440
It's about calling
to Slavic solidarity.

1041
01:16:48,160 --> 01:16:51,960
In the fall of 1913
tensions began to rise again.

1042
01:16:53,680 --> 01:16:56,080
In suppressing the Albanian rebels,

1043
01:16:56,160 --> 01:16:59,560
the Serbian army entered deep into Albania

1044
01:16:59,640 --> 01:17:02,520
and again headed towards the Adriatic coast.

1045
01:17:05,000 --> 01:17:08,520
Austria-Hungary requested
full Serbian retreat

1046
01:17:08,600 --> 01:17:10,600
from the newly founded state.

1047
01:17:13,240 --> 01:17:15,680
In the town of Severn in the Alsace-Lorraine region,

1048
01:17:15,760 --> 01:17:20,480
cross-national incident between German
officers and the French population

1049
01:17:20,560 --> 01:17:23,880
he threatened to escalate into an open conflict.

1050
01:17:28,840 --> 01:17:32,320
At that very time,
October and November 1913,

1051
01:17:32,400 --> 01:17:35,440
King Albert of Belgium came to Berlin.

1052
01:17:35,520 --> 01:17:38,320
The Emperor and Moltke said to him:

1053
01:17:38,400 --> 01:17:41,000
"We are going to war against France.

1054
01:17:41,080 --> 01:17:43,400
The German people will support it

1055
01:17:43,480 --> 01:17:46,560
and nothing will do
keep the furor teutonicus.

1056
01:17:46,640 --> 01:17:48,360
You better be on our side.

1057
01:17:48,440 --> 01:17:52,360
If you are against us,
terrible punishment follows.”

1058
01:17:55,960 --> 01:17:58,640
Albert is immediately aware of William's threat

1059
01:17:58,720 --> 01:17:59,800
reported to the French.

1060
01:18:01,120 --> 01:18:03,760
It was nothing new for Paris.

1061
01:18:04,800 --> 01:18:09,840
Already in 1905 and 1911, it was barely avoided
war against Germany over Morocco.

1062
01:18:10,840 --> 01:18:13,640
Therefore, in 1913, Poincaré's government

1063
01:18:13,720 --> 01:18:18,000
extended military service from two to three years,

1064
01:18:18,080 --> 01:18:23,800
increasing the number of active soldiers
from 480,000 to 750,000.

1065
01:18:28,960 --> 01:18:32,960
Poincaré was convinced
that it is dangerous for France

1066
01:18:33,040 --> 01:18:36,960
enter into a difficult war against Germany.

1067
01:18:37,040 --> 01:18:39,920
He didn't want to do anything

1068
01:18:40,000 --> 01:18:45,040
which could endanger
Russian support in case of war.

1069
01:18:45,880 --> 01:18:49,240
As soon as Poincaré became president of the Council,

1070
01:18:49,320 --> 01:18:52,480
i.e. Prime Minister, in 1912,

1071
01:18:52,560 --> 01:18:55,800
he sent to St. Petersburg

1072
01:18:55,880 --> 01:18:59,800
as his ambassador Delcassé,

1073
01:18:59,880 --> 01:19:03,600
former Minister of Foreign Affairs

1074
01:19:03,680 --> 01:19:08,440
and architect of rapprochement
France and Britain,

1075
01:19:08,520 --> 01:19:12,080
which is already in 1898

1076
01:19:12,160 --> 01:19:15,200
began to strengthen the Franco-Russian alliance.

1077
01:19:15,280 --> 01:19:19,280
That was the message to the Russians:

1078
01:19:19,360 --> 01:19:21,080
"We mean it."

1079
01:19:22,000 --> 01:19:24,480
During the ambassadorial service
in Saint Petersburg,

1080
01:19:24,560 --> 01:19:27,920
Théophile Delcassé
he conducted comprehensive discussions

1081
01:19:28,000 --> 01:19:31,320
with the Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs
Sergej Sazonov.

1082
01:19:32,320 --> 01:19:35,280
The subject of a possible war could not be avoided.

1083
01:19:36,120 --> 01:19:40,320
If there is a war,
we have to try to win.

1084
01:19:40,400 --> 01:19:42,320
They were sure they could win.

1085
01:19:42,400 --> 01:19:48,960
And that would solve many problems.

1086
01:19:49,040 --> 01:19:54,800
We will solve the problem
German hegemony in Europe.

1087
01:19:54,880 --> 01:19:58,000
Of course, we will return Alsace-Lorraine,

1088
01:19:58,080 --> 01:20:00,920
which the Germans took in 1871.

1089
01:20:01,000 --> 01:20:04,720
The Russians will occupy the Prussian part of Poland.

1090
01:20:04,800 --> 01:20:07,840
The Austro-Hungarian problem will be solved

1091
01:20:07,920 --> 01:20:11,720
by the Russian annexation of Galicia

1092
01:20:11,800 --> 01:20:16,440
and probable disintegration
Austro-Hungarian Empire.

1093
01:20:25,200 --> 01:20:27,840
Eighteenth October 1913

1094
01:20:27,920 --> 01:20:30,640
Belgrade received another ultimatum.

1095
01:20:33,200 --> 01:20:38,080
For the third time in a year,
Austria-Hungary threatened Serbia with war.

1096
01:20:38,160 --> 01:20:42,320
She was eight days old
for complete withdrawal from Albania.

1097
01:20:53,200 --> 01:20:55,680
After two exhausting Balkan wars,

1098
01:20:55,760 --> 01:20:59,320
who stood Serbia
almost a billion francs,

1099
01:20:59,400 --> 01:21:02,560
the whole country was exhausted.

1100
01:21:03,320 --> 01:21:07,440
Serbia lacked 120,000 rifles.

1101
01:21:07,520 --> 01:21:11,240
She needed cannons and ammunition.

1102
01:21:11,960 --> 01:21:15,040
Half the army was in hospitals.

1103
01:21:15,120 --> 01:21:19,680
Serbia needed at least 20 years of peace

1104
01:21:19,760 --> 01:21:22,920
to absorb new territories.

1105
01:21:23,000 --> 01:21:27,360
Therefore, her main interest was to stay

1106
01:21:27,440 --> 01:21:30,040
in friendly relations
with Austria-Hungary.

