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(explosions)

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For four years, from 1914 to 1918,

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Europe seemed hell bent on self destruction.

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(dramatic music)

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In 1914, the Germans attacked.

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War spread, like the Grim Reaper wielding his scythe,

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all over the planet

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but mostly in Russia, Belgium, Italy, France,

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the near East and the Balkans.

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The First World War was a massacre of humanity.

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A monstrous crime.

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10 million people died.

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In France alone, more than a quarter

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of all men in their twenties were killed.

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In 1915, an anonymous soldier

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dares to film a burial brigade at work.

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00:01:25,060 --> 00:01:29,593
In 1916, a survivor of the Battle of Verdun writes,

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00:01:30,537 --> 00:01:32,827
"Emotion itself has died."

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Widows orphans, desperate mothers number in the millions,

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00:01:43,800 --> 00:01:48,800
{\an8}but on November 11th, 1918, Madam Diaz in Bourges, France

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00:01:49,250 --> 00:01:50,683
learns of the ceasefire.

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The Armistice has just been signed.

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{\an8}Corporal Pierre Sellier, sounding his bugle,

24
00:02:00,840 --> 00:02:03,423
{\an8}is the first to signal an end to the fighting.

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For 1,562 days they have waited for this moment.

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They dig a makeshift grave

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for the last of the war's artillery shells.

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A billion shells have been fired.

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The First World War costs the equivalent

30
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of $6 trillion in all.

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On the 11th of November, 1918,

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these men and women dream of another kind of world,

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fair and just where their children will be happy.

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One of the greatest minds of the 20th century,

35
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Austrian writer Stefan Zweig, writes,

36
00:02:52,697 --> 00:02:56,273
"The war was over but it wasn't over.

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We just didn't know it."

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(dramatic music)

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The soldiers of the British Empire,

40
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the United States,

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France and its colonies,

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00:03:31,070 --> 00:03:35,270
Belgium, Italy, Portugal, Serbia, Romania, Russia,

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and so many other countries have defeated the German empire,

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the Austro-Hungarian Empire

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and the Ottoman Empire, pre-cursor of Turkey.

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{\an8}The war is over.

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The crowds roar as their leaders proclaim

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that the side of the good has won.

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Novelist Albert Simonin is witness

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to the jubilation in the streets.

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He writes, "In the crowd factory girls

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and fashionable ladies alike we're caught up in the hugging.

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With hands everywhere, on backsides and bodices,

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kissing on the lips."

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Everyone believes it's the end of what they call

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the War to End All Wars.

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Private Louis Botas writes,

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"I was free.

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I had finally escaped the clutches of militarism

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for which I'd developed a hatred

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that I will instill in my children, my friends, my family.

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I will tell them that fatherland, glory, military honor

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are but so many words intended to conceal the fact

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that war is unspeakably horrible, ugly and cruel."

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{\an8}Which of the great empires will survive?

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The war that killed so many people

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has also fanned yearnings for independence.

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The British Empire has been rocked since 1916

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by attacks in Ireland, still part of the United Kingdom.

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The English force Irish rebels

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to parade through the streets, attached to the British flag.

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The defeated empires implode.

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The Austro-Hungarian empire and its many peoples

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00:05:53,340 --> 00:05:55,973
seethe with the fever of independence.

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{\an8}Checks, Slovaks, Croats, Slovenes

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{\an8}all want their own state

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{\an8}and are counting on American support.

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The President of the United States, Woodrow Wilson

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has won the war and now wants to win the peace.

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He promises national independence

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proclaiming the right of peoples to self-determination.

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Wilson wants to give everyone the right

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to choose their nation, their borders, their government.

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Empires collapse, people revolt,

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Kings flee.

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Charles I, the last Emperor of Austria-Hungary,

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00:06:43,200 --> 00:06:45,800
{\an8}and his beautiful princess, Zita,

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00:06:45,800 --> 00:06:49,663
{\an8}give up their palaces for a much less glorious exile.

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{\an8}In Turkey, Sultan Mehmed VI

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00:06:59,410 --> 00:07:02,383
submits to the dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire.

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And from its ruins, the Arab world emerges.

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{\an8}Those who resisted return home as heroes.

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{\an8}In Belgium, the soldier King Albert I,

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00:07:17,920 --> 00:07:19,680
with Elisabeth German born,

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00:07:19,680 --> 00:07:22,920
but whose war work earned her the title of The Nurse Queen,

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00:07:22,920 --> 00:07:24,623
are acclaimed by their subjects.

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King Albert introduces universal suffrage to men.

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{\an8}On this 11th day of November, 1918,

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the Belgians erupt with joy after four years of occupation.

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(celebratory music)

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They pay tribute to their liberator's, the Canadians,

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the principle victors of the Hundred Days Offensive,

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The last battle of the war,

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which added 2 million wounded and dead to the massacre.

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The war seems to come to a sudden standstill.

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In Flanders, Scots discover a German train

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with thousands of stick hand grenades.

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In the North of France, the Germans have withdrawn

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leaving an apocalyptic scene behind.

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They have methodically destroyed

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the factories and their machinery.

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Life is reborn after the Armistice.

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The numbers from that day are memorable,

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November 11th at 11:00 AM,

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the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month.

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But what is an Armistice?

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It's not peace.

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Only a suspension of the fighting

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while a treaty is being negotiated,

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which promises to be difficult.

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The novelist Henri Fauconnier writes to his fiance,

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"I fear that we are hardly more ready

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for peace than we were for war.

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We are entering the most critical period.

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Fortunately, we are the victors."

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But do the Germans really feel defeated?

