1
00:00:14,377 --> 00:00:15,917
I am Marina Litvinenko.

2
00:00:17,297 --> 00:00:22,317
I am wife
of Alexander Litvinenko, my husband.

3
00:00:22,377 --> 00:00:23,597
I call him Sascha.

4
00:00:25,377 --> 00:00:28,477
14th of October 1994,

5
00:00:28,537 --> 00:00:30,877
when we married,

6
00:00:30,937 --> 00:00:34,317
we didn't
want to make any photographs,

7
00:00:34,377 --> 00:00:39,357
but a woman from the civilian centre
said, "Please, just do it.

8
00:00:39,417 --> 00:00:40,497
"It will be a good memory."

9
00:00:42,217 --> 00:00:44,717
And now I'm very happy
I have this picture.

10
00:01:01,497 --> 00:01:05,837
When I met Sascha first of all,
he was a KGB or FSB officer,

11
00:01:05,897 --> 00:01:08,157
fighting organised crime.

12
00:01:09,057 --> 00:01:12,397
It was a very difficult period
for Sascha.

13
00:01:12,457 --> 00:01:15,837
Criminality was everywhere

14
00:01:15,897 --> 00:01:17,957
and there was a connection

15
00:01:18,017 --> 00:01:23,717
between officers of very high rank
from FSB and organised crime.

16
00:01:24,697 --> 00:01:27,757
This was a very dangerous moment

17
00:01:27,817 --> 00:01:30,117
and Sascha
became more and more upset.

18
00:01:45,537 --> 00:01:48,397
When Sascha told me
they have a new director

19
00:01:48,457 --> 00:01:49,957
and it is Vladimir Putin,

20
00:01:50,017 --> 00:01:53,477
I said, "And? Who's this guy?"

21
00:01:53,537 --> 00:01:57,757
So, Sascha went to meet Putin himself

22
00:01:57,817 --> 00:02:00,157
and he explained to Putin

23
00:02:00,217 --> 00:02:03,437
the connection between people
from the security service

24
00:02:03,497 --> 00:02:05,957
and organised crime,

25
00:02:06,017 --> 00:02:09,557
drug dealing,
all of this kind of criminality.

26
00:02:11,537 --> 00:02:17,437
Putin didn't show
any interest and they finished.

27
00:02:19,897 --> 00:02:23,357
When Sascha came back, he was worried
what might happen to us.

28
00:02:24,457 --> 00:02:26,917
I said, "And what is next?"

29
00:02:26,977 --> 00:02:32,277
And he said, "Actually, they might
kill me or may be arrested."

30
00:02:33,377 --> 00:02:34,597
It was just two options.

31
00:02:44,297 --> 00:02:48,157
MAN: For Putin, there are enemies
and there are traitors.

32
00:02:48,217 --> 00:02:50,957
Enemies are something
he can live with,

33
00:02:51,017 --> 00:02:55,317
but the traitors is a different,
totally different kettle of fish.

34
00:02:56,217 --> 00:02:59,437
Betrayal is one thing
he absolutely doesn't tolerate.

35
00:03:00,457 --> 00:03:01,917
He's a vengeful man.

36
00:03:05,697 --> 00:03:08,037
MAN: I've been threatened
with murder,

37
00:03:08,097 --> 00:03:09,717
I've been threatened
with kidnapping.

38
00:03:09,777 --> 00:03:12,397
He took over Russia,
which was on its knees,

39
00:03:12,457 --> 00:03:15,957
and he has dealt
with all that, controlled it.

40
00:03:16,017 --> 00:03:17,357
MAN: Money is power.

41
00:03:17,417 --> 00:03:19,797
There are now new rules of the game.

42
00:03:19,857 --> 00:03:23,517
Putin didn't win,
and Putin hates not winning.

43
00:03:23,577 --> 00:03:26,237
WOMAN: Putin doesn't really
need to say,

44
00:03:26,297 --> 00:03:28,517
"I want this person to be killed."

45
00:03:45,217 --> 00:03:47,757
REPORTER: Police are investigating
the unexplained death

46
00:03:47,817 --> 00:03:51,277
of the controversial Russian
businessman, Boris Berezovsky,

47
00:03:51,337 --> 00:03:53,997
who's been found dead
at his home in Berkshire.

48
00:03:54,937 --> 00:03:57,957
At one stage he was one of Russia's
most influential oligarchs,

49
00:03:58,017 --> 00:04:01,477
but in the late-'90s he quickly
fell out of favour with the Kremlin

50
00:04:01,537 --> 00:04:03,957
after becoming critical
of Vladimir Putin.

51
00:04:13,097 --> 00:04:16,037
REPORTER: In the Kremlin,
there's a new man in charge.

52
00:04:16,097 --> 00:04:20,317
Six months ago,
hardly anyone had heard of him.

53
00:04:20,377 --> 00:04:25,477
To stay in the Kremlin, Vladimir
Putin needs to be a strong man,

54
00:04:25,537 --> 00:04:29,237
but he'll also need
the political skills of a superman

55
00:04:29,297 --> 00:04:33,917
if he's to succeed in turning Russia
into a functioning democracy.

56
00:04:39,057 --> 00:04:43,557
WOMAN: Well, I interviewed Mr Putin
a year into his first presidency.

