1 00:00:02,567 --> 00:00:04,867 [Josh] On this episode of "Expedition Unknown," 2 00:00:06,066 --> 00:00:08,000 the epic conclusion of my mission to tackle the mysteries 3 00:00:08,934 --> 00:00:11,367 of Egypt's Great Pyramid. -OK, here we go! 4 00:00:11,934 --> 00:00:13,367 [indistinct chanting] 5 00:00:14,200 --> 00:00:15,000 [Josh] On the shores of the Red Sea, 6 00:00:16,266 --> 00:00:19,066 a long-lost cave contains the secrets of the pyramid builders 7 00:00:19,600 --> 00:00:21,000 in their own words. 8 00:00:21,533 --> 00:00:22,667 This document is... 9 00:00:23,567 --> 00:00:25,166 The oldest writing on paper ever found. 10 00:00:26,300 --> 00:00:28,367 Here's somebody telling us how the pyramids are built. 11 00:00:29,633 --> 00:00:31,667 [Josh] And a daring experiment could answer, once and for all, 12 00:00:32,834 --> 00:00:36,266 how massive two-ton blocks were moved by hand to construct 13 00:00:36,700 --> 00:00:37,800 a world wonder. 14 00:00:38,734 --> 00:00:40,800 If this works, you can build the pyramids. 15 00:00:41,567 --> 00:00:42,967 [Josh] Then, the stunning secret 16 00:00:43,834 --> 00:00:46,000 behind the pyramids' perfect alignment. 17 00:00:47,133 --> 00:00:48,567 This is their survey system to build the Great Pyramid. 18 00:00:49,767 --> 00:00:53,400 [Josh] And the groundbreaking results of a 3D scan to map 19 00:00:54,100 --> 00:00:55,500 the inside of the Great Pyramid. 20 00:00:56,300 --> 00:00:57,667 I've never seen anything like this. 21 00:00:58,834 --> 00:01:00,800 [Josh] Could it rewrite history and reveal the hidden tomb 22 00:01:01,233 --> 00:01:02,100 of a pharaoh? 23 00:01:02,500 --> 00:01:03,266 Where is it? 24 00:01:04,300 --> 00:01:05,100 -It should be right here behind this rock. -Yeah. 25 00:01:06,066 --> 00:01:10,667 Find out right now on "Expedition Unknown." 26 00:01:11,333 --> 00:01:12,166 Oh, my God, that's writing! 27 00:01:12,900 --> 00:01:14,200 -Whoa! -[indistinct screaming] 28 00:01:14,900 --> 00:01:16,467 It's working! Wait a minute. 29 00:01:16,900 --> 00:01:17,767 What is that? 30 00:01:19,000 --> 00:01:19,900 We could be looking at a lost passage in the Great Pyramid. 31 00:01:20,467 --> 00:01:21,100 It is a lost passage. 32 00:01:25,467 --> 00:01:27,700 [Josh] The past is all around us. 33 00:01:28,467 --> 00:01:30,667 Oh, my God! It goes on forever! 34 00:01:31,367 --> 00:01:32,400 [Josh] A world of mystery... 35 00:01:33,867 --> 00:01:36,300 Come on! Look at that! 36 00:01:36,934 --> 00:01:38,467 -...danger... -Hang on! 37 00:01:40,467 --> 00:01:41,600 ...and adventure. 38 00:01:42,200 --> 00:01:43,166 It's just straight down! 39 00:01:45,100 --> 00:01:46,200 I gotta get a new job. 40 00:01:48,100 --> 00:01:51,166 [Josh] I travel to the far corners of the Earth to 41 00:01:51,967 --> 00:01:52,867 uncover where legends end... -Yeah! 42 00:01:53,567 --> 00:01:54,166 [Josh, over radio] We got it! 43 00:01:55,100 --> 00:01:56,867 -Yes! -...and history begins. 44 00:01:57,233 --> 00:01:58,100 Whoo-hoo! 45 00:01:58,500 --> 00:01:59,200 Here we go! 46 00:01:59,633 --> 00:02:00,567 I'm Josh Gates. 47 00:02:01,367 --> 00:02:04,000 And this is "Expedition Unknown." 48 00:02:07,867 --> 00:02:09,867 [Josh and Dr. El-Maguid talking] 49 00:02:16,166 --> 00:02:19,000 [Josh] It may not look like it, but I'm in Egypt on a mission 50 00:02:19,967 --> 00:02:21,667 to solve the mysteries of the Great Pyramid, 51 00:02:22,900 --> 00:02:25,467 the last standing of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. 52 00:02:26,667 --> 00:02:28,667 It's a monumental quest that's led me far from the deserts 53 00:02:29,800 --> 00:02:32,000 of Giza all the way here to the shores of the Red Sea. 54 00:02:33,200 --> 00:02:36,200 Dr. Mohamed Abd El-Maguid has promised me that the secrets 55 00:02:37,433 --> 00:02:39,867 to the pyramid's construction can be found here, underwater. 56 00:02:40,867 --> 00:02:43,400 [Josh and Dr. El-Maguid talking] 57 00:03:05,667 --> 00:03:08,900 [Josh] The man I've been chasing, the pharaoh Khufu, 58 00:03:09,900 --> 00:03:11,967 was the second ruler of Egypt's fourth dynasty. 59 00:03:12,934 --> 00:03:14,800 He reigned for 30 years, and when he was done, 60 00:03:15,900 --> 00:03:18,400 he was to be interred in the grandest tomb in history, 61 00:03:19,233 --> 00:03:21,066 the most enigmatic building on Earth. 62 00:03:21,867 --> 00:03:23,667 And that's where our mystery begins. 63 00:03:24,800 --> 00:03:26,667 When the pyramid was first broken into by tomb raiders 64 00:03:27,633 --> 00:03:29,100 in the 9th century, they couldn't find Khufu 65 00:03:29,533 --> 00:03:30,266 or his riches. 66 00:03:31,467 --> 00:03:35,000 There's no shortage of debate and wild conspiracy theories 67 00:03:35,633 --> 00:03:36,867 about this ancient wonder, 68 00:03:37,633 --> 00:03:38,967 everything from alien intervention 69 00:03:39,667 --> 00:03:40,800 to lost advanced civilizations. 70 00:03:42,033 --> 00:03:45,767 After all, people continue to wonder, how on earth was this 71 00:03:46,834 --> 00:03:50,166 45-story skyscraper constructed without modern tools 72 00:03:51,233 --> 00:03:54,166 or even the wheel? How is it so perfectly aligned? 73 00:03:55,066 --> 00:03:56,600 And could there be hidden chambers inside 74 00:03:57,767 --> 00:04:02,000 that might even conceal Khufu's lost treasure-filled tomb? 75 00:04:03,400 --> 00:04:06,900 To learn the truth, I met with renowned Egyptologist Dr. Mark Lehner. 76 00:04:08,166 --> 00:04:10,266 Acquiring exclusive access to the pyramid, we entered through 77 00:04:10,967 --> 00:04:12,367 the so-called robber's tunnel. 78 00:04:13,000 --> 00:04:14,767 [Josh] Look at this. Wow. 79 00:04:15,700 --> 00:04:16,800 [Josh] From here, we tracked our position 80 00:04:17,934 --> 00:04:20,200 in real-time as we mapped every inch of the labyrinth 81 00:04:20,767 --> 00:04:21,600 of interior passages. 82 00:04:22,500 --> 00:04:23,367 So this is where things get weird, right? 83 00:04:24,266 --> 00:04:25,867 We've got two passages, original passages, 84 00:04:26,900 --> 00:04:29,166 moving in two different directions in the pyramid. 85 00:04:30,333 --> 00:04:31,300 [Josh] We made our way into the pyramid to the so-called 86 00:04:31,734 --> 00:04:32,400 King's Chamber. 87 00:04:33,900 --> 00:04:38,467 Look at this room. It is beyond impressive. 88 00:04:39,300 --> 00:04:40,300 [Josh] But as for the king himself... 89 00:04:40,967 --> 00:04:42,600 So one glaring problem here, 90 00:04:43,133 --> 00:04:44,567 no Khufu. -Right. 91 00:04:46,033 --> 00:04:49,467 [Josh] From there, we explored areas of the interior closed off 92 00:04:50,533 --> 00:04:52,767 to the public, descending almost 100 feet through 93 00:04:53,967 --> 00:04:56,767 the Egyptian bedrock to an unfinished subterranean chamber. 94 00:04:57,934 --> 00:04:59,567 -[Josh] What the hell is this room for? -I don't know. 95 00:05:00,200 --> 00:05:01,066 Really, nobody knows. 96 00:05:02,233 --> 00:05:04,500 [Josh] The room here was clearly abandoned by the builders. 97 00:05:05,133 --> 00:05:06,400 But is there more to find? 98 00:05:07,567 --> 00:05:09,500 Could there be other chambers inside the Great Pyramid? 99 00:05:10,367 --> 00:05:10,700 [Mark] You know, Josh, there was a time 100 00:05:11,567 --> 00:05:13,567 when I would have said that's doubtful, 101 00:05:14,300 --> 00:05:15,767 but now I'm not so sure. -Really? 102 00:05:17,266 --> 00:05:19,467 [Josh] Several years ago, cutting-edge technology 103 00:05:20,500 --> 00:05:22,266 appeared to image a strange void above a chamber 104 00:05:22,934 --> 00:05:24,100 known as the Grand Gallery. 