1107
01:21:31,680 --> 01:21:34,080
Serbia gave in once again

1108
01:21:34,160 --> 01:21:36,640
before the Austro-Hungarian ultimatum.

1109
01:21:44,160 --> 01:21:47,040
The Austrians faced off
with the frustration of success.

1110
01:21:47,120 --> 01:21:50,360
It looked like it from the outside
that they got what they wanted.

1111
01:21:50,440 --> 01:21:53,800
They wanted to annex Bosnia in 1909,
and they succeeded.

1112
01:21:53,880 --> 01:21:56,440
They wanted Serbia not to get the port

1113
01:21:56,520 --> 01:21:59,640
on the Adriatic coast in 1912,
and they got that too.

1114
01:21:59,720 --> 01:22:02,960
They wanted Serbia to
withdrew from Albania in 1913,

1115
01:22:03,040 --> 01:22:04,320
and they got that too.

1116
01:22:04,400 --> 01:22:07,640
On the other hand,
they knew that these were all Pyrrhic victories.

1117
01:22:08,200 --> 01:22:12,080
Austria did not benefit from them.
Serbia was getting stronger.

1118
01:22:14,760 --> 01:22:19,040
And all those crises cost the Austrians
huge amounts of money.

1119
01:22:19,120 --> 01:22:21,520
They kept issuing ultimatums.

1120
01:22:21,600 --> 01:22:23,920
They mobilized almost half of their forces,

1121
01:22:24,000 --> 01:22:26,960
sent them to Bosnia and to the border.

1122
01:22:27,040 --> 01:22:29,880
It cost them everything
hundreds of millions of crowns.

1123
01:22:29,960 --> 01:22:34,200
After the last mobilization
at the end of 1913

1124
01:22:34,280 --> 01:22:38,600
Franjo Josip, who had advocated until then
for peaceful politics,

1125
01:22:38,680 --> 01:22:40,520
he said, “This is the end.

1126
01:22:40,600 --> 01:22:44,840
We can't anymore
have mobilization without war.

1127
01:22:44,920 --> 01:22:47,080
Next time we'll go all or nothing."

1128
01:22:59,000 --> 01:23:03,160
We often say today
that "we live in a globalized world".

1129
01:23:03,240 --> 01:23:06,800
In 1914, people still thought
to live in a globalized world.

1130
01:23:49,040 --> 01:23:52,040
It was very advanced
society and civilization.

1131
01:23:52,120 --> 01:23:54,480
This is the world of Stravinsky and Chagall.

1132
01:23:54,560 --> 01:23:57,720
The world of insurance companies

1133
01:23:57,800 --> 01:24:00,920
which issued
hundreds of thousands of insurance policies,

1134
01:24:01,000 --> 01:24:04,440
newspapers they have
hundreds of thousands of readers.

1135
01:24:05,400 --> 01:24:07,400
Almost a postmodernist world.

1136
01:24:17,760 --> 01:24:20,240
But the transition to the 20th century

1137
01:24:20,320 --> 01:24:23,680
there was also an era of political assassinations.

1138
01:24:26,360 --> 01:24:31,240
Presidents and Prime Ministers of Bulgaria,
Spain, USA, Russia and France

1139
01:24:31,320 --> 01:24:33,440
were killed during that period,

1140
01:24:35,080 --> 01:24:36,760
as well as members of royal families

1141
01:24:36,840 --> 01:24:40,440
Japan, Portugal,
Russia, Italy and Greece.

1142
01:24:42,600 --> 01:24:47,040
Among others, Serbian King Alexander
and Queen Draga Obrenović

1143
01:24:47,120 --> 01:24:51,320
and Empress Elizabeth of Austria,
wife of Franje Josip.

1144
01:24:59,360 --> 01:25:02,880
It was held at the beginning of June
government session in Belgrade.

1145
01:25:02,960 --> 01:25:05,360
Pašić presided.

1146
01:25:05,440 --> 01:25:08,720
They received a report from the civil authorities

1147
01:25:08,800 --> 01:25:11,400
from the border with Austria-Hungary

1148
01:25:11,480 --> 01:25:16,840
that military officers
organize illegal crossing

1149
01:25:16,920 --> 01:25:20,800
certain people and weapons in Bosnia.

1150
01:25:23,400 --> 01:25:26,200
When they saw that the officer

1151
01:25:26,280 --> 01:25:31,040
who transferred three young Bosnians
was Major Vulović,

1152
01:25:31,120 --> 01:25:33,720
one of Apis's closest friends,

1153
01:25:33,800 --> 01:25:37,400
they knew that Apis
is probably behind it.

1154
01:25:38,720 --> 01:25:41,280
I was convinced that the maneuvers were in Bosnia

1155
01:25:41,360 --> 01:25:44,080
just a pretext for the Austrian attack on Serbia,

1156
01:25:44,160 --> 01:25:46,320
with Franz Ferdinand at the helm.

1157
01:25:46,400 --> 01:25:47,640
MILITARY INTELLIGENCE SERVICE

1158
01:25:47,720 --> 01:25:49,640
Before our strength returns,

1159
01:25:49,720 --> 01:25:51,920
Serbia would be overrun.

1160
01:25:52,000 --> 01:25:54,200
The world would face a fait accompli.

1161
01:25:55,520 --> 01:25:58,120
Tankosić told me:

1162
01:25:58,200 --> 01:25:59,880
"Some young Bosnians are looking for

1163
01:25:59,960 --> 01:26:02,800
to go to Bosnia
and do something against Ferdinand.”

1164
01:26:02,880 --> 01:26:05,800
I told him to let them go.

1165
01:26:09,120 --> 01:26:13,080
Pašić immediately requested an investigation.

1166
01:26:14,960 --> 01:26:16,960
Just in case,

1167
01:26:17,040 --> 01:26:22,640
he sent a telegram
to his most loyal diplomat in Vienna,

1168
01:26:22,720 --> 01:26:28,280
Jovan Jovanović, to warn
to possible turmoil in Bosnia

1169
01:26:28,360 --> 01:26:32,160
during the visit
Archduke Francis Ferdinand.

