1
00:00:12,170 --> 00:00:15,368
Tonight's space shuttle
Challenger on launch pad 39B,
2
00:00:15,451 --> 00:00:17,292
as the mammoth spacecraft...
3
00:00:18,865 --> 00:00:20,783
The countdown continues
for tomorrow's launch
4
00:00:20,848 --> 00:00:23,367
of the Space Shuttle Challenger,
with its crew of seven
5
00:00:23,368 --> 00:00:26,049
including New Hampshire
schoolteacher Christa McAuliffe.
6
00:00:26,050 --> 00:00:28,047
But a cloudy and...
7
00:00:28,048 --> 00:00:30,126
As NASA ground crews
prepare the ship...
8
00:00:30,127 --> 00:00:32,409
...officials believe
it will be a go...
9
00:00:37,529 --> 00:00:39,889
The Challenger mission L51
has been...
10
00:00:39,890 --> 00:00:43,448
The 51L mission, ready to go.
11
00:00:43,449 --> 00:00:45,807
At seven o'clock,
the Challenger crew met
12
00:00:45,808 --> 00:00:48,009
for their traditional
pre-flight breakfast...
13
00:01:02,568 --> 00:01:07,527
Ladies and gentlemen of the faculty,
students, quiet, please.
14
00:01:07,528 --> 00:01:11,807
Please welcome our esteemed
guest lecturer,
15
00:01:11,808 --> 00:01:14,368
winner of the Einstein Award,
16
00:01:14,369 --> 00:01:18,208
one of the ten most significant
physicists of all time,
17
00:01:18,209 --> 00:01:23,883
winner of the Nobel Prize
in Physics, Dr Richard Feynman.
18
00:01:39,768 --> 00:01:41,926
I bribed him to say
all that nice stuff,
19
00:01:41,927 --> 00:01:43,528
clearly I just escaped from jail.
20
00:01:47,608 --> 00:01:51,047
Energy, from potential to kinetic,
21
00:01:51,048 --> 00:01:52,489
gives you...
22
00:01:53,489 --> 00:01:55,127
You see that?
23
00:01:55,128 --> 00:01:57,288
No, don't write it down.
24
00:02:02,168 --> 00:02:03,968
Not till you know what it means.
25
00:02:13,208 --> 00:02:15,727
This will not hurt you.
26
00:02:15,728 --> 00:02:17,128
It might hurt me.
27
00:02:33,488 --> 00:02:35,928
Why didn't I have you
write down the equation?
28
00:02:38,688 --> 00:02:39,846
You'd write it out.
29
00:02:39,847 --> 00:02:42,128
La-di-la-di-la,
you'd feel pretty smart, right?
30
00:02:43,848 --> 00:02:45,368
But now you understand it.
31
00:02:46,448 --> 00:02:48,567
Mom! Hurry Up! I'm coming.
32
00:02:48,568 --> 00:02:51,206
...about three minutes,
and they think they can do it.
33
00:02:51,207 --> 00:02:53,565
They are counting,
the ice is cleared away,
34
00:02:53,566 --> 00:02:56,325
and Challenger should be
going away very soon.
35
00:02:56,326 --> 00:02:58,125
Let's go down to
the Kennedy Space Center
36
00:02:58,126 --> 00:03:00,205
and take a look at Challenger
sitting on the pad
37
00:03:00,206 --> 00:03:02,325
as they continue the countdown.
38
00:03:02,326 --> 00:03:05,205
Challenger's launch will be
the 25th space shuttle mission.
39
00:03:05,206 --> 00:03:08,325
It's estimated over 30,000 people
have been involved...
40
00:03:08,326 --> 00:03:10,525
Dale, you want some coffee?
Not now, Larry.
41
00:03:10,526 --> 00:03:13,088
...at a total cost
of nearly 40 million...
42
00:03:17,888 --> 00:03:20,806
There goes Christa McAuliffe,
first teacher in space.
43
00:03:20,807 --> 00:03:24,325
During the mission, McAuliffe will
be conducting scientific experiments
44
00:03:24,326 --> 00:03:26,005
which will be beamed live
to children
45
00:03:26,006 --> 00:03:27,685
in schoolrooms across America.
46
00:03:27,686 --> 00:03:30,165
The New Hampshire teacher
has described Challenger
47
00:03:30,166 --> 00:03:31,847
as the ultimate field trip.
48
00:03:31,848 --> 00:03:33,206
What is science?
49
00:03:33,207 --> 00:03:37,083
Science is a way to teach how...
50
00:03:37,494 --> 00:03:40,744
some thing gets to be known.
51
00:03:44,287 --> 00:03:47,726
In as much as anything can be known.
52
00:03:47,727 --> 00:03:50,047
Because nothing is known absolutely.
53
00:03:51,606 --> 00:03:54,446
It's how to handle doubt
54
00:03:54,447 --> 00:03:55,727
and uncertainty.
55
00:03:57,647 --> 00:04:02,126
Ten, nine, eight, seven, six...
56
00:04:02,127 --> 00:04:03,687
we have main engine start.
57
00:04:03,688 --> 00:04:07,686
Four, three, two, one...
58
00:04:07,687 --> 00:04:11,686
Lift-off of
the 25th space shuttle mission,
59
00:04:11,687 --> 00:04:14,006
and it has cleared the tower.
60
00:04:14,007 --> 00:04:15,207
Yay!
61
00:04:24,966 --> 00:04:27,445
Roger roll, Challenger.
62
00:04:27,446 --> 00:04:30,205
Challenger, go with throttle.
63
00:04:30,206 --> 00:04:34,127
Science teaches us
what the rules of evidence are.
64
00:04:36,247 --> 00:04:38,647
We mess with that at our peril.
65
00:04:43,327 --> 00:04:45,247
One minute, 15 seconds.
66
00:04:50,806 --> 00:04:54,206
We'll report more as
we have information available.
67
00:04:57,886 --> 00:04:59,966
Checking with the recovery forces.
68
00:05:03,846 --> 00:05:06,046
Obviously a major malfunction.
69
00:05:08,726 --> 00:05:09,966
We have no downlink.
70
00:05:27,606 --> 00:05:30,804
The space agency NASA
has not yet confirmed the deaths
71
00:05:30,805 --> 00:05:33,004
of the schoolteacher
and six other astronauts
72
00:05:33,005 --> 00:05:35,804
who were on board the shuttle
Challenger when it exploded
73
00:05:35,805 --> 00:05:37,524
on take-off this morning in Florida.
74
00:05:37,525 --> 00:05:40,964
But there seems little doubt
that there were any survivors.
75
00:05:40,965 --> 00:05:44,484
NASA is conducting a news
conference at this moment.
76
00:05:44,485 --> 00:05:46,644
Challenger exploded
into a fireball
77
00:05:46,645 --> 00:05:49,365
and pieces came down
in the Atlantic Ocean...
78
00:05:49,366 --> 00:05:53,925
Never in 25 launches of the
space shuttle had a life been lost.
79
00:05:53,926 --> 00:05:56,564
Today, that record
went down in flames.
80
00:05:56,565 --> 00:05:59,644
Tonight the search for survivors
turned up none.
81
00:05:59,645 --> 00:06:02,284
The search for answers
is just starting.
82
00:06:02,285 --> 00:06:04,124
Bruce Hall begins our coverage
83
00:06:04,125 --> 00:06:07,806
of a spaceship that became
a fireball and a national tragedy.
84
00:06:07,807 --> 00:06:09,125
Ready for launch.
85
00:06:09,126 --> 00:06:10,965
And lift-off.
86
00:06:10,966 --> 00:06:13,604
And listen to the cheers
of the young students
87
00:06:13,605 --> 00:06:15,806
of the first ever US
teacher-astronaut.
88
00:06:15,807 --> 00:06:18,684
Moments later,
a massive explosion.
89
00:06:18,685 --> 00:06:21,164
The cheering stops.
90
00:06:21,165 --> 00:06:23,245
I'm sorry, I can't watch this stuff.
91
00:06:27,965 --> 00:06:30,363
Seven Americans
with the highest hopes.
92
00:06:30,364 --> 00:06:33,406
A billion dollars worth
of the highest technology.
93
00:06:33,407 --> 00:06:36,125
Gone in seconds.
94
00:06:36,126 --> 00:06:38,966
The worst disaster
in the US Space Program ever.
95
00:06:51,165 --> 00:06:53,524
Hello. Er, hold on, hold on. No...
96
00:06:53,525 --> 00:06:54,965
Wait!
97
00:06:59,605 --> 00:07:01,965
Feynman menagerie.
98
00:07:03,965 --> 00:07:05,845
Sorry, who is it? Hold on, hold on.
99
00:07:09,445 --> 00:07:10,565
Who's this?
100
00:07:11,685 --> 00:07:12,966
Bill. Bill who?
101
00:07:14,325 --> 00:07:15,605
Bill Graham?
102
00:07:17,005 --> 00:07:19,844
I've got 15,000 former students.
103
00:07:19,845 --> 00:07:22,285
Listen, pal, how did you get
a hold of my home number?
104
00:07:24,765 --> 00:07:26,205
You're head of what?
105
00:07:28,525 --> 00:07:29,765
NASA?
106
00:07:49,724 --> 00:07:51,803
You got your results back yet?
107
00:07:51,804 --> 00:07:53,165
Nope.
108
00:07:58,005 --> 00:07:59,283
What's bugging you?
109
00:07:59,284 --> 00:08:01,165
Had a phone call this morning.
110
00:08:04,205 --> 00:08:05,885
They want me to go to Washington
111
00:08:05,886 --> 00:08:10,284
and sit on a presidential
inquiry thing.
112
00:08:10,285 --> 00:08:12,124
What?
113
00:08:12,125 --> 00:08:14,683
Find out why the shuttle exploded.
114
00:08:14,684 --> 00:08:16,003
Did you say yes?
115
00:08:16,004 --> 00:08:18,444
I'm not even that
into the space programme.
116
00:08:19,644 --> 00:08:22,764
I know people died
and I'm very sorry about that, but...
117
00:08:23,844 --> 00:08:25,283
Gwen...
118
00:08:25,284 --> 00:08:29,603
I do my work, my teaching, you guys.
119
00:08:29,604 --> 00:08:35,084
They just want to say that they
bagged the famous physicist guy.
120
00:08:35,085 --> 00:08:37,685
They're a bunch of bureaucrats
and generals
121
00:08:37,686 --> 00:08:40,325
with pokers up their asses, you know?
122
00:08:43,404 --> 00:08:44,483
What?
123
00:08:44,484 --> 00:08:46,763
You just said it.
124
00:08:46,764 --> 00:08:49,322
They wouldn't know where to look.
You would.
125
00:08:49,323 --> 00:08:52,604
You can't pass up a puzzle,
not as important as this.
126
00:08:59,484 --> 00:09:01,484
I'm sorry, love, you're right.
127
00:09:01,485 --> 00:09:03,164
I wasn't thinking.
128
00:09:04,484 --> 00:09:07,324
Write and explain that
you're not fit enough.
129
00:09:07,325 --> 00:09:09,203
I'm fit. I'm fit.
130
00:09:09,204 --> 00:09:11,523
Who are you kidding?
I'm fit as a fiddle.
131
00:09:11,524 --> 00:09:15,683
What do you Yorkshire folks say?
"I'm fit as a flea. "
132
00:09:15,684 --> 00:09:17,083
You want the proof?
133
00:09:17,084 --> 00:09:18,243
Not especially.
134
00:09:18,244 --> 00:09:20,044
Ohh... you smell so good.
135
00:09:21,844 --> 00:09:23,044
OK, but...
136
00:09:24,284 --> 00:09:25,804
Then you'd have no excuse.
137
00:09:29,324 --> 00:09:30,644
Damn you, woman.
138
00:09:35,844 --> 00:09:37,884
I'll have to wear a tie.
139
00:09:41,883 --> 00:09:44,841
The Captain has turned on
the no smoking signs.
140
00:09:44,842 --> 00:09:48,123
At this time, please extinguish
all smoking materials.
141
00:09:57,804 --> 00:09:59,084
Taxi!
142
00:10:07,604 --> 00:10:08,644
It's cold.
143
00:10:09,683 --> 00:10:11,202
NASA headquarters.
144
00:10:11,203 --> 00:10:13,482
NASA, you got it.
145
00:10:13,483 --> 00:10:14,523
Cold!
146
00:10:18,443 --> 00:10:20,001
With America still in shock
147
00:10:20,002 --> 00:10:21,961
after the world's worst
space disaster,
148
00:10:21,962 --> 00:10:23,961
the address given
by President Reagan
149
00:10:23,962 --> 00:10:25,721
in the hours following the accident
150
00:10:25,722 --> 00:10:27,843
now seems to have captured
the mood of a nation.
151
00:10:27,844 --> 00:10:29,842
We mourn seven heroes.
152
00:10:29,843 --> 00:10:31,801
We mourn their loss
as a nation together...
153
00:10:31,802 --> 00:10:34,362
So, sir, are you something to do
with the enquiry there?
154
00:10:34,363 --> 00:10:36,804
Yeah, I'm on the presidential
commission.
155
00:10:36,805 --> 00:10:37,843
Ah.
156
00:10:37,844 --> 00:10:40,123
Alongside
some super-important people.
157
00:10:40,124 --> 00:10:45,242
...slipped the surly bonds of Earth
to touch the face of God.