105 00:05:25,200 --> 00:05:27,100 But short of dynamiting the top off the Great Pyramid, 106 00:05:28,033 --> 00:05:29,367 there's no way to prove it -- or is there? 107 00:05:30,500 --> 00:05:33,100 Right next to the pyramid, I met up with my old friend, 108 00:05:33,934 --> 00:05:35,467 Danish archaeologist Soren Sindbaek, 109 00:05:36,367 --> 00:05:38,266 at a strange set of tunnels to nowhere. 110 00:05:38,834 --> 00:05:39,567 Does it look familiar? 111 00:05:40,700 --> 00:05:41,467 Look what you're standing and what we're standing on. 112 00:05:42,133 --> 00:05:42,567 Wait a minute, you're right. 113 00:05:43,467 --> 00:05:44,667 This is like being in the Great Pyramid. 114 00:05:46,000 --> 00:05:47,567 [Josh] The ancient builders appeared to have constructed a model 115 00:05:48,800 --> 00:05:51,100 of the pyramid's tunnels here before carving the real thing. 116 00:05:52,166 --> 00:05:53,867 [Josh] This is just like being inside the pyramid. 117 00:05:54,300 --> 00:05:55,100 It's incredible. 118 00:05:56,200 --> 00:05:57,667 [Josh] To determine if these so-called trial passages 119 00:05:58,533 --> 00:05:59,667 actually match the ones in the pyramid, 120 00:06:00,834 --> 00:06:03,667 we performed the first ever 3D digital scan inside. 121 00:06:04,400 --> 00:06:05,600 Look at that. That's amazing. 122 00:06:06,700 --> 00:06:09,000 [Josh] A scan we hope might also reveal hidden passages 123 00:06:09,867 --> 00:06:11,900 or chambers within the pyramid itself. 124 00:06:12,800 --> 00:06:13,567 [Soren] We need a few days to process it. 125 00:06:14,633 --> 00:06:15,166 Once we've done that, we can go and compare it to 126 00:06:15,867 --> 00:06:16,667 the Great Pyramid. -Amazing. 127 00:06:18,100 --> 00:06:21,000 While we wait for the results of the scan, I've driven 128 00:06:22,066 --> 00:06:24,767 150 miles to the Red Sea to tackle the mystery of 129 00:06:25,834 --> 00:06:27,500 how the architects of the pyramid carved and moved 130 00:06:28,533 --> 00:06:31,367 more than 2 million two-ton blocks into the sky, 131 00:06:32,500 --> 00:06:35,166 and now the first puzzle piece is right in front of me. 132 00:06:35,600 --> 00:06:36,667 [Josh talking] 133 00:06:42,467 --> 00:06:45,367 [Josh] This harbor wall is more than 500 feet long 134 00:06:46,233 --> 00:06:48,066 and once stood more than 10 feet high. 135 00:06:48,934 --> 00:06:50,967 I follow Dr. El-Maguid inside the wall, 136 00:06:52,000 --> 00:06:53,967 where we find more evidence of an ancient port. 137 00:06:55,300 --> 00:06:56,467 [Josh and Dr. El-Maguid talking] 138 00:07:10,300 --> 00:07:13,166 [Josh] We get to work cleaning the growth off this stone, 139 00:07:14,066 --> 00:07:15,367 and soon we can make out features from when 140 00:07:15,867 --> 00:07:16,600 it was last used. 141 00:07:17,600 --> 00:07:21,166 [Josh and Dr. El-Maguid talking] 142 00:07:34,967 --> 00:07:37,400 [Josh] Based on its design, archaeologists have dated 143 00:07:38,533 --> 00:07:40,367 the anchor, along with more than 100 others that have 144 00:07:41,200 --> 00:07:42,667 been found here to the time of Khufu. 145 00:07:43,433 --> 00:07:46,266 [Josh and Dr. El-Maguid talking] 146 00:08:14,000 --> 00:08:15,867 [Josh] Anxious to meet Mohamed's colleague, 147 00:08:16,567 --> 00:08:18,100 I return to shore and dry off, 148 00:08:19,700 --> 00:08:22,867 then jump into my 4x4 for a short trip back 149 00:08:23,333 --> 00:08:24,367 into the desert. 150 00:08:25,300 --> 00:08:26,667 OK, GPS says it should be up on the right. 151 00:08:27,533 --> 00:08:30,767 I don't exactly see a road. It's fine. 152 00:08:31,300 --> 00:08:31,867 Roads are overrated. 153 00:08:39,367 --> 00:08:40,567 This might get bumpy, hang on! 154 00:08:46,767 --> 00:08:48,567 After only a few minutes in the heat, 155 00:08:49,433 --> 00:08:50,900 I glimpse what appears to be a mirage. 156 00:08:52,467 --> 00:08:55,100 Look at this, tent city. 157 00:08:56,367 --> 00:09:00,066 More than 50 of them, dotting the otherwise barren landscape. 158 00:09:04,500 --> 00:09:07,367 And at the heart of this compound, a familiar face. 159 00:09:08,867 --> 00:09:10,000 -Hey. -Hey, Josh. 160 00:09:10,900 --> 00:09:11,700 The Chair of the Egyptology department at 161 00:09:12,800 --> 00:09:15,667 the Sorbonne University in Paris, Dr. Pierre Tallet. 162 00:09:16,567 --> 00:09:18,200 -Nice to meet you again. -Great to see you. 163 00:09:19,333 --> 00:09:21,100 Last time I saw you, we were in the desert in the Sinai. 164 00:09:21,367 --> 00:09:22,367 Yes. 165 00:09:23,500 --> 00:09:24,667 [Josh] He and I first met exploring caves in the Sinai 166 00:09:25,600 --> 00:09:27,166 when I was investigating the story of Moses. 167 00:09:28,300 --> 00:09:30,567 And here we are again at a site where Pierre is leading 168 00:09:31,567 --> 00:09:34,367 a team of nearly 100 people in another desert. 169 00:09:37,567 --> 00:09:39,200 You are the man of the desert. 170 00:09:40,533 --> 00:09:43,700 OK, so I have just come from this ancient harbor, Khufu's harbor. 171 00:09:44,200 --> 00:09:44,867 Where are we now? 172 00:09:45,600 --> 00:09:46,867 We are still in Khufu's harbor. 173 00:09:47,667 --> 00:09:48,200 This is part of the harbor complex? 174 00:09:50,767 --> 00:09:53,066 Wow. OK, so what's it doing here? 175 00:09:56,266 --> 00:09:59,567 They needed copper to be able to cut the stone 176 00:10:00,033 --> 00:10:00,667 for the pyramid. 177 00:10:02,000 --> 00:10:04,500 [Josh] Copper mines across the Red Sea were essential 178 00:10:05,600 --> 00:10:07,567 to making the tools used to build the Great Pyramid, 179 00:10:08,767 --> 00:10:11,800 so Khufu would send boats from here at Wadi Al-Jarf across 180 00:10:12,834 --> 00:10:14,166 the Red Sea to the coast of the Sinai Peninsula, 181 00:10:15,300 --> 00:10:17,500 where mined copper was then ferried all the way back. 182 00:10:18,667 --> 00:10:21,100 It would then be loaded onto mules for the 150-mile trip 183 00:10:21,800 --> 00:10:22,967 north to the pyramid at Giza. 184 00:10:32,266 --> 00:10:33,567 To hide them? 185 00:10:34,800 --> 00:10:36,467 [Josh] Since the boats themselves were valuable commodities, 186 00:10:37,500 --> 00:10:39,467 between trips, the Egyptians stored and hid them 187 00:10:40,433 --> 00:10:42,000 inland here to keep them from being stolen. 188 00:10:43,033 --> 00:10:45,667 And I know that after you started working here, 189 00:10:46,867 --> 00:10:49,100 my understanding is that you found something very special. 190 00:10:50,100 --> 00:10:51,767 We found something that totally transformed what 191 00:10:52,867 --> 00:10:55,166 we know about the pyramids. Something extraordinary. 192 00:10:56,000 --> 00:10:56,767 -Can you show me? -Yeah, of course. 193 00:11:00,300 --> 00:11:02,667 [Josh] We walk out into the sweltering desert. 194 00:11:03,767 --> 00:11:05,367 In fact, it's so hot, I half expect to see two suns. 195 00:11:06,700 --> 00:11:08,200 It's like "Star Wars" out here. 196 00:11:09,300 --> 00:11:12,967 Pierre leads me over to a row of hand-carved caves, 197 00:11:14,066 --> 00:11:16,100 which, when he first found them, were sealed tightly 198 00:11:17,233 --> 00:11:19,767 by immense blocks of cut limestone, curiously similar to 199 00:11:20,533 --> 00:11:21,367 the blocks of the Great Pyramid. 200 00:11:27,000 --> 00:11:29,800 And for people who don't know, papyrus is basically ancient 201 00:11:30,500 --> 00:11:31,400 paper made of plant material. 202 00:11:32,200 --> 00:11:33,066 Yeah, it's made of plant material. 