57
00:04:45,017 --> 00:04:47,237
He was still new.

58
00:04:47,297 --> 00:04:49,557
He was a bit unsure of himself.

59
00:04:49,617 --> 00:04:52,637
(SPEAKS RUSSIAN)

60
00:04:52,697 --> 00:04:56,037
He came into the room,
you didn't quite notice he'd come in.

61
00:04:56,097 --> 00:05:00,357
Because he was new, we were asking
him all sorts of different questions.

62
00:05:00,417 --> 00:05:02,257
On occasion,
I would ask him personal questions

63
00:05:02,297 --> 00:05:03,677
like, "What books are you reading?

64
00:05:03,737 --> 00:05:05,077
"What's your daily regime?

65
00:05:16,897 --> 00:05:18,917
He didn't quite know how to answer.

66
00:05:35,177 --> 00:05:38,877
So, he was a new president
who'd never had a public persona,

67
00:05:38,937 --> 00:05:41,877
never run for office, and... before,

68
00:05:41,937 --> 00:05:44,997
and, um, he wasn't yet comfortable

69
00:05:45,057 --> 00:05:50,277
in who he should be
and how to handle those questions.

70
00:05:50,337 --> 00:05:52,797
You felt a sense of vulnerability.

71
00:07:07,897 --> 00:07:11,317
NEWSREADER: More than 100
Russian sailors are trapped tonight

72
00:07:11,377 --> 00:07:14,197
in a crippled nuclear submarine.

73
00:07:14,257 --> 00:07:18,677
The Kursk sank while taking part
in an exercise in the Barents Sea.

74
00:07:18,737 --> 00:07:21,357
It's lying on the seabed,
apparently badly damaged

75
00:07:21,417 --> 00:07:22,957
and out of radio contact.

76
00:07:25,737 --> 00:07:28,677
MAN: The Kursk was certainly the
worst thing that happened to Putin

77
00:07:28,737 --> 00:07:30,397
in his first year in office.

78
00:07:32,297 --> 00:07:38,357
My naval attache was in very close
contact with the Russian Navy

79
00:07:38,417 --> 00:07:41,157
and as soon as we'd heard
that the Kursk went down,

80
00:07:41,217 --> 00:07:43,757
he had instructions from
the Ministry of Defence in London

81
00:07:43,817 --> 00:07:45,797
to go and offer help
to the Russian Navy.

82
00:07:45,857 --> 00:07:50,037
The answer was, "Well, thank you
very much, we'll get back to you,"

83
00:07:50,097 --> 00:07:52,837
and they hummed and hahed.

84
00:07:52,897 --> 00:07:56,517
It was a very traumatic story,
not well handled by Putin.

85
00:07:58,377 --> 00:08:00,597
He didn't
come straight back to Moscow

86
00:08:00,657 --> 00:08:01,957
and take charge of the incident

87
00:08:02,017 --> 00:08:03,137
and a lot of anger built up.

88
00:08:22,057 --> 00:08:25,477
NEWSREADER: A full week now since
the Kursk was sent to the bottom,

89
00:08:25,537 --> 00:08:28,117
a Russian admiral has said
there is almost no hope

90
00:08:28,177 --> 00:08:31,597
of finding
any of the 118 crew alive.

91
00:08:44,697 --> 00:08:46,197
MAN: There was a window
of opportunity

92
00:08:46,257 --> 00:08:47,913
where perhaps at least some
of the sailors who died

93
00:08:47,937 --> 00:08:49,757
could have been saved.

94
00:08:49,817 --> 00:08:51,677
And that was...

95
00:08:51,737 --> 00:08:55,877
..that was a shock
to a lot of people in Russia.

96
00:08:56,977 --> 00:08:58,437
And to add insult to injury,

97
00:08:58,497 --> 00:09:00,797
Putin didn't even leave
his holiday home in Sochi,

98
00:09:00,857 --> 00:09:02,317
where he was at the time.

99
00:09:02,377 --> 00:09:05,717
Just continued to enjoy,
you know, the seaside.

100
00:09:20,097 --> 00:09:22,837
SIR RODERIC: When he did
eventually come back,

101
00:09:22,897 --> 00:09:25,117
he went up and he had meetings

102
00:09:25,177 --> 00:09:30,037
with some very angry relatives
of the sailors who'd died.

103
00:10:04,337 --> 00:10:07,357
If you are the leader,
as Putin was,

104
00:10:07,417 --> 00:10:10,877
you don't want to be associated
with this bit of bad news.

105
00:10:10,937 --> 00:10:13,957
The first thing he did was to
tell lies about it and cover it up.

106
00:10:17,137 --> 00:10:19,437
MAN: You have to
get in Putin's mind.

107
00:10:20,417 --> 00:10:26,317
He knows that a few months before
he was nobody,

108
00:10:26,377 --> 00:10:29,797
and with the help of television

109
00:10:29,857 --> 00:10:32,597
he became Russia's president.

110
00:10:33,777 --> 00:10:39,917
So, he already knows
what power television has,

111
00:10:39,977 --> 00:10:41,837
what kind of weapon it is.

112
00:10:46,417 --> 00:10:50,117
KARA-MURZA: Channel One
was controlled by Boris Berezovsky...

