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NARRATOR: They are the murders
that shook the nation...
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REPORTER: The savagery
of this murder
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has shocked
even the most hardened detectives.
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REPORTER: He was attacked
by this bus stop by a racist mob.
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REPORTER: This flat
was the scene of a horrific killing.
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For decades, the truth lay hidden,
and the killers evaded justice.
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Until one woman took up the hunt.
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Angela has solved some of the
biggest cases in British history.
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Dr Angela Gallop is a world-leading
forensic scientist.
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I've clone a lot of work
with forensic scientists,
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but she's the best.
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She led the team
and set the standard.
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She put the bar where it was.
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She's helped solve
hundreds of high-profile cold cases,
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finding clues
where others have failed.
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Without the forensic input,
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the murder
would never have been solved.
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Now Dr Gallop is opening
her extraordinary casebook
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to reveal the forensic secrets
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behind some of the country's
most infamous crimes
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and how they caught the killers
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who thought
they'd got away with murder.
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It's a puzzle
that you have to solve.
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Every contact leaves a trace.
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It's just whether or not
we are clever enough to find it.
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NARRATOR: Tonight, the racist
murderers of a teenager
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had remained free
for well over a decade.
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Stephen Lawrence
was brutally killed.
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It must be
the most high-profile criminal case
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in recent criminal justice history.
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It's a despicable attack.
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NARRATOR: Could forensic science
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finally find the clues
to bring the killers to justice?
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We were going to give it
our very best shot.
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In all murder cases,
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the one that nails you in the end
is the forensics.
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It was a sort of murder you'd expect
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in the Deep South in the States
in the '50s or '60s,
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not in 1990s South London.
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Stephen Lawrence
was brutally killed
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by a group of racist thugs.
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They came in
to attack any Black youngsters
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for no reason other than clue to
the colour of the person's skin.
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It was like
an old-fashioned lynching.
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Stephen Lawrence,
a teenager at the time,
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was with his friend Duwayne Brooks,
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and they were waiting at a bus stop
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in Well Hall Road
in South East London.
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They'd just missed a bus
to get home...
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...and it was
a "wrong place at the wrong time,"
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where they
went on the turf of a racist gang.
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And they were subjected
to an unprovoked racist attack...
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...by a number of young white men.
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Er, and he wasn't able to be saved,
you know?
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Dead, really,
when he got to hospital.
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A mother goes to the hospital
and finds a dead body of her son.
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How painful can that be?
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NARRATOR: Stephen Lawrence's murder
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was a despicable crime
which shocked the nation.
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But the investigation which followed
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was to cause more pain
for the family
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and bring shame
on Britain's largest police force.
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Stephen's suspected killers
remained free.
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Thirteen years after the murder,
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the evidence to catch the
racist gang still eluded the police.
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A new team of detectives
was brought in,
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and they turned to Dr Angela Gallop
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to carry out a detailed review
of the forensics.
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So, it all came down to science.
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It was gonna come down to science.
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NARRATOR: Angela Gallop is one of
Britain's top forensic scientists.
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She has helped solve
hundreds of cases since the 1970s.
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Although concentrating
on the science of crime detection,
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she has always been driven
by a keen sense of justice.
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I think at a fairly early stage,
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I got absolutely gripped by forensic
science and by what it could do.
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Ancl it's partly about fairness,
and that matters very much to me.
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I think
a lot of this sense of justice
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probably came from our mother.
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She was a very thoughtful person,
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and we were kind of brought up
with this notion
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that that is fair,
and that is not fair.
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You could see very strongly
in Angela that she is, I think,
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driven very much by this sense
that justice should be clone.
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You know,
bad people should be punished,
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and good people
should not be punished.
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Ancl that takes her, interestingly,
to forensic science,
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which is exactly what
forensic science does.
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Society gets better justice.
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NARRATOR: Now Angela needed
to help solve a case
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which had shocked a nation.
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A case which continued to highlight
racial injustice in society
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and in law enforcement.
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It must be
the most high-profile criminal case
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in recent criminal justice history,
I would think.
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Ancl of course we were delighted
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to accept what was
a great challenge, actually,
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cos so much had been talked about
and thought about this case.
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In a way, it was quite unlike
any of the others.
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NARRATOR: Angela went back
to the case files
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to get an initial understanding
of the attack.
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Stephen and Duwayne Brooks
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had been minding their own business
at the bus stop
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when they'd caught the eyes
of a gang of five white youths,
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evidently racist
in the language they were using.
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Ancl Stephen got surrounded
by this gang,
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kicked, punched and knifed twice.
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Stephen was fatally injured
in that attack
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while him and Duwayne Brooks were
trying to escape their attackers.
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NARRATOR: Angela brought together
a team to review the evidence.
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Forensic examiner April Robson,
hair evidence expert Deb Hopwood...
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...and fibre and particle examiner
Roger Robson.
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The scientists knew this was
probably gonna be the last time,
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erm, we were gonna get
to try and find the evidence.
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Everybody else had failed,
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and it just takes that little bit
of extra perseverance, really.
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If the evidence is there,
we should be able to find it.
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We were aware that there was an
enormous amount of additional trauma
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that the family had been through
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because of all the various legal
stages and enquiries and so on.
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So we were going to give it
our very best shot.
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NARRATOR: Four years before Angela
had joined the cold case team,
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a judge had led a public inquiry
into the original investigation.
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REPORTER: This was
supposed to be the final word
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on a disastrously incompetent
police inquiry.
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NARRATOR: After hearing
extensive evidence,
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Lord MacPherson had reported
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that the Metropolitan Police's
search for Stephen's killers
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had been marred
by "professional incompetence"
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and "institutional racism."
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Key, now,
to getting justice for Stephen
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would be Angela's partnership
with the experienced detective
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in charge of the new inquiry,
Clive Driscoll.
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Investigating a murder
is like a thousand piece jigsaw,
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but the jigsaw's been thrown here,
there and everywhere,
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so the scientists
have some of the pieces,
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the police have some of the pieces,
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the witnesses
have some of the pieces,
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some of the pieces are exhibits.
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Ancl that's exactly what happens.
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You're just putting it all together
so the jury can see the picture.
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NARRATOR: For both Clive and Angela,
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the first piece of the jigsaw
was the crime scene.
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Nearly 20 years on,
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they are meeting up again at the
spot where Stephen was attacked.
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I always feel quite sad when I come
back here, funnily enough,
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because it's almost like a memory.
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Even when I drive through here
occasionally,
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I always get a bit of a sad feeling,
really. Yeah.
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Young Stephen lost his life here,
and...
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It's the normality of it
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which makes it even more horrific
in a way, isn't it?
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A nice suburban street
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and that sort of awful sort of thing
that can happen.
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If we look over there,
that's Dickson Road.
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That's where the attack took place,
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and if you look down the road
to the zebra crossing,
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that's where the five or six lads
ran across the road.
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Ancl once the attack took place,
they then ran, crossing over,
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and Stephen got just a bit further
down the road there,
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where, in fact, his injuries
caused him to lose his life.
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Stephen wouldn't have known
what was about to happen to him.
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He had headphones on.
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They were running across the road,
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and they all actually just descended
like a pack of wolves.
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Stephen was stabbed twice.
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The first injury actually
went down here by the clavicle
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and severed the artery there.
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The next injury came up there
and actually severed another artery.