203 00:11:33,934 --> 00:11:34,300 [Josh] And where did you make the find? 204 00:11:35,166 --> 00:11:36,066 -In this pit right there. -Right here? 205 00:11:36,867 --> 00:11:37,467 -Between the two blocks. -[Josh] OK. 206 00:11:38,266 --> 00:11:38,967 It was the last place to excavate. 207 00:11:39,467 --> 00:11:40,266 What did you find? 208 00:11:41,233 --> 00:11:42,567 I brought a copy of what we found to show you. 209 00:11:45,567 --> 00:11:47,967 [Josh] Oh, my word. Look at this. 210 00:11:48,800 --> 00:11:50,166 You found a complete roll of papyrus. 211 00:11:50,433 --> 00:11:51,667 Yes. 212 00:11:55,467 --> 00:11:56,467 Five zero, fifty? 213 00:11:57,467 --> 00:12:00,367 Five zero, fifty, which was really incredible. 214 00:12:00,900 --> 00:12:02,000 And so, what is it? 215 00:12:07,767 --> 00:12:09,266 [Josh] And so, who is Merer? 216 00:12:09,700 --> 00:12:11,166 [Pierre talking] 217 00:12:15,166 --> 00:12:18,400 And this papyrus is giving information about the building 218 00:12:19,100 --> 00:12:19,967 of the Great Pyramid of Khufu. 219 00:12:21,166 --> 00:12:23,266 These documents tell us about the construction 220 00:12:23,867 --> 00:12:24,367 of the pyramid. -Yeah. 221 00:12:25,166 --> 00:12:25,800 Do you want to know what it says? 222 00:12:26,567 --> 00:12:27,266 I'm dying to know what it says. 223 00:12:33,600 --> 00:12:34,867 [Josh] This is the symbol for the Great Pyramid? 224 00:12:35,667 --> 00:12:36,200 [Pierre] Yeah, this is the pyramid. 225 00:12:37,033 --> 00:12:38,100 [Josh] The world's first pyramid emoji. 226 00:12:38,734 --> 00:12:39,967 [Pierre] Yeah. Of course. 227 00:12:40,433 --> 00:12:41,467 Awesome. Awesome. 228 00:12:42,467 --> 00:12:44,166 So that means that this is being written during 229 00:12:44,667 --> 00:12:45,667 the life of Khufu. 230 00:12:46,100 --> 00:12:47,266 [Pierre talking] 231 00:12:49,200 --> 00:12:50,767 -But it means that... -So wait a minute. 232 00:12:51,200 --> 00:12:51,800 Wait a minute. 233 00:12:52,600 --> 00:12:53,900 That means that this document is... 234 00:12:54,800 --> 00:12:56,700 The oldest writing on paper ever found. 235 00:12:57,066 --> 00:12:57,867 This is -- 236 00:12:58,967 --> 00:13:00,667 sorry, this is the oldest written document on Earth? 237 00:13:01,567 --> 00:13:02,667 Yes, it is. 238 00:13:03,800 --> 00:13:06,867 So this is 2,500 years older than the Dead Sea Scrolls? 239 00:13:09,367 --> 00:13:11,500 The Red Sea Scrolls. 240 00:13:12,200 --> 00:13:13,700 This is extraordinary, Pierre. 241 00:13:14,767 --> 00:13:17,867 [Josh] And what these scrolls reveal is historic. 242 00:13:19,066 --> 00:13:20,567 For centuries, one of the great debates about the pyramid's 243 00:13:21,600 --> 00:13:23,367 construction was how the building's outer blocks 244 00:13:24,367 --> 00:13:26,300 were transported to Giza from a remote quarry 245 00:13:26,867 --> 00:13:27,667 in a place called Tura. 246 00:13:42,867 --> 00:13:44,400 It literally tells us what they're doing, 247 00:13:45,400 --> 00:13:46,100 where they're working, where they're sleeping. 248 00:13:46,400 --> 00:13:47,266 Yeah. 249 00:13:47,867 --> 00:13:48,467 [Josh] And the kicker? 250 00:13:49,567 --> 00:13:51,467 Merer's diary solves the mystery of how these blocks 251 00:13:52,533 --> 00:13:54,600 made it to Giza by revealing that the limestone was 252 00:13:55,700 --> 00:13:58,100 transported there by boat, where workers rechanneled 253 00:13:59,200 --> 00:14:01,300 the Nile to build artificial lakes, allowing them to 254 00:14:02,533 --> 00:14:04,467 float the blocks right up to the edge of the construction site. 255 00:14:09,767 --> 00:14:11,667 I mean, that's it. You have everything. 256 00:14:12,200 --> 00:14:12,667 You have everything. 257 00:14:13,633 --> 00:14:14,867 I mean, we know that they're cutting blocks. 258 00:14:15,867 --> 00:14:16,567 -They're putting them on boats. -[Pierre] Yeah. 259 00:14:17,367 --> 00:14:18,500 They're moving them down the Nile. 260 00:14:19,633 --> 00:14:20,867 They're even moving them right up next to the pyramid. 261 00:14:21,400 --> 00:14:22,166 Everything is here. 262 00:14:23,300 --> 00:14:25,166 [Josh] Including the nature of the workers themselves. 263 00:14:26,200 --> 00:14:28,000 There's long been a myth that enslaved people built 264 00:14:29,066 --> 00:14:31,867 the pyramids, but the diary tells the true story. 265 00:14:32,867 --> 00:14:34,367 It mentions the food allotted to the workers, 266 00:14:35,233 --> 00:14:36,700 including portions of dates and honey, 267 00:14:37,467 --> 00:14:39,066 rare commodities in ancient Egypt. 268 00:14:42,900 --> 00:14:44,467 They were free workers, 269 00:14:45,300 --> 00:14:47,266 and they were really skilled people. 270 00:14:48,467 --> 00:14:53,000 It's so extraordinary because so many people like to say, 271 00:14:53,934 --> 00:14:55,266 "We don't know how the pyramids were built. 272 00:14:56,133 --> 00:14:57,066 "We don't understand how they were built. 273 00:14:57,633 --> 00:14:58,567 It's such a mystery." 274 00:14:59,266 --> 00:15:00,567 Here's somebody telling us... 275 00:15:01,433 --> 00:15:02,200 -Yeah. -...how the pyramids are built. 276 00:15:07,600 --> 00:15:08,867 That's right. 277 00:15:13,000 --> 00:15:14,400 That's right. 278 00:15:15,767 --> 00:15:18,200 [Josh] Now, Pierre and his team are looking for more puzzle pieces. 279 00:15:19,333 --> 00:15:20,800 In the surrounding hills, they've completely excavated 280 00:15:21,867 --> 00:15:24,800 31 caves, a feat that has taken them over a decade. 281 00:15:25,934 --> 00:15:29,300 Teams of workers carefully excavate and brush sand into 282 00:15:30,200 --> 00:15:32,200 baskets and wheelbarrows to be removed from 283 00:15:32,734 --> 00:15:33,667 the cave and sifted. 284 00:15:35,100 --> 00:15:37,100 Along the way, they've discovered pottery 285 00:15:38,200 --> 00:15:41,200 made by Khufu's workers, museum-quality flint knives, 286 00:15:42,300 --> 00:15:43,800 and even rope from the ancient boats that looks like 287 00:15:44,500 --> 00:15:45,667 it could still be used today. 288 00:15:46,867 --> 00:15:50,100 Pierre leads me over to meet archaeologist Séverin Marchi, 289 00:15:51,200 --> 00:15:53,867 who assists as a research engineer here at the site 290 00:15:54,734 --> 00:15:56,367 investigating another critical clue to 291 00:15:57,033 --> 00:15:58,400 the pyramid's construction. 292 00:15:59,166 --> 00:16:00,967 OK, so we have caves here, yeah? 293 00:16:07,300 --> 00:16:10,867 OK, so they built actually a ramp system up to the caves. 294 00:16:11,300 --> 00:16:12,867 [Pierre talking] 295 00:16:17,567 --> 00:16:19,100 [Josh] This is a big deal. 296 00:16:20,033 --> 00:16:21,200 These ramps were built by the same people 297 00:16:21,900 --> 00:16:23,000 who constructed the pyramids. 298 00:16:24,233 --> 00:16:26,100 Hell, the blocks they carved and moved here are identical to 299 00:16:26,633 --> 00:16:27,767 what we see in Giza. 300 00:16:28,734 --> 00:16:30,700 Soaring nearly 500 feet, the Great Pyramid was 301 00:16:31,834 --> 00:16:34,266 the tallest skyscraper on Earth for thousands of years. 302 00:16:35,400 --> 00:16:37,266 And for much of that time, people have been arguing how 303 00:16:38,166 --> 00:16:39,867 the ancients elevated all those blocks. 304 00:16:40,834 --> 00:16:43,100 Well, here's your answer. They built ramps. 305 00:16:44,133 --> 00:16:45,667 We see them here, and there are remains of ramps 306 00:16:46,200 --> 00:16:47,567 discovered in Giza. 307 00:16:48,700 --> 00:16:50,667 The design of the pyramid ramp is still up for debate. 