113
00:10:54,337 --> 00:10:57,197
..one of the most influential
so-called oligarchs

114
00:10:57,257 --> 00:10:59,397
in the 1990s in Russia,

115
00:10:59,457 --> 00:11:03,797
and who was actually a major force
behind Putin's ascension to power.

116
00:11:04,697 --> 00:11:08,677
The first major rift between the two
came in the summer of 2000

117
00:11:08,737 --> 00:11:11,397
with the Kursk disaster.

118
00:11:11,457 --> 00:11:15,957
Channel One launched into
a scathing attack on Vladimir Putin,

119
00:11:16,017 --> 00:11:20,117
perhaps the most famous episode
of the Sergei Dorenko's weekly show,

120
00:11:20,177 --> 00:11:23,317
when he basically completely
destroyed Putin's justifications,

121
00:11:23,377 --> 00:11:24,377
line by line.

122
00:11:48,097 --> 00:11:50,837
Berezovsky thought,
"I helped to put this guy in power,

123
00:11:50,897 --> 00:11:52,237
"I have this media thing."

124
00:11:52,297 --> 00:11:56,077
And to an extent Boris Berezovsky
perhaps made the huge mistake

125
00:11:56,137 --> 00:11:59,277
of seeing himself as the puppet
master and Putin as the puppet.

126
00:11:59,337 --> 00:12:03,477
And Putin was determined, and
quite understandably as a politician,

127
00:12:03,537 --> 00:12:06,997
to show that he was the boss,
not the guy who owned the media.

128
00:12:11,697 --> 00:12:14,837
KARA-MURZA: In the same month,
in September of 2000,

129
00:12:14,897 --> 00:12:16,753
the state recovered full control
over Channel One -

130
00:12:16,777 --> 00:12:18,317
and Berezovsky was out.

131
00:12:37,137 --> 00:12:41,757
Shortly after that, Boris Berezovsky
who was living here in London,

132
00:12:41,817 --> 00:12:43,677
applied for political asylum,

133
00:12:43,737 --> 00:12:46,797
because I think he feared
being extradited to Russia,

134
00:12:46,857 --> 00:12:50,357
and the Russians
applied for his extradition.

135
00:12:50,417 --> 00:12:53,157
So, I had to explain to the Russians

136
00:12:53,217 --> 00:12:56,037
that Berezovsky
was not coming back to Russia.

137
00:12:57,737 --> 00:13:01,437
When a KGB general says to you,

138
00:13:01,497 --> 00:13:05,597
"We will retaliate
if you do not do what we wish,"

139
00:13:05,657 --> 00:13:09,677
and you absolutely know
that under our system and our values

140
00:13:09,737 --> 00:13:12,477
and our rule of law, we are not
going to do what they wish,

141
00:13:12,537 --> 00:13:14,357
then you know
there's going to be retaliation.

142
00:14:24,257 --> 00:14:26,517
MAN: Every time I cross a border
I could be arrested

143
00:14:26,577 --> 00:14:29,397
Um, er, every time
an unexpected package comes,

144
00:14:29,457 --> 00:14:32,277
could be a bomb or poison.

145
00:14:32,337 --> 00:14:35,997
I've been threatened with murder,
I've been threatened with kidnapping.

146
00:14:36,057 --> 00:14:38,877
The Russian government has come
repeatedly to the British government

147
00:14:38,937 --> 00:14:41,797
to try to have me
extradited back to Russia.

148
00:14:43,097 --> 00:14:46,197
I'm clearly a targeted individual.

149
00:14:48,697 --> 00:14:53,557
I'm very high
on their list of enemies,

150
00:14:53,617 --> 00:14:57,077
but I was once the largest
hedge fund manager in Russia.

151
00:14:58,697 --> 00:15:01,597
There's a possibility of it
or there's a 25% chance?

152
00:15:06,257 --> 00:15:10,277
Russia was run by Boris Yeltsin,
who was the president.

153
00:15:10,337 --> 00:15:11,637
He had come up with this idea,

154
00:15:11,697 --> 00:15:15,037
which was, "If we wanna go
from communism to capitalism,

155
00:15:15,097 --> 00:15:16,517
"you need to create capitalists."

156
00:15:18,457 --> 00:15:21,677
And so they launched something called
the Mass Privatisation Programme.

157
00:15:25,977 --> 00:15:29,557
What should've happened was that
all people would own a lot of stuff

158
00:15:29,617 --> 00:15:31,717
and they would behave
like capitalists.

159
00:15:31,777 --> 00:15:34,517
But instead,
a small group of oligarchs

160
00:15:34,577 --> 00:15:38,597
ended up hoovering up
all the state assets at a discount.

161
00:15:40,017 --> 00:15:43,277
And it had a dramatic effect,
a particularly dramatic effect,

162
00:15:43,337 --> 00:15:46,357
the moment that Vladimir Putin
came to power.

163
00:15:50,057 --> 00:15:51,877
Normally, if you're
president of the country,

164
00:15:51,937 --> 00:15:54,397
you control your government
you control your law enforcement,

165
00:15:54,457 --> 00:15:56,757
you control
your foreign ministry et cetera.

166
00:15:56,817 --> 00:15:58,037
But when Putin showed up,

167
00:15:58,097 --> 00:16:02,117
all those normal things
that a president, er, has and does

168
00:16:02,177 --> 00:16:06,357
had been effectively usurped
or privatised by the oligarchs.