158
00:10:45,243 --> 00:10:47,761
Focus now turns to
the cause of the tragedy,
159
00:10:47,762 --> 00:10:49,603
as the Presidential Commission...
160
00:10:49,604 --> 00:10:51,842
They gotta get back up there.
161
00:10:51,843 --> 00:10:53,563
Something went really wrong.
162
00:11:10,722 --> 00:11:12,682
Keep that. Thank you.
163
00:11:12,683 --> 00:11:14,322
Sir...
164
00:11:14,323 --> 00:11:16,962
Can I trouble you for an autograph?
165
00:11:16,963 --> 00:11:18,962
Sure.
166
00:11:18,963 --> 00:11:21,082
Who would I make it out to?
167
00:11:21,083 --> 00:11:22,802
Oh...
168
00:11:22,803 --> 00:11:25,441
Not you, sir.
I meant Mr Neil Armstrong.
169
00:11:25,442 --> 00:11:26,683
First man on the moon.
170
00:11:26,684 --> 00:11:28,682
You could mail it.
171
00:11:28,683 --> 00:11:30,883
That's my driver number,
at that address.
172
00:11:30,884 --> 00:11:32,802
OK.
173
00:11:32,803 --> 00:11:34,762
I promise. Thank you.
174
00:11:34,763 --> 00:11:36,123
Thank you.
175
00:11:37,522 --> 00:11:39,520
So what do you expect to find?
176
00:11:39,521 --> 00:11:41,722
Mr Feynman, what do
you expect to find?
177
00:11:46,522 --> 00:11:47,961
Pardon me.
178
00:11:47,962 --> 00:11:50,320
Mr Armstrong, I think we met...
Excuse me.
179
00:11:50,321 --> 00:11:53,563
I'm Bill Rogers.
I'm chairman of the Commission.
180
00:11:53,564 --> 00:11:56,482
We're very fortunate
to have you with us.
181
00:11:56,483 --> 00:11:59,203
Hey, I've got somebody
who wants to meet you.
182
00:11:59,204 --> 00:12:01,402
Dr Sally Ride.
183
00:12:01,403 --> 00:12:04,402
Oh... Our first woman in space.
Well...
184
00:12:04,403 --> 00:12:05,961
Nice to meet you.
185
00:12:05,962 --> 00:12:07,961
You too. Mmm.
186
00:12:07,962 --> 00:12:09,281
Good journey?
187
00:12:09,282 --> 00:12:11,561
I took the red-eye from LA.
188
00:12:11,562 --> 00:12:12,881
Don't ever do it.
189
00:12:12,882 --> 00:12:16,801
Dr Alton Keel,
our executive director.
190
00:12:16,802 --> 00:12:18,722
Nobel laureate, Richard Feynman.
191
00:12:18,723 --> 00:12:21,841
Your name I recognise too.
Fellow physicist.
192
00:12:21,842 --> 00:12:24,882
Formerly. I've been in Washington
several years. Oh.
193
00:12:26,402 --> 00:12:27,722
How's your integrity?
194
00:12:30,082 --> 00:12:31,921
That's just insulting. No!
195
00:12:31,922 --> 00:12:33,523
Don't take me seriously.
196
00:12:38,522 --> 00:12:40,401
Commissioners.
197
00:12:40,402 --> 00:12:44,241
I appreciate you all coming together
at short notice.
198
00:12:44,242 --> 00:12:47,321
We have a huge, vital task
ahead of us,
199
00:12:47,322 --> 00:12:49,160
upon which might depend the future
200
00:12:49,161 --> 00:12:51,362
of manned space flight
in this country.
201
00:12:52,602 --> 00:12:54,922
Now, I intend for this investigation
202
00:12:54,923 --> 00:12:58,481
to follow an orderly
and proper procedure.
203
00:12:58,482 --> 00:13:02,482
We are not going to conduct it
in a manner that is in any way
204
00:13:02,483 --> 00:13:04,680
unfairly critical of NASA.
205
00:13:04,681 --> 00:13:07,079
Because we believe,
and certainly I believe,
206
00:13:07,080 --> 00:13:09,521
that NASA has done an excellent job.
207
00:13:09,522 --> 00:13:13,441
And I believe that the American
people think so too.
208
00:13:13,442 --> 00:13:15,681
Anyone?
209
00:13:15,682 --> 00:13:19,001
We have to accept the fact
that this shuttle
210
00:13:19,002 --> 00:13:21,560
is the most complex machine
that's ever been built.
211
00:13:21,561 --> 00:13:24,322
I understand it has more than
two and a half million parts.
212
00:13:25,642 --> 00:13:27,960
It may be, after due consideration,
213
00:13:27,961 --> 00:13:30,602
it's just not possible
to identify the cause.
214
00:13:30,603 --> 00:13:31,681
Now...
215
00:13:31,682 --> 00:13:33,881
In terms of scheduling...
That's nothing.
216
00:13:35,361 --> 00:13:36,599
I'm sorry, Dr Feynman?
217
00:13:36,600 --> 00:13:38,601
Two and a half million -
small potatoes.
218
00:13:40,281 --> 00:13:44,400
No, really look - I don't know
much about space rockets,
219
00:13:44,401 --> 00:13:47,561
but I know a little something
about probability.
220
00:13:47,562 --> 00:13:51,881
Something I developed called, um...
path integral formulation.
221
00:13:54,882 --> 00:13:57,842
It's quantum mechanics, yuck, yuck.
But, um...
222
00:13:57,843 --> 00:14:03,640
Basically, what it means is that
you can figure out the probability
223
00:14:03,641 --> 00:14:05,840
of something occurring,
224
00:14:05,841 --> 00:14:09,480
not just when you get
two and a half million events,
225
00:14:09,481 --> 00:14:14,000
but an infinity of possibilities.
226
00:14:14,001 --> 00:14:17,200
However large
the number of causal paths
227
00:14:17,201 --> 00:14:20,320
for whatever happened to Challenger,
228
00:14:20,321 --> 00:14:22,281
an explanation can be found.
229
00:14:24,641 --> 00:14:27,721
What are we doing here if
we don't think it's possible?
230
00:14:28,921 --> 00:14:30,081
Right?
231
00:14:32,641 --> 00:14:36,240
Er... Chairman Rogers,
I headed an investigation
232
00:14:36,241 --> 00:14:38,159
into the failure of a Titan rocket,
233
00:14:38,160 --> 00:14:41,039
and I suggest I outline
the procedure we used there.
234
00:14:41,040 --> 00:14:43,201
I appreciate the offer,
General Kutyna,
235
00:14:43,202 --> 00:14:47,800
but I think in this case there's
far less collectable evidence.
236
00:14:47,801 --> 00:14:50,599
I don't like to contradict you, sir,
but in the case of the shuttle,
237
00:14:50,600 --> 00:14:52,079
as there are human beings aboard,
238
00:14:52,080 --> 00:14:54,039
it generates far more
database material.
239
00:14:54,040 --> 00:14:56,599
Mr Rogers, what the general
said is the case.
240
00:14:56,600 --> 00:14:59,319
There are external cameras,
there are black box recordings,
241
00:14:59,320 --> 00:15:02,198
there are telemetry sensors,
there's a great deal of information.
242
00:15:02,199 --> 00:15:03,880
Thank you, General Kutyna.
243
00:15:03,881 --> 00:15:05,079
And Mr Armstrong.
244
00:15:05,080 --> 00:15:07,599
I'm certain we can get back to this.
245
00:15:07,600 --> 00:15:08,879
Please, anyone.
246
00:15:08,880 --> 00:15:09,959
Chairman. Yes.
247
00:15:09,960 --> 00:15:12,639
I don't know about anyone else,
but, um...
248
00:15:12,640 --> 00:15:15,201
Coming in, I got
some major press attention.
249
00:15:16,481 --> 00:15:18,399
I'd like to know what we're to say.
250
00:15:18,400 --> 00:15:20,919
For the sake of
the astronaut families,
251
00:15:20,920 --> 00:15:23,119
what are we saying at this point?
252
00:15:23,120 --> 00:15:24,679
This is very important.
253
00:15:24,680 --> 00:15:26,759
Any and all enquiries from the press
254
00:15:26,760 --> 00:15:29,240
are to be directed
to Chairman Rogers's office.
255
00:15:31,000 --> 00:15:32,999
So, the plan is...
256
00:15:33,000 --> 00:15:35,319
lady and gentlemen...
257
00:15:35,320 --> 00:15:38,559
we will reconvene
in five days' time.
258
00:15:38,560 --> 00:15:41,160
But for the present,
enjoy your stay in Washington.
259
00:15:42,160 --> 00:15:43,200
What?
260
00:15:44,640 --> 00:15:46,360
We're not going to..? That's it.
261
00:15:46,361 --> 00:15:49,120
Keel. We don't start right away?
262
00:16:05,160 --> 00:16:06,400
Great.
263
00:16:10,400 --> 00:16:11,439
Dr Feynman.
264
00:16:11,440 --> 00:16:13,080
Bill Graham, head of NASA.
265
00:16:13,081 --> 00:16:14,799
Thank you.
266
00:16:14,800 --> 00:16:17,078
You're the guy that got me
into this.
267
00:16:17,079 --> 00:16:19,918
Well, I took your physics lectures
way back, never forgotten.
268
00:16:19,919 --> 00:16:23,438
I think you're going to bring
something unique to the Commission.
269
00:16:23,439 --> 00:16:27,597
I abandoned my teaching and a lot
of important consulting to come here,
270
00:16:27,598 --> 00:16:30,679
didn't imagine I was going to be told
to sit on my tush for a week.
271
00:16:33,400 --> 00:16:35,719
So, here's what I'm going to need.
272
00:16:35,720 --> 00:16:38,118
I'm going to need a crash course
in shuttle design.
273
00:16:38,119 --> 00:16:40,758
I need to know everything on
how this thing was put together,
274
00:16:40,759 --> 00:16:44,118
so if you can start supplying me with
the technical manuals and so forth,
275
00:16:44,119 --> 00:16:47,238
and most of all, you gotta get me
straight on the factory floor.
276
00:16:47,239 --> 00:16:48,718
Pretty new to NASA myself -
277
00:16:48,719 --> 00:16:50,800
I actually only took over
two months ago.
278
00:16:50,801 --> 00:16:52,359
That's bad timing.
279
00:16:52,360 --> 00:16:54,198
We're based here in Washington,
280
00:16:54,199 --> 00:16:55,758
but the shuttle engines and systems
281
00:16:55,759 --> 00:16:57,877
are all out of the Marshall
Space Flight Center.
282
00:16:57,878 --> 00:16:59,437
It pretty much takes care of itself.
283
00:16:59,438 --> 00:17:00,997
You're the head of the whole shmeer,
284
00:17:00,998 --> 00:17:02,917
I mean, you can get me
in this Marshall place,
285
00:17:02,918 --> 00:17:04,677
otherwise I'm a busy fella.
286
00:17:04,678 --> 00:17:07,399
I'll do my best.
I'll get on it right away.
287
00:17:07,400 --> 00:17:08,919
Right, thanks.
288
00:17:12,400 --> 00:17:15,400
I like that you didn't let up there
on the mighty chairman.
289
00:17:17,640 --> 00:17:20,198
You take it.
I don't care for limousines.
290
00:17:20,199 --> 00:17:21,278
Well, neither do I -
291
00:17:21,279 --> 00:17:24,240
I'm just a two-star general,
don't get assigned a limousine.
292
00:17:24,241 --> 00:17:25,678
Take the subway.
293
00:17:25,679 --> 00:17:27,958
Hmm.
294
00:17:27,959 --> 00:17:29,279
Pleasure. You too.
295
00:17:32,839 --> 00:17:33,999
Taxi!
296
00:17:37,679 --> 00:17:40,319
Oh, and there was a phone call
for you, sir.
297
00:17:40,320 --> 00:17:41,959
Please call your doctor.
298
00:17:44,759 --> 00:17:47,239
Dr... Weiss?
299
00:17:48,719 --> 00:17:50,959
The elevator's just
to your right, sir.
300
00:18:17,239 --> 00:18:20,157
...to begin what may be
a lengthy process.
301
00:18:20,158 --> 00:18:23,077
Millions of Americans who watched
our heroes perish
302
00:18:23,078 --> 00:18:26,556
only 73 seconds after take-off
on that cold January morning
303
00:18:26,557 --> 00:18:28,116
are waiting for answers.
304
00:18:28,117 --> 00:18:30,396
Nancy and I are pained to the core
about the tragedy
305
00:18:30,397 --> 00:18:32,279
of the shuttle Challenger...
306
00:18:32,280 --> 00:18:34,439
Hello.
307
00:18:35,519 --> 00:18:36,679
Graham.
308
00:18:38,199 --> 00:18:39,758
You got me in, great.
309
00:18:39,759 --> 00:18:43,318
I'll take a plane down
in the morning.
310
00:18:43,319 --> 00:18:45,038
Thanks.
311
00:18:45,039 --> 00:18:46,079
Alpha plus.
312
00:18:48,279 --> 00:18:52,357
I've always had great faith in
and respect for our space programme.
313
00:18:52,358 --> 00:18:54,438
We don't hide our space programme.
314
00:18:54,439 --> 00:18:57,637
We don't keep secrets
and cover things up.
315
00:18:57,638 --> 00:19:00,397
We do it all upfront and in public.
316
00:19:00,398 --> 00:19:04,078
That's the way freedom is and
we wouldn't change it for a minute.
317
00:19:15,799 --> 00:19:17,598
Wow, it's immense.