308 00:16:51,867 --> 00:16:56,100 Theories range from big old ramp, to zigzag, to corkscrew, 309 00:16:56,734 --> 00:16:58,166 to whatever you call this. 310 00:16:59,166 --> 00:17:00,567 And while we don't know the ramp's exact layout, 311 00:17:01,500 --> 00:17:03,400 here at Wadi Al-Jarf, we can see firsthand 312 00:17:04,600 --> 00:17:06,900 that the actual pyramid workers themselves absolutely built 313 00:17:07,333 --> 00:17:08,000 and used them. 314 00:17:08,700 --> 00:17:09,467 So you're actually excavating -- 315 00:17:10,367 --> 00:17:11,166 this is what, like the core of the ramp? 316 00:17:11,967 --> 00:17:12,700 Yeah, this is the core of the ramp. 317 00:17:24,767 --> 00:17:25,800 Incredible. OK. 318 00:17:26,567 --> 00:17:27,100 All right, let's see what's here. 319 00:17:27,367 --> 00:17:28,266 OK. 320 00:17:30,266 --> 00:17:32,767 [Josh] We begin examining the ruined ramp to see 321 00:17:33,967 --> 00:17:35,266 what it might be able to tell us about the construction of 322 00:17:36,166 --> 00:17:38,200 the Great Pyramid, and I do mean tell us. 323 00:17:43,166 --> 00:17:45,567 What is that? Oh, my God, that's writing! 324 00:17:46,600 --> 00:17:47,700 Are you kidding me? 325 00:17:54,266 --> 00:17:57,500 What is that? Oh, my God, that's writing! 326 00:17:58,033 --> 00:17:59,000 Are you kidding me? 327 00:17:59,433 --> 00:18:00,867 [Pierre talking] 328 00:18:01,867 --> 00:18:03,700 These are actual hieroglyphs in what, charcoal? 329 00:18:04,233 --> 00:18:05,200 Yeah, it's charcoal. 330 00:18:06,533 --> 00:18:08,500 [Josh] We're excavating an ancient ramp at an Egyptian work site 331 00:18:09,300 --> 00:18:10,200 that was once used by the builders 332 00:18:10,900 --> 00:18:12,867 of the Great Pyramid of Khufu. 333 00:18:13,767 --> 00:18:15,266 And we just stumbled on a handwritten note 334 00:18:15,767 --> 00:18:16,700 they left behind. 335 00:18:21,667 --> 00:18:23,066 Come on! 336 00:18:23,734 --> 00:18:24,266 [Pierre] This is a Neb sign. 337 00:18:29,767 --> 00:18:33,000 It's clearly a designation of Khufu. 338 00:18:33,967 --> 00:18:35,600 And then to finish with, you have this cross to 339 00:18:36,633 --> 00:18:39,400 designate the Great One, which is part of workers. 340 00:18:40,300 --> 00:18:41,567 This cross signifies a group of workers? 341 00:18:42,567 --> 00:18:43,200 -The group of workers -- -Called the Great Ones. 342 00:18:43,900 --> 00:18:44,867 [Pierre] The Great Ones, yeah. 343 00:18:45,934 --> 00:18:50,400 So, 4,500 years ago, a worker right here etched on 344 00:18:51,400 --> 00:18:53,467 this for the king, for Khufu. -[Pierre] Yeah. 345 00:18:54,300 --> 00:18:55,367 That is really amazing. It really is. 346 00:18:55,867 --> 00:18:56,467 It blows my mind. 347 00:18:57,633 --> 00:19:00,767 To search for more writing, we leave no stone unturned. 348 00:19:01,133 --> 00:19:01,900 Literally. 349 00:19:03,166 --> 00:19:04,367 -Empty block. -Yeah. 350 00:19:06,567 --> 00:19:07,567 No. 351 00:19:08,233 --> 00:19:10,300 One cannot win every time. 352 00:19:10,800 --> 00:19:11,467 -Right. -You know? 353 00:19:12,333 --> 00:19:12,600 I feel like we're doing scratch cards at 354 00:19:13,467 --> 00:19:15,300 the liquor store or something. Nothing. 355 00:19:16,066 --> 00:19:16,867 Zero. I got nothing on that one. 356 00:19:21,867 --> 00:19:22,900 [Pierre] Nothing. 357 00:19:23,734 --> 00:19:25,200 [Josh] But eventually, we get lucky. 358 00:19:27,467 --> 00:19:28,867 -Whoa. -Uh-huh! 359 00:19:29,333 --> 00:19:31,600 -Hey! -Winner! 360 00:19:32,266 --> 00:19:34,266 -Yeah, yeah, yeah. -Bravo! 361 00:19:34,633 --> 00:19:35,600 [laughing] 362 00:19:36,133 --> 00:19:37,367 [Josh] Oh, my gosh. 363 00:19:40,600 --> 00:19:41,700 I'm hired? 364 00:19:47,700 --> 00:19:51,500 [Josh] They're taking the time to mark even these small blocks. 365 00:19:56,900 --> 00:19:59,100 To show that they were doing something. 366 00:19:59,967 --> 00:20:01,266 Why does anyone sign anything, really? 367 00:20:02,033 --> 00:20:02,767 It's to leave their mark behind. 368 00:20:03,700 --> 00:20:05,667 -By the way it worked, right? -It worked. 369 00:20:06,700 --> 00:20:08,000 They left their mark, they left their signature, 370 00:20:08,767 --> 00:20:09,900 and we now found it. -Hey, yeah. 371 00:20:10,867 --> 00:20:12,400 We don't have any royal inscriptions of Khufu, 372 00:20:13,266 --> 00:20:15,367 but the workers that built the pyramid, 373 00:20:15,900 --> 00:20:16,467 their mark remains. 374 00:20:17,367 --> 00:20:18,667 [Pierre] The team of the flower is there. 375 00:20:19,533 --> 00:20:21,667 Wow, team of the flower. Nice work, guys. 376 00:20:24,166 --> 00:20:28,200 Here we have the signatures of the pyramid builders themselves 377 00:20:29,266 --> 00:20:31,767 on ramps exactly like the ones they built at Giza. 378 00:20:32,633 --> 00:20:34,467 But one huge, heavy question remains. 379 00:20:35,633 --> 00:20:37,700 How the hell did they carve and move millions of two-ton 380 00:20:38,700 --> 00:20:41,000 blocks up ramps like these without even the use 381 00:20:41,433 --> 00:20:42,600 of the wheel? 382 00:20:43,700 --> 00:20:45,367 One expert on Pierre's team believes he's discovered 383 00:20:46,300 --> 00:20:48,367 the answer using only the tools available 384 00:20:49,266 --> 00:20:51,166 to the ancient Egyptians. -[Josh] Hello. 385 00:20:51,734 --> 00:20:52,600 -Bonjour. -I'm Josh. 386 00:20:53,367 --> 00:20:54,100 -Clare. -Clare, nice to meet you. 387 00:20:54,867 --> 00:20:56,467 -I'm Franck. -Franck, a pleasure. 388 00:20:57,467 --> 00:20:59,166 [Josh] In a nearby quarry, I meet Franck Burgos 389 00:21:00,066 --> 00:21:01,367 and his colleague, Dr. Clare Newton. 390 00:21:02,300 --> 00:21:03,767 OK, you are a stonemason. 391 00:21:04,266 --> 00:21:04,967 -Correct? -Yes. 392 00:21:05,867 --> 00:21:06,767 OK, so I have a lot of questions for you. 393 00:21:07,800 --> 00:21:09,967 Because people are mystified by the construction 394 00:21:10,400 --> 00:21:11,100 of the pyramids. 395 00:21:12,233 --> 00:21:14,767 And that really begins with the question of how all of 396 00:21:15,700 --> 00:21:17,300 these millions of blocks were cut and moved. 397 00:21:17,867 --> 00:21:18,800 Let's start with tools. 398 00:21:19,967 --> 00:21:21,266 We know that people were coming to this part of the world 399 00:21:21,834 --> 00:21:22,567 trying to find copper. 400 00:21:23,433 --> 00:21:24,166 What were they doing with this copper? 401 00:21:24,700 --> 00:21:27,000 [speaking in French] 402 00:21:28,500 --> 00:21:30,367 [Franck's translator] They are coming out here to get copper to make these. 403 00:21:31,333 --> 00:21:34,600 So this is a copper chisel that Franck made. 404 00:21:35,567 --> 00:21:36,300 [Josh] And what were they hitting this with? 405 00:21:37,767 --> 00:21:39,400 [Franck's translator] They were hitting it with wood mallets like this. 406 00:21:41,367 --> 00:21:45,200 So when you came up here with these tools to try to replicate 407 00:21:45,734 --> 00:21:47,000 this, how did it go? 408 00:21:47,867 --> 00:21:49,166 [Franck's translator] Not good at all. 409 00:21:49,533 --> 00:21:51,100 Not good? 410 00:21:52,400 --> 00:21:54,200 [Franck's translator] Every day, the wood mallet would explode. 411 00:21:54,467 --> 00:21:55,700 OK. 412 00:21:57,100 --> 00:21:58,467 [Franck's translator] I estimated it would take 80 mallets to carve 413 00:21:59,233 --> 00:22:01,700 a single block. -That's not good. 414 00:22:03,000 --> 00:22:03,867 -That's not good. -[Josh] That's a lot of trips to Home Depot. 