1170
01:26:35,680 --> 01:26:37,920
Serbian ambassador in Vienna

1171
01:26:38,000 --> 01:26:40,160
contacted Biliński,

1172
01:26:40,240 --> 01:26:42,760
who is formally in charge
for governing Bosnia.

1173
01:26:42,840 --> 01:26:45,560
He told him to talk
about the assassination attempt

1174
01:26:45,640 --> 01:26:46,720
and to be alert.

1175
01:26:49,680 --> 01:26:51,440
JUNE

1176
01:26:59,680 --> 01:27:03,160
KIEL, GERMANY
JUNE 24, 1914

1177
01:27:03,240 --> 01:27:07,720
The Kiel Canal is completed
June 24, 1914.

1178
01:27:09,960 --> 01:27:11,720
Passage from the Baltic to the North Sea

1179
01:27:11,800 --> 01:27:15,000
it was open
for large German warships.

1180
01:27:16,960 --> 01:27:19,080
On the same day, June 24,

1181
01:27:19,160 --> 01:27:21,320
Austro-Hungarian
Ministry of Foreign Affairs

1182
01:27:21,400 --> 01:27:25,320
completed the diplomatic document
by the name of the Matschek memorandum,

1183
01:27:25,400 --> 01:27:28,680
addressed to the leaders of Austria-Hungary and Germany.

1184
01:27:30,280 --> 01:27:32,840
The idea of liberation
of the Christian population of the Balkans

1185
01:27:32,920 --> 01:27:37,160
from the Turkish authorities to use them
as a weapon against Central Europe

1186
01:27:37,240 --> 01:27:39,760
is the reason for Russian interest in those peoples.

1187
01:27:39,840 --> 01:27:40,920
VIENNA, JUNE 24, 1914.

1188
01:27:41,000 --> 01:27:44,600
To tacitly accept that one-sidedness
changed situation

1189
01:27:44,680 --> 01:27:48,920
for a monarchy it is not possible
for military-political reasons.

1190
01:27:49,000 --> 01:27:50,320
With that in mind,

1191
01:27:50,400 --> 01:27:53,760
it is in the common interest
monarchy and Germany

1192
01:27:53,840 --> 01:27:57,840
oppose hastily and decisively
to the development of events

1193
01:27:57,920 --> 01:28:00,440
which Russia aspires to and supports.

1194
01:28:00,520 --> 01:28:04,320
More of it later
it will not be possible to change.

1195
01:28:06,400 --> 01:28:10,480
The emperor issued a warrant to the ambassador in London

1196
01:28:10,560 --> 01:28:13,760
June 16, 1914

1197
01:28:13,840 --> 01:28:17,640
to find out what position Britain will take

1198
01:28:17,720 --> 01:28:20,880
if war breaks out on the continent.
That was on June 16.

1199
01:28:21,800 --> 01:28:24,080
A few days before that

1200
01:28:24,160 --> 01:28:28,640
Moltke and the Minister of Foreign Affairs
Gottlieb von Jagow

1201
01:28:28,720 --> 01:28:31,560
they return by car
from Potsdam to Berlin.

1202
01:28:34,560 --> 01:28:37,560
Moltke issues an order

1203
01:28:37,640 --> 01:28:42,760
to the minister to direct his policy that way

1204
01:28:42,840 --> 01:28:45,080
to start a preventive war soon.

1205
01:28:51,840 --> 01:28:55,080
I have the impression that we are entering a storm.

1206
01:28:55,160 --> 01:28:58,240
On which part of the horizon
and when it will appear

1207
01:28:58,320 --> 01:29:00,200
I can't say exactly.

1208
01:29:00,280 --> 01:29:01,800
FRENCH AMBASSADOR IN RUSSIA

1209
01:29:01,880 --> 01:29:05,280
But war is certain and not far off.

1210
01:29:12,600 --> 01:29:17,880
SARAJEVO, AUSTRIA-HUNGARY
JUNE 28, 1914

1211
01:29:33,560 --> 01:29:37,000
It was known that if Franz Ferdinand came, he would

1212
01:29:37,080 --> 01:29:41,200
to maneuvers in Bosnia and Herzegovina,

1213
01:29:41,280 --> 01:29:42,960
it can be dangerous.

1214
01:29:46,160 --> 01:29:49,120
Neither does he, it seems

1215
01:29:49,200 --> 01:29:52,640
he did not embark on that mission with enthusiasm.

1216
01:29:54,000 --> 01:29:56,360
Since 1910 it was
at least five assassination attempts

1217
01:29:56,440 --> 01:29:58,720
on the lives of Austro-Hungarian administrators

1218
01:29:58,800 --> 01:30:01,840
of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia.

1219
01:30:03,280 --> 01:30:06,840
During the visit
Emperor Franjo Josip in 1910

1220
01:30:06,920 --> 01:30:10,680
there are several thousand soldiers
secured the streets of Sarajevo.

1221
01:30:11,200 --> 01:30:14,080
But the visit of Francis Ferdinand on Vidovdan,

1222
01:30:14,160 --> 01:30:15,960
Serbian national holiday,

1223
01:30:16,040 --> 01:30:20,720
it ensured
only 36 local police officers,

1224
01:30:20,800 --> 01:30:24,920
although it is outside the city
there were more than 20,000 soldiers

1225
01:30:25,000 --> 01:30:27,080
at the moment when their commander

1226
01:30:27,160 --> 01:30:30,040
entered an open car.

1227
01:30:43,800 --> 01:30:48,480
In the second assassination attempt that day,
Francis Ferdinand was killed.

1228
01:30:49,360 --> 01:30:52,680
HEIR MURDERED
OF THE AUSTRIAN THRONE AND WIFE

1229
01:30:52,760 --> 01:30:56,080
THE MURDERER IS A YOUNG BOSNIAN
WHO TOOK REVENGE FOR THE CONQUEST OF HIS COUNTRY

1230
01:31:05,360 --> 01:31:09,960
If we don't take this opportunity,
the monarchy will be exposed

1231
01:31:10,040 --> 01:31:14,640
to the new awakening of Yugoslav, Czech,
Romanian and Italian aspirations.