169
00:16:06,417 --> 00:16:10,917
And so his big thing was, "We can't
let the oligarchs own the country."

170
00:16:39,697 --> 00:16:42,157
He believes that judo
taught him a lot,

171
00:16:42,217 --> 00:16:48,677
and part of the political philosophy
is in this asymmetric response.

172
00:16:50,697 --> 00:16:51,757
Judo is all about

173
00:16:51,817 --> 00:16:55,637
using the weight or the strength
of your opponent against him.

174
00:17:19,897 --> 00:17:21,197
MAN: When Putin came to power,

175
00:17:21,257 --> 00:17:23,237
he essentially sat down
with the oligarchs,

176
00:17:23,297 --> 00:17:26,477
these figures who had become
so obscenely rich in the 1990s

177
00:17:26,537 --> 00:17:29,437
and as a result had
basically come to dominate politics.

178
00:17:29,497 --> 00:17:33,357
And he made it very clear
that a new dawn had broken.

179
00:17:33,417 --> 00:17:36,917
They could remain rich,
powerful and free,

180
00:17:36,977 --> 00:17:39,717
however, only so long as they
understood the new rules of the game.

181
00:17:58,097 --> 00:17:59,997
FISHMAN: Money is power.

182
00:18:00,057 --> 00:18:03,117
Russia's richest people

183
00:18:03,177 --> 00:18:06,117
and those who actually run
Russian economy

184
00:18:06,177 --> 00:18:10,837
all has to be
under Putin's personal control.

185
00:18:10,897 --> 00:18:13,317
In other words,
they had to stay out of politics.

186
00:18:13,377 --> 00:18:17,517
And some oligarchs essentially
left the country as a result.

187
00:18:17,577 --> 00:18:23,037
But one was Mikhail Khodorkovsky,
the richest of them all.

188
00:18:23,097 --> 00:18:26,557
Khodorkovsky, whether it was
because of his own values,

189
00:18:26,617 --> 00:18:29,597
whether it's because he just thought
he was too big to take down,

190
00:18:29,657 --> 00:18:32,877
continued to be involved in politics,
he continued to hold forth.

191
00:18:32,937 --> 00:18:35,797
He actually upbraided Putin
about corruption.

192
00:18:35,857 --> 00:18:39,957
His mistake was to raise it publicly
with Putin on camera.

193
00:19:16,977 --> 00:19:18,277
And Khodorkovsky,

194
00:19:18,337 --> 00:19:22,397
as far as Putin was concerned,
he became not necessarily a threat,

195
00:19:22,457 --> 00:19:23,757
but an opportunity.

196
00:19:23,817 --> 00:19:26,717
Bringing down Khodorkovsky
was an opportunity for Putin

197
00:19:26,777 --> 00:19:31,637
to demonstrate to everybody that
no-one was too big to be taken down

198
00:19:31,697 --> 00:19:33,637
and that there were
a new set of rules,

199
00:19:33,697 --> 00:19:35,517
and they'd better learn them fast.

200
00:19:35,577 --> 00:19:38,077
(REVERSING ALARM BEEPS)

201
00:19:46,737 --> 00:19:51,957
BROWDER: In 2003, Khodorkovsky
was on his private jet,

202
00:19:52,017 --> 00:19:56,237
and Putin had the jet surrounded
by members of the Russian FSB.

203
00:19:59,017 --> 00:20:02,837
They boarded the plane, they
arrested the richest man in Russia

204
00:20:02,897 --> 00:20:04,437
and they put him on trial.

205
00:20:22,737 --> 00:20:25,397
FISHMAN: It was clearly political.

206
00:20:25,457 --> 00:20:27,717
It was only about power.

207
00:20:27,777 --> 00:20:30,077
It was simply the robbery,

208
00:20:30,137 --> 00:20:33,677
orchestrated by the state
and Putin himself,

209
00:20:33,737 --> 00:20:37,797
of one of the most powerful
political players at that time.

210
00:20:41,777 --> 00:20:44,237
REPORTER: The Russian oil tycoon
Mikhail Khodorkovsky

211
00:20:44,297 --> 00:20:46,597
has been sentenced
to nine years in jail.

212
00:20:46,657 --> 00:20:49,917
Khodorkovsky, who was once thought
to be Russia's richest man,

213
00:20:49,977 --> 00:20:52,757
was found guilty of six charges
of fraud and tax evasion.

214
00:20:59,697 --> 00:21:02,677
BROWDER: Now, imagine
you're the 17th-richest man in Russia

215
00:21:02,737 --> 00:21:04,477
and you see a guy far richer,

216
00:21:04,537 --> 00:21:07,717
far smarter, far more powerful
than you sitting in a cage.

217
00:21:07,777 --> 00:21:10,397
What's your natural reaction?

218
00:21:10,457 --> 00:21:12,957
You don't wanna sit
in that cage yourself.

219
00:21:13,017 --> 00:21:16,357
And so one-by-one-by-one,
the oligarchs go back to Moscow

220
00:21:16,417 --> 00:21:19,517
and they effectively
sit down with Putin.