415 00:22:04,834 --> 00:22:06,166 -[replies in French] -That's a problem, yes. 416 00:22:07,033 --> 00:22:08,567 OK, so clearly they must have been doing 417 00:22:09,233 --> 00:22:10,000 something different. -Oui. 418 00:22:11,266 --> 00:22:13,767 [Josh] To figure out the answer, Franck didn't have to look far. 419 00:22:14,934 --> 00:22:17,000 We're standing in an ancient quarry where workers carved 420 00:22:18,200 --> 00:22:20,367 limestone blocks identical to those that the Great Pyramid 421 00:22:20,800 --> 00:22:21,767 was built from. 422 00:22:22,800 --> 00:22:24,000 Some of them are still hanging out of the walls, 423 00:22:24,867 --> 00:22:26,166 ready to be popped out like ice cubes. 424 00:22:29,166 --> 00:22:30,800 This is an unfinished block. 425 00:22:31,967 --> 00:22:34,100 Yes, they started extracting it, but they never finished. 426 00:22:35,000 --> 00:22:36,667 It's really something to see this in situ. 427 00:22:37,467 --> 00:22:38,266 You can imagine people right here. 428 00:22:38,667 --> 00:22:39,600 [Clare] Yes. 429 00:22:40,767 --> 00:22:42,200 [Josh] And along the bottom of the block, Franck noticed 430 00:22:42,767 --> 00:22:43,667 strange stone trenches. 431 00:22:44,900 --> 00:22:48,000 OK, so what are these little reservoirs for? 432 00:22:49,467 --> 00:22:51,100 [Franck's translator] The reservoirs here gave me the idea to use water. 433 00:22:52,300 --> 00:22:55,300 Limestone is water-soluble, meaning water makes it softer. 434 00:22:56,166 --> 00:22:57,100 So what happened when you added water 435 00:22:57,600 --> 00:22:58,700 and then chiseled? 436 00:23:00,166 --> 00:23:01,000 [Franck's translator] Once I added water, I was able to chisel down 437 00:23:02,100 --> 00:23:04,400 five inches in ten minutes, and the mallet was fine. 438 00:23:04,967 --> 00:23:05,967 It took you 10 minutes? 439 00:23:06,500 --> 00:23:07,100 [replies in French] 440 00:23:08,133 --> 00:23:11,000 Unbelievable. So, just add water. 441 00:23:11,500 --> 00:23:12,100 That's the secret. 442 00:23:13,734 --> 00:23:17,600 [Josh] Using this method, Franck was able to work like an Egyptian. 443 00:23:18,700 --> 00:23:20,266 And further down the hill is the fruit of his labor. 444 00:23:21,567 --> 00:23:25,400 Franck, what have you done? Did you carve this? 445 00:23:26,100 --> 00:23:27,767 -Yes. -This weighs how much? 446 00:23:28,900 --> 00:23:30,367 -[Franck's translator] It weighs two tons. -Two tons. 447 00:23:31,467 --> 00:23:33,567 You carved a 4,000-pound block, and that weight is... 448 00:23:34,500 --> 00:23:35,867 about the average weight of the blocks inside 449 00:23:36,834 --> 00:23:38,266 the Great Pyramid, right? -[speaking French] 450 00:23:39,367 --> 00:23:41,166 [Josh] It took Franck four days with four men to carve 451 00:23:42,200 --> 00:23:44,000 the limestone, but now they had a building block 452 00:23:44,433 --> 00:23:45,567 of the pyramid. 453 00:23:46,767 --> 00:23:48,600 However, he still didn't know how the Egyptians could move 454 00:23:49,800 --> 00:23:52,367 two million of these by hand up the steep incline of a ramp 455 00:23:52,934 --> 00:23:54,567 without use of a wheel. 456 00:23:55,800 --> 00:23:58,066 After several failed attempts, the possible answer presented 457 00:23:59,133 --> 00:24:01,900 itself from where else but the ancients themselves, 458 00:24:03,000 --> 00:24:04,867 whispering to Franck through a famous tomb painting, 459 00:24:06,066 --> 00:24:09,066 which depicts workers moving a giant statue across the sand 460 00:24:09,800 --> 00:24:10,767 using something called a sledge. 461 00:24:12,100 --> 00:24:13,767 -And this is our sledge. -Oui. 462 00:24:14,734 --> 00:24:17,000 [Josh] OK, so now the block is on a sledge. 463 00:24:17,567 --> 00:24:18,567 Now how do you move it? 464 00:24:20,133 --> 00:24:21,667 [Franck's translator] I had the idea of pulling the block on the sledge using 465 00:24:22,200 --> 00:24:22,867 slats on the ground. 466 00:24:24,367 --> 00:24:27,567 [Josh] With this much weight on top, a sledge will easily sink 467 00:24:28,166 --> 00:24:29,867 into sand and get stuck. 468 00:24:30,934 --> 00:24:32,667 But Franck believed that by placing wooden slats, 469 00:24:33,734 --> 00:24:34,967 which would have been easily made by the Egyptians 470 00:24:36,000 --> 00:24:38,166 ahead of the sledge, that should allow it to move 471 00:24:38,867 --> 00:24:40,667 across the sand without sinking. 472 00:24:41,333 --> 00:24:42,300 But even that wasn't enough 473 00:24:43,133 --> 00:24:45,066 to keep this huge weight moving uphill. 474 00:24:45,867 --> 00:24:48,300 Fortunately, Franck has a new plan. 475 00:24:49,400 --> 00:24:52,100 He noticed this detail in the tomb drawing, a man on 476 00:24:53,333 --> 00:24:55,667 the statue pouring water on the ground ahead of the sledge. 477 00:24:57,033 --> 00:25:00,100 By wetting down the slats, Franck hopes it will further 478 00:25:01,100 --> 00:25:03,500 reduce friction that would slow the block down. 479 00:25:04,500 --> 00:25:06,867 So you're saying that if we wet these slats down, 480 00:25:07,567 --> 00:25:09,467 that a group of people can pull 481 00:25:10,166 --> 00:25:11,500 a 4,000-pound block up a hill? 482 00:25:12,433 --> 00:25:13,700 [Franck's translator] I'm confident, 100%. 483 00:25:14,867 --> 00:25:17,567 I mean, look, if this works, you can build the pyramids. 484 00:25:18,800 --> 00:25:19,567 -[Franck's translator] Do you want to try it? -Let's do it. 485 00:25:21,400 --> 00:25:24,867 [Josh] Time for this experiment to go from being theoretical 486 00:25:25,433 --> 00:25:26,500 to back-achingly real. 487 00:25:27,700 --> 00:25:29,767 We're about to try to build a pyramid, or at least a tiny 488 00:25:30,166 --> 00:25:30,800 part of one. 489 00:25:31,400 --> 00:25:33,300 Hold here. Uh-huh, OK. 490 00:25:34,533 --> 00:25:36,900 [Josh] We begin by securing the block to the sledge with rope. 491 00:25:37,367 --> 00:25:38,300 Like this? OK. 492 00:25:39,200 --> 00:25:40,667 [Josh] Next, we attach two parallel ropes 493 00:25:41,633 --> 00:25:43,567 that we'll use to drag the two tons uphill on 494 00:25:44,767 --> 00:25:47,467 a more than 10 degree angle to mimic ramps at the pyramid. 495 00:25:48,600 --> 00:25:50,867 Yeah, we're gonna need a little help. 496 00:25:51,533 --> 00:25:52,467 [speaking foreign language] 497 00:25:56,767 --> 00:25:58,567 OK, high five. Come on. 498 00:25:59,200 --> 00:26:00,367 We got this. We got this. 499 00:26:00,967 --> 00:26:03,500 Here we go. We got it. 500 00:26:03,800 --> 00:26:05,367 Come on! 501 00:26:06,700 --> 00:26:07,600 [Franck's translator] This gentleman will be directing the team. 502 00:26:08,233 --> 00:26:08,967 He's setting the pace, OK. 503 00:26:10,266 --> 00:26:13,100 [Josh] Our ragtag 30-man team lines up into place, 504 00:26:14,266 --> 00:26:16,667 a far cry from the hundreds of men that likely populated 505 00:26:17,333 --> 00:26:19,066 ancient Egyptian work gangs. 506 00:26:20,200 --> 00:26:22,000 Now, before the starting gun goes off, we need to apply 507 00:26:22,567 --> 00:26:23,500 our secret ingredient. 508 00:26:24,734 --> 00:26:27,400 Water is poured over the slats and the runners on the sledge. 509 00:26:28,567 --> 00:26:30,567 Finally, beams are brought in to lift the sledge out of 510 00:26:31,400 --> 00:26:33,467 the sand as we make our first pull. 511 00:26:34,500 --> 00:26:36,800 This seems improbable. It's a pretty steep grade. 512 00:26:41,867 --> 00:26:43,767 -OK, Franck, are we ready? -[Franck] Ready. 