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They must evacuate Belgium and the North of France,

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which they've occupied since 1914,

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they retreat to the left bank of the Rhine,

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abandoning even Alsace Lorraine.

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{\an8}A few days later,

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a symbolic demonstration is organized

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in Paris' Place de la Concorde

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by the far right movement, L'Action Francaise.

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Soldiers who fought in the trenches,

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scatter dirt from Alsace to honor its return to France.

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In 1870, France had lost Alsace, along with part of Lorraine

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following a disastrous war with the German Empire.

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{\an8}In Alsace, once again French,

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veterans defeated 50 years earlier

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demonstrate their loyalty to France.

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{\an8}(singing in foreign language)

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And schoolchildren in traditional costume,

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along with their mothers, kiss the flag.

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{\an8}(singing in foreign language)

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Not everyone shares this enthusiasm

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at the return of the French.

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The German government protected Catholics

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better than the anticlerical French Republic.

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And many Alsatians had appreciated Germanic efficiency

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and order during the last half century.

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But no one asks their opinion.

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The President of the French Republic,

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Raymond Poincare, is from Lorraine.

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When, by late 1914, the death toll had already exceeded

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anything that France had ever known,

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Poincare should have done everything in his power

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to halt what would become the biggest butchery in history.

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But all attempts at peace failed

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because Germany would not give up Alsace Lorraine

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and so the carnage continued.

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(dramatic music)

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The Germans returned to their country

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in strict order and with a smile.

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But they will find Germany deeply shaken.

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{\an8}Their Kaiser Wilhelm II, who declared war on France in 1914,

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has just abdicated and left

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for a comfortable exile in the Netherlands.

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His departure is one of the conditions

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of the Armistice that, for Germany, is so humiliating.

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{\an8}Returning to their cities and villages,

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German soldiers are met by cheering throngs.

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They do not feel they have lost the war.

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For them, the Armistice is a stab in the back.

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{\an8}A bitterness that Corporal Adolf Hitler

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{\an8}will masterfully exploit.

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The soldiers feel betrayed by the politicians

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who took power and proclaimed Germany a Republic.

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As does the Socialist Phillip Scheidemann.

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{\an8}(speaking foreign language)

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{\an8}The German Marxist revolutionary Rosa Luxemburg proclaims,

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"Bourgeois society calls itself

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order peace and the legal state, but it wades in blood.

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It is stained, dishonored.

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The Russian Revolution saved the honor

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of international socialism."

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(singing in foreign language)

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{\an8}In Russia, Lenin and the Bolsheviks

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{\an8}have taken power and launched the Red Terror

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and a bloody civil war to eliminate the anticommunists.

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In their propaganda films, the Bolsheviks show prisoners,

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among them, English, French and American soldiers

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who had come to Russia to fight alongside

194
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the anticommunist forces.

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Lenin denounces this foreign intervention

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in a rare recording.

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{\an8}(speaking foreign language)

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Lenin's call rouses an entire generation

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in Russia and in Europe.

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{\an8}In Hungary, the rumble of revolution is also swelling.

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Ultra violent communists, the Lenin Fiuk,

202
00:14:50,620 --> 00:14:53,230
or Lenin boys will, in a matter of weeks,

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be responsible for nearly a thousand deaths.

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Funded and organized by the Russians,

205
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they are instructed to make mincemeat

206
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of the counter-revolutionaries,

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suffocate them in their own blood

208
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before they stifle the revolution.

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An allied intervention will put an end

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to their murderous frenzy and to their lives.

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{\an8}Toward the end of 1918, Central Europe is in flames.

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After Russia and Hungary, Germany.

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{\an8}The Communists begin their attacks.

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{\an8}They call themselves the Spartacus League

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00:15:33,210 --> 00:15:35,523
after the rebel slaves of ancient Rome.

216
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Fighting against them are the Freikorps,

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00:15:39,520 --> 00:15:43,140
paramilitary groups, volunteers recruited from the army

218
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to stamp out the Communist revolt and execute its leaders,

219
00:15:46,970 --> 00:15:48,503
including Rosa Luxemburg.

220
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Some German families still feel nostalgia for the war,

221
00:16:01,320 --> 00:16:05,093
but most want to return to peace and prosperity.

222
00:16:09,240 --> 00:16:12,170
Yet what fate awaits their sons

223
00:16:12,170 --> 00:16:15,280
20 years later at the Battle of Stalingrad

224
00:16:15,280 --> 00:16:16,553
in the snows of Russia?

225
00:16:19,710 --> 00:16:21,983
What fate awaits this Jewish family?

226
00:16:36,570 --> 00:16:40,830
{\an8}On December 1st, 1918, the Allied Forces,

227
00:16:40,830 --> 00:16:43,240
in accordance with the Armistice Agreement,

228
00:16:43,240 --> 00:16:46,593
enter Germany to occupy the entire region along the Rhine.

229
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The Rhine is a natural border,

230
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the valley of all invasions, the very symbol

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of the confrontation between France and Germany.

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Many Germans welcome the French troops

233
00:17:03,760 --> 00:17:05,450
with a sense of relief.

234
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Anything is better than chaos.

235
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But soon resentment and hostility resurface.

236
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Among these German children

237
00:17:17,340 --> 00:17:20,380
is the future film director, Max Ophuls.

238
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In his memoirs he recalls his feelings and his tears

239
00:17:23,890 --> 00:17:26,833
at seeing the cruel brutality of the French soldiers.

240
00:17:28,920 --> 00:17:32,330
Some African soldiers are accused of rape.

241
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In 1940, the Germans will exact cruel revenge

242
00:17:35,680 --> 00:17:37,080
on the French colonial POWs.