318
00:19:17,599 --> 00:19:19,157
This is an identical craft?
319
00:19:19,158 --> 00:19:20,837
No, it's a training simulator.
320
00:19:20,838 --> 00:19:25,518
but for your purposes, the flight
deck systems, the payload bay, etc,
321
00:19:25,519 --> 00:19:27,038
virtually identical.
322
00:19:34,278 --> 00:19:36,638
Want to see the flight deck?
323
00:19:58,438 --> 00:20:01,718
You have four human beings
jammed in this space?
324
00:20:01,719 --> 00:20:02,757
Can I sit here?
325
00:20:02,758 --> 00:20:03,798
Yeah.
326
00:20:06,118 --> 00:20:07,478
Wow.
327
00:20:09,238 --> 00:20:11,117
OK. So...
328
00:20:11,118 --> 00:20:13,997
they got S-Band
communication links...
329
00:20:13,998 --> 00:20:16,637
environmental control systems...
330
00:20:16,638 --> 00:20:18,518
cabin pressure gauges...
331
00:20:19,678 --> 00:20:21,876
What is that? Emergency oxygen.
332
00:20:21,877 --> 00:20:24,077
Don't touch things.
333
00:20:27,317 --> 00:20:28,357
Hmm.
334
00:20:32,638 --> 00:20:34,078
Come on.
335
00:20:39,718 --> 00:20:42,557
Dick Feynman. I'm on the Commission.
336
00:20:42,558 --> 00:20:44,158
I got nothing to hide.
337
00:20:49,198 --> 00:20:50,715
If I was to ask you engineers,
338
00:20:50,716 --> 00:20:53,435
never mind what the managers say,
but you guys...
339
00:20:53,436 --> 00:20:54,995
Given all your experience,
340
00:20:54,996 --> 00:20:59,835
what you thought the probability was
of an accident on any single launch,
341
00:20:59,836 --> 00:21:00,877
what would you say?
342
00:21:07,597 --> 00:21:09,315
I mean, if you don't want to say
out loud,
343
00:21:09,316 --> 00:21:11,477
perhaps you could write it down
on a piece of paper.
344
00:21:26,317 --> 00:21:29,437
So you're looking at the solid
rocket boosters.
345
00:21:29,438 --> 00:21:31,076
OK, so...
346
00:21:31,077 --> 00:21:33,236
They're not made here.
347
00:21:33,237 --> 00:21:37,236
No - they're made by contractors,
Morton Thiokol in Utah.
348
00:21:37,237 --> 00:21:38,915
Railroaded into Kennedy in sections.
349
00:21:38,916 --> 00:21:41,955
That's a pretty standard
tang and clevis joint.
350
00:21:41,956 --> 00:21:44,515
Look, there's no ways it
was the solid rocket boosters.
351
00:21:44,516 --> 00:21:47,754
How so certain? Because they don't
fly with holes in them.
352
00:21:47,755 --> 00:21:51,114
If it was the SRB, it would have
exploded on the launch pad.
353
00:21:51,115 --> 00:21:53,395
These kept on flying,
you see it in the footage.
354
00:21:53,396 --> 00:21:56,435
You watched the footage.
Tell me what you saw.
355
00:21:56,436 --> 00:21:58,035
What went through your mind?
356
00:21:58,036 --> 00:21:59,357
What did you think it was?
357
00:21:59,358 --> 00:22:01,876
I thought it was the main engines.
358
00:22:01,877 --> 00:22:03,996
OK. Why? Why the main engines?
359
00:22:03,997 --> 00:22:05,555
Because of the complexity.
360
00:22:05,556 --> 00:22:08,997
They're working at the outer edge
of any experience base.
361
00:22:08,998 --> 00:22:10,796
In the blade technology?
362
00:22:10,797 --> 00:22:12,797
No, no, no, it's more than
the blades, it's...
363
00:22:13,797 --> 00:22:14,836
Hey...
364
00:22:14,837 --> 00:22:17,996
There is no ways that I'm ratting
out my co-workers here.
365
00:22:17,997 --> 00:22:19,515
Look, pal...
366
00:22:19,516 --> 00:22:21,794
If we're not allowed to find out
what went wrong,
367
00:22:21,795 --> 00:22:23,874
there will be no more co-workers.
368
00:22:23,875 --> 00:22:26,036
All these jobs will be gone, kaput.
369
00:22:28,476 --> 00:22:30,396
Won't be another shuttle launch.
370
00:22:32,997 --> 00:22:35,795
Of the events on the morning
of the 28th of January,
371
00:22:35,796 --> 00:22:38,995
the Presidential Commission
investigating the accident,
372
00:22:38,996 --> 00:22:41,395
headed by former
Secretary of State William Rogers,
373
00:22:41,396 --> 00:22:43,237
has met mostly behind closed doors.
374
00:22:45,477 --> 00:22:48,474
So far, it's given no hints
about what it believes
375
00:22:48,475 --> 00:22:49,916
may have been the cause.
376
00:22:52,516 --> 00:22:54,274
Meanwhile, off the coast
of Florida,
377
00:22:54,275 --> 00:22:56,954
the hunt for Challenger wreckage
continues.
378
00:22:56,955 --> 00:22:59,594
The combined NASA, naval
and coastguard operation
379
00:22:59,595 --> 00:23:02,954
involving 14 ships,
four submarines and 11 aircraft
380
00:23:02,955 --> 00:23:05,114
is combing hundreds of
square miles of ocean.
381
00:23:05,115 --> 00:23:08,114
Although NASA today released
pictures showing recovered debris,
382
00:23:08,115 --> 00:23:11,394
they've been unable to confirm that
they've found the crew compartment.
383
00:23:11,395 --> 00:23:13,235
In the absence of
detailed information
384
00:23:13,236 --> 00:23:15,034
about what happened to Challenger,
385
00:23:15,035 --> 00:23:17,794
speculation about the cause
of the accident continues to grow.
386
00:23:17,795 --> 00:23:21,114
Recent theories include everything
from a computer programming error
387
00:23:21,115 --> 00:23:22,836
to unusually strong winds.
388
00:24:00,116 --> 00:24:01,556
Chairman Rogers...
389
00:24:02,516 --> 00:24:05,316
The boats just pulled in
the crew compartment.
390
00:24:08,276 --> 00:24:11,716
Can you tell me,
was the oxygen activated?
391
00:24:14,595 --> 00:24:16,114
Yes, Dr Ride.
392
00:24:16,115 --> 00:24:17,595
It was.
393
00:24:18,595 --> 00:24:19,954
We...
394
00:24:19,955 --> 00:24:22,835
maybe won't make that public
straight away.
395
00:24:23,955 --> 00:24:25,395
Excuse me.
396
00:24:41,756 --> 00:24:43,115
Dr Feynman.
397
00:24:44,195 --> 00:24:49,234
It's very important that this team
stays together all the time.
398
00:24:49,235 --> 00:24:50,395
Why?
399
00:24:51,755 --> 00:24:54,955
It's been reported to me that
you spent some time at Marshall.
400
00:24:54,956 --> 00:24:56,794
Alone.
401
00:24:56,795 --> 00:24:58,353
That's not very helpful.
402
00:24:58,354 --> 00:25:01,875
Oh, Mr Rogers, I don't find it
helpful to stand around.
403
00:25:02,875 --> 00:25:06,354
The other commissioners
are just being respectful.
404
00:25:06,355 --> 00:25:08,755
And you're saying I'm not?
405
00:25:10,715 --> 00:25:14,675
You understand the implications
of the oxygen being activated?
406
00:25:14,676 --> 00:25:16,154
I do.
407
00:25:16,155 --> 00:25:18,555
The astronauts
had to do that themselves.
408
00:25:19,795 --> 00:25:21,635
Which means that they were alive
409
00:25:21,636 --> 00:25:26,434
for at least some of those
two minutes and 36 seconds
410
00:25:26,435 --> 00:25:28,473
before they slammed into the ocean.
411
00:25:28,474 --> 00:25:29,633
Mr Rogers, I'm an atheist.
412
00:25:29,634 --> 00:25:32,113
I personally doubt that
they're touching the face of God,
413
00:25:32,114 --> 00:25:33,393
so I prefer to show my respect
414
00:25:33,394 --> 00:25:35,393
by finding the cause
of their appalling deaths
415
00:25:35,394 --> 00:25:37,075
and not stand around looking sad.
416
00:25:39,955 --> 00:25:42,232
You know, I didn't even want
to be on this commission
417
00:25:42,233 --> 00:25:43,312
but now that I'm on it,
418
00:25:43,313 --> 00:25:46,674
I've got every intention
of finding out what went wrong.
419
00:25:46,675 --> 00:25:52,035
You know, I don't know that NASA
did an excellent job.
420
00:26:01,675 --> 00:26:04,073
The group will be leaving
in 30 minutes.
421
00:26:04,074 --> 00:26:07,753
Except for General Kutyna,
who's made his own arrangements.
422
00:26:07,754 --> 00:26:09,794
I also may have my own arrangements.
423
00:26:12,234 --> 00:26:14,193
I can't force you to go.
424
00:26:14,194 --> 00:26:15,514
Nope.
425
00:26:33,995 --> 00:26:35,635
Are you going to work all night?
426
00:26:39,954 --> 00:26:43,433
Er... if necessary. I don't know.
427
00:26:43,434 --> 00:26:45,632
How do you plan to get back
to Washington?
428
00:26:45,633 --> 00:26:47,914
Er... I got myself in
kind of a pickle.
429
00:26:47,915 --> 00:26:50,593
I want to go back to Marshall.
430
00:26:50,594 --> 00:26:54,473
Guess I'll hire a car,
but it's hundreds of miles.
431
00:26:54,474 --> 00:26:56,794
I can give you a lift.
I'll drop you in Alabama.
432
00:26:56,795 --> 00:26:58,713
Oh.
433
00:26:58,714 --> 00:26:59,833
Thank you.
434
00:26:59,834 --> 00:27:01,154
Here. 0600?
435
00:27:02,154 --> 00:27:03,194
OK.
436
00:27:14,554 --> 00:27:15,712
I may not get a limo,
437
00:27:15,713 --> 00:27:18,154
but occasionally I get the use
of a government jet.
438
00:27:19,354 --> 00:27:22,594
No..! You imagined I was going
to drive you 400 miles?
439
00:27:22,595 --> 00:27:24,754
This is tremendous.
440
00:27:26,554 --> 00:27:28,033
New for you?
441
00:27:28,034 --> 00:27:30,194
You serious? No!
442
00:27:31,394 --> 00:27:34,033
Whoa-ho-ho-ho!
443
00:27:34,034 --> 00:27:36,074
Oh!
444
00:27:37,033 --> 00:27:38,073
It's OK.
445
00:27:45,473 --> 00:27:47,351
You know, what you have to realise
446
00:27:47,352 --> 00:27:49,633
is that you are
uniquely independent.
447
00:27:51,553 --> 00:27:52,634
Yeah, how's that?
448
00:27:52,635 --> 00:27:53,673
Well...
449
00:27:53,674 --> 00:27:56,594
everyone on the commission
has strong associations.
450
00:27:58,034 --> 00:28:01,393
To whom?
Well, to NASA - Armstrong, Ride...
451
00:28:01,394 --> 00:28:04,434
The government - Keel -
Rogers was Secretary of State.
452
00:28:05,434 --> 00:28:08,513
And Bill Graham's even a personal
friend of President Reagan's.
453
00:28:08,514 --> 00:28:10,472
And you?
454
00:28:10,473 --> 00:28:11,513
Me, the Air Force.
455
00:28:12,593 --> 00:28:15,273
How does the Air Force...
Air Force three niner two six five.
456
00:28:15,274 --> 00:28:17,472
Low on four three zero.
457
00:28:17,473 --> 00:28:18,713
Heading three two zero.
458
00:28:20,313 --> 00:28:21,633
Two six five.
459
00:28:23,313 --> 00:28:25,993
How does the Air Force...
You're the only independent.
460
00:28:25,994 --> 00:28:28,032
I'm independent.
461
00:28:28,033 --> 00:28:29,552
I'm invincible.
462
00:28:29,553 --> 00:28:31,232
Yeah...
463
00:28:31,233 --> 00:28:32,673
but check six.
464
00:28:32,674 --> 00:28:34,472
What check six? That's, um...
465
00:28:34,473 --> 00:28:36,633
That's a fighter pilot's expression.
466
00:28:36,634 --> 00:28:38,312
Six o'clock.
467
00:28:38,313 --> 00:28:40,433
The blind spot. Directly behind you.
468
00:28:40,434 --> 00:28:41,473
Uh-huh.
469
00:28:43,673 --> 00:28:44,993
Watch my ass.
470
00:28:49,073 --> 00:28:50,912
OK, watch your ass here.
471
00:28:50,913 --> 00:28:52,673
What? It's a little steep.
472
00:29:16,073 --> 00:29:18,193
That's what we call the diamond.
473
00:29:18,194 --> 00:29:21,073
Wow, now that is very beautiful.
474
00:29:27,553 --> 00:29:29,792
What the hell?
475
00:29:29,793 --> 00:29:32,153
You happy with that,
with that vibration?
476
00:29:32,154 --> 00:29:35,312
Don't worry, it steadies again
after 65%.
477
00:29:37,912 --> 00:29:41,951
But to get to 65%,
you gotta go through that?
478
00:29:41,952 --> 00:29:43,632
Sometimes, yeah.