1232
01:31:14,720 --> 01:31:15,760
CHIEF OF STAFF

1233
01:31:16,320 --> 01:31:21,160
Sarajevo assassination
it is a declaration of war by Serbia against us.

1234
01:31:24,320 --> 01:31:26,280
The Serbian government did not wish

1235
01:31:26,360 --> 01:31:28,800
assassination in Sarajevo. By no means!

1236
01:31:29,920 --> 01:31:34,400
It is clear that it is in the interest of Serbia
either postpone the conflict.

1237
01:31:34,480 --> 01:31:38,200
They are in Serbia at that time
great conflicts lasted

1238
01:31:38,280 --> 01:31:40,440
between military commanders and the government.

1239
01:31:40,520 --> 01:31:45,560
I think Apis Dimitrijević is above all

1240
01:31:45,640 --> 01:31:47,560
wanted to undermine Pašić.

1241
01:31:47,640 --> 01:31:51,360
The assassination was a sincere undertaking

1242
01:31:51,440 --> 01:31:53,840
Gavrilo Princip and his friends.

1243
01:31:53,920 --> 01:31:55,400
I have often discussed this

1244
01:31:55,480 --> 01:31:58,120
with professor Vasa Čubrilović.

1245
01:31:58,200 --> 01:31:59,440
PARTICIPANT IN THE ASSASSINATION

1246
01:31:59,520 --> 01:32:03,080
They did not consider that they had
some debt to the Black Hand.

1247
01:32:03,160 --> 01:32:06,080
They just came to get weapons

1248
01:32:06,160 --> 01:32:09,240
to achieve his goal in Bosnia.

1249
01:32:09,800 --> 01:32:12,320
People suffer because they are in severe poverty...

1250
01:32:12,400 --> 01:32:13,440
PRINCIPLE ON TRIAL

1251
01:32:13,520 --> 01:32:15,200
...and they are treated like cattle.

1252
01:32:15,280 --> 01:32:18,680
I wanted to take revenge for that and I'm not sorry.

1253
01:32:19,640 --> 01:32:22,240
There is no evidence, no doubt

1254
01:32:22,320 --> 01:32:25,000
that the Serbian government participated in the incitement

1255
01:32:25,080 --> 01:32:27,040
on crime or in securing weapons.

1256
01:32:27,120 --> 01:32:28,800
PRINCIPAL AUSTRIAN INVESTIGATOR

1257
01:32:28,880 --> 01:32:30,960
There are arguments to the contrary

1258
01:32:31,040 --> 01:32:33,400
that it is completely excluded.

1259
01:32:33,480 --> 01:32:36,000
THE ARCHDUKE IGNORED THE WARNING

1260
01:32:36,080 --> 01:32:39,680
SERBIAN MINISTER FEARED
WILL THE HEIR COME TO BOSNIA?

1261
01:32:39,760 --> 01:32:42,680
It is in Austria-Hungary
there was a war current

1262
01:32:42,760 --> 01:32:44,560
before the assassination,

1263
01:32:44,640 --> 01:32:49,080
gathered around two people,
Conrad von Hötzendorf,

1264
01:32:49,160 --> 01:32:52,200
who is like the Austro-Hungarian chief of command

1265
01:32:52,280 --> 01:32:56,720
repeatedly advocated
preventive war against Serbia,

1266
01:32:56,800 --> 01:32:58,840
some say twenty times,

1267
01:32:58,920 --> 01:33:03,400
and later the minister
of Foreign Affairs Berchtold.

1268
01:33:03,480 --> 01:33:06,160
Of course, for them

1269
01:33:06,240 --> 01:33:10,160
a warning from Serbia about the possibility of assassination

1270
01:33:10,240 --> 01:33:12,920
it wasn't something
what they wanted to pay attention to.

1271
01:33:13,000 --> 01:33:15,320
His Majesty
I expressed my opinion...

1272
01:33:15,400 --> 01:33:16,960
JULY 6, 1914

1273
01:33:17,040 --> 01:33:20,080
...about the inevitability of war with Serbia.
His Majesty said:

1274
01:33:20,160 --> 01:33:22,160
"Yes, that is absolutely true.

1275
01:33:22,240 --> 01:33:26,480
But do we want war if everyone is against us,
especially Russia?”

1276
01:33:27,040 --> 01:33:29,160
"Doesn't Germany protect our side?"

1277
01:33:29,840 --> 01:33:34,280
"I sent a letter to Germany last night
to find out the answer."

1278
01:33:34,360 --> 01:33:37,600
"If the answer shows
that Germany is on our side,

1279
01:33:37,680 --> 01:33:40,120
could we then
go to war against Serbia?"

1280
01:33:41,200 --> 01:33:43,080
"In that case, yes."

1281
01:34:04,920 --> 01:34:06,600
JULY

1282
01:34:06,680 --> 01:34:11,480
Franjo Josip knew
that the war will turn into a world war.

1283
01:34:11,560 --> 01:34:16,080
When the Minister of Finance Biliński
said to Franjo Josip:

1284
01:34:16,160 --> 01:34:18,720
"You know it will be a European war?"

1285
01:34:18,800 --> 01:34:21,000
Francis Joseph muttered, "Yes."

1286
01:34:36,480 --> 01:34:39,600
COUNT VON HOYOS
BERLIN, JULY 5, 1914.

1287
01:34:50,560 --> 01:34:55,400
The answer that came
through the Austrian ambassador in Berlin,

1288
01:34:55,480 --> 01:34:59,680
Count Szőgyény, it was clear "yes".

1289
01:34:59,760 --> 01:35:03,960
"We will support you if your actions

1290
01:35:04,040 --> 01:35:07,560
lead to Russian interference
and the European war."

1291
01:35:08,360 --> 01:35:14,360
Kaiser wrote the famous and fateful
the expression jetzt oder nie, now or never.

1292
01:35:14,440 --> 01:35:17,000
We have to clear up the matter with the Serbs,

1293
01:35:17,080 --> 01:35:19,040
mit den Serben muß aufgeräumt werden.

1294
01:35:19,120 --> 01:35:23,920
It was actually the signal for the start of the war.

1295
01:35:24,000 --> 01:35:28,320
It is the famous "carte blanche"
Berlin addressed to Vienna.