243
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And Hitler will sterilize the children

244
00:17:40,520 --> 00:17:42,173
born of mixed race unions.

245
00:17:48,210 --> 00:17:51,670
{\an8}In the Allied occupation of 1918,

246
00:17:51,670 --> 00:17:54,490
the Germans dislike the British army too.

247
00:17:54,490 --> 00:17:57,883
Including the Canadians, whose only wish is to return home.

248
00:18:03,926 --> 00:18:06,100
The war years have seen the rise in Canadians

249
00:18:06,100 --> 00:18:08,040
of a deep national sentiment

250
00:18:08,040 --> 00:18:10,740
against the British empire to which they still belong.

251
00:18:18,210 --> 00:18:20,550
Feelings towards the 100,000 Americans

252
00:18:20,550 --> 00:18:23,350
stationed on the banks of the Rhine are quite different.

253
00:18:25,260 --> 00:18:29,103
Uncle Sam's troops, the Sammies, are much more popular.

254
00:18:31,930 --> 00:18:35,470
One of them writes, "We fought against the krauts,

255
00:18:35,470 --> 00:18:37,170
the sauerkrauts as we called them,

256
00:18:38,120 --> 00:18:40,020
but they didn't invade the United States

257
00:18:40,020 --> 00:18:41,983
and New York had not come under siege.

258
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We had no desire for revenge, all we wanted was peace

259
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and a great many of us were of German origin."

260
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{\an8}As Christmas of 1918 approaches,

261
00:18:58,610 --> 00:19:00,453
a historic event is announced.

262
00:19:02,010 --> 00:19:04,840
The arrival of the first President of the United States

263
00:19:04,840 --> 00:19:07,663
ever to leave the Americas, Woodrow Wilson,

264
00:19:08,800 --> 00:19:11,340
{\an8}seen here with Franklin D Roosevelt,

265
00:19:11,340 --> 00:19:15,063
then Under Secretary for the Navy and future president.

266
00:19:15,970 --> 00:19:18,283
Wilson has come for the peace conference.

267
00:19:26,170 --> 00:19:29,630
{\an8}He arrives in Paris on December 14th, 1918

268
00:19:29,630 --> 00:19:31,240
with his wife, Edith,

269
00:19:31,240 --> 00:19:32,950
the great, great granddaughter

270
00:19:32,950 --> 00:19:35,653
of the Native American princess Pocahontas.

271
00:19:39,920 --> 00:19:42,433
Paris offers him a triumphant welcome.

272
00:19:44,400 --> 00:19:47,340
Wilson says, "We shall build for you

273
00:19:47,340 --> 00:19:50,060
a good and prosperous world

274
00:19:50,060 --> 00:19:53,300
where all nations will enjoy the legacy of freedom

275
00:19:53,300 --> 00:19:56,650
for which France, America, England, and Italy

276
00:19:56,650 --> 00:19:58,277
have so dearly paid."

277
00:20:03,420 --> 00:20:06,120
The future Communist leader Marcel Cachin

278
00:20:06,120 --> 00:20:08,003
writes in his newspaper, L'Humanite,

279
00:20:09,737 --> 00:20:13,610
"Wilson connects deeply with the proletarian.

280
00:20:13,610 --> 00:20:16,190
He is the only politician to have discovered

281
00:20:16,190 --> 00:20:18,877
the language of goodwill and justice."

282
00:20:27,780 --> 00:20:30,580
Wilson, a lawyer and former president of

283
00:20:30,580 --> 00:20:34,830
Princeton University was elected in 1912 as a Democrat,

284
00:20:34,830 --> 00:20:38,560
then reelected in 1916, thanks to the slogan,

285
00:20:38,560 --> 00:20:40,203
He kept us out of the war.

286
00:20:43,420 --> 00:20:45,920
But only weeks into his second term,

287
00:20:45,920 --> 00:20:49,083
he decides to send American forces into the conflict.

288
00:20:50,150 --> 00:20:53,630
By January, 1918, Wilson has outlined

289
00:20:53,630 --> 00:20:57,130
the 14 point plan for negotiating peace.

290
00:20:57,130 --> 00:20:59,820
It calls for a vast program of economic

291
00:20:59,820 --> 00:21:02,070
and political liberalism and the creation

292
00:21:02,070 --> 00:21:05,053
of an assembly of nations to prevent future wars.

293
00:21:09,814 --> 00:21:14,060
In Paris, he will face another political legend,

294
00:21:14,060 --> 00:21:16,993
{\an8}the Prime Minister of France, Georges Clemenceau.

295
00:21:20,920 --> 00:21:24,030
After taking power during the worst period of the war,

296
00:21:24,030 --> 00:21:27,013
Clemenceau led the conflict with an iron fist.

297
00:21:29,020 --> 00:21:33,480
Nicknamed The Tiger, he burns with only one desire,

298
00:21:33,480 --> 00:21:37,220
to humiliate Germany and make the country pay reparations

299
00:21:37,220 --> 00:21:39,543
for the ravages it inflicted on France.

300
00:21:46,220 --> 00:21:48,880
The British and Americans fear this will mean

301
00:21:48,880 --> 00:21:52,280
financial ruin for the defeated powers and push them

302
00:21:52,280 --> 00:21:56,053
towards extremism, Bolshevism and civil war, like in Russia.

303
00:22:02,130 --> 00:22:05,740
{\an8}On January 3rd, 1919, Woodrow Wilson,

304
00:22:05,740 --> 00:22:08,330
having spent the holidays with the King of England,

305
00:22:08,330 --> 00:22:11,230
travels to Rome to visit the King of Italy,

306
00:22:11,230 --> 00:22:12,597
Victor-Emmanuel III.