479
00:29:48,192 --> 00:29:51,592
Can I see components, the blades?
480
00:30:00,273 --> 00:30:01,833
Oh, what is that?
481
00:30:03,152 --> 00:30:05,592
It's a crack... in this blade.
482
00:30:07,192 --> 00:30:08,712
There's an obvious crack.
483
00:30:17,872 --> 00:30:19,391
Yeah.
484
00:30:19,392 --> 00:30:21,670
The blades often get those
after a flight,
485
00:30:21,671 --> 00:30:24,310
but that's not
a flight safety problem.
486
00:30:24,311 --> 00:30:27,590
Well, what is it, then? We were told
to log it as a maintenance problem.
487
00:30:27,591 --> 00:30:31,390
Only if it develops into a full
fracture, THAT would be a failure.
488
00:30:31,391 --> 00:30:34,232
So a failure only happens
if it actually shears off?
489
00:30:34,233 --> 00:30:35,272
Uh-huh.
490
00:30:36,712 --> 00:30:40,071
Bull! The failure is the crack.
491
00:30:40,072 --> 00:30:41,670
Well, you could argue that...
492
00:30:41,671 --> 00:30:44,990
The failure is the crack - I mean,
because it's not in the design.
493
00:30:44,991 --> 00:30:47,592
You know and I know
it's not supposed to crack.
494
00:30:51,992 --> 00:30:53,872
Who has the rest of the test data?
495
00:30:57,552 --> 00:30:58,912
Is that it?
496
00:31:57,232 --> 00:32:02,750
I think we should start this discussion
on the step-by-step process, so...
497
00:32:02,751 --> 00:32:06,470
Concentrate the investigation
on the main engines.
498
00:32:06,471 --> 00:32:09,390
There are cracked turbine blades.
499
00:32:09,391 --> 00:32:12,991
As early as 1,375 seconds,
equivalent to full power level.
500
00:32:12,992 --> 00:32:16,950
Also, at 4,000 hertz,
there are some nasty vibrations.
501
00:32:16,951 --> 00:32:19,909
So you think the cause lies
within the engines?
502
00:32:19,910 --> 00:32:22,709
I'd bet my last dime on it.
I just got back from Marshall.
503
00:32:22,710 --> 00:32:26,149
I just heard an interesting new
definition of the word "failure".
504
00:32:26,150 --> 00:32:28,910
Well, it's interesting that
you should say that, Doctor.
505
00:32:28,911 --> 00:32:33,310
We've just received
the telemetry data from NASA,
506
00:32:33,311 --> 00:32:35,470
and the sensors on the engines
507
00:32:35,471 --> 00:32:38,990
show that they performed
absolutely perfectly.
508
00:32:38,991 --> 00:32:41,030
Get out of here!
509
00:32:41,031 --> 00:32:46,230
The engines began to shut down
as fuel pressure decreased,
510
00:32:46,231 --> 00:32:47,791
exactly as designed.
511
00:32:48,791 --> 00:32:53,951
That's extremely lucky, because I'm telling
you, those engines have profound problems.
512
00:32:53,952 --> 00:32:57,521
Now there is a step-by-step process
for us all to follow,
513
00:32:58,386 --> 00:33:01,912
and I respectfully request
that from now on...
514
00:33:02,368 --> 00:33:04,418
you abide by it.
515
00:33:04,830 --> 00:33:07,630
We're all trying to find the answer.
516
00:33:09,790 --> 00:33:12,311
All right, we begin.
517
00:33:15,511 --> 00:33:17,151
Step by step.
518
00:33:18,911 --> 00:33:20,351
Crap.
519
00:33:25,431 --> 00:33:26,550
Prof...
520
00:33:29,270 --> 00:33:31,270
Don't let the chairman put you off.
521
00:33:33,150 --> 00:33:37,948
Look, you should come by the house
some night for a bite, if that appeals.
522
00:33:37,949 --> 00:33:40,510
Yeah? OK, good.
Excuse me for a second.
523
00:33:40,511 --> 00:33:42,189
Listen...
524
00:33:42,190 --> 00:33:46,510
Graham, why didn't I know that we had
the results from the sensors on the engines?
525
00:33:47,670 --> 00:33:50,788
Is NASA drip-feeding us
information to suit itself?
526
00:33:50,789 --> 00:33:53,991
I hear you. I'm doing this
with one hand tied behind my back.
527
00:33:53,992 --> 00:33:57,029
I hear you, but..
528
00:33:57,030 --> 00:34:00,230
Richard...?
529
00:34:03,350 --> 00:34:04,510
You OK?
530
00:34:11,470 --> 00:34:13,150
I'll see you tomorrow.
531
00:34:26,389 --> 00:34:31,708
I goofed. I thought I had the answer.
I was way off.
532
00:34:31,709 --> 00:34:36,029
So what are you going to do?
Are you going to stick with it?
533
00:34:36,030 --> 00:34:37,710
I don't know.
534
00:34:39,910 --> 00:34:43,750
Listen, there's a knock on the door.
I'll call you later. 'All right. '
535
00:35:13,910 --> 00:35:17,830
I'm not sure why they chose to
just lay them in this order.
536
00:35:17,831 --> 00:35:19,709
It's difficult to tell,
537
00:35:19,710 --> 00:35:22,310
but this is... this is half that...
538
00:35:23,389 --> 00:35:24,709
Chairman Rogers...
539
00:35:26,589 --> 00:35:31,468
NASA's Failure Analysis team
supplied a still from camera E207,
540
00:35:31,469 --> 00:35:33,069
trained on-flight.
541
00:35:37,629 --> 00:35:40,549
It looks like it took a long time
for this photograph to appear.
542
00:35:40,550 --> 00:35:43,269
Well, it's here now.
What is that?
543
00:35:46,549 --> 00:35:48,268
A flame?
544
00:35:48,269 --> 00:35:51,746
Coming from a position on the side
of the solid rocket booster?
545
00:35:51,747 --> 00:35:54,149
Did we know that?
Did we know that already?
546
00:35:59,789 --> 00:36:03,668
Did we get stills from other angles?
Am I right?
547
00:36:03,669 --> 00:36:06,107
They had cameras all around?
Yeah. Yes.
548
00:36:06,108 --> 00:36:09,867
Some of the cameras that were
looking directly at the area
549
00:36:09,868 --> 00:36:11,989
were not working on the day,
I'm told.
550
00:36:18,229 --> 00:36:21,548
Well, that's unfortunate. Hm.
551
00:36:25,708 --> 00:36:27,708
May I have that, please? Of course.
552
00:36:44,429 --> 00:36:47,549
Am I super-late?
I had to pick this up at the lab.
553
00:36:47,550 --> 00:36:50,267
No, no, it's not a problem.
Nice car.
554
00:36:50,268 --> 00:36:52,868
You like it? Like it? I LOVE it.
555
00:36:54,108 --> 00:36:57,668
I don't know if that enlargement's
going to tell us anything.
556
00:36:57,669 --> 00:37:00,067
Let's see.
557
00:37:00,068 --> 00:37:03,626
Well, it's somewhat clearer, no? No, that
just makes the whole thing wider open.
558
00:37:03,627 --> 00:37:06,586
But the flamer is sharper. But
that flame, where is it originating?
559
00:37:06,587 --> 00:37:08,866
Perhaps what we're seeing
is the tip of a larger flame
560
00:37:08,867 --> 00:37:11,308
on the other side where there's
no damned camera.
561
00:37:12,909 --> 00:37:16,909
A flame is not a cause. A flame is
an effect, it's a symptom.
562
00:37:16,910 --> 00:37:20,867
That doesn't tell us
which component split,
563
00:37:20,868 --> 00:37:23,348
sheared off, cracked.
It shows us nothing.
564
00:37:25,268 --> 00:37:26,668
It takes us nowhere.
565
00:37:28,428 --> 00:37:29,986
I want to show you something.
566
00:37:29,987 --> 00:37:32,786
Multiple successful launches,
identical components
567
00:37:32,787 --> 00:37:36,348
and launch locations,
so what made that day special?
568
00:37:36,349 --> 00:37:38,707
What were the variables?
569
00:37:38,708 --> 00:37:39,828
Take a break, Prof.
570
00:37:48,387 --> 00:37:50,787
Oh!
571
00:37:53,108 --> 00:37:55,467
You lucky fella!
572
00:37:55,468 --> 00:37:59,106
Yeah, I'd be luckier if I could get
it running. It's out of commission.
573
00:37:59,107 --> 00:38:01,428
The carburettors seize
in this weather.
574
00:38:06,148 --> 00:38:07,948
This must be how you stay calm.
575
00:38:09,268 --> 00:38:13,628
Roger The Dodger's got me going
crazy with that process of his.
576
00:38:15,308 --> 00:38:18,705
He's a lawyer. He's working it
through the way he knows.
577
00:38:18,706 --> 00:38:22,625
Yeah, well, maybe some others are kind
of working it through the way they know.
578
00:38:22,626 --> 00:38:25,547
What? You think somebody's
working it for themselves?
579
00:38:25,548 --> 00:38:29,186
Do you? It's Washington, after all.
580
00:38:29,187 --> 00:38:34,427
I can't believe I got myself back in
this world - government, politics...
581
00:38:34,428 --> 00:38:37,067
And military guys like me.
582
00:38:37,068 --> 00:38:39,428
You're surprisingly OK.
583
00:38:41,028 --> 00:38:44,748
I guess you had your fill of
military personnel through the '40s.
584
00:38:50,027 --> 00:38:51,427
What was your role back then?
585
00:38:54,307 --> 00:38:57,747
When?
During the war, with the A-bomb.
586
00:39:02,587 --> 00:39:07,267
I did the theoretical figuring.
It was the math.
587
00:39:08,707 --> 00:39:11,525
I calculated how much
fissionable material would
588
00:39:11,895 --> 00:39:14,468
be necessary to make
an effective weapon.
589
00:39:17,627 --> 00:39:19,347
It's not a good use of science.
590
00:39:26,827 --> 00:39:28,747
You helped end the war.
591
00:39:32,347 --> 00:39:34,827
Wow, this is beautiful!
592
00:39:36,627 --> 00:39:38,265
Shall we try that Bordeaux?
593
00:39:38,266 --> 00:39:41,547
You go ahead. I no longer drink.
If I drink, I can't think.
594
00:39:52,187 --> 00:39:55,385
Oh, sir, we had maintenance
look at your heating.
595
00:39:55,386 --> 00:39:58,467
Oh, thank you. Let me know
if you still feel chilly.
596
00:40:07,387 --> 00:40:11,147
Could you help me find the number
of the National Weather Service?
597
00:40:16,866 --> 00:40:18,145
There you go.
598
00:40:18,146 --> 00:40:20,106
Can I borrow this? Sure.
599
00:40:21,146 --> 00:40:24,585
Yeah, please. Not a forecast.
600
00:40:24,586 --> 00:40:28,825
The temperature at Cape Canaveral.
Nearby?
601
00:40:28,826 --> 00:40:33,427
Yeah, Jacksonville, Florida, on
the morning of the 28th of January.
602
00:40:40,667 --> 00:40:41,707
Thank you.
603
00:40:52,586 --> 00:40:54,466
That's the variable.
604
00:40:57,066 --> 00:40:58,825
I got the variable.
605
00:40:58,826 --> 00:41:01,944
It was freezing cold on the morning
of the launch. We need to focus
606
00:41:01,945 --> 00:41:05,904
our questioning of the NASA managers
on stuff to do with temperature.
607
00:41:05,905 --> 00:41:07,824
Temperature?
You're talking about ice?
608
00:41:07,825 --> 00:41:10,904
I don't know. Perhaps added weight of ice,
perhaps some metal component
609
00:41:10,905 --> 00:41:13,184
becoming brittle.
I don't know which component.
610
00:41:13,185 --> 00:41:15,704
There are only two and a half
million possibilities!
611
00:41:15,705 --> 00:41:16,984
I'm pretty certain.
612
00:41:16,985 --> 00:41:19,146
As certain as
you were about the engines?
613
00:41:27,706 --> 00:41:31,026
Anything from NASA Failure Analysis?
Due this afternoon.
614
00:41:34,226 --> 00:41:36,706
Dr Feynman's becoming
a real pain in the ass. >
615
00:41:38,346 --> 00:41:39,826
Well, yeah.
616
00:41:43,625 --> 00:41:44,745
You betcha.
617
00:42:31,025 --> 00:42:33,546
Dr Weiss? Dick.
618
00:42:36,586 --> 00:42:37,986
What are you doing here?
619
00:42:39,026 --> 00:42:41,583
Well, if the mountain won't go
to Muhammad...
620
00:42:41,584 --> 00:42:43,383
You didn't answer my calls.
621
00:42:43,384 --> 00:42:45,863
So you tracked me down
all the way across the country?!
622
00:42:45,864 --> 00:42:48,785
Nah, nah, nah. I'm at Washington
Hospital Center for a conference.
623
00:42:48,786 --> 00:42:51,504
You got an hour to come over there?
624
00:42:51,505 --> 00:42:54,265
Now? Yeah.
625
00:42:55,785 --> 00:42:57,225
Sure. Hold on.
626
00:42:58,585 --> 00:43:02,617
Um... I need to get
this delivered to Dr Keel,
627
00:43:03,012 --> 00:43:05,483
Presidential Commission -
this address.
628
00:43:06,065 --> 00:43:08,302
It's extremely important
that it gets there.