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He had lots of bruising,
he had lots of other marks on him,
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and you've got someone
who's obviously,
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as we all would be
if we were attacked,
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your heart goes faster.
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Then he did the most normal,
natural thing you could ever do.
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He's running away from danger
which made his heart pump faster.
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The worst thing he could have clone
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but so understandable
why he'd clone it.
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So understandable.
Absolutely.
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NARRATOR: But in 2006, when taking
on the forensics for the cold case,
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Angela was aware
that there was a problem.
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In the 1990s, there had been
no effective scientific evidence
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leading to Stephen's killers.
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Angela knew this because
she had already investigated
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and found nothing.
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Stephen's parents,
Neville and Doreen Lawrence,
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had had their doubts
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about the competence
of the police investigation
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from the very beginning.
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You've got to remember there
were stereotypes of young Black men.
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He didn't fit the stereotype,
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and it's not a stereotype
that I was aware of.
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I knew that police
and the community and society
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suggest a stereotype
of young Black men.
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Ancl he didn't fit that at all.
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Stephen was a high achiever,
he was gonna be an architect.
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He hadn't been in
any sort of trouble,
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he was incredibly well-loved
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and liked by his immediate family
and those around him.
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So it wasn't long before the family
started to become a bit cynical
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about the police response
and what they were doing,
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and then they came to the conclusion
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that perhaps it was because it was
a Black man who had been killed,
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and they were a Black family,
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that somehow they were not
getting the treatment
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that others in the community got.
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If it had been a white boy,
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they would have
surrounded the Black community,
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they would have arrested
as many Black boys as they could,
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and they would not stop
until they get the killer.
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NARRATOR: Although arrests were made
about two weeks after the murder...
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...the suspects were soon released.
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Well, I believe in fairness,
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and I don't think what happened
today is fair at all.
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When it became clear
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that the CPS were not going
to progress with a prosecution,
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the Lawrence family decided
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that they were going to take out
a private prosecution,
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and that was when I was contacted in
1995 by lmran Khan, their solicitor.
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In all murder cases,
the key bits of evidence,
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the one that nails you in the end,
is the forensics.
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If you get the forensics right,
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all of the other stuff
is icing on the cake.
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Ancl so we had to look
at the forensic evidence
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to see what could be found.
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I was asked to go and check the work
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that had been clone
at the police laboratory,
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just to see whether everything had
been clone that could've been clone.
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Ancl the searches at that time
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focused very much
on tiny textile fibre fragments
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that could have been transferred
from the suspects' clothing
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to Stephen's clothing.
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It was reason that, in the time
that he ran down the road,
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not many of any fibre fragments,
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which would have been transferred
to him immediately beforehand,
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would have
had time to drop off and be lost,
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whereas because the clothing
from the suspects hadn't been seized
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for about two weeks
after the attack,
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anything that might've been
transferred to them
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on the night in question
could easily have been lost.
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Ancl so the focus was very much
on looking for suspect fibres
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on Stephen's clothing.
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Ancl so I checked those,
but in the end of the clay,
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didn't really come up
with any more evidence
244
00:14:25,320 --> 00:14:27,415
than the original scientists
had found.
245
00:14:28,840 --> 00:14:31,135
NARRATOR: This lack
of forensic evidence
246
00:14:31,160 --> 00:14:34,455
had dealt a massive blow
to the family's hopes
247
00:14:34,480 --> 00:14:37,135
of bringing a prosecution
against the suspects.
248
00:14:38,640 --> 00:14:39,975
And when the judge ruled
249
00:14:40,000 --> 00:14:42,615
that evidence
from Stephen's friend Duwayne,
250
00:14:42,640 --> 00:14:44,295
identifying the suspects,
251
00:14:44,320 --> 00:14:47,375
was inadmissible,
the case collapsed.
252
00:14:48,720 --> 00:14:55,455
We knew then that was it.
We couldn't prosecute ever again.
253
00:14:56,720 --> 00:14:59,535
NARRATOR: The three men acquitted
in the private prosecution
254
00:14:59,560 --> 00:15:03,175
were now protected by law from ever
being tried for the murder again.
255
00:15:04,720 --> 00:15:08,855
And there appeared to be no forensic
evidence to catch the murderers.
256
00:15:10,760 --> 00:15:14,255
Many now believed
that the killers of Stephen Lawrence
257
00:15:14,280 --> 00:15:16,695
would never be brought to justice.
258
00:15:16,720 --> 00:15:18,015
But the one thing
259
00:15:18,040 --> 00:15:20,375
that I've learnt about
forensic science over the years
260
00:15:20,400 --> 00:15:22,575
is that you never say never.
261
00:15:32,400 --> 00:15:34,855
NARRATOR I It was 2006.
262
00:15:34,880 --> 00:15:39,695
Forensic expert Dr Angela Gallop
had been called in to find evidence
263
00:15:39,720 --> 00:15:44,295
in one of the most notorious
cold cases in British history.
264
00:15:44,320 --> 00:15:47,295
The racist murder
of Stephen Lawrence.
265
00:15:49,480 --> 00:15:51,455
Stephen had been stabbed to death
266
00:15:51,480 --> 00:15:53,815
while waiting for a bus
in South London
267
00:15:53,840 --> 00:15:56,135
in April 1993.
268
00:15:59,320 --> 00:16:02,975
Angela found that the senior
cold case detective, Clive Driscoll,
269
00:16:03,000 --> 00:16:05,895
believed his new research
at the crime scene
270
00:16:05,920 --> 00:16:08,295
had given him a fresh insight
into the murder.
271
00:16:11,080 --> 00:16:12,895
I used to come down here a lot.
272
00:16:12,920 --> 00:16:14,815
I spent loads of time
walking up and down
273
00:16:14,840 --> 00:16:17,655
and trying to work out
where we were and what had happened.
274
00:16:17,680 --> 00:16:21,255
Ancl one of the things that I quickly
worked out was there were...
275
00:16:21,280 --> 00:16:24,455
If you took the longest time,
someone said it was a minute,
276
00:16:24,480 --> 00:16:25,735
if you took the shortest time,
277
00:16:25,760 --> 00:16:28,215
someone said it was over and clone
with in a couple of seconds.
278
00:16:28,240 --> 00:16:31,175
And, erm... we re-enacted it,
and we formed the opin...
279
00:16:31,200 --> 00:16:33,375
Ancl I still believe this
to this clay,
280
00:16:33,400 --> 00:16:36,615
that it was about
between 15 and 23 seconds,
281
00:16:36,640 --> 00:16:39,975
which is, for your world,
transference...
282
00:16:40,000 --> 00:16:41,095
Yeah.
..and people...
283
00:16:41,120 --> 00:16:43,215
It's a long time!
It's a long time, yeah.
284
00:16:46,400 --> 00:16:47,775
Ancl I felt that,
285
00:16:47,800 --> 00:16:51,135
you know, certainly,
from what I'd read from,
286
00:16:51,160 --> 00:16:54,575
you know, the previous scientists...
287
00:16:54,600 --> 00:16:57,975
that they'd... that they'd
always felt it was a brief attack.
288
00:16:58,000 --> 00:16:59,015
Well, I didn't.
289
00:17:00,920 --> 00:17:04,295
And, in fact,
Professor Gallop immediately said,
290
00:17:04,320 --> 00:17:06,295
"Yeah, this isn't a brief attack.