513 00:26:45,800 --> 00:26:48,567 [Josh] We establish a finish line hundreds of feet away 514 00:26:49,166 --> 00:26:50,567 at the top of the ramp. 515 00:26:51,800 --> 00:26:53,567 But in my mind, there's every chance this block isn't going 516 00:26:54,400 --> 00:26:56,300 to move an inch -- time to find out. 517 00:26:59,967 --> 00:27:03,767 -[chanting in foreign language] -OK, here we go! 518 00:27:07,200 --> 00:27:08,600 [chanting continues] 519 00:27:09,767 --> 00:27:10,867 Here goes nothing. 520 00:27:20,166 --> 00:27:24,000 [chanting in foreign language] 521 00:27:24,734 --> 00:27:27,000 [Josh] Oh my God. It's moving. 522 00:27:28,367 --> 00:27:30,066 [indistinct chatter] 523 00:27:30,433 --> 00:27:31,600 For Khufu! 524 00:27:33,033 --> 00:27:35,867 [Josh] We're on our way to glory at the Egyptian dig site of 525 00:27:36,934 --> 00:27:39,667 Wadi Al-Jarf, where French stonemason Franck Burgos 526 00:27:40,934 --> 00:27:43,100 and 30 of his colleagues have been wondering how thousands of 527 00:27:44,367 --> 00:27:47,100 two-ton limestone blocks could have been moved uphill to build 528 00:27:48,066 --> 00:27:50,066 the Great Pyramid -- this is us finding out. 529 00:27:51,900 --> 00:27:54,100 -[indistinct chanting] -[Josh] Whoa. 530 00:27:58,900 --> 00:28:00,066 Ah! 531 00:28:01,367 --> 00:28:03,100 It's working. 532 00:28:03,500 --> 00:28:05,667 Pull, pull. 533 00:28:07,367 --> 00:28:09,166 Ah! Pull. 534 00:28:10,066 --> 00:28:12,066 Pull, pull. 535 00:28:12,900 --> 00:28:15,600 -Stop! -Hey! 536 00:28:16,767 --> 00:28:18,500 Whoo! 537 00:28:18,767 --> 00:28:20,467 Yes. 538 00:28:20,900 --> 00:28:22,266 Amazing. Whoo. 539 00:28:22,533 --> 00:28:23,767 Yes. 540 00:28:25,033 --> 00:28:27,367 [Josh] Against all common sense, 30 untrained men have been able 541 00:28:28,500 --> 00:28:31,867 to run with a 4,000-pound stone several hundred feet up 542 00:28:33,066 --> 00:28:35,700 a 10-degree ramp, thanks to ingenious ancient engineering. 543 00:28:36,000 --> 00:28:36,867 Franck. 544 00:28:38,367 --> 00:28:39,800 Amazing! 545 00:28:40,667 --> 00:28:43,266 OK, guys, 2 million more blocks to go. 546 00:28:43,633 --> 00:28:44,567 [cheering] 547 00:28:45,967 --> 00:28:49,800 [Josh] What we did here at Wadi Al-Jarf was a big victory. 548 00:28:50,934 --> 00:28:53,000 Using the oldest papyrus ever found, the crew here has 549 00:28:54,033 --> 00:28:56,400 been able to show that even just 100 teams like 550 00:28:57,567 --> 00:29:00,967 ours could have been enough to move the 350 stones a day 551 00:29:01,800 --> 00:29:03,300 necessary to build the Great Pyramid 552 00:29:04,066 --> 00:29:05,667 in the 30 years of Khufu's reign. 553 00:29:10,867 --> 00:29:14,000 But before I can start scouting sites for the Great Pyramid of Gates, 554 00:29:14,867 --> 00:29:16,600 I'm called back to the genuine article. 555 00:29:17,600 --> 00:29:20,166 A few days ago back at Giza, I was working with 556 00:29:21,266 --> 00:29:23,266 archaeologist Soren Sindbaek to perform the first ever 557 00:29:24,333 --> 00:29:27,700 3D scan of a mysterious set of subterranean passages 558 00:29:28,700 --> 00:29:30,300 just steps from the base of the Great Pyramid. 559 00:29:31,700 --> 00:29:34,467 And I just received word from Soren's team that they are 560 00:29:35,233 --> 00:29:36,867 almost done processing the data. 561 00:29:37,967 --> 00:29:40,000 In the meantime, there's one more mystery to unravel. 562 00:29:41,200 --> 00:29:43,867 We now know how the Egyptians carved and moved the stones, 563 00:29:44,967 --> 00:29:46,800 but how on earth did they align them by hand to create 564 00:29:47,934 --> 00:29:50,066 the mathematical perfection that is the Great Pyramid? 565 00:29:50,934 --> 00:29:52,867 It's time to find out. Let's punch it. 566 00:29:58,467 --> 00:30:03,467 From Wadi Al-Jarf, I drive 150 dusty miles north to Giza 567 00:30:04,433 --> 00:30:06,100 and reconnect with archaeologist Mark Lehner 568 00:30:07,233 --> 00:30:09,867 and Soren Sindbaek in the shadow of the Great Pyramid. 569 00:30:10,900 --> 00:30:12,900 OK, so we've talked a lot about the who, Khufu. 570 00:30:13,166 --> 00:30:14,100 Yep. 571 00:30:15,233 --> 00:30:16,266 And we've talked a lot about the what, what's going on 572 00:30:17,300 --> 00:30:18,000 inside this pyramid, and hopefully we'll get some 573 00:30:18,900 --> 00:30:20,266 more answers to that as the data comes in. 574 00:30:21,333 --> 00:30:23,467 But now we've got to turn to the other huge mystery 575 00:30:24,133 --> 00:30:24,767 that dominates this pyramid. 576 00:30:25,867 --> 00:30:27,000 We've just learned how they cut and moved the blocks, 577 00:30:28,266 --> 00:30:30,900 but how did the ancient Egyptians arrange them so perfectly? 578 00:30:32,000 --> 00:30:33,800 Because there are people who would say it's impossible. 579 00:30:35,200 --> 00:30:35,700 -The alignment is too perfect. -There's no way we could do that today. 580 00:30:36,133 --> 00:30:36,767 That's right. 581 00:30:37,667 --> 00:30:38,066 There's no way we could even do it today. 582 00:30:38,767 --> 00:30:39,767 The alignment is too perfect. 583 00:30:40,633 --> 00:30:41,800 [Josh] I mean, just look at this thing. 584 00:30:42,900 --> 00:30:45,567 The Great Pyramid looms 45 stories above Giza's desert 585 00:30:46,767 --> 00:30:48,767 floor, and yet the whole thing is oriented to the cardinal 586 00:30:49,800 --> 00:30:52,266 directions of north, south, east, and west within 587 00:30:52,934 --> 00:30:54,567 one-fifteenth of one degree. 588 00:30:55,567 --> 00:30:56,767 The four sides at the base are the same length 589 00:30:57,266 --> 00:30:58,667 within two inches. 590 00:30:59,800 --> 00:31:01,100 The vertical alignment from the center of the base to 591 00:31:02,200 --> 00:31:04,967 the tip is nearly perfect with almost no deviation. 592 00:31:06,100 --> 00:31:07,867 Oh, and the whole thing sits on a foundation the size of 593 00:31:09,033 --> 00:31:11,767 10 football fields that is level from one end to the other 594 00:31:12,333 --> 00:31:13,467 within about one inch. 595 00:31:14,800 --> 00:31:17,266 Did I mention the Egyptians didn't have algebra, 596 00:31:18,066 --> 00:31:20,100 calculus, or, you know, the wheel? 597 00:31:21,300 --> 00:31:22,867 It is so impressive that many people simply aren't willing 598 00:31:23,900 --> 00:31:26,000 to believe that ancient engineers pulled this off 599 00:31:27,200 --> 00:31:30,467 without alien assistance or some lost advanced civilization. 600 00:31:31,467 --> 00:31:33,767 But the truth, the real truth, isn't out there. 601 00:31:34,200 --> 00:31:35,166 It's down here. 602 00:31:36,266 --> 00:31:37,367 [Soren] The building site is right at your feet here, 603 00:31:38,367 --> 00:31:40,500 and that's where many of the biggest clues to how 604 00:31:41,066 --> 00:31:41,600 the work was processed. 605 00:31:42,700 --> 00:31:43,867 There's all these things going on here on the floor. 606 00:31:44,834 --> 00:31:45,400 -[Josh] Like this? -[Soren] Like this, yeah. 607 00:31:46,300 --> 00:31:47,567 Strange things. Something was once there. 608 00:31:47,934 --> 00:31:48,767 [Josh] OK. 609 00:31:49,967 --> 00:31:50,867 So once the pyramid was done, these would have been buried 610 00:31:51,500 --> 00:31:52,700 under a pavement? -Yes. 611 00:31:53,433 --> 00:31:53,867 -Huh. -Never meant to be seen. 612 00:31:55,100 --> 00:31:57,300 [Josh] Without the floor that was once covering all of this, 613 00:31:58,133 --> 00:31:59,200 we're seeing evidence of the pyramid's 614 00:31:59,767 --> 00:32:01,166 construction everywhere. 