629
00:43:08,303 --> 00:43:09,624
Yes, sir. Thank you.
630
00:43:13,505 --> 00:43:14,545
Good to see you!
631
00:43:28,185 --> 00:43:31,424
With a vengeance? Mm-hm.
632
00:43:31,425 --> 00:43:33,905
It's compromising
your remaining kidney.
633
00:43:37,225 --> 00:43:39,664
Show me the cells. It's here.
634
00:43:51,184 --> 00:43:54,105
OK. That is not so pretty.
635
00:43:55,785 --> 00:43:58,385
I read up on my chances
if my sarcoma recurred.
636
00:43:59,585 --> 00:44:02,063
What's the deal
if we add in this lymphoma?
637
00:44:02,064 --> 00:44:04,745
It's pretty difficult
to calculate the combined...
638
00:44:04,746 --> 00:44:07,383
Don't weasel it, Doc. It's math.
639
00:44:07,384 --> 00:44:09,664
Look, Dick,
it's not something we see.
640
00:44:09,665 --> 00:44:12,743
The particular cancers you have,
they're...
641
00:44:12,744 --> 00:44:17,503
they're extremely rare. The chance
of having them in conjunction...
642
00:44:17,504 --> 00:44:19,824
Well, given what you were
doing during the war...
643
00:44:19,825 --> 00:44:21,224
If it even matters.
644
00:44:24,464 --> 00:44:28,784
What do you think? Well, the radiation -
what safety precautions were there?
645
00:44:28,785 --> 00:44:30,184
For the test, I...
646
00:44:31,224 --> 00:44:34,665
For the test I had a pair of dark
glasses, which I never put on.
647
00:44:35,904 --> 00:44:38,624
Jeez, they were...
they were crazy days.
648
00:44:40,944 --> 00:44:42,943
We never slept.
649
00:44:42,944 --> 00:44:46,862
We were on fire, you know,
getting the theory and the math
650
00:44:46,863 --> 00:44:50,502
and the physics. It was a race. We
thought we were saving civilisation,
651
00:44:50,503 --> 00:44:54,862
but then we found out the Germans
didn't have nuclear capability
652
00:44:54,863 --> 00:44:57,784
and we kept on.
The science was... so exciting.
653
00:45:06,263 --> 00:45:07,503
Should have stopped.
654
00:45:09,543 --> 00:45:13,864
We threw a party. While people
struggled and died, we threw a party.
655
00:45:14,904 --> 00:45:17,103
Hey, you were young.
656
00:45:17,104 --> 00:45:18,144
I wasn't a child.
657
00:45:19,184 --> 00:45:20,624
Yeah.
658
00:45:25,704 --> 00:45:26,744
OK.
659
00:45:32,824 --> 00:45:35,023
I guess we'll talk on the phone.
Sure.
660
00:45:37,703 --> 00:45:40,183
I think there are probably
worse ways to go.
661
00:45:42,423 --> 00:45:44,302
Hey, your hands are cold.
662
00:45:44,303 --> 00:45:45,823
All the time. What is that?
663
00:45:47,783 --> 00:45:49,223
It's possibly lymphoma.
664
00:45:50,263 --> 00:45:53,662
The blood gets gummy.
Capillaries lose their flexibility -
665
00:45:53,663 --> 00:45:54,784
they can't expand.
666
00:45:56,184 --> 00:45:57,224
Thanks.
667
00:46:01,424 --> 00:46:04,143
Yeah, just talk to me about
components that are flexible.
668
00:46:05,663 --> 00:46:07,943
What about a solid rocket booster?
669
00:46:10,143 --> 00:46:11,263
Go ahead.
670
00:46:16,703 --> 00:46:18,222
Thank you, Louis.
671
00:46:18,223 --> 00:46:21,862
Hey, I thought
this might be helpful.
672
00:46:21,863 --> 00:46:23,903
It's a section model
of the SRB joint.
673
00:46:25,423 --> 00:46:28,183
I don't want to see a model.
I want to see the real thing.
674
00:46:38,343 --> 00:46:40,542
So there are two O-rings
675
00:46:40,543 --> 00:46:42,902
and they squidge in here?
676
00:46:42,903 --> 00:46:44,342
Correct.
677
00:46:44,343 --> 00:46:47,143
Has there ever been
a history of problems with them?
678
00:46:47,144 --> 00:46:51,062
Well, there has been some erosion,
even some blow-by.
679
00:46:51,063 --> 00:46:52,502
"Blow-by" is what?
680
00:46:52,503 --> 00:46:54,861
Soot getting past the first O-ring.
681
00:46:54,862 --> 00:46:57,901
That would mean that
the seal is incomplete?
682
00:46:57,902 --> 00:47:00,621
Right, but the manufacturer
said that... Morton Thiokol?
683
00:47:00,622 --> 00:47:04,940
Right, Thiokol said that the blow-by
never got past the second O-ring, never.
684
00:47:04,941 --> 00:47:08,942
But if something prevented
the O-ring from doing its job...
685
00:47:10,462 --> 00:47:15,663
...if it became rigid because,
for example, it was cold...?
686
00:47:25,983 --> 00:47:29,702
I think what we're looking at
is the O-rings
687
00:47:29,703 --> 00:47:31,821
within the seal of the SRB.
688
00:47:31,822 --> 00:47:34,860
Lower temperatures would
diminish the flexibility.
689
00:47:34,861 --> 00:47:37,020
Rubber would get harder,
less malleable.
690
00:47:37,021 --> 00:47:40,382
At a certain point it would be
too rigid to move into the gap.
691
00:47:42,142 --> 00:47:43,661
Bill...
692
00:47:43,662 --> 00:47:48,301
I need any data NASA have
on the timings of spring-back.
693
00:47:48,302 --> 00:47:54,302
Resilience of the SRB O-rings
in response to temperature.
694
00:47:54,303 --> 00:47:56,103
Ladies and gentlemen, good morning.
695
00:47:56,104 --> 00:47:59,581
Just a reminder that we have
many witnesses today
696
00:47:59,582 --> 00:48:01,822
and the press will be in the room.
697
00:48:03,542 --> 00:48:06,942
Ladies and gentlemen, I would like
to call the commission to order,
698
00:48:06,943 --> 00:48:11,942
so please take your seats,
make yourselves comfortable.
699
00:48:13,702 --> 00:48:15,622
Pilot to co-pilot, fix your hair.
700
00:48:17,022 --> 00:48:19,741
Our first witness is Mr Mulloy.
701
00:48:19,742 --> 00:48:24,020
Mr Mulloy, would you come forward
and identify yourself, please?
702
00:48:24,021 --> 00:48:25,420
I am Lawrence Mulloy.
703
00:48:25,421 --> 00:48:28,260
Solid rocket booster project manager
for NASA
704
00:48:28,261 --> 00:48:30,661
at the Marshall Space Flight Center.
705
00:48:30,662 --> 00:48:33,062
All right. Commissioners? Anyone?
706
00:48:36,582 --> 00:48:38,022
Dr Ride?
707
00:48:39,822 --> 00:48:41,421
Mr Mulloy...
708
00:48:41,422 --> 00:48:45,022
in your position
at the Marshall Space Flight Center,
709
00:48:45,023 --> 00:48:48,782
you'd be aware of
correspondence, memos, etc?
710
00:48:51,062 --> 00:48:53,982
I guess I'm wondering
whether memos exist relating
711
00:48:53,983 --> 00:48:59,540
to problems of launching with
O - rings at low temperatures.
712
00:48:59,541 --> 00:49:03,259
I understand the morning of the
launch was exceptionally cold.
713
00:49:03,260 --> 00:49:05,421
I'm not aware of such documents
at Marshall.
714
00:49:08,141 --> 00:49:11,902
It's not correspondence, but
on the evening before the launch,
715
00:49:11,903 --> 00:49:16,941
as a matter of routine, those of us
from NASA asked our technical people
716
00:49:16,942 --> 00:49:21,822
and our contractors if there were
any concerns about low temperature.
717
00:49:22,982 --> 00:49:26,819
Morton Thiokol, who make the solid
rocket boosters, presented us
718
00:49:26,820 --> 00:49:28,941
with the fact
that the lowest temperature
719
00:49:28,942 --> 00:49:32,860
we had ever flown an O-ring
was 53 degrees,
720
00:49:32,861 --> 00:49:38,059
and they wanted to point out that we
would be outside of that experience base.
721
00:49:38,060 --> 00:49:42,419
But having heard the discussion,
we... we all concluded that there
722
00:49:42,420 --> 00:49:46,099
was no problem with the predicted
temperatures, and I have
723
00:49:46,100 --> 00:49:49,021
a document from the management
of Morton Thiokol to that effect.
724
00:49:50,781 --> 00:49:52,620
Thank you. Thank you, Mr Mulloy.
725
00:49:52,621 --> 00:49:54,622
You may stand down,
for the time being.
726
00:49:54,623 --> 00:49:58,620
There's some guy in the back
who wants to say something.
727
00:49:58,621 --> 00:50:00,260
I have something to add.
728
00:50:00,261 --> 00:50:03,379
I beg your pardon? I... I need to add
to what he said, please.
729
00:50:03,380 --> 00:50:06,821
All right, sir. Please, step forward,
step forward. Identify yourself.
730
00:50:15,021 --> 00:50:19,900
My name is Allan McDonald.
I work for Morton Thiokol.
731
00:50:19,901 --> 00:50:22,901
I'm the director
of the solid rocket motors project,
732
00:50:22,902 --> 00:50:26,139
so I was at the launch at Kennedy.
733
00:50:26,140 --> 00:50:28,178
I'd like to say something
about the meeting
734
00:50:28,179 --> 00:50:31,500
the night before the launch
that Mr Mulloy talked about.
735
00:50:33,501 --> 00:50:37,541
Our Thiokol engineers... warned NASA.
736
00:50:40,381 --> 00:50:44,100
They recommended NASA not to launch
below 53 degrees
737
00:50:44,101 --> 00:50:45,261
and I agreed with them.
738
00:50:45,262 --> 00:50:48,740
That was the coldest
that we knew was safe.
739
00:50:48,741 --> 00:50:53,700
So you said not to launch
below 53 degrees?
740
00:50:53,701 --> 00:50:55,900
And what was the actual
temperature that morning?
741
00:50:57,060 --> 00:51:01,299
We believed that, at launch,
it was going to be much colder.
742
00:51:01,300 --> 00:51:04,780
Below 32 degrees, below freezing.
743
00:51:07,060 --> 00:51:08,820
NASA wasn't happy with that.
744
00:51:08,821 --> 00:51:13,020
Larry Mulloy said, "My God, Thiokol!
745
00:51:13,021 --> 00:51:15,301
"When do we launch? April?!"
746
00:51:17,741 --> 00:51:19,862
Let me understand this...
now...
747
00:51:22,035 --> 00:51:24,834
are you saying
that NASA applied pressure
748
00:51:25,312 --> 00:51:28,100
to change the launch
recommendation?
749
00:51:29,180 --> 00:51:33,138
Yes, sir, there was pressure.
They said, "Go review the data. "
750
00:51:33,139 --> 00:51:37,540
Our people in Utah came back,
and recommended to NASA to launch.
751
00:51:38,820 --> 00:51:40,580
I refused to sign.
752
00:51:45,020 --> 00:51:47,419
It is important that NASA be given
753
00:51:47,420 --> 00:51:51,140
the-the opportunity to respond
to what's just been alleged.
754
00:51:51,141 --> 00:51:52,659
We must allow...
755
00:51:52,660 --> 00:51:54,460
What the hell is going on here?
756
00:52:01,580 --> 00:52:03,898
Some people say
McDonald's doing a CYA.
757
00:52:03,899 --> 00:52:06,538
"CYA". What is that?
That stands for "cover your ass".
758
00:52:06,539 --> 00:52:09,698
But if they were warned...
The astronauts sure weren't.
759
00:52:09,699 --> 00:52:12,298
I want to know what's happening
right here between NASA
760
00:52:12,299 --> 00:52:14,660
and the contractors.
We need to talk more to HIM.
761
00:52:14,661 --> 00:52:17,819
Richard. Richard,
the data you wanted
762
00:52:17,820 --> 00:52:19,898
on the resistance timings
of the O-rings...
763
00:52:19,899 --> 00:52:23,779
OK, thanks. We need to hear more from him.
Can you stop Mr McDonald from...?
764
00:52:24,979 --> 00:52:26,499
Damn.
765
00:53:01,339 --> 00:53:06,619
Hi. I need to contact Allan McDonald with
NASA's Challenger Failure Analysis team.
766
00:53:06,620 --> 00:53:10,978
I phoned, but I was told
he's no longer in Washington.
767
00:53:10,979 --> 00:53:12,660
That information is restricted.
768
00:53:15,180 --> 00:53:17,778
He was on the team
but he's been removed?
769
00:53:17,779 --> 00:53:18,980
I can't answer that, sir.
770
00:53:25,659 --> 00:53:29,818
Look, all I want to do is speak
to Allan McDonald. What?!
771
00:53:29,819 --> 00:53:34,737
So there's no-one I can talk to in
the whole entirety of Morton Thiokol?
772
00:53:34,738 --> 00:53:37,179
There's no-one
who can answer my question?
773
00:53:39,179 --> 00:53:40,579
Well, have a nice day!
774
00:54:19,658 --> 00:54:22,737
General...
775
00:54:22,738 --> 00:54:25,497
I tried to find McDonald.