291
00:17:06,320 --> 00:17:08,255
"There's greater opportunities
292
00:17:08,280 --> 00:17:11,695
"for transference
of all types of material."
293
00:17:14,040 --> 00:17:17,375
You could begin to see
that, actually, the attack
294
00:17:17,400 --> 00:17:21,095
would have taken place
over a bit of a period of time,
295
00:17:21,120 --> 00:17:23,895
and there would have been plenty
of opportunity for,
296
00:17:23,920 --> 00:17:26,495
particularly, contact between
clothing of the assailants
297
00:17:26,520 --> 00:17:29,375
and... and Stephen's clothing.
298
00:17:31,200 --> 00:17:34,175
And... And so,
that was ream], for us,
299
00:17:34,200 --> 00:17:37,455
the start of being able
to look at this
300
00:17:37,480 --> 00:17:40,495
in a different way
with Professor Gallop's team.
301
00:17:43,560 --> 00:17:46,775
NARRATOR: Angela and her team
now had to explore the idea
302
00:17:46,800 --> 00:17:50,775
that there had been greater contact
between the attackers and Stephen
303
00:17:50,800 --> 00:17:52,895
than first assumed.
304
00:17:55,520 --> 00:17:58,375
She decided to focus
on the possible transfer
305
00:17:58,400 --> 00:18:01,055
of textile fibres from clothing.
306
00:18:01,080 --> 00:18:04,695
Textile fibres
are an incredibly important source
307
00:18:04,720 --> 00:18:08,095
of forensic evidence,
much underrated, I always think.
308
00:18:08,120 --> 00:18:12,335
Because all the time,
most of our clothing
309
00:18:12,360 --> 00:18:15,615
is shedding these tiny fragments
as we move about,
310
00:18:15,640 --> 00:18:19,215
as we come into contact
with other surfaces.
311
00:18:19,240 --> 00:18:23,255
They can be a fantastic way
of showing a connection
312
00:18:23,280 --> 00:18:26,255
between clothing of one person,
clothing of another.
313
00:18:27,800 --> 00:18:30,015
Some fibres you can see,
314
00:18:30,040 --> 00:18:34,695
but the vast majority
are so small and microscopic,
315
00:18:34,720 --> 00:18:39,295
you just wouldn't know what's sat
on the surface of your own garments,
316
00:18:39,320 --> 00:18:44,095
and what then has potential
to transfer to somebody else's.
317
00:18:44,120 --> 00:18:48,415
Which is a nightmare for a criminal,
it's great for a forensic scientist.
318
00:18:50,920 --> 00:18:54,215
We were aware that the defendant's
clothing hadn't been seized
319
00:18:54,240 --> 00:18:57,135
for at least two weeks
after the of fence.
320
00:18:57,160 --> 00:19:01,775
So arguably, you would expect most
of the evidence to have been lost.
321
00:19:01,800 --> 00:19:06,855
However, Stephen's clothing had been
seized and packaged immediately,
322
00:19:06,880 --> 00:19:11,455
so hopefully they were a good source
of potential evidence,
323
00:19:11,480 --> 00:19:13,015
even though we were aware
324
00:19:13,040 --> 00:19:15,495
that they had already been
previously examined.
325
00:19:19,200 --> 00:19:22,335
My role was to re-examine
all the exhibits.
326
00:19:23,400 --> 00:19:25,895
We started off
with Stephen's exhibits.
327
00:19:25,920 --> 00:19:28,895
So, again, we taped the exhibits,
328
00:19:28,920 --> 00:19:33,095
and then we looked
at his exhibits for blood.
329
00:19:33,120 --> 00:19:34,375
Ancl it was only then,
330
00:19:34,400 --> 00:19:38,375
when I started looking at
the tapings from Stephen's clothing,
331
00:19:38,400 --> 00:19:41,215
that I realised
that what I was identifying
332
00:19:41,240 --> 00:19:46,295
was a lot of red fibres,
red cottons, and red synthetics.
333
00:19:46,320 --> 00:19:49,295
Ancl at the time, it wasn't obvious
where they were from,
334
00:19:49,320 --> 00:19:52,735
but then we realised
that Stephen's polo shirt,
335
00:19:52,760 --> 00:19:57,015
that he was wearing three or four
layers down, were shedding fibres.
336
00:20:00,920 --> 00:20:03,375
What it told us
was that these red fibres
337
00:20:03,400 --> 00:20:07,335
might be worth looking for
on the suspects' clothing.
338
00:20:07,360 --> 00:20:10,175
Because they were on the outside
of his outer clothing,
339
00:20:10,200 --> 00:20:13,055
erm... and therefore,
available for transfer to anybody
340
00:20:13,080 --> 00:20:14,895
who came into contact with him.
341
00:20:18,440 --> 00:20:20,415
NARRATOR: This was
the initial breakthrough
342
00:20:20,440 --> 00:20:21,815
that Clive Driscoll needed.
343
00:20:21,840 --> 00:20:25,535
I can remember the phone call
because she... she actually said,
344
00:20:25,560 --> 00:20:29,775
"We found thousands," was her words,
"of red fibres."
345
00:20:29,800 --> 00:20:32,015
Ancl I said, "Oh, it's probably
the ambulance blanket."
346
00:20:32,040 --> 00:20:35,095
Ancl she said, "No, it ain't."
She said, "It's a different colour."
347
00:20:35,120 --> 00:20:39,935
That was his third shirt...
was shedding all over.
348
00:20:39,960 --> 00:20:43,735
So, if it shed
from the third shirt outwards,
349
00:20:43,760 --> 00:20:47,335
the chances of it going further
on other people's clothing
350
00:20:47,360 --> 00:20:49,455
must be an opportunity.
351
00:20:51,160 --> 00:20:54,855
In one way or another,
the fibres from the polo shirt
352
00:20:54,880 --> 00:20:59,135
were transferring to other garments
that he was wearing,
353
00:20:59,160 --> 00:21:03,695
and therefore they were sitting
on the surface of his jacket,
354
00:21:03,720 --> 00:21:05,695
giving us the potential
355
00:21:05,720 --> 00:21:10,055
to then look for those red cotton
and red polyester fibres
356
00:21:10,080 --> 00:21:11,935
on the assailants.
357
00:21:13,280 --> 00:21:17,175
NARRATOR: But the team would need
to analyse the suspects' clothes...
358
00:21:17,200 --> 00:21:19,655
thread by thread.
359
00:21:19,680 --> 00:21:21,255
We take an exhibit,
360
00:21:21,280 --> 00:21:25,095
and in
a controlled laboratory environment,
361
00:21:25,120 --> 00:21:28,095
the item of clothing
comes out of the bag.
362
00:21:28,120 --> 00:21:32,935
We usually have it laid
on a piece of brown paper
363
00:21:32,960 --> 00:21:35,695
just to collect anything
that might fall off.
364
00:21:35,720 --> 00:21:40,335
And then we meticulously
work our way across the garment
365
00:21:40,360 --> 00:21:42,375
with pieces of tape,
366
00:21:42,400 --> 00:21:44,775
and each piece of tape
is then sealed
367
00:21:44,800 --> 00:21:46,495
under an acetate sheet.
368
00:21:47,760 --> 00:21:51,975
From there,
we then used low power microscopy
369
00:21:52,000 --> 00:21:56,535
to look at each of those pieces
of tape,
370
00:21:56,560 --> 00:22:00,015
mark up fibres
that may be of interest,
371
00:22:00,040 --> 00:22:02,735
and then individually remove them
one by one.