307
00:22:14,140 --> 00:22:16,910
The purpose of Wilson's European tour

308
00:22:16,910 --> 00:22:19,280
is to win support for his doctrine,

309
00:22:19,280 --> 00:22:21,563
his program for world peace.

310
00:22:23,120 --> 00:22:25,600
Above all, he wants to recognize

311
00:22:25,600 --> 00:22:28,283
the right of peoples to self determination.

312
00:22:30,820 --> 00:22:33,780
Wilson is pleased by the enthusiasm of the Italians

313
00:22:33,780 --> 00:22:35,260
when, in fact, they are cheering

314
00:22:35,260 --> 00:22:38,163
not for his program, but for the Allied victory.

315
00:22:43,200 --> 00:22:46,210
Nationalist movements fear that Wilson's right of

316
00:22:46,210 --> 00:22:49,173
self determination could lead to the loss of territory.

317
00:22:50,520 --> 00:22:52,200
One of their most fervent militants

318
00:22:52,200 --> 00:22:54,773
{\an8}is the journalist Benito Mussolini.

319
00:22:56,320 --> 00:22:58,460
{\an8}The future dictator calls Wilson

320
00:22:58,460 --> 00:23:00,403
a bandit of international plutocracy.

321
00:23:07,970 --> 00:23:12,080
{\an8}Wilson returns to Paris on January 18th, 1919

322
00:23:12,080 --> 00:23:14,690
for the peace conference that will formally end

323
00:23:14,690 --> 00:23:18,510
the First World War, found a new European order

324
00:23:18,510 --> 00:23:20,410
and establish new international rules.

325
00:23:29,670 --> 00:23:33,230
Even though 27 nations are represented,

326
00:23:33,230 --> 00:23:36,970
only Wilson and the other victors of the war count,

327
00:23:36,970 --> 00:23:38,633
the big four of the era,

328
00:23:39,980 --> 00:23:42,823
France's Clemenceau, who shuns the cameras,

329
00:23:43,940 --> 00:23:46,813
{\an8}Britain's Lloyd George, who seeks them out,

330
00:23:49,390 --> 00:23:51,073
as does Italy's Orlando.

331
00:23:56,490 --> 00:23:58,230
For six months, they will discuss

332
00:23:58,230 --> 00:24:01,170
the terms of the treaties imposed on the vanquished.

333
00:24:01,170 --> 00:24:04,000
The German Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire

334
00:24:04,000 --> 00:24:05,610
and the Ottoman Empire.

335
00:24:05,610 --> 00:24:08,853
None of which have been invited to the negotiating table.

336
00:24:10,490 --> 00:24:12,243
But the Germans trust Wilson.

337
00:24:13,320 --> 00:24:16,450
His doctrine strikes them as moderate and should allow them

338
00:24:16,450 --> 00:24:18,763
to preserve the territory of their homeland.

339
00:24:22,360 --> 00:24:25,160
The Germans fear Clemenceau most of all.

340
00:24:25,160 --> 00:24:27,980
He is obsessed about the security of his borders

341
00:24:27,980 --> 00:24:31,043
with his more populous and more productive German neighbor.

342
00:24:36,990 --> 00:24:39,180
After six months of discussions,

343
00:24:39,180 --> 00:24:42,200
representatives of all countries that fought in the war

344
00:24:42,200 --> 00:24:44,283
are summoned to the palace of Versailles.

345
00:24:49,690 --> 00:24:52,720
{\an8}June 28th, 1919.

346
00:24:52,720 --> 00:24:56,403
This is no random date, it is a grim anniversary.

347
00:24:58,360 --> 00:25:03,360
{\an8}Exactly five years earlier on June 28th, 1914, in Sarajevo,

348
00:25:04,420 --> 00:25:07,238
the crown Prince of Austria was assassinated.

349
00:25:07,238 --> 00:25:11,090
(gunshot)
(screaming)

350
00:25:11,090 --> 00:25:13,653
That event triggered the First World War.

351
00:25:16,100 --> 00:25:19,960
The setting is itself symbolic and not only for the French.

352
00:25:19,960 --> 00:25:23,980
It was here, in 1871, after France's defeat in the

353
00:25:23,980 --> 00:25:27,910
Franco-Prussian War that the German Empire was proclaimed

354
00:25:27,910 --> 00:25:31,113
and the world witnessed the emergence of Germany's power.

355
00:25:34,550 --> 00:25:38,670
The desire for revenge also explains Clemenceau's decision

356
00:25:38,670 --> 00:25:42,110
to order four gueules cassees, or mutilated faces.

357
00:25:42,110 --> 00:25:45,207
to stand at the entrance as the German delegates arrive.

358
00:25:50,970 --> 00:25:53,263
The Germans report at three o'clock.

359
00:25:54,500 --> 00:25:57,013
They are given only a few minutes to sign.

360
00:25:58,940 --> 00:26:00,800
In the center of the Hall of Mirrors,

361
00:26:00,800 --> 00:26:03,890
on this table, the treaty is laid.

362
00:26:03,890 --> 00:26:07,340
The German army will be slashed to 100,000 men

363
00:26:07,340 --> 00:26:10,223
and stripped of aviation support and heavy artillery.

364
00:26:11,100 --> 00:26:12,880
Germany will lose its colonies

365
00:26:12,880 --> 00:26:15,280
and its naval fleet will be reduced.

366
00:26:15,280 --> 00:26:18,180
Above all, it will have to pay reparations,

367
00:26:18,180 --> 00:26:22,163
a colossal sum for the time, the equivalent of $600 billion.

368
00:26:24,380 --> 00:26:26,993
Germany loses 10% of its territory.