776
00:54:25,498 --> 00:54:29,178
No luck, and it's clear why
his bosses wanted to please NASA -
777
00:54:29,179 --> 00:54:31,697
very big money at stake.
778
00:54:31,698 --> 00:54:33,379
I'll catch you later.
779
00:54:43,779 --> 00:54:45,418
Hey, Graham.
780
00:54:45,419 --> 00:54:49,937
That spring-back on the O-ring
was measured over two hours.
781
00:54:49,938 --> 00:54:51,937
It's useless information.
782
00:54:51,938 --> 00:54:54,176
I'm really sorry.
That's what I got from Marshall.
783
00:54:54,177 --> 00:54:57,576
Remember what it was to be a scientist
before government got to you?
784
00:54:57,577 --> 00:55:00,418
You don't think I gave you...?
On purpose...?
785
00:55:01,458 --> 00:55:02,937
No.
786
00:55:02,938 --> 00:55:06,137
Look, I have this grand title.
787
00:55:06,138 --> 00:55:09,736
The NASA old guard, they handed me a list
of who should be on the commission.
788
00:55:09,737 --> 00:55:12,059
It was tough to persuade them
to take you.
789
00:55:13,499 --> 00:55:16,857
I'm sorry to have gotten you
into this.
790
00:55:16,858 --> 00:55:18,845
Well, when you read
my notes that I sent,
791
00:55:19,218 --> 00:55:21,535
you'll see the crap that
goes down at Marshall.
792
00:55:22,151 --> 00:55:26,017
Notes?
My write-ups.
793
00:55:26,018 --> 00:55:29,818
Those analyses and my examination
of the crazy engineering.
794
00:55:37,098 --> 00:55:38,658
Richard. Richard...
795
00:55:42,058 --> 00:55:47,537
Sally, did you get a set of notes,
my observations?
796
00:55:49,097 --> 00:55:51,417
No, I haven't had anything.
797
00:56:03,618 --> 00:56:05,538
What the hell happened to my notes?
798
00:56:06,738 --> 00:56:09,938
Sally Ride says she didn't get them.
Did the others?
799
00:56:14,817 --> 00:56:18,216
OK. I had sent over from my hotel
800
00:56:18,217 --> 00:56:21,215
a stack of typed-up notes,
wrapped in brown paper,
801
00:56:21,216 --> 00:56:24,529
proper analyses of all my observations
of the engineering so far, with a request
802
00:56:24,946 --> 00:56:27,860
for you to have copies made for each
commissioner. I have no knowledge of this.
803
00:56:28,456 --> 00:56:31,695
No such notes ever arrived on this desk.
Perhaps you can have them redone?
804
00:56:31,696 --> 00:56:33,016
I don't have time for this!
805
00:56:33,017 --> 00:56:36,338
You trusted your hotel
to deliver something so important?
806
00:56:37,818 --> 00:56:39,977
Yeah.
807
00:56:39,978 --> 00:56:42,737
Dr Feynman, please, as you can see,
808
00:56:42,738 --> 00:56:47,017
NASA is now co-operating fully with
all of our requests for information.
809
00:56:56,297 --> 00:56:58,375
Well, then,
have copies made of everything
810
00:56:58,376 --> 00:57:00,017
and have it sent over to my hotel.
811
00:57:07,577 --> 00:57:09,615
I don't know what's going on, honey.
812
00:57:09,616 --> 00:57:12,857
I landed myself right back
in a load of political crap.
813
00:57:14,177 --> 00:57:17,937
People seem to know a lot more
than what they're saying. 'Yeah?'
814
00:57:19,617 --> 00:57:22,217
And I finally got
a ton of stuff from NASA.
815
00:57:23,537 --> 00:57:27,896
It's full of anomalies.
How can that be critical one moment
816
00:57:27,897 --> 00:57:29,537
and safe to operate the next?
817
00:57:32,177 --> 00:57:35,777
Honey, I'm sorry.
It's best for me to call you later.
818
00:57:37,137 --> 00:57:39,576
- Are you all right?
- I'm fine.
819
00:57:39,577 --> 00:57:41,975
Honestly?
820
00:57:41,976 --> 00:57:44,495
No, I feel very well.
821
00:57:44,496 --> 00:57:47,575
Oh, all right. Speak tomorrow.
822
00:57:47,576 --> 00:57:49,056
Yeah.
823
00:57:58,257 --> 00:58:00,137
"Ivory soap. "
824
00:58:02,537 --> 00:58:04,737
"Ivory soap. "
825
00:58:40,656 --> 00:58:42,495
General.
826
00:58:42,496 --> 00:58:46,214
OK, look, this is driving me crazy.
I got a room full of NASA bullshit
827
00:58:46,215 --> 00:58:49,376
that just makes me more sure certain
what caused the explosion.
828
00:58:49,377 --> 00:58:53,135
The cold, OK?
We've got a guy who agrees with us.
829
00:58:53,136 --> 00:58:54,934
He gets shoved off the enquiry.
830
00:58:54,935 --> 00:58:57,296
We both know why,
but none of it answers.
831
00:58:58,296 --> 00:59:00,936
There's a logic thing here
that I'm just not getting.
832
00:59:00,937 --> 00:59:04,255
It's about
what is at the heart of this thing.
833
00:59:04,256 --> 00:59:08,135
Why did NASA need to launch so bad?
834
00:59:08,136 --> 00:59:10,855
OK, stop, Prof,
I can't answer this here.
835
00:59:12,136 --> 00:59:16,895
Erm... I'll pick you up
in the morning. 8:15.
836
00:59:16,896 --> 00:59:20,335
And bring full ID. OK?
837
00:59:20,336 --> 00:59:22,176
Goodnight. Goodnight.
838
00:59:27,376 --> 00:59:28,936
Where are we going?
839
00:59:44,655 --> 00:59:46,655
We're going to the Pentagon?
840
00:59:54,256 --> 00:59:55,656
ID, please.
841
00:59:58,256 --> 01:00:00,176
Sir.
842
01:00:25,815 --> 01:00:28,375
Thank you, sergeant.
Stand by outside.
843
01:00:28,376 --> 01:00:32,656
Prof, why don't you
grab a seat down here?
844
01:00:33,896 --> 01:00:34,936
Right there.
845
01:00:41,215 --> 01:00:44,894
NASA. The agency of
the United States Government
846
01:00:44,895 --> 01:00:47,813
responsible for the nation's
civilian space programme
847
01:00:47,814 --> 01:00:50,095
and for aeronautics
and aerospace research.
848
01:00:50,096 --> 01:00:54,294
Note the word "civilian" in there.
849
01:00:54,295 --> 01:00:58,013
The project cost in US dollars
of running the space programme...
850
01:00:58,014 --> 01:00:59,575
The actual cost, I get it.
851
01:00:59,576 --> 01:01:04,134
And knowing this is unsustainable,
NASA needs to prove itself,
852
01:01:04,135 --> 01:01:05,612
needs to bolster its purpose,
853
01:01:05,613 --> 01:01:09,052
over and above civilian scientific
research and discovery, OK.
854
01:01:09,053 --> 01:01:10,574
So park that for a moment.
855
01:01:12,135 --> 01:01:16,014
The Air Force, meanwhile,
wants to upgrade Titan.
856
01:01:16,015 --> 01:01:20,415
An efficient fleet of unmanned rockets
to deploy spy satellites into space.
857
01:01:20,416 --> 01:01:22,014
Paranoia. OK.
858
01:01:22,015 --> 01:01:25,333
Whatever you civilians are told,
we are still deep in the Cold War.
859
01:01:25,334 --> 01:01:27,295
What's it got to do with NASA?
860
01:01:27,296 --> 01:01:29,894
NASA approaches Congress
with a deal.
861
01:01:29,895 --> 01:01:31,733
That seems to make
great economic sense,
862
01:01:31,734 --> 01:01:35,014
the government can stop funding
Titan and instead divert
863
01:01:35,015 --> 01:01:39,853
the money to NASA, and the Shuttle
becomes sole access into space.
864
01:01:39,854 --> 01:01:43,174
NASA knocks out the Air Force
and gets a funding boost.
865
01:01:43,175 --> 01:01:44,494
Exactly. Yeah.
866
01:01:45,694 --> 01:01:48,454
And the Shuttle
secures its raison d'etre.
867
01:01:48,455 --> 01:01:50,573
Carrying spy satellites?
868
01:01:50,574 --> 01:01:52,974
And NASA convinced Congress
869
01:01:52,975 --> 01:01:58,694
that by 1986 they'd be able to
launch twice a month, every month,
870
01:01:58,695 --> 01:02:01,134
and on each of these flights,
871
01:02:01,135 --> 01:02:04,694
payload will be made available
to the Department of Defense.
872
01:02:08,654 --> 01:02:10,773
Titan was my project.
873
01:02:10,774 --> 01:02:14,093
But NASA reneges on its obligation
874
01:02:14,094 --> 01:02:18,014
and instead of giving DoD priority,
they started taking Senators
875
01:02:18,015 --> 01:02:22,773
up there, in... just
PR stunt after PR stunt.
876
01:02:22,774 --> 01:02:25,052
And then,
launches start getting cancelled.
877
01:02:25,053 --> 01:02:26,772
The press is beginning to notice...
878
01:02:26,773 --> 01:02:28,252
Congress is getting jumpy.
879
01:02:28,253 --> 01:02:31,252
Yeah, yeah, and the administration
is asking questions.
880
01:02:31,253 --> 01:02:35,092
And then last December,
the launch is delayed six times,
881
01:02:35,093 --> 01:02:38,012
and remember NASA had promised
Congress launch at any time,
882
01:02:38,013 --> 01:02:41,174
under any conditions,
and then January 28th...
883
01:02:43,974 --> 01:02:46,854
January 28th launch, it's cold...
884
01:02:48,814 --> 01:02:50,574
It's very cold...
885
01:02:51,854 --> 01:02:54,134
...and NASA feels
under extreme pressure.
886
01:02:56,534 --> 01:02:57,774
And took the risk.
887
01:02:59,214 --> 01:03:00,534
They took the risk.
888
01:03:03,773 --> 01:03:05,613
Why did you tell me all this?
889
01:03:07,613 --> 01:03:10,052
Do you wish you didn't know?
890
01:03:10,053 --> 01:03:13,574
Downstairs, you made me sign
the classified information thing.
891
01:03:13,575 --> 01:03:14,774
That's right.
892
01:03:16,294 --> 01:03:19,653
So what's going on, Kutyna?
893
01:03:19,654 --> 01:03:21,452
I mean, you got me trapped,
894
01:03:21,453 --> 01:03:23,174
I can't spill any of this crap.
895
01:03:24,734 --> 01:03:27,892
It would jeopardise national
security, the Soviets would know.
896
01:03:27,893 --> 01:03:30,534
You guys can't launch
a damned thing in cold weather.
897
01:03:34,093 --> 01:03:37,411
You've been playing me
the whole time. From the beginning.
898
01:03:37,412 --> 01:03:39,413
That weird thing in the garage.
899
01:03:39,414 --> 01:03:44,572
With the carburettor,
the carburettor and the cold,
900
01:03:44,573 --> 01:03:47,573
I was supposed to take a hint. What
is this, some kind of game to you?
901
01:03:47,574 --> 01:03:49,852
No, but it was a nudge.
902
01:03:49,853 --> 01:03:52,892
I heard about the O-ring
via an astronaut friend of mine
903
01:03:52,893 --> 01:03:55,852
who was tipped off, in secret,
by a NASA engineer.
904
01:03:55,853 --> 01:03:58,372
This astronaut's career
has to be protected.
905
01:03:58,373 --> 01:04:00,771
I had to let you get there
on your own, Prof.
906
01:04:00,772 --> 01:04:04,331
Prof. Don't Prof me, you don't play
me, you don't screw around with me.
907
01:04:04,332 --> 01:04:07,411
Listen to me and you'll understand
why I'm telling you this.
908
01:04:07,412 --> 01:04:10,451
I can't do anything with it!
That's the point!
909
01:04:10,452 --> 01:04:13,131
Don't ever tell me anything
I can't open my mouth
910
01:04:13,132 --> 01:04:14,733
and blab to the whole world!
911
01:04:17,853 --> 01:04:20,892
I got to... I gotta get out of here.
912
01:04:20,893 --> 01:04:22,453
Listen...
913
01:04:26,253 --> 01:04:28,172
Richard...
914
01:04:28,173 --> 01:04:30,970
No-one plays me.
What is this, check six?
915
01:04:30,971 --> 01:04:35,251
Remember, I told you that only you
are independent on this commission.
916
01:04:35,252 --> 01:04:37,053
Do others on the commission...
917
01:04:39,093 --> 01:04:40,293
Do they know stuff?
918
01:04:40,294 --> 01:04:42,812
Everyone knows some, or all,
919
01:04:42,813 --> 01:04:45,411
but they're all bound.
This is Washington.
920
01:04:45,412 --> 01:04:48,171
What can be acknowledged,
how, by whom...
921
01:04:48,172 --> 01:04:49,531
You go drag me into this?
922
01:04:49,532 --> 01:04:53,851
No, it's absolutely not, you're
coming at it completely differently.
923
01:04:53,852 --> 01:04:55,651
I told you, because I believe
924
01:04:55,652 --> 01:04:58,372
that you, and only you,
can use what you have,
925
01:04:58,373 --> 01:05:02,051
you can use the science
to cut through the bullshit,
926
01:05:02,052 --> 01:05:06,131
to ensure that the real reason
for those deaths gets out.