372
00:22:05,080 --> 00:22:06,975
NARRATOR: Among the clothes
373
00:22:07,000 --> 00:22:10,535
were items belonging
to two of the original suspects,
374
00:22:10,560 --> 00:22:13,775
David Norris,
and his friend, Gary Dobson.
375
00:22:15,840 --> 00:22:19,015
But Dobson had already been
acquitted of the murder
376
00:22:19,040 --> 00:22:22,175
in the trial which followed
the private prosecution
377
00:22:22,200 --> 00:22:24,215
brought by Stephen's family.
378
00:22:24,240 --> 00:22:29,935
I started looking at Dobson's jacket
for these red fibres,
379
00:22:29,960 --> 00:22:33,935
and I found 11 fibres
that were very similar
380
00:22:33,960 --> 00:22:36,055
to Stephen's polo shirt.
381
00:22:38,440 --> 00:22:41,775
They were then sent
for additional analysis.
382
00:22:41,800 --> 00:22:45,735
So I then looked at the sweatshirt
of David Norris
383
00:22:45,760 --> 00:22:49,815
and found one red fibre
that was similar,
384
00:22:49,840 --> 00:22:53,255
and again,
that was sent off for analysis.
385
00:22:53,280 --> 00:22:56,335
NARRATOR: The analysis
found that these fibres
386
00:22:56,360 --> 00:22:58,615
matched Stephen's red polo shirt.
387
00:22:59,640 --> 00:23:00,855
Ancl that led us to think,
388
00:23:00,880 --> 00:23:03,575
"Well, if we're finding
these fibres,
389
00:23:03,600 --> 00:23:05,975
"you know, from Stephen's
clothing on the suspect,
390
00:23:06,000 --> 00:23:08,335
"well, let's look for
some other types of fibres
391
00:23:08,360 --> 00:23:10,455
"from his clothing on them."
392
00:23:11,960 --> 00:23:15,375
NARRATOR: The team then found fibres
from Stephen's jacket
393
00:23:15,400 --> 00:23:17,855
on Gary Dobson's clothing.
394
00:23:17,880 --> 00:23:22,255
And green fibres
from Stephen's corduroy trousers
395
00:23:22,280 --> 00:23:25,295
on the sweatshirt
that David Norris had been wearing
396
00:23:25,320 --> 00:23:26,935
on the night of the attack.
397
00:23:26,960 --> 00:23:32,415
Now we were beginning to amass quite
an amount of textile fibre evidence.
398
00:23:33,920 --> 00:23:36,775
NARRATOR: But textile fibre evidence
alone
399
00:23:36,800 --> 00:23:39,215
would not be enough to prove murder.
400
00:23:39,240 --> 00:23:44,335
And despite many more days and weeks
hunched over a microscope,
401
00:23:44,360 --> 00:23:47,455
the team could find nothing more
on the tapings
402
00:23:47,480 --> 00:23:51,775
from Dobson's jacket
or Norris' sweatshirt.
403
00:23:51,800 --> 00:23:54,975
So if they wanted to pursue
this lead further,
404
00:23:55,000 --> 00:23:57,295
they needed a moment of inspiration.
405
00:23:57,320 --> 00:24:00,495
These items of clothing
have been in packaging,
406
00:24:00,520 --> 00:24:03,695
and they've been taken out
of packaging, put back into it,
407
00:24:03,720 --> 00:24:06,655
lots of times over the years.
408
00:24:06,680 --> 00:24:08,375
And, so, maybe,
what we should be doing
409
00:24:08,400 --> 00:24:11,175
is having a look at
the original packaging itself.
410
00:24:15,120 --> 00:24:17,735
NARRATOR: The team began
to carefully remove
411
00:24:17,760 --> 00:24:20,815
tiny pieces of debris
from corners of the packaging
412
00:24:20,840 --> 00:24:24,215
in which the suspects' clothes
had been stored.
413
00:24:24,240 --> 00:24:27,375
They were searching for
more red fibres from Stephen's top.
414
00:24:28,600 --> 00:24:33,975
But they found something which
appeared to be even more crucial.
415
00:24:34,000 --> 00:24:37,215
So, we went
into every nook and crevice
416
00:24:37,240 --> 00:24:41,375
just to make sure
we got everything out of there.
417
00:24:42,720 --> 00:24:46,135
Ancl we were pretty surprised
to find a flake of blood.
418
00:24:47,560 --> 00:24:52,335
NARRATOR: The blood in the bag
was attached to tiny blue fibres
419
00:24:52,360 --> 00:24:56,375
which didn't match the clothes
that had been stored there.
420
00:24:56,400 --> 00:25:01,775
Finding that tiny fragment of blood
joined to a fibre of interest
421
00:25:01,800 --> 00:25:02,855
was huge.
422
00:25:03,960 --> 00:25:07,895
Almost something that
you couldn't imagine would happen
423
00:25:07,920 --> 00:25:09,295
other than in a drama.
424
00:25:10,800 --> 00:25:16,335
Blood had never been found before,
so it was a great eureka moment.
425
00:25:16,360 --> 00:25:20,575
NARRATOR: It was the first blood
evidence to be found in the case.
426
00:25:20,600 --> 00:25:23,015
And it had been found
in a bag...
427
00:25:23,040 --> 00:25:25,855
containing the jacket
from the suspect...
428
00:25:25,880 --> 00:25:27,815
Gary Dobson.
429
00:25:38,080 --> 00:25:41,455
NARRATOR: Forensic expert
Dr Angela Gallop and her team
430
00:25:41,480 --> 00:25:43,935
were working on the re-investigation
431
00:25:43,960 --> 00:25:48,775
into the 1993 murder
of teenager Stephen Lawrence.
432
00:25:50,360 --> 00:25:54,095
Painstaking searches
of two of the suspects' clothes
433
00:25:54,120 --> 00:25:57,695
had found fibres
from one of Stephen's tops,
434
00:25:57,720 --> 00:26:01,055
suggesting the men
may have been present at the attack.
435
00:26:02,160 --> 00:26:04,615
Then, while searching
for more fibres
436
00:26:04,640 --> 00:26:07,095
in packaging containing evidence,
437
00:26:07,120 --> 00:26:11,135
the scientists found something
even more intriguing.
438
00:26:11,160 --> 00:26:14,935
We came across a flake of blood,
439
00:26:14,960 --> 00:26:19,415
running through which
were two textile fibres.
440
00:26:19,440 --> 00:26:23,935
Ancl looking at these two fibres,
they were both of blue acrylic.
441
00:26:23,960 --> 00:26:27,695
We immediately went and compared
them with Stephen's clothing
442
00:26:27,720 --> 00:26:32,375
and discovered that they matched the
fibres constituting his cardigan,
443
00:26:32,400 --> 00:26:35,495
he was wearing
a blue acrylic cardigan at the time.
444
00:26:35,520 --> 00:26:37,495
Ancl this flake of blood,
445
00:26:37,520 --> 00:26:41,495
the packaging this had come from
was from Gary Dobson's jacket.
446
00:26:44,920 --> 00:26:47,335
NARRATOR: The blood flake
was sent for a DNA test.
447
00:26:48,480 --> 00:26:49,975
While waiting for the result,
448
00:26:50,000 --> 00:26:52,295
the team continued its search
of the clothes.