221
00:21:19,577 --> 00:21:21,997
And they say, "Vladimir,
what do we have to do

222
00:21:22,057 --> 00:21:24,277
"to make sure
we don't sit in the cage?"

223
00:21:24,337 --> 00:21:28,557
"You keep your nose out of politics
and everything will be fine."

224
00:21:29,777 --> 00:21:34,957
FISHMAN: You cannot take all
the power instantly, you need time.

225
00:21:35,017 --> 00:21:37,077
And that's what Putin was doing

226
00:21:37,137 --> 00:21:40,277
from the very first day
when he became Russian president.

227
00:21:40,337 --> 00:21:43,037
He started his assault on television

228
00:21:43,097 --> 00:21:49,797
and then the arrest of Khodorkovsky
changed it all, totally, absolutely.

229
00:21:49,857 --> 00:21:53,957
Putin wasn't trying
to get rid of the oligarchs.

230
00:21:54,017 --> 00:21:57,917
Putin just wanted to become
the biggest oligarch himself.

231
00:22:00,977 --> 00:22:04,797
Putin was succeeding because
he had got more political power

232
00:22:04,857 --> 00:22:06,337
and had
a more orderly administration.

233
00:22:08,217 --> 00:22:11,197
Chechnya, if you like,
was, was the bit of downside.

234
00:22:29,217 --> 00:22:30,837
It was almost impossible

235
00:22:30,897 --> 00:22:34,717
to have a constructive discussion
with Putin about Chechnya.

236
00:22:34,777 --> 00:22:36,637
The moment you raise Chechnya,

237
00:22:36,697 --> 00:22:39,677
he gets completely
uncontrollably emotional.

238
00:23:01,897 --> 00:23:05,437
WOMAN: The post-Soviet period
was incredibly difficult for Russia.

239
00:23:05,497 --> 00:23:06,897
The Soviet Union was falling apart,

240
00:23:06,937 --> 00:23:09,437
and Chechnya thought
that it could break away as well.

241
00:23:12,337 --> 00:23:15,757
A lot of the separatism was waged
by Islamist rebels

242
00:23:15,817 --> 00:23:17,877
who really wanted to pull away

243
00:23:17,937 --> 00:23:20,317
and create a fundamentalist state
in Chechnya.

244
00:23:23,737 --> 00:23:25,957
And the federal government in Moscow

245
00:23:26,017 --> 00:23:27,757
was having a really hard time

246
00:23:27,817 --> 00:23:30,757
bringing the Chechen
government under control.

247
00:23:34,137 --> 00:23:36,597
SIR RODERIC: Putin
was very sensitive to the fact

248
00:23:36,657 --> 00:23:39,277
that Russia was being criticised
over its tactics in Chechnya

249
00:23:39,337 --> 00:23:41,877
and the way that its military
and its security forces

250
00:23:41,937 --> 00:23:43,757
were behaving there,
which was very brutal.

251
00:23:46,217 --> 00:23:48,557
Attacks on civilians,

252
00:23:48,617 --> 00:23:52,117
allegations of torture and rape
and so on.

253
00:24:00,977 --> 00:24:04,197
WOMAN:
As a journalist, I've been arrested,

254
00:24:04,257 --> 00:24:05,637
detained,

255
00:24:05,697 --> 00:24:09,797
I've been,
um, taken to places and tortured

256
00:24:09,857 --> 00:24:12,277
and, er everywhere I went

257
00:24:12,337 --> 00:24:15,517
there was a portrait
of Putin looking at me.

258
00:24:25,177 --> 00:24:28,557
What Moscow called special operation

259
00:24:28,617 --> 00:24:34,077
was practically war against local
population all over the Caucasus.

260
00:24:36,697 --> 00:24:41,997
The brutality in which the Russian
military dealt with the situation

261
00:24:42,057 --> 00:24:44,717
was absolutely mind-blowing.

262
00:24:47,777 --> 00:24:52,677
Absolutely zero respect
for human life.

263
00:25:14,737 --> 00:25:17,157
(APPLAUSE)

264
00:25:22,937 --> 00:25:25,717
Anna Politkovskaya was amazing.

265
00:25:25,777 --> 00:25:31,557
She believed that as a journalist
everything needs to be reported,

266
00:25:31,617 --> 00:25:33,917
no matter what the costs are.

267
00:25:36,697 --> 00:25:40,197
She was reporting
on the special operations,

268
00:25:40,257 --> 00:25:44,277
on the methods that the FSB used
against civilians.

269
00:25:47,297 --> 00:25:52,557
She was reporting on, er,
disappearances of people

270
00:25:52,617 --> 00:25:56,277
and the extrajudicial killings
of civilians.

271
00:26:02,177 --> 00:26:08,917
Her reporting was very uncomfortable
to Putin personally,

272
00:26:08,977 --> 00:26:15,837
because she was showing
exactly what he wanted to hide.

273
00:26:51,217 --> 00:26:53,997
NEWSREADER: World leaders have
been congratulating Vladimir Putin

274
00:26:54,057 --> 00:26:56,997
on his sweeping re-election
as president of Russia.

275
00:27:01,217 --> 00:27:03,557
Election observers
criticised the poll,

276
00:27:03,617 --> 00:27:06,397
saying it did not meet
democratic standards.

277
00:27:07,977 --> 00:27:11,597
This election has highlighted
Mr Putin's desire for control.