927
01:05:06,132 --> 01:05:09,691
That it's made completely
clear to the public.
928
01:05:09,692 --> 01:05:12,453
NASA's forced to admit it,
and has to reform.
929
01:05:13,973 --> 01:05:15,893
I wish.
930
01:05:16,933 --> 01:05:20,171
Why can't people just say things
the way they are?
931
01:05:20,172 --> 01:05:24,451
Cos it's politics, it's dirty, but
you can, you can drive through that.
932
01:05:24,452 --> 01:05:26,771
You can... What's the, what's the...
933
01:05:26,772 --> 01:05:28,292
Can I have your arm, please?
934
01:05:29,972 --> 01:05:31,612
What's going on?
935
01:05:33,492 --> 01:05:35,332
No...
936
01:05:38,972 --> 01:05:41,412
Not now. Not yet.
937
01:05:47,292 --> 01:05:50,092
Let's get a medic.
You get a medic right now. Yes, sir.
938
01:06:49,532 --> 01:06:51,571
80-yard touchdown!
939
01:06:51,572 --> 01:06:53,890
America is many things
to many people.
940
01:06:53,891 --> 01:06:57,211
To a 17-year-old kid,
it's the malt shop on the corner,
941
01:06:57,212 --> 01:07:01,210
to Grandpa, it's the front porch
in the Blue Mountains.
942
01:07:01,211 --> 01:07:04,770
To the mother and her family,
it's church...
943
01:07:04,771 --> 01:07:08,249
I'd Like to make it clear
that all procedures were proper.
944
01:07:08,250 --> 01:07:12,290
This is the same process that was
used in 24 successful shuttle launches
945
01:07:12,291 --> 01:07:14,290
as well as previous moon landings.
946
01:07:14,291 --> 01:07:15,850
I know that... Bunch of crap.
947
01:07:15,851 --> 01:07:18,170
...based on the data
up to January 27,
948
01:07:18,171 --> 01:07:21,730
right through the launch countdown
until the lift-off,
949
01:07:21,731 --> 01:07:23,649
all those actions were proper.
950
01:07:23,650 --> 01:07:26,209
Do you believe you exercised good
judgement on the evening
951
01:07:26,210 --> 01:07:29,929
before the launch, regarding
the temperature? Absolutely.
952
01:07:29,930 --> 01:07:33,091
I thought I'd drop these to
the cleaners in the morning.
953
01:07:35,811 --> 01:07:41,370
"Use Ivory Soap. 99.4% pure. "
954
01:07:41,371 --> 01:07:43,810
What? What did you say?
955
01:07:43,811 --> 01:07:46,490
I was just, that old Ivory Soap ad.
956
01:07:46,491 --> 01:07:51,050
"Use Ivory Soap, 99.4% pure. "
957
01:07:51,051 --> 01:07:52,650
Forget about the cleaners,
958
01:07:52,651 --> 01:07:55,291
I got, I got notes
and stuff in the pockets, so...
959
01:07:55,292 --> 01:07:57,930
You sure? Yeah.
960
01:07:57,931 --> 01:08:00,729
Perhaps it's time
to revisit the possibility
961
01:08:00,730 --> 01:08:04,689
that the Shuttle was a victim
of an act of sabotage or terrorism.
962
01:08:04,690 --> 01:08:07,769
NASA will present at
Wednesday's televised... Jeez!
963
01:08:07,770 --> 01:08:10,049
...along with members
from Morton Thiokol.
964
01:08:10,050 --> 01:08:11,971
Both parties will detail...
965
01:08:11,972 --> 01:08:15,570
Only 99.4%, you bastards!
966
01:08:15,571 --> 01:08:17,289
...by the commission, is unclear
967
01:08:17,290 --> 01:08:20,891
whether we will ever have answers
as to what caused this disaster...
968
01:08:20,892 --> 01:08:22,050
Gwen!
969
01:08:23,290 --> 01:08:25,449
Gweneth!
970
01:08:25,450 --> 01:08:26,930
What's the matter?
971
01:08:27,930 --> 01:08:30,849
Papa, what's wrong? What?
972
01:08:30,850 --> 01:08:32,651
I have to go back to Washington.
973
01:08:36,091 --> 01:08:37,889
Michelle, go back to bed, go on.
974
01:08:37,890 --> 01:08:39,811
Go on, back to bed, it's all right.
975
01:08:41,891 --> 01:08:43,850
You need to be here.
976
01:08:43,851 --> 01:08:45,491
You need to be taken care of.
977
01:08:45,492 --> 01:08:49,690
We can't come to Washington
with you. She has school.
978
01:08:49,691 --> 01:08:51,730
She has no idea
how seriously ill you are.
979
01:08:51,731 --> 01:08:52,850
I have to.
980
01:08:54,690 --> 01:08:56,089
People died.
981
01:08:56,090 --> 01:08:59,208
It will happen again. If I don't,
what have the weeks been for?
982
01:08:59,209 --> 01:09:01,490
I mean, you're the one
who persuaded me.
983
01:09:01,491 --> 01:09:03,449
And you said it yourself -
984
01:09:03,450 --> 01:09:05,289
let someone else do it.
985
01:09:05,290 --> 01:09:07,610
You can't,
you don't have to carry on now.
986
01:09:09,530 --> 01:09:11,811
Nobody's got the right
to ask that of you.
987
01:09:11,812 --> 01:09:13,890
I'm the one asking me.
988
01:09:13,891 --> 01:09:15,771
I'm the one asking.
989
01:09:23,130 --> 01:09:24,410
OK.
990
01:09:27,770 --> 01:09:29,249
OK.
991
01:09:29,250 --> 01:09:34,890
I just wanted to have you to myself
for as long as possible.
992
01:09:42,450 --> 01:09:44,250
Honey, will you help me?
993
01:09:48,810 --> 01:09:51,248
I got to get it all down.
994
01:09:51,249 --> 01:09:53,370
My notes, everything I found out.
995
01:09:55,090 --> 01:09:56,690
Got to be one hell of a paper.
996
01:10:04,210 --> 01:10:10,049
The original tang and clevis seal
design failed to anticipate
997
01:10:10,050 --> 01:10:15,249
the enormous pressure,
caused by the burning propellant,
998
01:10:15,250 --> 01:10:18,808
would cause the walls to bow outward,
999
01:10:18,809 --> 01:10:21,968
a phenomenon known as joint rotation.
1000
01:10:21,969 --> 01:10:26,128
OK? Swell.
My blood is freshly laundered.
1001
01:10:26,129 --> 01:10:29,689
Dick, you know the affects
of the dialysis are only temporary.
1002
01:10:30,969 --> 01:10:32,490
Life is pretty temporary.
1003
01:10:51,049 --> 01:10:54,489
You're listening to drive time
on WTBX with Steve O'Brian.
1004
01:10:57,969 --> 01:11:00,128
Power one-o-three on WTBX.
1005
01:11:00,129 --> 01:11:03,767
We are definitely addicted to
our ten-in-a-row power play for all
1006
01:11:03,768 --> 01:11:07,609
you folks in Washington, coming up
next, Miami Sound Machine...
1007
01:11:13,490 --> 01:11:17,487
Dr Feynman, can you comment
on the progress of the commission?
1008
01:11:17,488 --> 01:11:20,169
What's your take
on the sabotage theory?
1009
01:11:20,170 --> 01:11:22,369
I'm not at liberty to speak.
1010
01:11:32,089 --> 01:11:33,248
The commission?
1011
01:11:33,249 --> 01:11:34,409
Through there, sir.
1012
01:11:37,249 --> 01:11:39,329
I'm sorry, sir.
You can't go in there.
1013
01:11:39,330 --> 01:11:40,608
Who says so?
1014
01:11:40,609 --> 01:11:42,768
Not without a tie, sir.
1015
01:11:42,769 --> 01:11:45,289
Give me strength.
1016
01:11:55,449 --> 01:11:58,009
I'm sure this is going to look
a lot more dainty.
1017
01:12:01,129 --> 01:12:02,569
Good evening, gentlemen.
1018
01:12:05,329 --> 01:12:09,368
My findings,
developed, processed, distilled,
1019
01:12:09,369 --> 01:12:11,727
I've saved you the trouble
of running them off
1020
01:12:11,728 --> 01:12:13,729
in case the copy machine's broken.
1021
01:12:16,048 --> 01:12:18,888
Hey, Bill. Will you do the honours?
Sure.
1022
01:12:18,889 --> 01:12:22,727
It's all here. Hi, Neil. Would you?
1023
01:12:22,728 --> 01:12:25,767
Design flaws in the boosters.
1024
01:12:25,768 --> 01:12:27,328
Management failure.
1025
01:12:29,288 --> 01:12:32,168
A cold day. You OK?
1026
01:12:32,169 --> 01:12:34,528
I had the flu, but now it's flown.
1027
01:12:34,529 --> 01:12:36,209
Why don't you just take this chair?
1028
01:12:46,648 --> 01:12:48,527
Thank you.
1029
01:12:48,528 --> 01:12:51,647
And thank you.
1030
01:12:51,648 --> 01:12:56,487
For your fine, patient,
methodical work over the last weeks.
1031
01:12:56,488 --> 01:12:58,887
It's been a difficult period.
1032
01:12:58,888 --> 01:13:01,327
Especially for Dr Feynman.
1033
01:13:01,328 --> 01:13:03,527
Welcome back, Doctor.
1034
01:13:03,528 --> 01:13:07,126
And Doctor, I'm sure that we'll want
to include some of your new material
1035
01:13:07,127 --> 01:13:08,208
in our final report.
1036
01:13:09,928 --> 01:13:12,928
Please remember this is
a very important hearing.
1037
01:13:12,929 --> 01:13:15,487
We're expecting a lot of press.
1038
01:13:15,488 --> 01:13:18,848
And it will be televised,
so please do be prompt. Thank you.
1039
01:13:31,568 --> 01:13:33,007
Prof.
1040
01:13:33,008 --> 01:13:36,686
It's happening again,
Rogers is going to bury my work.
1041
01:13:36,687 --> 01:13:40,168
Yeah, and I just got cornered
outside by the press.
1042
01:13:40,169 --> 01:13:41,647
Me too.
1043
01:13:41,648 --> 01:13:44,127
I think they're ready
to go with "unproven".
1044
01:13:45,127 --> 01:13:47,447
Yep,
or a sniper on the grassy knoll.
1045
01:13:50,727 --> 01:13:52,808
I eat a lot of pickled beets.
1046
01:13:54,088 --> 01:13:57,568
General, I haven't a damned clue
what we're going to do.
1047
01:13:59,728 --> 01:14:03,768
Despite what you may think,
I am pleased to see you back.
1048
01:14:05,968 --> 01:14:08,887
General. Chairman.
1049
01:14:08,888 --> 01:14:12,206
We have a major difficulty.
1050
01:14:12,207 --> 01:14:16,525
The people who best understand the
Shuttle are the people giving evidence
1051
01:14:16,526 --> 01:14:19,807
but they have the most to lose
by explaining it clearly.
1052
01:14:21,487 --> 01:14:23,966
The public is simply mystified.
1053
01:14:23,967 --> 01:14:28,527
Somehow, we need
to penetrate the fog.
1054
01:14:30,327 --> 01:14:31,808
Welcome back.
1055
01:14:36,048 --> 01:14:38,768
We know what Marshall's
strategy's going to be.
1056
01:14:38,769 --> 01:14:41,966
Smokescreen. Manipulate the science.
1057
01:14:41,967 --> 01:14:44,607
Yeah, they'll make it
into a fuzz dazzle.
1058
01:14:46,287 --> 01:14:47,847
That kills me.
1059
01:15:05,407 --> 01:15:06,687
I have to go.
1060
01:15:08,367 --> 01:15:10,286
You OK? I am fine.
1061
01:15:14,047 --> 01:15:15,767
Neil.
1062
01:15:17,807 --> 01:15:19,407
I've been meaning to ask you.
1063
01:15:19,408 --> 01:15:20,726
Yes, Richard.
1064
01:15:20,727 --> 01:15:24,966
This is for a friend. An admirer.
1065
01:15:24,967 --> 01:15:27,127
Right. Of course.
1066
01:15:28,607 --> 01:15:30,366
Thanks so much, Neil.
1067
01:15:30,367 --> 01:15:32,726
Sorry, embarrassing but...
1068
01:15:32,727 --> 01:15:35,085
Anything for you, Richard.
Goodnight.
1069
01:15:35,086 --> 01:15:36,407
Take care of yourself.
1070
01:15:37,807 --> 01:15:41,764
You asked me for something, now
I'm going to ask you for something.
1071
01:15:41,765 --> 01:15:44,406
No, you picked me up
a couple of weeks ago.
1072
01:15:47,646 --> 01:15:51,565
Morning. Morning.
1073
01:15:51,566 --> 01:15:53,167
There's my end of the deal.
1074
01:15:53,168 --> 01:15:54,366
All right.
1075
01:15:54,367 --> 01:15:56,446
Here's what I need from you.
1076
01:15:56,447 --> 01:15:58,086
A hardware store.
1077
01:15:58,087 --> 01:16:01,125
A hardware store. Why would
a super important person want...
1078
01:16:01,126 --> 01:16:04,807
Do you know a hardware store
that opens early? I know a place.
1079
01:16:14,326 --> 01:16:16,046
Come on. Get out of bed.