449
00:26:53,440 --> 00:26:55,895
Finding a flake of blood like that
in packaging,
450
00:26:55,920 --> 00:27:00,495
we would expect to find the
blood stain from which it originated
451
00:27:00,520 --> 00:27:02,015
on the jacket itself.
452
00:27:02,040 --> 00:27:03,775
Ancl so we went back to the jacket,
453
00:27:03,800 --> 00:27:05,775
which had already been examined
several times
454
00:27:05,800 --> 00:27:09,495
by the original scientists, by us,
probably more than once.
455
00:27:09,520 --> 00:27:13,455
So we knew whatever the remains
of this blood flake looked like,
456
00:27:13,480 --> 00:27:14,575
it would be tiny.
457
00:27:17,720 --> 00:27:19,895
So, I started to examine
Dobson's jacket
458
00:27:19,920 --> 00:27:23,055
in much more detail
under the microscope.
459
00:27:23,080 --> 00:27:25,735
And the tayimgs that we'd taken
460
00:27:25,760 --> 00:27:28,855
gave us the areas
to target very specifically.
461
00:27:28,880 --> 00:27:32,535
Ancl so this was a bit of job to do,
and particularly, in this case,
462
00:27:32,560 --> 00:27:37,055
because this jacket was grey
coloured, and the grey came about
463
00:27:37,080 --> 00:27:40,375
because there were sort of
two individual constituent fibres.
464
00:27:40,400 --> 00:27:42,095
There were black fibres
and white fibres,
465
00:27:42,120 --> 00:27:44,295
and so together, to the naked eye,
they looked grey,
466
00:27:44,320 --> 00:27:48,255
but actually, under the microscope,
they looked black or white.
467
00:27:48,280 --> 00:27:50,295
Ancl so searching this jacket
468
00:27:50,320 --> 00:27:52,535
was an absolute nightmare
under the microscope
469
00:27:52,560 --> 00:27:54,495
because your eyes
were constantly adjusting
470
00:27:54,520 --> 00:27:56,855
between the black fibres
and the white fibres.
471
00:27:56,880 --> 00:28:01,575
And so, it was...
quite a tiring process to do.
472
00:28:03,280 --> 00:28:05,535
This is painstaking, this is new,
473
00:28:05,560 --> 00:28:09,775
they were not going to leave
any fibre unlooked at.
474
00:28:09,800 --> 00:28:14,135
And so, it was described to me
as a process that would take weeks
475
00:28:14,160 --> 00:28:17,375
going through every single stitch
of a jacket
476
00:28:17,400 --> 00:28:19,575
to see whether
there was any blood on it.
477
00:28:19,600 --> 00:28:23,535
It showed the thoroughness
with which the forensic team worked.
478
00:28:25,200 --> 00:28:26,935
NARRATOR: But the team's patience...
479
00:28:26,960 --> 00:28:28,335
paid off.
480
00:28:28,360 --> 00:28:31,775
I found a very tiny...
What looked like a bloodstain
481
00:28:31,800 --> 00:28:34,095
on the back of the collar
of Dobson's jacket.
482
00:28:37,120 --> 00:28:40,175
That spot of blood was miniscule,
483
00:28:40,200 --> 00:28:42,895
and it could easily
have been missed.
484
00:28:42,920 --> 00:28:45,815
But the fact that the forensic team
put that amount of time,
485
00:28:45,840 --> 00:28:47,375
and the resources were put in,
486
00:28:47,400 --> 00:28:51,855
indicates the strength and depth
of that team and their commitment
487
00:28:51,880 --> 00:28:55,055
in making sure that
that evidence saw the light of day.
488
00:28:56,680 --> 00:28:59,335
NARRATOR: If it was a bloodstain
from the murder,
489
00:28:59,360 --> 00:29:03,775
why was it on the inside back collar
of the suspect's jacket?
490
00:29:03,800 --> 00:29:05,895
It seemed an unusual place.
491
00:29:07,120 --> 00:29:10,375
But Angela had studied
the way blood is transferred
492
00:29:10,400 --> 00:29:12,895
during a violent assault
with a knife.
493
00:29:12,920 --> 00:29:15,175
Being inside the back of the neck
of the jacket
494
00:29:15,200 --> 00:29:17,135
was not particularly surprising,
495
00:29:17,160 --> 00:29:19,215
because that is the sort of place
496
00:29:19,240 --> 00:29:22,655
that if you're going to get blood
or tiny blood droplets
497
00:29:22,680 --> 00:29:25,975
flicked off a knife
that's been used to stab someone,
498
00:29:26,000 --> 00:29:28,655
it may very often
go down the back of clothing
499
00:29:28,680 --> 00:29:32,935
because as the hand comes back
from the first injury,
500
00:29:32,960 --> 00:29:35,295
and it reaches the end
of its trajectory,
501
00:29:35,320 --> 00:29:38,055
there can be a little judder
before it's brought forward again
502
00:29:38,080 --> 00:29:40,255
for another... another blow.
503
00:29:40,280 --> 00:29:43,935
Ancl that's the point
at which tiny droplets of blood
504
00:29:43,960 --> 00:29:45,575
can come off the knife blade
505
00:29:45,600 --> 00:29:49,455
and then go onto the back
of the perpetrators' clothing.
506
00:29:54,000 --> 00:29:57,975
NARRATOR: As April and Angela waited
for the DNA result on the blood,
507
00:29:58,000 --> 00:30:02,255
their colleague,
forensic hair expert Deb Hopwood,
508
00:30:02,280 --> 00:30:04,735
was hard at work
in another laboratory.
509
00:30:05,880 --> 00:30:10,495
I was presented with
what we call the retained material,
510
00:30:10,520 --> 00:30:13,375
and these were in the form
of tape lifts
511
00:30:13,400 --> 00:30:17,895
that were taken during the
original examination of the items.
512
00:30:17,920 --> 00:30:22,135
Tape lifts taken during
the re-examination
513
00:30:22,160 --> 00:30:26,855
and also debris that
had been collected along the way
514
00:30:26,880 --> 00:30:29,135
from these examinations.
515
00:30:30,280 --> 00:30:32,975
We examined over 600 hairs
516
00:30:33,000 --> 00:30:37,815
in relation to the retained material
from Stephen's clothing.
517
00:30:37,840 --> 00:30:40,415
On the Norris and Dobson,
518
00:30:40,440 --> 00:30:43,495
we were looking at
about 1,500 hairs,
519
00:30:43,520 --> 00:30:46,335
so it was a massive undertaking.
520
00:30:47,440 --> 00:30:50,295
We noticed on Stephen's clothing
521
00:30:50,320 --> 00:30:52,895
that there were
quite a lot of short, cut hairs
522
00:30:52,920 --> 00:30:56,175
of the type that you get
when you've had a recent haircut.
523
00:30:56,200 --> 00:30:57,815
Ancl so we were quite interested
to see
524
00:30:57,840 --> 00:31:00,735
whether any of these could have
been transferred to the suspects.
525
00:31:02,120 --> 00:31:06,375
When I looked at the retained
materials from David Norris,
526
00:31:06,400 --> 00:31:12,615
there were two short fragments
of very deeply pigmented hair
527
00:31:12,640 --> 00:31:15,575
that appeared to me
528
00:31:15,600 --> 00:31:21,975
to be more like they could be
Asian or Afro-Caribbean in origin.