369
00:26:28,490 --> 00:26:30,300
To contain it in the East,

370
00:26:30,300 --> 00:26:32,740
the Allies want to resurrect Poland,

371
00:26:32,740 --> 00:26:34,760
partitioned in the 18th century,

372
00:26:34,760 --> 00:26:37,610
and give Poland access to the Baltic sea.

373
00:26:37,610 --> 00:26:41,530
Thereby dividing Germany in two, a dangerous absurdity

374
00:26:41,530 --> 00:26:43,703
that will make lasting peace impossible.

375
00:26:46,870 --> 00:26:48,760
It is 3:15,

376
00:26:48,760 --> 00:26:51,803
The Treaty of Versailles has just been signed.

377
00:26:58,100 --> 00:27:02,383
The big four will now greet the international press.

378
00:27:06,170 --> 00:27:09,377
Only weeks before Wilson had cautioned,

379
00:27:09,377 --> 00:27:12,130
"Our greatest error would be to give Germany

380
00:27:12,130 --> 00:27:16,000
powerful reasons for wishing one day to take revenge.

381
00:27:16,000 --> 00:27:17,520
Excessive demands would

382
00:27:17,520 --> 00:27:19,907
most certainly sow the seeds of war."

383
00:27:21,720 --> 00:27:23,630
Clemenceau thinks otherwise.

384
00:27:23,630 --> 00:27:25,397
He declares with confidence,

385
00:27:25,397 --> 00:27:26,907
"Germany will pay."

386
00:27:27,950 --> 00:27:30,217
But he is tired, he adds,

387
00:27:30,217 --> 00:27:33,027
"Waging war was easier than making peace."

388
00:27:40,591 --> 00:27:42,750
The truth is that the scale of the disaster

389
00:27:42,750 --> 00:27:44,433
provoked a kind of shock.

390
00:27:45,960 --> 00:27:48,980
One of the great minds of the time, Paul Valery,

391
00:27:48,980 --> 00:27:53,980
writes in 1919, "We civilizations know now

392
00:27:54,330 --> 00:27:55,940
that we are mortal.

393
00:27:55,940 --> 00:27:58,380
We had heard tell of vanished worlds,

394
00:27:58,380 --> 00:28:00,680
Empires gone down with all their men

395
00:28:00,680 --> 00:28:02,600
and all their machines,

396
00:28:02,600 --> 00:28:04,970
but these disasters were none of our affair

397
00:28:06,250 --> 00:28:09,810
and now we see that the abyss of history

398
00:28:09,810 --> 00:28:11,513
is deep enough to hold us all.

399
00:28:12,380 --> 00:28:14,690
We are aware that a civilization

400
00:28:14,690 --> 00:28:16,797
is as fragile as a human life."

401
00:28:23,240 --> 00:28:27,480
July 14th, 1919, Bastille Day this year

402
00:28:27,480 --> 00:28:29,093
is a celebration of victory.

403
00:28:30,080 --> 00:28:32,980
But also of the crushing humiliation of Germany

404
00:28:32,980 --> 00:28:34,380
by the Treaty of Versailles.

405
00:28:39,560 --> 00:28:42,000
It is also a bittersweet celebration

406
00:28:42,000 --> 00:28:43,250
for the widows of France.

407
00:28:53,780 --> 00:28:56,763
Many survivors have trouble turning the page.

408
00:29:01,400 --> 00:29:04,970
In a letter censored by military postal authorities,

409
00:29:04,970 --> 00:29:06,927
a soldier writes,

410
00:29:06,927 --> 00:29:09,857
"You don't celebrate when millions are dead."

411
00:29:14,828 --> 00:29:16,610
(triumphant parade music)

412
00:29:16,610 --> 00:29:19,280
But just six months after the war,

413
00:29:19,280 --> 00:29:21,260
Clemenceau orders a grand parade

414
00:29:21,260 --> 00:29:23,720
on Paris' magnificent Champs-Elysees

415
00:29:23,720 --> 00:29:26,783
of all the armies that fought for four long years.

416
00:29:32,540 --> 00:29:34,140
To cover the event,

417
00:29:34,140 --> 00:29:37,110
the leading American magazine of the time, Outlook,

418
00:29:37,110 --> 00:29:40,203
sends its best journalist, Albert Baldwin.

419
00:29:42,420 --> 00:29:46,553
He writes, "The ample sidewalks are densely crowded.

420
00:29:48,370 --> 00:29:51,253
People are on stepladders and balconies and roofs.

421
00:29:52,400 --> 00:29:54,890
A cannon booms, it's echo taken up

422
00:29:54,890 --> 00:29:56,423
by the cheering thousands.

423
00:29:58,200 --> 00:30:01,140
Here comes Joffre, The Victor of the Marne,

424
00:30:01,140 --> 00:30:03,790
Foch the Commander in Chief of the Allied Forces

425
00:30:04,930 --> 00:30:07,230
and the leader of the American troops, Pershing,

426
00:30:07,230 --> 00:30:08,973
with a severe military air.

427
00:30:10,480 --> 00:30:12,797
In the crowd, someone shouts, "Smile,"

428
00:30:13,990 --> 00:30:15,910
and the Belgians smile.

429
00:30:15,910 --> 00:30:17,550
They are more relaxed.

430
00:30:17,550 --> 00:30:20,060
But the British receive the most applause,

431
00:30:20,060 --> 00:30:21,423
especially the Scots.

432
00:30:23,010 --> 00:30:24,990
And people scream when they see the Japanese,

433
00:30:24,990 --> 00:30:26,030
the Greeks, the Poles,

434
00:30:26,030 --> 00:30:28,303
the tanned Portuguese, the nervous Serbs.