1080
01:16:25,166 --> 01:16:27,924
The astronauts' families
will be seeking clarity
1081
01:16:27,925 --> 01:16:31,564
on what precisely caused
the deaths of their loved ones.
1082
01:16:31,565 --> 01:16:34,845
NASA witnesses
will be answering those questions...
1083
01:16:34,846 --> 01:16:38,286
Graham, make sure you have
a section model of a SRB joint.
1084
01:16:39,526 --> 01:16:42,166
Are we late? We're good for time.
1085
01:16:47,646 --> 01:16:50,046
Hey. Morning, General.
I guess this is it.
1086
01:16:51,086 --> 01:16:52,686
Good luck.
1087
01:17:24,606 --> 01:17:27,046
Would the witnesses please rise?
1088
01:17:31,126 --> 01:17:34,684
Do you swear that the testimony
you will give before this commission
1089
01:17:34,685 --> 01:17:36,643
will be the truth, the whole truth
1090
01:17:36,644 --> 01:17:39,005
and nothing but the truth,
so help you God?
1091
01:17:39,006 --> 01:17:40,325
I do. I do.
1092
01:17:45,165 --> 01:17:47,725
Mr Mulloy, did you have
any apprehension
1093
01:17:47,726 --> 01:17:52,645
that a delay in launch would reflect
badly on you or NASA Marshall?
1094
01:17:52,646 --> 01:17:54,485
No, not at all.
1095
01:17:54,486 --> 01:17:56,804
My decision to proceed with
the launch as recommended
1096
01:17:56,805 --> 01:17:59,644
by the Thiokol official
was based solely on the data
1097
01:17:59,645 --> 01:18:03,244
presented by Thiokol Engineering.
Here comes the smoke.
1098
01:18:03,245 --> 01:18:05,363
This is shot right about
August 19th,
1099
01:18:05,364 --> 01:18:09,403
and the thing of interest here is
what we have seen in the O-rings.
1100
01:18:09,404 --> 01:18:12,445
See, the fact is,
before Challenger, we had seen
1101
01:18:12,446 --> 01:18:16,165
no anomalous O-ring erosion
for about a year.
1102
01:18:22,525 --> 01:18:26,005
Mr McDonald stated that he thought
that what had been said was
1103
01:18:26,006 --> 01:18:30,964
very important - that the secondary
O - ring was in a position to sealed
1104
01:18:30,965 --> 01:18:33,045
during the time of blow-by.
1105
01:18:33,046 --> 01:18:35,605
So you interpreted
Mr McDonald's comment
1106
01:18:35,606 --> 01:18:39,124
as a statement in favour
of proceeding to launch?
1107
01:18:39,125 --> 01:18:42,165
Yes, I certainly did because
Mr McDonald was seated close by,
1108
01:18:42,166 --> 01:18:45,084
and it was clearly
a supportive comment.
1109
01:18:45,085 --> 01:18:46,684
I have a question.
1110
01:18:46,685 --> 01:18:51,524
Can you remind me what NASA
calculates the probability
1111
01:18:51,525 --> 01:18:54,325
of shuttle failure to be?
1112
01:18:55,885 --> 01:18:59,124
Failure meaning
the loss of the vehicle,
1113
01:18:59,125 --> 01:19:01,565
and the deaths of the entire crew.
1114
01:19:02,764 --> 01:19:04,883
Dr Lovingood.
1115
01:19:04,884 --> 01:19:07,204
Certainly. That would be...
1116
01:19:09,404 --> 01:19:12,124
...one in ten to the power of five.
1117
01:19:12,125 --> 01:19:13,245
Really?
1118
01:19:14,765 --> 01:19:16,404
Would you explain that?
1119
01:19:16,405 --> 01:19:20,964
Yes, that the probability
of mission success is 100%.
1120
01:19:20,965 --> 01:19:22,244
Minus Epsilon.
1121
01:19:22,245 --> 01:19:25,244
Epsilon. That's a pretty fancy word.
1122
01:19:25,245 --> 01:19:29,045
Well, let's put all that
you've said there into English.
1123
01:19:29,046 --> 01:19:34,563
So that's, that's one failure
in every 100,000 flights.
1124
01:19:34,564 --> 01:19:38,322
So you claim that the Shuttle
would fly every day for 300 years
1125
01:19:38,323 --> 01:19:40,762
before there would be
a single failure.
1126
01:19:40,763 --> 01:19:43,924
That's crazy, I mean,
how would you ever even test that?
1127
01:19:45,084 --> 01:19:48,242
NASA arrived at that figure
because it was a manned flight.
1128
01:19:48,243 --> 01:19:49,924
Because there are people on board
1129
01:19:49,925 --> 01:19:54,564
but that's not a scientific
calculation, that's... that's a wish.
1130
01:19:54,565 --> 01:19:55,884
And interesting.
1131
01:19:55,885 --> 01:19:59,925
But the figure is very different
from that of NASA's own engineers.
1132
01:19:59,926 --> 01:20:02,203
Based on their direct experience,
1133
01:20:02,204 --> 01:20:05,564
and observation of many known
component problems,
1134
01:20:05,565 --> 01:20:11,083
some of NASA's engineers
calculate the probability of success
1135
01:20:11,084 --> 01:20:12,403
as only 99.4%.
1136
01:20:12,404 --> 01:20:18,364
In other words, that's roughly
one flight in every 200 will fail.
1137
01:20:25,444 --> 01:20:27,404
Rogers, time out.
1138
01:20:28,644 --> 01:20:31,884
I think this would be
an appropriate time to take a break.
1139
01:20:40,364 --> 01:20:41,843
One in 200!
1140
01:20:41,844 --> 01:20:45,483
Wow. That's not what
the astronauts were aware of.
1141
01:20:45,484 --> 01:20:47,722
Potential disaster
every three and half years.
1142
01:20:47,723 --> 01:20:49,964
It won't convince anybody,
there's no proof,
1143
01:20:49,965 --> 01:20:52,883
people don't get probability,
it's math.
1144
01:20:52,884 --> 01:20:54,164
But maybe...
1145
01:21:38,683 --> 01:21:40,881
The segment joint test we did,
the development
1146
01:21:40,882 --> 01:21:45,123
and qualification motor test we did,
as a basis for understanding
1147
01:21:45,124 --> 01:21:48,362
what we could expect
to happen on the joints.
1148
01:21:48,363 --> 01:21:50,282
Mr Hardy. Certainly.
1149
01:21:50,283 --> 01:21:55,683
As we see, the temperature at which
the O-rings would lose their integrity
1150
01:21:55,684 --> 01:21:58,802
would be in the
minus 40 to 50 degree range.
1151
01:21:58,803 --> 01:22:00,963
Minus 40 to 50 degrees.
1152
01:22:02,723 --> 01:22:04,522
Fahrenheit? Sir.
1153
01:22:04,523 --> 01:22:07,002
So they'd maintain their integrity
1154
01:22:07,003 --> 01:22:10,443
down to 80 degrees below freezing?
That is correct.
1155
01:22:14,043 --> 01:22:16,763
Mr Rogers? Oh, yes. Thank you.
1156
01:22:22,003 --> 01:22:23,641
These O-rings...
1157
01:22:24,247 --> 01:22:29,458
are supposed to expand to make a seal,
is that correct? Yes, sir.
1158
01:22:30,642 --> 01:22:32,962
So, for the people to understand,
1159
01:22:32,963 --> 01:22:37,722
what if we take the O-rings out?
1160
01:22:37,723 --> 01:22:39,602
Not have them.
1161
01:22:39,603 --> 01:22:42,923
Well, then hot gas would
expand through the joint.
1162
01:22:42,924 --> 01:22:48,240
For the seal to work correctly,
the O-ring has to be made of rubber,
1163
01:22:49,363 --> 01:22:54,443
not something like lead, which when
you... when you squash it, it stays?
1164
01:22:55,882 --> 01:22:57,201
Yes, sir.
1165
01:22:57,202 --> 01:23:02,841
Now if the O-ring weren't resilient
for a second or two,
1166
01:23:02,842 --> 01:23:06,200
that would be enough for
a very dangerous situation
1167
01:23:06,201 --> 01:23:08,842
and that could likely occur
at low temperatures.
1168
01:23:08,843 --> 01:23:11,561
No, as Mr Hardy has shown,
1169
01:23:11,562 --> 01:23:16,602
they are effective
down to minus 40 to 50 degrees.
1170
01:23:16,603 --> 01:23:20,362
Well, then I just have
one comment for the gentlemen,
1171
01:23:20,363 --> 01:23:24,481
that I have always believed
that any scientific concept
1172
01:23:24,482 --> 01:23:27,122
can be demonstrated
to ordinary people,
1173
01:23:27,123 --> 01:23:32,041
people with no specialist knowledge
or even much scientific education.
1174
01:23:32,042 --> 01:23:35,642
Co-pilot to pilot,
not yet, just wait. What?
1175
01:23:36,922 --> 01:23:38,681
All right. OK, go.
1176
01:23:39,132 --> 01:23:43,514
See. I took some of...
of this...
1177
01:23:44,962 --> 01:23:48,402
stuff from your seal.
1178
01:23:50,562 --> 01:23:55,402
And I put it in
nothing more than ice water.
1179
01:23:58,362 --> 01:24:00,762
And I discover...
1180
01:24:04,722 --> 01:24:07,042
...that if you put it
under pressure...
1181
01:24:08,209 --> 01:24:10,406
...for a while,
1182
01:24:10,882 --> 01:24:14,479
and then undo it...
1183
01:24:20,682 --> 01:24:22,282
...it doesn't stretch back.
1184
01:24:23,521 --> 01:24:27,320
It stops. At the same dimension.
1185
01:24:27,321 --> 01:24:31,160
In other words,
for a second or two, at least,
1186
01:24:31,161 --> 01:24:33,841
and more seconds than that,
1187
01:24:33,842 --> 01:24:37,681
there is no resilience
in this particular material
1188
01:24:37,682 --> 01:24:41,201
at the temperature
of 32 degrees Fahrenheit,
1189
01:24:41,202 --> 01:24:43,882
the temperature of a cold soda.
1190
01:24:46,162 --> 01:24:49,282
I think that has some significance
for our problem.
1191
01:25:09,761 --> 01:25:12,800
Whatever the eventual
Commission Report, I will be writing
1192
01:25:12,801 --> 01:25:16,640
up my own independent appendix
with all my findings, all the design,
1193
01:25:16,641 --> 01:25:19,280
the engineering
and the management problems,
1194
01:25:19,281 --> 01:25:22,041
which I will be handing
to the President myself.
1195
01:25:23,721 --> 01:25:27,880
How much did NASA know about
the effect of cold, Dr Feynman?
1196
01:25:27,881 --> 01:25:29,481
Look. Ask him.
1197
01:25:31,721 --> 01:25:34,560
Let us make recommendations
1198
01:25:34,561 --> 01:25:37,400
to ensure that NASA officials
1199
01:25:37,401 --> 01:25:39,481
deal in a world of reality.
1200
01:25:41,201 --> 01:25:44,881
Understanding technological
weakness and imperfections
1201
01:25:44,882 --> 01:25:48,521
well enough to be actively
trying to eliminate them.
1202
01:25:50,120 --> 01:25:54,400
NASA owes it to the citizens
from whom it asks support
1203
01:25:54,401 --> 01:25:57,160
to be frank, honest and informative.
1204
01:25:57,161 --> 01:25:59,400
For a successful technology,
1205
01:25:59,401 --> 01:26:03,480
reality must take precedence
over public relations,
1206
01:26:03,481 --> 01:26:05,681
for nature cannot be fooled.
1207
01:26:08,081 --> 01:26:10,521
Dr Keel, please.
1208
01:26:13,241 --> 01:26:17,681
And Mr President, this appendix has
been prepared by Professor Feynman.
1209
01:26:26,600 --> 01:26:29,360
And by the way, I think I've
figured out who was your source.
1210
01:26:30,520 --> 01:26:33,840
You said, "This astronaut,
this astronaut. "
1211
01:26:33,841 --> 01:26:36,041
If it was a guy,
you would have said "he. "
1212
01:26:38,401 --> 01:26:41,721
It's OK. I can keep shtoom.
1213
01:26:46,601 --> 01:26:50,399
If you ever fancy
a ride in that old Buick...
1214
01:26:50,400 --> 01:26:52,360
Yeah. If the weather's warm.
1215
01:26:53,800 --> 01:26:55,720
It would have to happen pretty soon.
1216
01:26:59,720 --> 01:27:02,399
I'm sorry this is taking your time.
1217
01:27:02,400 --> 01:27:04,199
I'm not sorry.
1218
01:27:04,200 --> 01:27:06,638
I would have been tremendously
sorry if we'd lost
1219
01:27:06,639 --> 01:27:07,880
but as it is, it was...
1220
01:27:09,160 --> 01:27:10,480
Not a good use of science.
1221
01:27:10,481 --> 01:27:14,000
It's a good use of science.
1222
01:27:14,001 --> 01:27:15,041
I'm OK.
1223
01:27:16,121 --> 01:27:18,199
I'm OK with it.
1224
01:27:18,200 --> 01:27:20,959
I guess there is a kind of afterlife.
1225
01:27:20,960 --> 01:27:25,280
The few bits and pieces that we do
might get remembered.
1226
01:27:27,560 --> 01:27:28,760
General...
1227
01:27:31,560 --> 01:27:32,800
...fix your hair.