278
00:27:11,657 --> 00:27:14,597
He has been surrounding himself
with men like him,

279
00:27:14,657 --> 00:27:17,637
former members of the KGB
and military.

280
00:27:17,697 --> 00:27:20,557
They now fill half of all posts
here at the Kremlin,

281
00:27:20,617 --> 00:27:22,797
and their reach is spreading far.

282
00:28:31,217 --> 00:28:35,517
SIR RODERIC: It was not going well
for the Russians in Chechnya.

283
00:28:38,177 --> 00:28:41,037
Putin ended up doing a deal

284
00:28:41,097 --> 00:28:44,997
with the most powerful clan
of war lords in Chechnya,

285
00:28:45,057 --> 00:28:49,597
the Kadyrov Clan,
later on headed by Ramzan Kadyrov.

286
00:28:51,857 --> 00:28:55,437
FISHMAN: The type of contract he has
with Ramzan Kadyrov

287
00:28:55,497 --> 00:29:00,757
is that he keeps things quiet
in Chechnya.

288
00:29:00,817 --> 00:29:04,117
The order in Chechnya is restored.

289
00:29:04,177 --> 00:29:07,157
Whatever Kadyrov does
to achieve that

290
00:29:07,217 --> 00:29:09,877
is not Vladimir Putin's problem.

291
00:29:12,697 --> 00:29:16,157
We know
that he is the type of leader

292
00:29:16,217 --> 00:29:19,837
who can kill
his political opponents.

293
00:29:19,897 --> 00:29:23,917
We know how his political opponents
were murdered.

294
00:29:23,977 --> 00:29:25,677
It's documented.

295
00:29:25,737 --> 00:29:31,557
It was the most close people
to Kadyrov

296
00:29:31,617 --> 00:29:34,837
took part in these murders,

297
00:29:34,897 --> 00:29:40,637
so we know that this is something
Ramzan Kadyrov is capable of doing.

298
00:29:43,137 --> 00:29:47,597
GALEOTTI: Kadyrov absolutely has
a track record of having his enemies,

299
00:29:47,657 --> 00:29:50,877
or people even he's just vaguely
peeved with, murdered,

300
00:29:50,937 --> 00:29:53,357
in Moscow
and in fact around the world.

301
00:30:34,737 --> 00:30:39,597
TLIS: Anna was murdered
on Putin's birthday, October 7th.

302
00:30:40,777 --> 00:30:46,357
At this point, Putin doesn't
really need to give direct orders.

303
00:30:46,417 --> 00:30:51,317
He doesn't have to say,
"I want this person to be killed."

304
00:30:54,097 --> 00:30:56,637
The Russian authorities found

305
00:30:56,697 --> 00:31:00,877
and named the people
who did the actual murder.

306
00:31:01,777 --> 00:31:06,557
But what about the people
who ordered it?

307
00:31:06,617 --> 00:31:09,277
Russian justice did not name them.

308
00:31:10,257 --> 00:31:13,997
Absolutely, and they consider
this case closed.

309
00:31:14,057 --> 00:31:21,397
But people who knew Anna pointed
their fingers at Ramzan Kadyrov.

310
00:31:26,737 --> 00:31:30,397
LITVINENKO: I told Sascha,
"It's very bad news,"

311
00:31:30,457 --> 00:31:32,477
and he couldn't believe it.

312
00:31:33,817 --> 00:31:37,637
He was very, very devastated

313
00:31:37,697 --> 00:31:41,437
and he directly said he knows

314
00:31:41,497 --> 00:31:43,677
who killed Anna Politkovskaya,

315
00:31:43,737 --> 00:31:45,477
and he said it was Vladimir Putin.

316
00:31:54,377 --> 00:31:58,157
(SPEAKS RUSSIAN)

317
00:31:58,217 --> 00:32:01,317
Somebody has asked you directly,
"Who is guilty of Anna's death?

318
00:32:01,377 --> 00:32:02,677
"Who has killed her?"

319
00:32:02,737 --> 00:32:03,917
(SPEAKS RUSSIAN)

320
00:32:06,177 --> 00:32:09,157
And I can directly answer you,
it is Mr Putin,

321
00:32:09,217 --> 00:32:11,457
the president of the Russian
Federation who's killed her.

322
00:34:13,097 --> 00:34:15,837
SIR RODERIC: London had become
this focus

323
00:34:15,897 --> 00:34:19,677
for a whole collection of Russians
who had fallen out with Putin

324
00:34:19,737 --> 00:34:23,197
or just basically did not like what
was happening in Russia under Putin.

325
00:34:27,817 --> 00:34:33,277
LITVINENKO: London looked like
a completely safe place to us,

326
00:34:33,337 --> 00:34:35,037
and Sascha made a joke,

327
00:34:35,097 --> 00:34:39,797
"You should be very relaxed,
because we are on island,

328
00:34:39,857 --> 00:34:41,717
"we're under protection of Queen."

329
00:34:41,777 --> 00:34:43,957
And I was very proud of him.

330
00:34:44,017 --> 00:34:49,677
I just saw he was so busy,
he was so enthusiastic,

331
00:34:49,737 --> 00:34:53,797
and he met, er,
many people, new people.