1296
01:35:28,400 --> 01:35:32,560
It wasn't just encouragement.
Vienna found itself under pressure.

1297
01:35:33,320 --> 01:35:36,000
Berlin expects that the monarchy
works against Serbia...

1298
01:35:36,080 --> 01:35:37,560
GERMAN AMBASSADOR IN VIENNA

1299
01:35:37,640 --> 01:35:40,480
...and he wouldn't understand if we miss this opportunity

1300
01:35:40,560 --> 01:35:42,320
without striking a blow.

1301
01:35:42,960 --> 01:35:45,880
The Austro-Hungarian government is July 7

1302
01:35:45,960 --> 01:35:47,680
came to the following conclusion...

1303
01:35:48,400 --> 01:35:51,560
All present,
with the exception of the Hungarian Prime Minister,

1304
01:35:51,640 --> 01:35:54,160
they believe that it would be a purely diplomatic success

1305
01:35:54,240 --> 01:35:55,840
was worthless

1306
01:35:55,920 --> 01:35:58,040
so far-reaching requirements are needed

1307
01:35:58,120 --> 01:36:00,040
send to Serbia

1308
01:36:00,120 --> 01:36:02,640
that their rejection is almost certain.

1309
01:36:02,720 --> 01:36:05,160
A way would open up
towards a radical solution

1310
01:36:05,240 --> 01:36:08,160
through military action.

1311
01:36:12,960 --> 01:36:16,720
Berchtold's wife
she wrote a letter to her cousin:

1312
01:36:16,800 --> 01:36:19,920
"Poor Leopold, he couldn't sleep last night.

1313
01:36:20,000 --> 01:36:23,120
He kept getting up
and changed the provisions of the ultimatum.

1314
01:36:23,200 --> 01:36:25,640
He was worried that the Serbs might accept him."

1315
01:36:29,600 --> 01:36:33,320
Ultimatum to Serbia
it was written to be discarded.

1316
01:36:33,400 --> 01:36:35,960
Everyone who read it said:

1317
01:36:36,040 --> 01:36:38,880
"This is a really tough document."

1318
01:36:38,960 --> 01:36:40,600
That's what the emperor himself said.

1319
01:36:40,680 --> 01:36:41,880
But he knew what he was doing.

1320
01:36:41,960 --> 01:36:44,320
He said: “We don't want another compromise.

1321
01:36:44,400 --> 01:36:47,280
We don't want another conference
which leads nowhere."

1322
01:36:48,000 --> 01:36:52,560
The Austrians wanted Serbia to disappear.

1323
01:37:11,120 --> 01:37:16,280
Summer of 1914
it was called "the last European summer".

1324
01:37:21,160 --> 01:37:23,720
Maybe that's why
as written by Stefan Zweig

1325
01:37:23,800 --> 01:37:26,080
in his Yesterday's world,

1326
01:37:26,160 --> 01:37:30,920
"was more luxurious, more beautiful and warmer".

1327
01:37:34,920 --> 01:37:40,000
On the surface, there was nothing to indicate
to follow the stanza.

1328
01:37:44,680 --> 01:37:46,520
Everyone is in power

1329
01:37:46,600 --> 01:37:49,880
went on vacation, as planned,

1330
01:37:49,960 --> 01:37:51,960
in order not to draw attention to the fact

1331
01:37:52,040 --> 01:37:55,160
that a storm was being prepared behind the scenes.

1332
01:37:55,240 --> 01:37:58,960
Moltke for the second time that year
went to Carlsbad,

1333
01:37:59,040 --> 01:38:01,800
Jagow is on his honeymoon in Switzerland.

1334
01:38:01,880 --> 01:38:05,720
There was no Conrad von Hötzendorf in Vienna,

1335
01:38:05,800 --> 01:38:09,200
so deputies communicated

1336
01:38:09,280 --> 01:38:11,680
while the main players were on their way.

1337
01:38:14,280 --> 01:38:17,440
And the emperor left
on a traditional cruise.

1338
01:38:18,200 --> 01:38:20,680
They sent him to Norway.

1339
01:38:20,760 --> 01:38:25,040
They said to him: "Your Majesty,
it has to look like we don't know anything."

1340
01:38:25,120 --> 01:38:26,320
That is the German argument.

1341
01:38:26,400 --> 01:38:28,280
We are innocent, and the Austrians are us

1342
01:38:28,360 --> 01:38:31,000
they get into it later.

1343
01:38:31,080 --> 01:38:34,560
"Go on your cruise
because otherwise it would be suspicious.

1344
01:38:34,640 --> 01:38:38,080
But don't go further north than Bergen,

1345
01:38:38,160 --> 01:38:40,880
because then the return would take too long."

1346
01:38:45,040 --> 01:38:49,080
Only Bethmann remained near Berlin.

1347
01:38:49,160 --> 01:38:53,200
He found himself in an unusual situation.

1348
01:38:53,280 --> 01:38:57,280
He had to make his own decisions.

1349
01:38:57,840 --> 01:39:03,840
He could decide
because the emperor is before leaving

1350
01:39:03,920 --> 01:39:09,080
military said that finally
they have to deal with Serbia.

1351
01:39:09,160 --> 01:39:15,800
He showed that he is ready for war.

1352
01:39:15,880 --> 01:39:19,120
That's right Bethmann-Hollweg
could continue with politics

1353
01:39:19,200 --> 01:39:23,000
according to the emperor's opinion about the war.

1354
01:39:23,080 --> 01:39:25,760
He could start a general war.

1355
01:39:30,680 --> 01:39:32,320
Austro-Hungarian government

1356
01:39:32,400 --> 01:39:35,960
completed the ultimatum to Serbia on July 12,

1357
01:39:36,040 --> 01:39:37,480
but it's only 11 days later

1358
01:39:37,560 --> 01:39:41,080
ultimatum delivered to the Serbian government.

1359
01:39:41,800 --> 01:39:43,280
It was a long wait

1360
01:39:43,360 --> 01:39:44,960
with the delivery of the ultimatum,

1361
01:39:45,040 --> 01:39:46,680
and there are several reasons for that.