435
00:30:30,300 --> 00:30:32,020
But where are the Russians?

436
00:30:32,020 --> 00:30:34,080
Not the Bolsheviks, but the ally

437
00:30:34,080 --> 00:30:37,093
that sacrificed 2 million men to make this day possible.

438
00:30:40,120 --> 00:30:43,980
And now here comes Petain on his white horse.

439
00:30:43,980 --> 00:30:47,163
I did not imagine him so young, the Hero of Verdun.

440
00:30:50,770 --> 00:30:52,970
A renowned author, Robert de Flers,

441
00:30:52,970 --> 00:30:54,820
writes in the daily paper, Le Figaro,

442
00:30:56,587 --> 00:30:59,460
"All these uniforms, from every country,

443
00:30:59,460 --> 00:31:03,100
were dyed the same color, that of blood.

444
00:31:03,100 --> 00:31:06,360
The mutilated, whose arms and legs were left behind,

445
00:31:06,360 --> 00:31:07,847
hobble in their glory."

446
00:31:13,210 --> 00:31:16,100
After this procession glorifying the victors,

447
00:31:16,100 --> 00:31:18,253
what has become of the real losers?

448
00:31:19,150 --> 00:31:22,830
The 8 million invalids, from every warring country,

449
00:31:22,830 --> 00:31:27,643
who've lost limbs, been gassed, shellshocked, blinded.

450
00:31:28,720 --> 00:31:31,720
{\an8}(melancholic music)

451
00:32:09,410 --> 00:32:13,330
{\an8}And what of the men whose teeth, noses, eyes

452
00:32:13,330 --> 00:32:15,123
were obliterated by shells?

453
00:32:23,210 --> 00:32:27,293
A Swiss Red Cross nurse, Henriette Remy, recalls,

454
00:32:28,777 --> 00:32:32,560
"Never in my life had I seen anything so atrocious.

455
00:32:32,560 --> 00:32:36,200
Immersed in a disgusting stench were some 20 monsters,

456
00:32:36,200 --> 00:32:38,890
men who no longer had anything human about them,

457
00:32:38,890 --> 00:32:41,107
with mutilated debris for faces."

458
00:32:43,050 --> 00:32:46,090
Henriette Remy is present as one of these wounded men meets

459
00:32:46,090 --> 00:32:49,573
his young son who screams in terror at the sight of him.

460
00:32:52,180 --> 00:32:55,980
He weeps, saying, "I am so horrible.

461
00:32:55,980 --> 00:32:59,130
To have once been a man and now to be only this,

462
00:32:59,130 --> 00:33:02,500
a terror to my child, a burden for my wife,

463
00:33:02,500 --> 00:33:05,597
a disgrace to humanity, let me die."

464
00:33:06,660 --> 00:33:08,263
He later commits suicide.

465
00:33:11,290 --> 00:33:14,870
And this man who was married in 1914,

466
00:33:14,870 --> 00:33:16,720
the day before he left for the front.

467
00:33:17,830 --> 00:33:22,830
He writes, "The image reflected in the mirror scares me.

468
00:33:23,950 --> 00:33:27,720
I scream in despair, no mouth, but a maw

469
00:33:27,720 --> 00:33:29,930
and from my gaping maw come only

470
00:33:29,930 --> 00:33:32,337
the gruntings of a wild beast."

471
00:33:47,067 --> 00:33:51,270
"The war left us nothing but cemeteries and ruins,"

472
00:33:51,270 --> 00:33:55,180
writes Marcel Capi, one of the women who, for four years,

473
00:33:55,180 --> 00:33:58,293
had replaced the men who worked in munitions factories.

474
00:34:04,120 --> 00:34:07,680
French women demand, in vain, the right to vote,

475
00:34:07,680 --> 00:34:10,140
already granted to British women.

476
00:34:10,140 --> 00:34:12,890
Worse, they are fired from factories

477
00:34:12,890 --> 00:34:15,640
to make room for returning soldiers,

478
00:34:15,640 --> 00:34:17,440
But at least, they implore,

479
00:34:17,440 --> 00:34:19,903
let peace return once and for all.

480
00:34:22,160 --> 00:34:25,543
Now a dedicated pacifist, Marcel Capi writes,

481
00:34:26,717 --> 00:34:28,820
"The so called peace treaties are,

482
00:34:28,820 --> 00:34:31,410
in reality, sources of conflict.

483
00:34:31,410 --> 00:34:34,820
Inspired by revenge, they make injustice a doctrine

484
00:34:34,820 --> 00:34:36,923
and have plunged Europe into chaos.

485
00:34:37,950 --> 00:34:40,487
The Treaty of Versailles is an absurdity."

486
00:34:44,050 --> 00:34:46,530
{\an8}The Treaty of Versailles will be the foundation

487
00:34:46,530 --> 00:34:49,193
{\an8}of the vengeful speeches given by Hitler,

488
00:34:50,250 --> 00:34:52,920
filmed here for the first time in 1919

489
00:34:52,920 --> 00:34:55,140
at a far right demonstration.

490
00:34:55,140 --> 00:34:56,890
At this point, he is merely

491
00:34:56,890 --> 00:34:59,640
an anti Bolshevik informant for the army,

492
00:34:59,640 --> 00:35:02,210
but he knows how to use this deeply flawed

493
00:35:02,210 --> 00:35:04,143
peace treaty to his advantage.

494
00:35:06,140 --> 00:35:09,790
He will write, "Versailles was a disgrace

495
00:35:09,790 --> 00:35:12,310
and this dictated peace is an incredible

496
00:35:12,310 --> 00:35:14,310
plundering of our people.