332
00:34:53,857 --> 00:34:56,717
And I was really, really happy
for him.

333
00:34:58,857 --> 00:35:06,157
So, this is a picture, er,
at Berezovsky's birthday party,

334
00:35:06,217 --> 00:35:10,277
and we have here Akhmed Zakayev,
Sascha, myself,

335
00:35:10,337 --> 00:35:13,837
and the actor
who represented the Queen.

336
00:35:13,897 --> 00:35:16,517
And, um, it was great fun.

337
00:35:16,577 --> 00:35:20,157
The one who is missing
in this picture is Andrei Lugovoy,

338
00:35:20,217 --> 00:35:23,677
because he was sitting
at the same table with us.

339
00:35:27,137 --> 00:35:29,957
Lugovoy is a career KGB officer

340
00:35:30,017 --> 00:35:33,037
who served
in the government security.

341
00:35:33,097 --> 00:35:35,437
It's equivalent
to American secret service.

342
00:35:55,137 --> 00:35:57,997
Lugovoy started talking to Sascha

343
00:35:58,057 --> 00:36:02,757
about maybe setting up some joint
venture, so they had a meeting.

344
00:36:10,377 --> 00:36:13,597
LITVINENKO: I knew he met Lugovoy.

345
00:36:13,657 --> 00:36:18,837
When he came back, everything
was just very nice, very quiet.

346
00:36:20,377 --> 00:36:24,197
But, er, when I was almost
ready to go to sleep,

347
00:36:24,257 --> 00:36:27,317
he started to feel
very bad, just sudden.

348
00:36:30,177 --> 00:36:34,077
And when he asked me
to call for ambulance,

349
00:36:34,137 --> 00:36:36,117
I was shaking.

350
00:36:48,097 --> 00:36:51,957
REPORTER: The claims of skulduggery
are reminiscent of the Cold War -

351
00:36:52,017 --> 00:36:55,197
a Russian dissident poisoned
after a meeting in Central London

352
00:36:55,257 --> 00:36:57,997
and left fighting for his life.

353
00:36:58,057 --> 00:36:59,557
GOLDFARB: He is getting worse.

354
00:36:59,617 --> 00:37:02,957
He has been moved
to intensive care unit

355
00:37:03,017 --> 00:37:05,677
and he's becoming,
kind of, yellowish,

356
00:37:05,737 --> 00:37:08,597
which is an indication
of liver problems.

357
00:37:11,977 --> 00:37:14,317
LITVINENKO: One doctor
from cancer unit,

358
00:37:14,377 --> 00:37:18,037
he said he looks like his patient
after chemotherapy.

359
00:37:18,097 --> 00:37:20,677
That was radioactive material used.

360
00:37:20,737 --> 00:37:22,717
It was not a knife.
It was not a gun.

361
00:37:22,777 --> 00:37:26,677
It was a radioactive material
from nuclear station.

362
00:37:29,177 --> 00:37:32,957
WOMAN: What we've had
is an unprecedented event in the UK,

363
00:37:33,017 --> 00:37:36,397
that someone has apparently
deliberately been poisoned

364
00:37:36,457 --> 00:37:38,317
with a type of radiation.

365
00:37:40,897 --> 00:37:42,757
Let's be open.

366
00:37:42,817 --> 00:37:45,437
Litvinenko
was granted political asylum

367
00:37:45,497 --> 00:37:49,837
and a couple of months ago
he became British citizen.

368
00:37:49,897 --> 00:37:54,157
It means that it was terror attack
from Kremlin aga...

369
00:37:54,217 --> 00:37:56,917
..against the British,
on Britain.

370
00:37:59,017 --> 00:38:00,877
GOLDFARB: If you ingest polonium,

371
00:38:00,937 --> 00:38:05,757
it spread through every cell of your
body, so it destroys your DNA.

372
00:38:05,817 --> 00:38:08,757
Er, you can't eat, you can't drink.

373
00:38:10,737 --> 00:38:15,037
Sascha started to develop all the
signs of radioactive poisoning,

374
00:38:15,097 --> 00:38:17,037
but he was able to talk.

375
00:38:26,777 --> 00:38:30,917
Sascha said, "So, what's happening?
Where is the story?"

376
00:38:32,417 --> 00:38:35,957
"To make it a front-page story,"
I said, "We need a picture."

377
00:38:36,017 --> 00:38:39,197
I was so against to take a picture
of him.

378
00:38:41,017 --> 00:38:45,037
But Sascha said, "No, Marina,
we should do this,

379
00:38:45,097 --> 00:38:49,277
"because people need to see
what they did to me."

380
00:39:00,137 --> 00:39:04,117
GOLDFARB: And that became
a real, global front-page story.

381
00:39:05,777 --> 00:39:10,117
He was adamant that this
would not have happened

382
00:39:10,177 --> 00:39:12,357
without Putin's approval.

383
00:39:50,777 --> 00:39:53,797
NEWSREADER: Today, a judge concluded
Alexander Litvinenko was killed

384
00:39:53,857 --> 00:39:58,437
in an operation by the Russian
security service, the FSB.

385
00:39:58,497 --> 00:40:01,797
There is a strong probability
that his death was ordered

386
00:40:01,857 --> 00:40:03,677
by the Russian security service

387
00:40:03,737 --> 00:40:07,317
and was probably approved personally
by President Putin.