615 00:32:02,133 --> 00:32:04,066 Dozens of mysterious square and round holes 616 00:32:04,633 --> 00:32:05,700 dotting the perimeter. 617 00:32:06,700 --> 00:32:08,200 The long, hidden fingerprints of the builders 618 00:32:08,633 --> 00:32:09,500 who toiled here. 619 00:32:10,300 --> 00:32:11,400 It is a gold mine of information. 620 00:32:12,367 --> 00:32:14,767 So the question is, what were they used for? 621 00:32:16,166 --> 00:32:18,200 [Mark] They must have something to do with the layout of the pyramid. 622 00:32:19,300 --> 00:32:20,367 [Josh] Thanks to scanners like the one we deployed in 623 00:32:21,567 --> 00:32:24,200 the tunnels, Mark and Soren may be close to learning exactly 624 00:32:25,433 --> 00:32:28,667 how, by building the first ever 3D map of the Great Pyramid's 625 00:32:29,600 --> 00:32:31,900 full foundation, revealing a complete digital 626 00:32:33,100 --> 00:32:35,166 look at the long ignored marks of the pyramid builders for 627 00:32:36,066 --> 00:32:37,700 the first time. -OK, I'm dying to see it. 628 00:32:38,467 --> 00:32:39,200 -Should we look at it? -Let's go. 629 00:32:39,967 --> 00:32:40,500 OK, what do we got? Here we go. 630 00:32:40,934 --> 00:32:41,600 Moment of truth. 631 00:32:42,767 --> 00:32:44,567 -Whoa! -Ooh, look at that. 632 00:32:45,000 --> 00:32:46,500 Look at that! 633 00:32:47,166 --> 00:32:48,400 The detail is extraordinary. 634 00:32:49,667 --> 00:32:52,000 So this scanning didn't just hit the ground, 635 00:32:53,133 --> 00:32:54,000 you actually scanned the faces of the pyramid as well. 636 00:32:54,800 --> 00:32:56,266 Yeah, we scanned the entire pyramid. 637 00:32:57,500 --> 00:33:00,266 -[Mark] It's amazing, really powerful. -That's incredible. 638 00:33:01,233 --> 00:33:02,266 [Josh] But it's the scans of the post holes 639 00:33:03,233 --> 00:33:05,166 that we're here to see. -Take a look at this. 640 00:33:06,400 --> 00:33:08,166 You barely notice them when you're out there on the ground, 641 00:33:09,033 --> 00:33:09,767 but here they stand out very clearly. 642 00:33:10,800 --> 00:33:12,500 [Josh] Oh, look at how they jump out on the scan. 643 00:33:13,300 --> 00:33:14,667 You can see that's where we are now. 644 00:33:14,967 --> 00:33:15,800 Yeah. 645 00:33:16,900 --> 00:33:18,367 And we have the holes coming in, dot, dot, dot, dot. 646 00:33:19,633 --> 00:33:21,100 [Josh] Look at that -- they are in an almost perfect line there. 647 00:33:21,400 --> 00:33:22,266 Yeah. 648 00:33:23,367 --> 00:33:24,900 So we didn't know for sure, until we're seeing this. 649 00:33:25,967 --> 00:33:28,367 [Soren] It's a post hole, so it was carved to hold 650 00:33:29,367 --> 00:33:31,567 a post, presumably. -So this is evidence of... 651 00:33:32,333 --> 00:33:32,767 -How they did it. -...a survey. 652 00:33:33,567 --> 00:33:34,767 Yeah. This is their survey system. 653 00:33:35,700 --> 00:33:37,166 They're inventing a survey system to build 654 00:33:37,667 --> 00:33:38,266 the Great Pyramid. 655 00:33:43,467 --> 00:33:46,800 -[Soren] It's a post hole. -This is evidence of... 656 00:33:47,567 --> 00:33:48,166 -How they did it. -...a survey. 657 00:33:48,834 --> 00:33:50,000 This is their survey system. 658 00:33:50,934 --> 00:33:52,367 They're inventing a survey system to build 659 00:33:52,867 --> 00:33:53,500 the Great Pyramid. 660 00:33:54,867 --> 00:33:58,300 [Josh] At the Great Pyramid of Giza, archaeologists Soren Sindbaek 661 00:33:59,533 --> 00:34:02,100 and Mark Lehner are deciphering a network of post holes around 662 00:34:03,133 --> 00:34:05,100 the perimeter that appear to reveal the secret of 663 00:34:05,734 --> 00:34:07,166 its remarkable precision. 664 00:34:08,233 --> 00:34:11,266 What Soren is recording is the very final layout of 665 00:34:12,467 --> 00:34:14,767 the pyramid, the stake holes, the lines, when they wanted 666 00:34:15,333 --> 00:34:16,266 to get it just right. 667 00:34:17,567 --> 00:34:19,467 [Josh] The ancient builders would place posts beyond the corners 668 00:34:20,467 --> 00:34:22,300 of the pyramid, then use ropes to connect them, 669 00:34:23,333 --> 00:34:24,867 pulling the lines taut and using simple measuring 670 00:34:25,700 --> 00:34:27,700 tools to create a perfect right angle. 671 00:34:28,834 --> 00:34:30,500 The other post holes along the sides are there to help 672 00:34:31,400 --> 00:34:33,200 that guideline delineate the entire outline 673 00:34:33,633 --> 00:34:34,367 of the pyramid. 674 00:34:35,500 --> 00:34:37,667 This grid of posts and ropes were used with other tools 675 00:34:38,600 --> 00:34:40,300 available to the ancients, like plumb bobs, 676 00:34:41,300 --> 00:34:44,066 chisels, and saws, to perfectly square, align, 677 00:34:45,266 --> 00:34:48,000 and level the pyramid's base to within fractions of an inch. 678 00:34:49,100 --> 00:34:51,467 When they got it exactly right, they put a line there. 679 00:34:52,367 --> 00:34:53,266 That's where they want the corner to be. 680 00:34:54,567 --> 00:34:56,166 [Josh] The answer to all the debate about how the pyramids were 681 00:34:57,033 --> 00:34:59,367 built has been sitting, quite literally, 682 00:34:59,800 --> 00:35:00,867 under our feet. 683 00:35:01,867 --> 00:35:04,500 What we are seeing here, in a sense, is somebody 684 00:35:05,133 --> 00:35:06,967 framing a house. -Exactly. 685 00:35:08,166 --> 00:35:09,500 And to do it more accurately than anybody had ever done it, 686 00:35:10,300 --> 00:35:12,000 any other pharaoh or his workers, 687 00:35:12,800 --> 00:35:13,800 nobody had done it this precisely. 688 00:35:15,000 --> 00:35:17,567 [Josh] Even Khufu's heirs had trouble repeating his feat. 689 00:35:18,734 --> 00:35:22,166 Next door, his son Khafre's pyramid exhibits twisting on 690 00:35:22,967 --> 00:35:24,367 the edges as it approaches its apex. 691 00:35:26,467 --> 00:35:30,000 And as to how Khufu's builders perfectly leveled the massive 692 00:35:31,033 --> 00:35:32,900 half a million square foot plaza under and around 693 00:35:33,867 --> 00:35:35,867 the Great Pyramid, the answer is they didn't. 694 00:35:37,100 --> 00:35:41,266 Examinations reveal they left a huge raised core of natural 695 00:35:42,266 --> 00:35:43,867 bedrock for the pyramid to be built on top of, 696 00:35:44,900 --> 00:35:46,500 the way a dentist might prep a tooth for a crown. 697 00:35:47,500 --> 00:35:50,100 It probably was a way of locking the pyramid down 698 00:35:50,734 --> 00:35:52,266 onto the bedrock plateau. 699 00:35:53,467 --> 00:35:55,567 [Josh] All they had to do was level the walkway around it. 700 00:35:56,767 --> 00:35:59,400 So the Great Pyramid is no gift from outer space or the work 701 00:36:00,500 --> 00:36:03,100 of Atlanteans, just ancient Egyptian ingenuity. 702 00:36:05,967 --> 00:36:09,266 And nowhere is the Egyptians' precision more apparent 703 00:36:10,300 --> 00:36:11,967 than in the so-called trial passages that Soren 704 00:36:12,533 --> 00:36:13,667 and I explored earlier. 705 00:36:14,734 --> 00:36:16,367 Constructed at the same time as the pyramid itself, 706 00:36:17,166 --> 00:36:18,100 they're believed to be a test model 707 00:36:18,667 --> 00:36:20,000 for the tomb's interior. 708 00:36:20,967 --> 00:36:22,900 We scanned them to learn if the tunnels match, 709 00:36:24,133 --> 00:36:26,567 and more importantly, to see if any deviations could point us 710 00:36:27,834 --> 00:36:31,266 toward possible hidden passages or chambers within the pyramid, 711 00:36:32,233 --> 00:36:33,600 such as the pharaoh's treasure-filled tomb. 712 00:36:38,467 --> 00:36:41,200 Early the next morning, I receive word that Soren has 713 00:36:42,000 --> 00:36:43,200 finished processing the scan data, 714 00:36:44,066 --> 00:36:46,867 so I rush to see what we've uncovered. 