1362
01:39:47,880 --> 01:39:51,200
Austrian soldiers
they were on vacation because of the harvest.

1363
01:39:51,280 --> 01:39:53,440
They could not be returned quickly.

1364
01:39:53,520 --> 01:39:56,720
That would raise suspicion.

1365
01:39:56,800 --> 01:39:59,400
And it was important
to have a good harvest for the war.

1366
01:40:00,720 --> 01:40:02,600
There was another reason

1367
01:40:02,680 --> 01:40:05,760
official visit
the French President of Russia.

1368
01:40:05,840 --> 01:40:08,560
You don't want to give an ultimatum

1369
01:40:08,640 --> 01:40:11,760
at the moment when the French president

1370
01:40:11,840 --> 01:40:13,520
and the Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs

1371
01:40:13,600 --> 01:40:16,080
they can sit down and arrange a reaction.

1372
01:40:20,360 --> 01:40:22,480
But the Russians and the French

1373
01:40:22,560 --> 01:40:24,680
they knew what to expect.

1374
01:40:28,880 --> 01:40:33,120
President Poincaré
met on July 21, 1914

1375
01:40:33,200 --> 01:40:36,880
with the Austro-Hungarian ambassador
in Russia, Count Szapáry.

1376
01:40:36,960 --> 01:40:39,400
He openly warned him
that the war against Serbia

1377
01:40:39,480 --> 01:40:42,800
could involve Russia, and therefore France.

1378
01:40:43,400 --> 01:40:45,840
Szapáry left without saying a word.

1379
01:40:49,080 --> 01:40:52,920
Poincaré said to the Russian Emperor Nicholas:

1380
01:40:53,000 --> 01:40:57,160
"You have to be firm
and you must stand by the Serbs.

1381
01:40:59,520 --> 01:41:03,960
You must not allow Austria
to intimidate Serbia.

1382
01:41:04,560 --> 01:41:09,040
Austria would achieve a great victory,

1383
01:41:09,120 --> 01:41:12,200
and then the Austrian and German problem

1384
01:41:12,280 --> 01:41:15,600
became even worse
for Paris and St. Petersburg."

1385
01:41:20,240 --> 01:41:21,880
The twenty-third of July,

1386
01:41:21,960 --> 01:41:24,720
after Poincaré by ship
left Saint Petersburg,

1387
01:41:24,800 --> 01:41:27,240
the Austro-Hungarian ultimatum was delivered

1388
01:41:27,320 --> 01:41:30,360
Serbian royal government in Belgrade.

1389
01:41:33,800 --> 01:41:37,240
They called Pašić
to return from the pre-election trip.

1390
01:41:37,320 --> 01:41:40,200
He was far in the south of Serbia.

1391
01:41:40,280 --> 01:41:43,480
When they read the ultimatum,

1392
01:41:43,560 --> 01:41:45,120
one minister said:

1393
01:41:45,200 --> 01:41:49,360
"God, we have no choice but to die again."

1394
01:41:49,440 --> 01:41:53,520
When it's Sazonov
read the Austrian ultimatum, he said:

1395
01:41:53,600 --> 01:41:54,680
"This is a European war.

1396
01:41:56,480 --> 01:41:59,160
It is impossible that the Austrians would
wrote something like this,

1397
01:41:59,240 --> 01:42:01,800
without having solid German guarantees.”

1398
01:42:02,400 --> 01:42:04,560
And he also said: "48 hours?"

1399
01:42:05,080 --> 01:42:08,000
You will not give to someone
48 hours for such an ultimatum

1400
01:42:08,080 --> 01:42:10,160
if you are not sure that there will be a war.

1401
01:42:18,600 --> 01:42:21,680
He handed over the Serbian answer to Baron Giesel,

1402
01:42:21,760 --> 01:42:24,800
to the Austro-Hungarian ambassador in Belgrade,

1403
01:42:24,880 --> 01:42:28,280
Prime Minister Nikola Pašić personally.

1404
01:42:30,320 --> 01:42:32,640
When he entered the Austrian embassy,

1405
01:42:32,720 --> 01:42:35,000
Baron Giesel was already packed.

1406
01:42:35,080 --> 01:42:36,520
He was ready to go.

1407
01:42:36,600 --> 01:42:43,000
He was instructed to leave Belgrade
regardless of Serbia's response.

1408
01:42:47,600 --> 01:42:50,520
Sir Edward Grey,
British Foreign Secretary,

1409
01:42:50,600 --> 01:42:53,360
he tried to summon at that moment

1410
01:42:53,440 --> 01:42:56,680
the spirit of the European concert,
the idea of a congress system.

1411
01:42:56,760 --> 01:43:00,240
Let the great powers gather and talk,

1412
01:43:00,320 --> 01:43:01,680
and not to go to war.

1413
01:43:03,720 --> 01:43:06,840
If so agreed,
two things would happen.

1414
01:43:06,920 --> 01:43:10,560
First, Austria-Hungary
she would not have won her war against Serbia.

1415
01:43:10,640 --> 01:43:12,640
They would be at the beginning again.

1416
01:43:12,720 --> 01:43:15,760
The Serbian problem would reappear
in a few years.

1417
01:43:15,840 --> 01:43:18,520
We'd have to do it all over again,

1418
01:43:18,600 --> 01:43:20,960
probably in more difficult circumstances.

1419
01:43:21,040 --> 01:43:23,840
Secondly, from the German point of view,

1420
01:43:23,920 --> 01:43:28,560
and an opportunity to break
of the rival alliance, the Entente,

1421
01:43:28,640 --> 01:43:30,160
she would also be missed.

1422
01:43:30,240 --> 01:43:36,240
German Chancellor Bethmann-Hollweg
he rejected that proposal.

1423
01:43:39,560 --> 01:43:40,760
The twenty-eighth of July

1424
01:43:40,840 --> 01:43:45,280
Austria-Hungary by telegram
declared war on Serbia.

1425
01:43:47,640 --> 01:43:51,040
On the same evening, Belgrade was shelled

1426
01:43:51,120 --> 01:43:53,160
from Zemun and from the Danube.

1427
01:44:21,240 --> 01:44:22,840
Please help me.