529
00:31:22,000 --> 00:31:27,255
Here, we potentially had
some very significant evidence.
530
00:31:29,280 --> 00:31:33,455
NARRATOR: Although tiny,
one of these two hair fragments
531
00:31:33,480 --> 00:31:36,735
appeared to hold a forensic secret.
532
00:31:36,760 --> 00:31:40,975
One of them
was approximately 2mm in length,
533
00:31:41,000 --> 00:31:44,495
and the other was 1 mm.
534
00:31:44,520 --> 00:31:48,415
And when I examined the 1 mm fragment
535
00:31:48,440 --> 00:31:51,015
under high power microscopy
536
00:31:51,040 --> 00:31:55,495
it appeared to have
a tiny amount of blood
537
00:31:55,520 --> 00:31:57,815
on the cut end.
538
00:31:57,840 --> 00:32:00,415
But the blood and the hair fragment
were just too tiny
539
00:32:00,440 --> 00:32:02,215
to do anything further with.
540
00:32:03,600 --> 00:32:08,335
NARRATOR: So Deb concentrated
on the 2mm fragment of hair.
541
00:32:08,360 --> 00:32:13,055
It could be large enough
to identify who it belonged to.
542
00:32:13,080 --> 00:32:17,495
But the fact that it was a piece
of hair left over after a haircut,
543
00:32:17,520 --> 00:32:19,455
meant there was a problem.
544
00:32:19,480 --> 00:32:21,535
Because these hairs had been cut,
545
00:32:21,560 --> 00:32:24,895
there was no root
or any additional root material
546
00:32:24,920 --> 00:32:28,735
that we might generate
a DNA profile from.
547
00:32:28,760 --> 00:32:30,775
And our only realistic hope
548
00:32:30,800 --> 00:32:35,055
of getting any further information
out of these hairs
549
00:32:35,080 --> 00:32:38,095
was to forward them
for mitochondrial sequencing.
550
00:32:41,480 --> 00:32:46,375
NARRATOR: Mitochondrial DNA links
only to a person's mother's side
551
00:32:46,400 --> 00:32:48,575
but would still be
important evidence.
552
00:32:51,040 --> 00:32:53,415
The hair was sent
to the United States
553
00:32:53,440 --> 00:32:55,935
to be analysed
in a specialist laboratory.
554
00:32:57,440 --> 00:32:59,615
While the team waited
for the result,
555
00:32:59,640 --> 00:33:02,615
April Robson received a message.
556
00:33:02,640 --> 00:33:05,815
The blood she had found
on Gary Dobson's collar
557
00:33:05,840 --> 00:33:07,615
had been tested...
558
00:33:07,640 --> 00:33:09,775
and the result was back.
559
00:33:09,800 --> 00:33:11,295
I remember quite vividly
560
00:33:11,320 --> 00:33:13,975
when the reporting scientist
came into the room
561
00:33:14,000 --> 00:33:18,215
and asked me to follow him
into a quiet room,
562
00:33:18,240 --> 00:33:19,575
and he told me at that stage
563
00:33:19,600 --> 00:33:22,095
that the DNA profile had come back
as Stephen's.
564
00:33:24,720 --> 00:33:28,135
I just remember
quite a chilling feeling,
565
00:33:28,160 --> 00:33:31,975
erm... because, although we thought
it could have been from Stephen,
566
00:33:32,000 --> 00:33:34,375
actually getting that,
obtaining that DNA result
567
00:33:34,400 --> 00:33:35,975
was extremely powerful.
568
00:33:36,000 --> 00:33:38,935
I remember we had to check it,
double-check it,
569
00:33:38,960 --> 00:33:40,895
and probably triple-checked it
570
00:33:40,920 --> 00:33:44,495
before we actually told
the Senior Investigating Officer
571
00:33:44,520 --> 00:33:46,095
about the result.
572
00:33:46,120 --> 00:33:48,735
We passed on the message
about the blood
573
00:33:48,760 --> 00:33:52,255
to the Metropolitan Police,
and in particular, to Clive Driscoll
574
00:33:52,280 --> 00:33:54,175
who was the Senior Investigator.
575
00:33:54,200 --> 00:33:56,975
At a very poignant moment,
he just happened to be
576
00:33:57,000 --> 00:33:59,655
in a memorial service
to Stephen at the time.
577
00:34:00,880 --> 00:34:02,855
NARRATOR: The result was confirmed
578
00:34:02,880 --> 00:34:07,135
as the family marked the
15th anniversary of Stephen's death
579
00:34:07,160 --> 00:34:09,415
with a church memorial service.
580
00:34:09,440 --> 00:34:13,895
Clive Driscoll was looking at
a photo of Stephen on the altar
581
00:34:13,920 --> 00:34:15,935
when his phone rang.
582
00:34:15,960 --> 00:34:18,735
I was actually looking down
the aisle at Stephen,
583
00:34:18,760 --> 00:34:21,295
when I was told
that we'd just found Stephen's blood
584
00:34:21,320 --> 00:34:23,815
on Gary Dobson's jacket.
585
00:34:23,840 --> 00:34:28,855
The evidence of blood DNA is the
best evidence you can get, really.
586
00:34:30,680 --> 00:34:32,895
The finding of the blood
on Gary Dobson's jacket
587
00:34:32,920 --> 00:34:36,175
was a really critical moment
in the whole re-investigation
588
00:34:36,200 --> 00:34:39,215
cos here, for the first time
in all these years,
589
00:34:39,240 --> 00:34:42,055
we had got blood
that could have come from Stephen.
590
00:34:42,080 --> 00:34:47,015
So, Stephen injured
and Gary Dobson there at the time.
591
00:34:47,040 --> 00:34:50,055
NARRATOR: There was now
fibre evidence
592
00:34:50,080 --> 00:34:52,855
against Gary Dobson
and David Norris...
593
00:34:52,880 --> 00:34:56,055
and Stephen's blood
on Dobson's jacket.
594
00:34:58,040 --> 00:35:00,055
But there was more to come.
595
00:35:00,080 --> 00:35:03,615
Hair expert Deb Hopwood
received a phone call
596
00:35:03,640 --> 00:35:05,455
from the laboratory in America
597
00:35:05,480 --> 00:35:08,975
which had been investigating
the tiny piece of cut hair
598
00:35:09,000 --> 00:35:12,015
she had found on Norris' clothes.
599
00:35:12,040 --> 00:35:13,495
The hair...
600
00:35:13,520 --> 00:35:16,775
was a match for Stephen's DNA.
601
00:35:16,800 --> 00:35:20,335
And I have to say
that was quite a moment
602
00:35:20,360 --> 00:35:23,415
after almost three years' work
603
00:35:23,440 --> 00:35:28,455
to find such a crucial piece
of evidence.
604
00:35:28,480 --> 00:35:31,735
I think the team went home happy
that day.
605
00:35:33,480 --> 00:35:35,655
So, now we have textile fibres
606
00:35:35,680 --> 00:35:40,895
linking both Dobson and Norris
to the attack.
607
00:35:40,920 --> 00:35:44,215
We've also got some blood on Dobson,
608
00:35:44,240 --> 00:35:46,415
erm... which could have come
from Stephen,
609
00:35:46,440 --> 00:35:49,535
and we've got a hair on Norris
610
00:35:49,560 --> 00:35:51,975
which could have come
from Stephen as well.