388
00:40:07,377 --> 00:40:09,797
Two Russian men have been
identified as the killers.

389
00:40:09,857 --> 00:40:14,877
They and the Russian government have
vehemently denied any involvement.

390
00:40:14,937 --> 00:40:18,117
The murder of Litvinenko was not
just about silencing Litvinenko.

391
00:40:18,177 --> 00:40:21,557
There were much, much quicker,
easier ways of doing that

392
00:40:21,617 --> 00:40:23,597
than putting polonium in his tea.

393
00:40:23,657 --> 00:40:25,957
This was also about
the theatre of murder.

394
00:40:26,017 --> 00:40:28,157
This was also about using Litvinenko
as an example

395
00:40:28,217 --> 00:40:31,597
to the whole so-called 'Londongrad'
set of expats

396
00:40:31,657 --> 00:40:34,117
and emigre Russians in London,

397
00:40:34,177 --> 00:40:37,757
and telling them,
"You may be in London now,

398
00:40:37,817 --> 00:40:39,477
"but don't think
that means you're safe."

399
00:41:07,737 --> 00:41:10,037
REPORTER: The exiled Russian tycoon
Boris Berezovsky

400
00:41:10,097 --> 00:41:12,237
has been found dead
at his Surrey home.

401
00:41:12,297 --> 00:41:15,557
At one stage he was one of Russia's
most influential oligarchs,

402
00:41:15,617 --> 00:41:18,717
but in the late-'90s he quickly fell
out of favour with the Kremlin

403
00:41:18,777 --> 00:41:21,037
after becoming critical
of the soon-to-be president,

404
00:41:21,097 --> 00:41:22,097
Vladimir Putin.

405
00:42:30,697 --> 00:42:34,357
GOLDFARB: The police
thinks it's suicide,

406
00:42:34,417 --> 00:42:40,917
but the coroner couldn't make
it out beyond a reasonable doubt.

407
00:42:40,977 --> 00:42:43,317
The family thinks it's not suicide.

408
00:42:44,897 --> 00:42:49,597
I personally think that he killed
himself because he was ill,

409
00:42:49,657 --> 00:42:51,397
he was depressed.

410
00:43:19,777 --> 00:43:25,917
Well, I interviewed Mr Putin twice -
once in 2001 and again in 2006.

411
00:43:25,977 --> 00:43:29,397
And what was most striking
was how much he changed in between.

412
00:43:31,337 --> 00:43:33,957
By now, Russia had paid
off its foreign debts,

413
00:43:34,017 --> 00:43:36,077
it was doing very well

414
00:43:36,137 --> 00:43:38,637
and it was the Mr Putin we all know.

415
00:43:43,417 --> 00:43:45,277
Would there ever be a situation

416
00:43:45,337 --> 00:43:47,517
where Russia
would use its political power

417
00:43:47,577 --> 00:43:49,957
to shut off the gas supplies
to Western Europe?

418
00:43:56,577 --> 00:43:59,117
(CHUCKLES)

419
00:44:16,777 --> 00:44:20,197
He was presidential,
he was confident.

420
00:44:20,257 --> 00:44:22,117
If I asked him a difficult question,

421
00:44:22,177 --> 00:44:24,997
he turned it round
and asked me a question.

422
00:44:25,057 --> 00:44:27,677
There had been
a complete transformation.

423
00:44:30,457 --> 00:44:32,377
TRUMP: Look at Putin,
what's going on over there.

424
00:44:32,417 --> 00:44:33,997
I mean, this guy has done -

425
00:44:34,057 --> 00:44:36,077
whether you like him
or don't like him,

426
00:44:36,137 --> 00:44:40,197
he's doing a great job
in rebuilding the image of Russia

427
00:44:40,257 --> 00:44:43,437
and also rebuilding Russia period,
forget about image.

428
00:44:49,737 --> 00:44:54,517
FISHMAN: By 2008, the rule of law
means basically nothing.

429
00:44:55,817 --> 00:44:58,277
The state is now the major player.

430
00:44:59,537 --> 00:45:02,597
By that time, he had
under control everything.

431
00:45:08,097 --> 00:45:11,997
But there's still one thing
that he complies to -

432
00:45:12,057 --> 00:45:14,877
the constitutional demand
to step down

433
00:45:14,937 --> 00:45:17,597
after two consecutive
presidential terms.

434
00:45:20,697 --> 00:45:23,113
GALEOTTI: In many ways, Putin's faced
with exactly the same dilemma

435
00:45:23,137 --> 00:45:24,877
as any mafia godfather.

436
00:45:24,937 --> 00:45:27,557
How do you retire
when everything that you are,

437
00:45:27,617 --> 00:45:30,597
everything that you have,
and all your security,

438
00:45:30,657 --> 00:45:31,957
depends really on your position?

439
00:45:35,697 --> 00:45:37,917
He needs someone who will be
dependent upon him,

440
00:45:37,977 --> 00:45:40,677
who he thinks would be efficient,
who will be loyal,

441
00:45:40,737 --> 00:45:44,517
and who above all will protect not
just him but Putin's own legacy.

442
00:46:12,057 --> 00:46:16,397
Subtitles Diego Moraes(oakislandtk)
www.opensubtitles.org