1428
01:44:24,360 --> 01:44:26,960
It is against a weak state
dishonorable war declared.

1429
01:44:27,040 --> 01:44:28,440
NICHOLAS II. William II.

1430
01:44:28,520 --> 01:44:31,640
I share a strong sense of outrage
which exists in Russia.

1431
01:44:32,560 --> 01:44:34,880
I predict I will have to give in soon

1432
01:44:34,960 --> 01:44:38,640
and be forced to take exceptional measures
which will lead to war.

1433
01:44:39,200 --> 01:44:42,040
To try to avoid
the horror of the European war,

1434
01:44:42,120 --> 01:44:44,680
I beg you
in the name of old friendship,

1435
01:44:44,760 --> 01:44:48,960
to do what you can to your allies
they wouldn't go too far. Nikki.

1436
01:44:54,680 --> 01:44:56,480
Russia had to stand up for Serbia

1437
01:44:56,560 --> 01:44:58,280
in such a situation.

1438
01:44:59,240 --> 01:45:01,800
And support without a demonstration of force

1439
01:45:01,880 --> 01:45:07,000
Vienna and Berlin would not take it seriously.

1440
01:45:07,560 --> 01:45:10,040
On the other hand, a demonstration of military power,

1441
01:45:10,120 --> 01:45:12,400
from the point of view of Nicholas II.,

1442
01:45:12,480 --> 01:45:14,640
it did not necessarily have to lead to war.

1443
01:45:15,600 --> 01:45:18,040
Is Russia mobilizing against Austria...

1444
01:45:18,120 --> 01:45:19,560
WILLIAM II. NICHOLAS II.

1445
01:45:19,640 --> 01:45:23,160
...my mediating role will be compromised,
if not destroyed. Willy.

1446
01:45:25,400 --> 01:45:29,000
It is assumed
that Russia will announce mobilization.

1447
01:45:29,080 --> 01:45:31,080
We don't know exactly when,

1448
01:45:31,160 --> 01:45:34,080
but Germany
must announce his mobilization

1449
01:45:34,160 --> 01:45:36,160
and more importantly send the army

1450
01:45:36,240 --> 01:45:40,120
to Luxembourg and Belgium before the declaration of war.

1451
01:45:40,200 --> 01:45:44,440
If that doesn't happen
and if they don't win Liège in the first 11 days,

1452
01:45:44,520 --> 01:45:48,120
the whole plan will fail
and Germany will lose the war.

1453
01:45:51,440 --> 01:45:56,200
These are the decision makers in Berlin
put under great pressure.

1454
01:45:56,280 --> 01:46:01,400
At the meeting they decided that,
whatever Russia does,

1455
01:46:01,480 --> 01:46:06,280
On July 31, issue an order

1456
01:46:06,360 --> 01:46:08,440
to enter Belgium.

1457
01:46:08,520 --> 01:46:11,640
Later they will say it is done

1458
01:46:11,720 --> 01:46:15,480
in response to the Russian mobilization,
but the decision is actually

1459
01:46:15,560 --> 01:46:17,160
as we know from the documents,

1460
01:46:17,240 --> 01:46:20,520
made independently of Russian decisions.

1461
01:46:20,600 --> 01:46:23,040
ULTIMATE TO BELGIUM
JULY 29, 1914

1462
01:46:25,200 --> 01:46:28,560
Emperor Nicholas ordered on July 30

1463
01:46:28,640 --> 01:46:31,080
mobilization of Russian military districts

1464
01:46:31,160 --> 01:46:33,280
on the border with Austria-Hungary.

1465
01:46:33,920 --> 01:46:36,600
Your forces are mobilized
against Austria-Hungary.

1466
01:46:36,680 --> 01:46:38,040
WILLIAM II. NICHOLAS II.

1467
01:46:38,120 --> 01:46:40,960
Responsibility for the disaster
which now threatens

1468
01:46:41,040 --> 01:46:45,840
the entire civilized world
it won't be up to me. Willy.

1469
01:46:47,160 --> 01:46:49,320
The Russians are partially mobilizing.

1470
01:46:49,400 --> 01:46:51,520
In other words, they are mobilizing part of the army

1471
01:46:51,600 --> 01:46:53,560
which is located on the Austrian border.

1472
01:46:53,640 --> 01:46:56,200
They want to warn the Austrians

1473
01:46:56,280 --> 01:46:58,560
that they will not allow the destruction of Serbia,

1474
01:46:58,640 --> 01:47:00,640
but they do not want to antagonize Germany.

1475
01:47:02,200 --> 01:47:06,440
Russian commanders rebel
against partial mobilization.

1476
01:47:06,520 --> 01:47:12,960
They claim it will hurt
general mobilization when needed.

1477
01:47:13,040 --> 01:47:17,920
Tsar Nicholas II. gives way

1478
01:47:18,000 --> 01:47:20,480
and decides on a general mobilization.

1479
01:47:23,440 --> 01:47:27,120
And then the Germans use it later

1480
01:47:27,200 --> 01:47:30,000
they say that the war was started by the Russians, not them.

1481
01:47:31,240 --> 01:47:32,640
The atmosphere is fantastic!

1482
01:47:32,720 --> 01:47:34,120
CHIEF OF THE NAVY CABINET

1483
01:47:34,200 --> 01:47:37,440
The government managed to create an impression
that we were attacked.

1484
01:47:39,080 --> 01:47:43,880
The emperor ordered the mobilization
signed on the table

1485
01:47:43,960 --> 01:47:47,320
taken from the British ship Victory,

1486
01:47:47,400 --> 01:47:50,600
on which Lord Nelson fought
in the Battle of Trafalgar.

1487
01:47:51,960 --> 01:47:54,680
Berlin is full of enthusiasm.

1488
01:47:54,760 --> 01:47:58,280
One general reports:
"Raining faces everywhere!

1489
01:47:58,360 --> 01:48:00,800
We broke. We did it.”

1490
01:48:02,480 --> 01:48:07,200
Erich von Falkenhayn,
the Prussian Minister of War, says:

1491
01:48:07,280 --> 01:48:09,560
"Even if we die,

1492
01:48:09,640 --> 01:48:12,040
at least it was fun
at least it was nice!”