611
00:35:54,320 --> 00:35:58,215
That showed that they were there
at the time Stephen was attacked,
612
00:35:58,240 --> 00:35:59,615
and Stephen was murdered.
613
00:36:00,760 --> 00:36:03,415
NARRATOR: The arrests of Norris
and Dobson
614
00:36:03,440 --> 00:36:06,135
turned up the pressure
on the forensic team
615
00:36:06,160 --> 00:36:08,735
to ensure their evidence
was watertight.
616
00:36:10,120 --> 00:36:12,655
They also had a hurdle
to overcome...
617
00:36:12,680 --> 00:36:15,255
Gary Dobson had already been
acquitted of the murder
618
00:36:15,280 --> 00:36:17,655
back in 1996.
619
00:36:17,680 --> 00:36:19,855
Unless they could persuade a court,
620
00:36:19,880 --> 00:36:23,455
he would not be allowed to stand
trial for the same of fence again.
621
00:36:36,480 --> 00:36:38,855
NARRATOR: Dr Angela Gallop
and her forensic team
622
00:36:38,880 --> 00:36:42,735
had gathered evidence
in the cold case investigation
623
00:36:42,760 --> 00:36:46,095
into the racist murder
of Stephen Lawrence,
624
00:36:46,120 --> 00:36:49,015
and two men had been arrested.
625
00:36:49,040 --> 00:36:52,295
Things are never as simple
as you imagine.
626
00:36:52,320 --> 00:36:54,535
You think that's the end of it,
but it isn't quite.
627
00:36:56,040 --> 00:36:58,015
NARRATOR: One of the men,
Gary Dobson,
628
00:36:58,040 --> 00:37:02,495
had already been acquitted
of the murder back in 1996.
629
00:37:02,520 --> 00:37:05,735
He was protected by the law
of double jeopardy,
630
00:37:05,760 --> 00:37:08,055
which had stood for centuries.
631
00:37:08,080 --> 00:37:10,415
Double jeopardy is a legal principle
632
00:37:10,440 --> 00:37:13,775
which says that once
you've been acquitted of a charge
633
00:37:13,800 --> 00:37:15,975
you can never be charged
with it again.
634
00:37:16,000 --> 00:37:18,775
So, the state gets one shot
at it -
635
00:37:18,800 --> 00:37:20,335
you get prosecuted,
636
00:37:20,360 --> 00:37:22,455
if you're acquitted,
that's the end of it.
637
00:37:24,160 --> 00:37:29,375
NARRATOR: But over the years, the
case had had an impact on society
638
00:37:29,400 --> 00:37:32,455
and played a major role
in changing the law.
639
00:37:32,480 --> 00:37:37,695
In 1997, a national newspaper,
the Daily Mail,
640
00:37:37,720 --> 00:37:41,735
had taken the unprecedented step
of using its front page
641
00:37:41,760 --> 00:37:47,495
to accuse five men, including Dobson
and Norris, of being the murderers.
642
00:37:47,520 --> 00:37:51,735
It was already high profile,
but the Daily Mail, I would argue,
643
00:37:51,760 --> 00:37:53,975
running that front page
took it onto a whole new level
644
00:37:54,000 --> 00:37:56,895
in terms of the profile of the case.
645
00:37:58,160 --> 00:38:01,175
NARRATOR: The MacPherson Inquiry
found that the police
646
00:38:01,200 --> 00:38:03,655
had been institutionally racist
647
00:38:03,680 --> 00:38:06,615
at the time of the original
murder investigation.
648
00:38:06,640 --> 00:38:10,535
It also recommended a change
in the law of double jeopardy.
649
00:38:13,440 --> 00:38:17,935
Macpherson's report put forward that
650
00:38:17,960 --> 00:38:23,735
in order for the court
to allow prosecution to go ahead
651
00:38:23,760 --> 00:38:27,575
it must be satisfied that there is
new and compelling evidence,
652
00:38:27,600 --> 00:38:29,695
ie, that it could lead to
the conviction.
653
00:38:31,600 --> 00:38:35,095
We were very aware of all that
as we were amassing our evidence,
654
00:38:35,120 --> 00:38:38,575
when it reached the point where
I think the police and the lawyers
655
00:38:38,600 --> 00:38:42,055
were also happy that it represented
new and compelling evidence.
656
00:38:42,080 --> 00:38:44,255
Then that was the time
that they considered
657
00:38:44,280 --> 00:38:47,655
that they would have to get
the acquittal overturned
658
00:38:47,680 --> 00:38:50,055
to prepare for this new trial.
659
00:38:52,840 --> 00:38:56,135
NARRATOR: The new forensic evidence
against Dobson
660
00:38:56,160 --> 00:38:59,615
was put before the Court of Appeal
and the judges agreed
661
00:38:59,640 --> 00:39:03,215
that his acquittal
should be overturned.
662
00:39:03,240 --> 00:39:07,695
There WAS enough evidence for him
to be tried again
663
00:39:07,720 --> 00:39:10,255
for Stephen's murder.
664
00:39:10,280 --> 00:39:14,335
Here's the law, a principle of law
that's been around for centuries,
665
00:39:14,360 --> 00:39:17,735
not decades and months,
that's been completely overturned.
666
00:39:19,480 --> 00:39:23,375
NARRATOR: But bringing David Norris
and Gary Dobson to justice
667
00:39:23,400 --> 00:39:26,695
would depend on the accuracy
of the forensics.
668
00:39:26,720 --> 00:39:29,695
REPORTER: 'The two men accused
of killing Stephen Lawrence
669
00:39:29,720 --> 00:39:32,135
'were brought to the Old Bailey...'
670
00:39:32,160 --> 00:39:34,895
NARRATOR: Angela's team
faced a massive task
671
00:39:34,920 --> 00:39:36,535
to ensure they were ready
672
00:39:36,560 --> 00:39:41,175
for one of the highest-profile
criminal trials in history.
673
00:39:41,200 --> 00:39:44,095
You might think that in
this particular case
674
00:39:44,120 --> 00:39:47,215
that we just had a few items
of clothing from the suspect
675
00:39:47,240 --> 00:39:50,055
and the clothing that Stephen
was wearing on the night in question
676
00:39:50,080 --> 00:39:51,615
and that was what we had to look at.
677
00:39:51,640 --> 00:39:56,815
But actually, there was an enormous
amount of material to look at.
678
00:39:56,840 --> 00:40:01,215
We had 500 tubes of DNA extract.
679
00:40:01,240 --> 00:40:06,455
There were 250 pots of debris
that we'd brushed off
680
00:40:06,480 --> 00:40:11,095
or picked off, or in some way
collected from all of the items
681
00:40:11,120 --> 00:40:13,735
that we maker! at.
And we transferred those
682
00:40:13,760 --> 00:40:16,015
onto 700 tapings.
683
00:40:16,040 --> 00:40:20,495
So an enormous amount of work
was clone in this particular case.
684
00:40:23,360 --> 00:40:27,935
I had to go in on a daily basis
for many months
685
00:40:27,960 --> 00:40:31,735
to check all 4,500 fibres.
686
00:40:33,480 --> 00:40:38,495
It can take at least an hour
to ensure that each fibre matches
687
00:40:38,520 --> 00:40:40,055
or it doesn't match.
688
00:40:40,080 --> 00:40:42,015
It's a long slog.