497
00:35:14,310 --> 00:35:17,440
France, the mortal enemy of our people,

498
00:35:17,440 --> 00:35:19,427
is strangling us ruthlessly."

499
00:35:21,570 --> 00:35:25,003
Hitler looks around him and sees only misery.

500
00:35:26,160 --> 00:35:30,720
He says, "Let the shame and rage that lies within

501
00:35:30,720 --> 00:35:34,237
60 million Germans become a torrent of flame."

502
00:35:42,040 --> 00:35:45,100
The Treaty of Versailles requires Germans

503
00:35:45,100 --> 00:35:47,600
to surrender all their weapons

504
00:35:47,600 --> 00:35:49,483
for which they receive compensation.

505
00:35:59,550 --> 00:36:01,920
They see their planes and their artillery

506
00:36:01,920 --> 00:36:04,203
destroyed by order of the Allies.

507
00:36:08,360 --> 00:36:12,780
German military leaders share in the sense of humiliation.

508
00:36:12,780 --> 00:36:14,840
Now commanding a reduced army,

509
00:36:14,840 --> 00:36:17,910
they will transform it into an elite fighting force

510
00:36:17,910 --> 00:36:20,273
to wreak revenge on France and England.

511
00:36:25,960 --> 00:36:28,360
They will fail in their attempts to seize power,

512
00:36:30,340 --> 00:36:32,600
but will pressure successive governments

513
00:36:32,600 --> 00:36:36,643
until they find, in Hitler, the ideal man for their plan.

514
00:36:40,080 --> 00:36:44,493
By 1919, the swastika begins to appear on helmets.

515
00:36:48,110 --> 00:36:51,787
One of these officers, Ernst Junger, writes,

516
00:36:51,787 --> 00:36:55,497
"The war is not the end, but the beginning of violence."

517
00:36:56,670 --> 00:36:59,547
Lieutenant Friedrich Wilhelm Heinz says,

518
00:36:59,547 --> 00:37:02,800
"When they told us the war was over, we laughed

519
00:37:02,800 --> 00:37:04,430
because we are war.

520
00:37:04,430 --> 00:37:06,537
Its flame continues to burn in us."

521
00:37:11,439 --> 00:37:14,106
(marching drum)

522
00:37:23,288 --> 00:37:24,270
(upbeat music)

523
00:37:24,270 --> 00:37:26,360
Respectable society in Germany

524
00:37:26,360 --> 00:37:29,317
supports the army and will support Hitler.

525
00:37:31,980 --> 00:37:35,250
Industrialists who manufactured thousands of machine guns

526
00:37:35,250 --> 00:37:39,790
and millions of uniforms form a new moneyed elite.

527
00:37:39,790 --> 00:37:43,390
Berliners invent a word for them, Rafka,

528
00:37:43,390 --> 00:37:44,923
those who rake in money.

529
00:37:50,550 --> 00:37:53,343
They live surrounded by extreme poverty.

530
00:37:57,000 --> 00:38:00,003
They are intoxicated with cynicism.

531
00:38:05,230 --> 00:38:07,850
{\an8}In France, the trenches are empty

532
00:38:07,850 --> 00:38:09,803
and the birds have begun to sing again.

533
00:38:10,800 --> 00:38:13,270
But the Allied armies are still struggling,

534
00:38:13,270 --> 00:38:16,713
two years later, to demobilize 9 million men.

535
00:38:19,760 --> 00:38:22,170
Censorship of military mail continues

536
00:38:22,170 --> 00:38:25,133
until all men have returned to civilian life.

537
00:38:26,100 --> 00:38:29,393
A letter intercepted from one of these forgotten men reads,

538
00:38:31,187 --> 00:38:32,713
"Why won't they set us free?

539
00:38:33,920 --> 00:38:35,133
We're sick of this.

540
00:38:37,000 --> 00:38:39,200
Now that the war is over,

541
00:38:39,200 --> 00:38:42,447
let those of us who saved you return to our families."

542
00:38:45,706 --> 00:38:48,140
And wives will be reunited with their men.

543
00:38:48,140 --> 00:38:52,152
Just like the most famous singer of the day, Mistinguett.

544
00:38:52,152 --> 00:38:55,985
{\an8}(singing in foreign language)

545
00:39:23,270 --> 00:39:25,810
Five million demobilized French soldiers

546
00:39:25,810 --> 00:39:28,510
are entitled to a civilian suit of clothes.

547
00:39:28,510 --> 00:39:30,690
But supplies run short.

548
00:39:30,690 --> 00:39:34,030
Attempts to dye uniforms are considered ridiculous

549
00:39:34,030 --> 00:39:37,683
and so an allowance of about $50 is paid to each man.

550
00:39:41,100 --> 00:39:44,390
Many are farmers who return to their fields,

551
00:39:44,390 --> 00:39:47,040
but factory workers in all countries

552
00:39:47,040 --> 00:39:48,743
have a harder time finding work.

553
00:39:53,330 --> 00:39:55,730
Women have been forced out of their wartime jobs

554
00:39:56,610 --> 00:39:58,660
but arms production has been slashed too.

555
00:39:59,550 --> 00:40:02,763
Industrialists cannot transform their businesses overnight.

556
00:40:04,920 --> 00:40:07,110
Demobilization is hardest of all

557
00:40:07,110 --> 00:40:10,887
for the Australians and New Zealanders, known as the ANZACS.

558
00:40:13,130 --> 00:40:15,363
They linger in filthy transit camps.

559
00:40:16,750 --> 00:40:18,470
Soldiers from distant continents

560
00:40:18,470 --> 00:40:19,850
and their disillusioned officers

561
00:40:19,850 --> 00:40:21,993
now have nothing to kill but time.