1493
01:48:12,880 --> 01:48:14,760
For the first time in thirty years...

1494
01:48:14,840 --> 01:48:15,920
JULY 28, 1914

1495
01:48:16,000 --> 01:48:18,120
...I feel like an Austrian
and I want to provide

1496
01:48:18,200 --> 01:48:21,120
to this pessimistic empire
one more chance.

1497
01:48:29,960 --> 01:48:32,880
The declaration of war was well received in Vienna.

1498
01:48:32,960 --> 01:48:34,760
The crowd was cheering.

1499
01:48:34,840 --> 01:48:37,840
It was thought that the war would last a short time

1500
01:48:37,920 --> 01:48:40,240
and that Austria will surely win.

1501
01:48:42,320 --> 01:48:44,000
They think that the main role is Germany

1502
01:48:44,080 --> 01:48:46,600
support Austrian
victory plan against Serbia.

1503
01:48:46,680 --> 01:48:50,400
But the Germans have their own priority.

1504
01:48:50,480 --> 01:48:52,360
And that is the Schlieffen Plan.

1505
01:48:52,440 --> 01:48:57,400
They want the Austrians
cover on the Russian front

1506
01:48:57,480 --> 01:48:59,120
and forget about Serbia.

1507
01:48:59,640 --> 01:49:02,080
They said: "Serbia is not that important."

1508
01:49:02,160 --> 01:49:05,760
So that the Italians would not interfere,
they told the Austrians:

1509
01:49:05,840 --> 01:49:08,800
"Why don't you submit
part of their Italian territories?"

1510
01:49:08,880 --> 01:49:10,840
The Austrians were stunned.

1511
01:49:29,360 --> 01:49:32,640
On the night between July 30 and 31,

1512
01:49:32,720 --> 01:49:36,920
in the main command
a gruesome scene took place.

1513
01:49:38,720 --> 01:49:43,640
Moltke received his adjutant,
Major von Haeften.

1514
01:49:43,720 --> 01:49:48,040
He told him what kind of war awaits them.

1515
01:49:51,840 --> 01:49:54,200
It is about a war that will

1516
01:49:54,280 --> 01:49:57,720
European civilization
set back decades.

1517
01:50:00,200 --> 01:50:06,440
A war that lasted for years
after England is included.

1518
01:50:07,480 --> 01:50:11,040
He was talking about a general spratastrophe.

1519
01:50:11,120 --> 01:50:15,840
Haeften wrote that Moltke,
with tears in my eyes,

1520
01:50:15,920 --> 01:50:22,240
turned to the portrait of his uncle,
Moltke the elder.

1521
01:50:24,600 --> 01:50:29,000
Moltke the elder was afraid

1522
01:50:29,080 --> 01:50:32,800
precisely from such a development of events,

1523
01:50:32,880 --> 01:50:37,960
although he himself advocated a preventive war.

1524
01:50:44,760 --> 01:50:47,880
But on the morning of August 1, 1914

1525
01:50:47,960 --> 01:50:50,600
it was not yet a European war.

1526
01:50:55,640 --> 01:50:58,680
On the same day, the German leaders
received important news

1527
01:50:58,760 --> 01:51:01,240
from Ambassador Lichnowski in London.

1528
01:51:02,320 --> 01:51:06,120
Lichnowsky asserted
that Sir Edward Gray offered

1529
01:51:06,200 --> 01:51:08,080
possibility of neutrality.

1530
01:51:08,160 --> 01:51:11,640
They considered it a great German victory.

1531
01:51:11,720 --> 01:51:13,840
Another telegram even claimed

1532
01:51:13,920 --> 01:51:18,200
that France could also remain neutral.

1533
01:51:18,920 --> 01:51:21,960
The emperor ordered champagne.
Everyone was delighted.

1534
01:51:22,040 --> 01:51:25,720
At one point the emperor ordered Moltke

1535
01:51:25,800 --> 01:51:31,720
to change his plan and attack only Russia,
and not France.

1536
01:51:32,360 --> 01:51:33,880
Moltke had a nervous breakdown.

1537
01:51:33,960 --> 01:51:37,960
"Your Majesty, that is impossible.
We have an army of several million men.

1538
01:51:38,040 --> 01:51:40,920
We can't just do them
back from their path

1539
01:51:41,000 --> 01:51:42,920
and send them somewhere else."

1540
01:51:43,000 --> 01:51:46,040
"If we change the plan, you won't have an army.

1541
01:51:46,120 --> 01:51:49,280
You will have a disorganized crowd.”

1542
01:51:49,360 --> 01:51:53,320
To this the emperor replied,
tragic, in my opinion:

1543
01:51:53,400 --> 01:51:56,120
"Your uncle would have given me a different answer."

1544
01:51:57,480 --> 01:51:59,320
That same night

1545
01:51:59,400 --> 01:52:03,440
another telegram arrived
Prince Lichnowski.

1546
01:52:04,440 --> 01:52:07,840
A clarification has arrived from London.

1547
01:52:07,920 --> 01:52:09,400
"No, I was wrong.

1548
01:52:09,480 --> 01:52:12,520
The British will not allow it
the destruction of France.

1549
01:52:12,600 --> 01:52:14,080
They will go to war."

1550
01:52:14,160 --> 01:52:16,920
And then the emperor, who was already in his pajamas,

1551
01:52:17,000 --> 01:52:21,000
said to Moltke: "Okay, do what you want."

1552
01:52:21,080 --> 01:52:24,720
He went back to bed
and experienced a nervous breakdown himself.

1553
01:51:25,360 --> 01:52:25,360
EXYUSUBS.COM

1554
01:53:22,720 --> 01:53:29,680
AUGUST 1, 1914
GERMANY DECLARES WAR ON RUSSIA

1555
01:53:32,880 --> 01:53:38,440
AUGUST 3, 1914
GERMANY DECLARES WAR ON FRANCE

1556
01:53:41,280 --> 01:53:46,840
AUGUST 4, 1914
GREAT BRITAIN DECLARES WAR ON GERMANY

1557
01:53:48,320 --> 01:53:53,480
AUGUST 6, 1914
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY DECLARES WAR ON RUSSIA