689
00:40:44,000 --> 00:40:45,575
This one was probably
690
00:40:45,600 --> 00:40:49,655
the highest-profile case
in the country at the time,
691
00:40:49,680 --> 00:40:52,655
so naturally
you want to do a good job
692
00:40:52,680 --> 00:40:57,055
and you want to make sure
you've covered every avenue.
693
00:41:01,160 --> 00:41:04,215
NARRATOR: It was hard work,
but it paid off.
694
00:41:05,440 --> 00:41:09,615
The forensic evidence was at
the heart of the six-week trial.
695
00:41:11,080 --> 00:41:14,215
And in January 2012,
696
00:41:14,240 --> 00:41:20,535
a jury found Dobson and Norris
guilty of Stephen's murder.
697
00:41:20,560 --> 00:41:23,495
My memory is turning round
and seeing two lovely people,
698
00:41:23,520 --> 00:41:28,615
Baroness Lawrence now
and Dr Lawrence, crying.
699
00:41:28,640 --> 00:41:32,655
Ancl I can remember
just feeling for them,
700
00:41:32,680 --> 00:41:37,295
because this had been years,
hadn't it? You know, for them.
701
00:41:37,320 --> 00:41:40,575
It's the beginning, I think,
of starting a new life,
702
00:41:40,600 --> 00:41:42,775
because we've been in limbo
for so long.
703
00:41:42,800 --> 00:41:46,575
So today is where we can look
to start moving on
704
00:41:46,600 --> 00:41:51,895
and just, I don't know, try and get,
take control of my life once more.
705
00:41:54,280 --> 00:41:57,455
I can't ever feel elation
706
00:41:57,480 --> 00:41:59,975
because I haven't
brought Stephen back, have I?
707
00:42:00,000 --> 00:42:02,655
I haven't brought Stephen back,
that's what they would want.
708
00:42:04,400 --> 00:42:08,935
You know,
it was a feeling more of sadness
709
00:42:08,960 --> 00:42:11,175
for Baroness Lawrence
and Neville Lawrence
710
00:42:11,200 --> 00:42:13,055
because how much they'd suffered.
711
00:42:15,280 --> 00:42:19,695
NARRATOR: David Norris and Gary
Dobson received life sentences
712
00:42:19,720 --> 00:42:21,975
for the murder of Stephen Lawrence.
713
00:42:23,360 --> 00:42:27,615
But the other members of the gang
who set upon Stephen that night...
714
00:42:27,640 --> 00:42:29,055
remain free.
715
00:42:31,520 --> 00:42:34,615
Yes, there was a sense of, well,
what about the others?
716
00:42:34,640 --> 00:42:39,015
But none of us were,
certainly Doreen wasn't,
717
00:42:39,040 --> 00:42:40,495
complaining about that.
718
00:42:40,520 --> 00:42:42,775
Ancl I think the way
that Clive Driscoll put it,
719
00:42:42,800 --> 00:42:44,975
"Two down, the rest to go."
720
00:42:45,000 --> 00:42:47,095
So it wasn't about just leaving it.
721
00:42:48,600 --> 00:42:52,815
In terms of getting justice
for Stephen and his family,
722
00:42:52,840 --> 00:42:57,015
this forensic evidence
was absolutely crucial,
723
00:42:57,040 --> 00:42:59,135
absolutely crucial.
724
00:43:00,240 --> 00:43:02,175
Without the forensic evidence,
725
00:43:02,200 --> 00:43:04,935
there would not have been
a prosecution in this case,
726
00:43:04,960 --> 00:43:06,375
a conviction in this case.
727
00:43:06,400 --> 00:43:10,095
You can't put too much emphasis
on that.
728
00:43:10,120 --> 00:43:14,335
Ancl so what Angela did
in getting that material,
729
00:43:14,360 --> 00:43:18,015
putting it in a way
that was presentable to the jury,
730
00:43:18,040 --> 00:43:19,815
finding it in the first place,
731
00:43:19,840 --> 00:43:22,495
using the new techniques
to obtain it,
732
00:43:22,520 --> 00:43:25,375
that's what led to the prosecution.
That's what gave Doreen justice.
733
00:43:26,880 --> 00:43:29,695
The hope I take forward
from this case is that
734
00:43:29,720 --> 00:43:33,015
we're just treated equally
735
00:43:33,040 --> 00:43:36,455
and equal resources
are given to each case
736
00:43:36,480 --> 00:43:40,855
and they're all investigated
on their merits.
737
00:43:44,200 --> 00:43:49,735
Angela Gallop and Clive Driscoll
were quite a dynamic duo,
738
00:43:49,760 --> 00:43:51,815
pretty unique, to be honest.
739
00:43:51,840 --> 00:43:56,015
Ancl to be fair, I think Angela
had a pretty damn good team
740
00:43:56,040 --> 00:43:57,735
of scientists around her.
741
00:43:57,760 --> 00:43:59,055
Here's Young Stephen.
742
00:44:01,400 --> 00:44:03,295
1974.
743
00:44:03,320 --> 00:44:06,015
I always refer to him
as "Young Stephen".
744
00:44:06,040 --> 00:44:08,415
And they say, "Well, he'd be
40-odd now, wouldn't he?"
745
00:44:08,440 --> 00:44:10,055
I suppose he would be now, yeah.
746
00:44:10,080 --> 00:44:13,415
That's how much life
he's actually lost.
747
00:44:13,440 --> 00:44:15,775
We didn't give up.
748
00:44:15,800 --> 00:44:21,255
We kept looking
even if everybody else had failed.
749
00:44:21,280 --> 00:44:25,655
We had to work
to our highest ability
750
00:44:25,680 --> 00:44:30,895
to try to bring some justice
for this bereaved family
751
00:44:30,920 --> 00:44:37,375
and to be a part of the team
that was able to do that
752
00:44:37,400 --> 00:44:41,095
was just quite incredible.
753
00:44:44,320 --> 00:44:48,175
We lost a nice young man
from our society and for me,
754
00:44:48,200 --> 00:44:52,695
I thank the Lawrence family
ancl thank Stephen's name
755
00:44:52,720 --> 00:44:55,575
for the advancements
and how we've become better.
756
00:44:55,600 --> 00:44:59,535
Ancl we could be better still,
but I think that his legacy
757
00:44:59,560 --> 00:45:02,655
will be that we became better.
758
00:45:02,680 --> 00:45:07,735
Over the years, I have been very
impressed by the Lawrence family
759
00:45:07,760 --> 00:45:10,895
and how they've made
every single effort
760
00:45:10,920 --> 00:45:15,375
to persuade and cajole and basically
do everything they could,
761
00:45:15,400 --> 00:45:19,415
everything in their power
to make sure that the case
762
00:45:19,440 --> 00:45:22,335
was properly investigated,
at the end of the clay.
763
00:45:22,360 --> 00:45:26,575
Ancl so it was a lot of work,
but then in the end,
764
00:45:26,600 --> 00:45:30,095
a lot of evidence
and most importantly,
765
00:45:30,120 --> 00:45:36,415
it resulted in at least some sort
of closure for Stephen's family
766
00:45:36,440 --> 00:45:39,975
and some justice
for Stephen himself.
767
00:45:40,000 --> 00:45:43,055
So I think it was a really important
piece of work we did.
768
00:45:45,240 --> 00:45:47,175
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