562
00:40:23,140 --> 00:40:24,970
They create strange shows

563
00:40:24,970 --> 00:40:26,793
like this skit about death.

564
00:40:28,150 --> 00:40:30,700
After eluding it in the trenches,

565
00:40:30,700 --> 00:40:34,360
they are now stalked by death from the Spanish Flu,

566
00:40:34,360 --> 00:40:37,403
the global epidemic thought to have originated in Spain.

567
00:40:40,400 --> 00:40:43,750
In fact, it is an especially virulent bird flu

568
00:40:43,750 --> 00:40:48,173
that kills over 20 million people, more than the war itself.

569
00:40:57,400 --> 00:40:59,763
Returning soldiers face many challenges.

570
00:41:02,550 --> 00:41:05,253
Earl Sutherland of Toronto writes to his mother,

571
00:41:06,727 --> 00:41:08,690
"I hope you will not condemn me

572
00:41:08,690 --> 00:41:10,913
for marrying a girl whose father was German.

573
00:41:12,650 --> 00:41:15,410
Rosa is a very kind and earnest girl

574
00:41:15,410 --> 00:41:16,963
who has been very kind to me.

575
00:41:18,690 --> 00:41:20,940
Please don't condemn her before you see her."

576
00:41:26,300 --> 00:41:29,240
Lieutenant Arthur Lapointe, of the famous Van Doos,

577
00:41:29,240 --> 00:41:31,840
the mainly French Canadian 22nd regiment,

578
00:41:31,840 --> 00:41:33,670
returns home to Quebec.

579
00:41:33,670 --> 00:41:38,220
He writes, "I feel my heart overflowing with joy

580
00:41:38,220 --> 00:41:41,417
for this land that I never thought I would see again."

581
00:41:43,780 --> 00:41:46,203
Some members of his family have died of the flu.

582
00:41:47,770 --> 00:41:51,963
His neighbor lost her husband in the battle of Vimy in 1917.

583
00:41:54,790 --> 00:41:56,870
Repatriation ends.

584
00:41:56,870 --> 00:41:59,357
A special commission reports,

585
00:41:59,357 --> 00:42:01,330
"Most of the men come back from the war

586
00:42:01,330 --> 00:42:03,053
in a kind of mental lethargy.

587
00:42:04,250 --> 00:42:07,300
{\an8}There were so long subjected to military discipline,

588
00:42:07,300 --> 00:42:10,510
{\an8}fed, dressed and accustomed to obeying orders

589
00:42:10,510 --> 00:42:12,310
that they have lost their autonomy."

590
00:42:23,850 --> 00:42:26,220
The Canadian Military Hospitals Commission

591
00:42:26,220 --> 00:42:31,150
confidently states, "What every disabled soldier must know

592
00:42:31,150 --> 00:42:34,483
is that the word impossible is not in our dictionary.

593
00:42:36,970 --> 00:42:39,230
The success he will have later in his work,

594
00:42:39,230 --> 00:42:41,160
depends on the energy and perseverance

595
00:42:41,160 --> 00:42:43,147
he shows during his rehabilitation."

596
00:42:53,800 --> 00:42:57,503
478,000 Americans also leave France,

597
00:42:58,900 --> 00:43:01,110
but not before being disinfected

598
00:43:01,110 --> 00:43:03,810
and cleansed of all parasites picked up in the trenches

599
00:43:03,810 --> 00:43:05,890
and other dangerous places,

600
00:43:05,890 --> 00:43:06,723
like brothels.

601
00:43:08,600 --> 00:43:11,583
But it's the Spanish Flu that especially worries doctors.

602
00:43:22,130 --> 00:43:26,400
African American troops are particularly uneasy.

603
00:43:26,400 --> 00:43:29,130
In France, they didn't encounter racism,

604
00:43:29,130 --> 00:43:31,440
but now they're heading home to the segregation

605
00:43:31,440 --> 00:43:34,140
of the deep South and the growing violence

606
00:43:34,140 --> 00:43:37,723
spearheaded by the sinister and secretive Ku Klux Klan.

607
00:43:38,562 --> 00:43:41,395
(dramatic music)

608
00:43:42,350 --> 00:43:44,140
On the cotton plantations,

609
00:43:44,140 --> 00:43:46,080
life has changed little since slavery

610
00:43:46,920 --> 00:43:49,520
and children sing an old spiritual,

611
00:43:49,520 --> 00:43:51,780
later sung by Louis Armstrong.

612
00:43:51,780 --> 00:43:56,780
♪ One day one day I was walking along ♪

613
00:43:56,992 --> 00:44:01,992
♪ Oh yes Lord ♪

614
00:44:02,145 --> 00:44:07,056
♪ The sky opened up and love came down ♪

615
00:44:07,056 --> 00:44:12,056
♪ Oh yes Lord ♪

616
00:44:12,258 --> 00:44:17,258
♪ Nobody knows the trouble I've seen ♪

617
00:44:17,897 --> 00:44:22,897
♪ Nobody knows but Jesus ♪

618
00:44:23,153 --> 00:44:28,153
♪ Nobody knows the trouble I've seen ♪

619
00:44:29,122 --> 00:44:34,122
♪ Glory hallelujah ♪

620
00:44:38,936 --> 00:44:43,936
♪ Nobody knows the trouble I've seen ♪

621
00:44:44,008 --> 00:44:49,008
♪ Nobody knows but Jesus ♪

622
00:44:49,933 --> 00:44:54,933
♪ Nobody knows the trouble I've seen ♪

623
00:44:55,761 --> 00:44:58,678
♪ Glory hallelujah ♪