715 00:36:48,000 --> 00:36:50,500 Soren has also brought along Joe Steel, a specialist in 716 00:36:51,467 --> 00:36:53,767 the cutting-edge field of augmented imaging. 717 00:36:54,734 --> 00:36:55,967 Last time I saw you, we were in the bowels of 718 00:36:56,934 --> 00:36:58,367 the British Museum. -And here we are today. 719 00:36:59,533 --> 00:37:01,400 [Josh] Joe and I worked together to identify a sarcophagus 720 00:37:02,600 --> 00:37:05,100 that might have once held the body of Alexander the Great. 721 00:37:05,600 --> 00:37:06,700 It's just perfect. 722 00:37:07,433 --> 00:37:07,700 We're meeting in the best places. 723 00:37:08,100 --> 00:37:08,767 Absolutely. 724 00:37:09,800 --> 00:37:11,100 Soren, a few days ago, we scanned this so-called 725 00:37:11,533 --> 00:37:12,467 trial passage. 726 00:37:13,667 --> 00:37:15,266 So the million-dollar question, tell me you have great data. 727 00:37:16,066 --> 00:37:17,100 -We've got great data. -[Josh] Yes. 728 00:37:18,300 --> 00:37:20,367 So I processed and cleaned what we had, and then I handed it 729 00:37:21,533 --> 00:37:25,300 over to Joe, who did fantastic augmented reality visuals 730 00:37:26,500 --> 00:37:28,000 that we can take into the Great Pyramid and compare directly 731 00:37:28,433 --> 00:37:29,200 to what we see. 732 00:37:30,300 --> 00:37:31,166 OK, so we're going to be able to compare those passages 733 00:37:31,867 --> 00:37:32,400 to what's inside the pyramid. 734 00:37:33,567 --> 00:37:34,700 Well, we haven't been in there yet, so I'm excited to see 735 00:37:35,100 --> 00:37:35,800 if it works. 736 00:37:36,567 --> 00:37:37,000 Let's go in and see what we got. 737 00:37:37,567 --> 00:37:38,467 -Let's go. -Come on. 738 00:37:40,867 --> 00:37:43,567 [Josh] We quickly make our way to the robber's tunnel to 739 00:37:44,133 --> 00:37:44,767 re-enter the pyramid. 740 00:37:45,867 --> 00:37:48,467 OK, here we go. Moment of truth. 741 00:38:01,500 --> 00:38:05,166 OK, here we are at the main intersection inside 742 00:38:05,800 --> 00:38:06,667 the Great Pyramid of Giza. 743 00:38:07,800 --> 00:38:09,367 We've got our descending passage that starts at the main 744 00:38:10,567 --> 00:38:12,266 entrance, and this is where it meets the ascending passage 745 00:38:13,300 --> 00:38:13,867 that goes all the way up to that King's Chamber. 746 00:38:14,934 --> 00:38:16,467 Exactly, and with those big granite blocks there. 747 00:38:17,400 --> 00:38:18,300 With those terrifying granite plug blocks. 748 00:38:18,567 --> 00:38:19,500 Yes. 749 00:38:20,500 --> 00:38:21,000 So is this where we should check the scan data? 750 00:38:21,734 --> 00:38:22,500 Yeah. It's the trial passage. 751 00:38:23,567 --> 00:38:24,567 It's a model of something. This is what it models. 752 00:38:25,033 --> 00:38:25,600 For sure. OK. 753 00:38:26,467 --> 00:38:27,200 Let's see if it's a match. Here we go. 754 00:38:30,867 --> 00:38:32,000 All right. Is this our spot? 755 00:38:33,400 --> 00:38:34,600 OK. 756 00:38:35,433 --> 00:38:35,767 First of all, everybody comfortable? 757 00:38:36,433 --> 00:38:37,166 -Sure. -I've been comfier. 758 00:38:37,834 --> 00:38:38,767 A little tight in here. OK. 759 00:38:39,500 --> 00:38:41,600 All right, Joe. It's your show. 760 00:38:42,400 --> 00:38:43,100 So I'm going to load in Soren's data 761 00:38:44,200 --> 00:38:45,367 from the trial passage that you both scanned together. 762 00:38:46,233 --> 00:38:46,767 Right -- yeah, why is it Soren's data? 763 00:38:47,667 --> 00:38:49,200 I mean, I was there. I helped, didn't I? 764 00:38:50,100 --> 00:38:51,467 I like to think of it as our data, Joe. 765 00:38:52,467 --> 00:38:54,000 OK, fair enough. I'm going to load in your data. 766 00:38:54,667 --> 00:38:55,266 Thank you. Thank you, Joe. 767 00:38:56,333 --> 00:38:57,100 -You're going to overlay it. -Overlay it, exactly. 768 00:38:58,000 --> 00:38:58,467 And we're going to see if it matches up. 769 00:38:59,533 --> 00:39:00,600 I haven't done this before, so I hope this works. 770 00:39:01,400 --> 00:39:02,100 Yeah, well, I do too. Believe me. 771 00:39:02,700 --> 00:39:03,266 -Let's see. -Let's go. 772 00:39:04,300 --> 00:39:05,767 -[Soren] Wow! -[Josh] Oh, my God. 773 00:39:06,934 --> 00:39:08,667 -Wait, are you kidding me? -So it's lining up perfectly. 774 00:39:09,100 --> 00:39:09,700 Wait a minute. 775 00:39:10,633 --> 00:39:11,367 This wireframe is the data we collected in 776 00:39:12,166 --> 00:39:12,600 the trial passage? -[Joe] Correct. 777 00:39:13,100 --> 00:39:13,667 -You sure? -Yeah. 778 00:39:14,633 --> 00:39:15,567 I mean, it looks just like what we're seeing. 779 00:39:16,300 --> 00:39:18,100 It looks perfect. Wait, what? 780 00:39:19,200 --> 00:39:20,200 When you look at it, it's actually hard to tell that 781 00:39:21,367 --> 00:39:23,300 it's two different data sets because they are directly on 782 00:39:24,500 --> 00:39:26,000 top of each other. -[Soren] It's literally the blueprint. 783 00:39:26,433 --> 00:39:27,100 -It is. -Yeah. 784 00:39:28,100 --> 00:39:29,667 It is the blueprint of what we are looking at. 785 00:39:30,233 --> 00:39:31,266 [Josh] This is huge! 786 00:39:32,533 --> 00:39:35,166 Explicit proof that the trial passages outside were the model 787 00:39:36,066 --> 00:39:37,767 for the pyramid's interior construction. 788 00:39:38,700 --> 00:39:39,867 They aren't just similar. They're clones. 789 00:39:41,667 --> 00:39:43,467 I've never seen anything like this. 790 00:39:44,600 --> 00:39:46,367 If builders today attempted to do something like this, 791 00:39:47,266 --> 00:39:48,800 to build two identical sets of passages 792 00:39:49,500 --> 00:39:51,100 that were this exactly aligned, 793 00:39:52,200 --> 00:39:53,266 it would be hard, even with machinery and computers. 794 00:39:54,233 --> 00:39:56,600 Yeah, and 4,600 years ago, they just did it. 795 00:39:57,600 --> 00:40:00,100 They just did it. It is a 100% perfect match. 796 00:40:01,200 --> 00:40:04,667 It's a 100% perfect match, except for one difference. 797 00:40:05,667 --> 00:40:06,467 -There's a difference? -There is a difference. 798 00:40:07,367 --> 00:40:07,867 There's something different in the data? 799 00:40:08,700 --> 00:40:09,667 Absolutely. We've got to look up... 800 00:40:10,400 --> 00:40:10,900 -[Josh] Wait. -...to see that. 801 00:40:11,533 --> 00:40:12,400 We have to look up. OK. 802 00:40:13,333 --> 00:40:14,700 Wait a minute. What is that? 803 00:40:20,266 --> 00:40:22,266 Egypt may be famous for the Pyramids, but there is 804 00:40:23,300 --> 00:40:24,600 another feat of balance and engineering that takes 805 00:40:25,533 --> 00:40:26,767 place on the streets of Cairo every morning. 806 00:40:30,667 --> 00:40:32,100 How hard could that be? 807 00:40:33,500 --> 00:40:35,266 [Josh] I'll find out soon, but the bread starts its journey over here. 808 00:40:36,033 --> 00:40:37,000 -[indistinct exclamation], ready? 809 00:40:37,400 --> 00:40:38,467 Hyah! Hyah! 810 00:40:39,266 --> 00:40:41,000 How do you say oven mitt in Arabic? 811 00:40:42,300 --> 00:40:44,367 [Josh] Then I decide to put it as close to my scalp as possible. 812 00:40:45,500 --> 00:40:46,300 Just like riding a bike, but with 200 loaves of bread on 813 00:40:46,967 --> 00:40:48,266 your head. OK, here we go. 814 00:40:48,633 --> 00:40:49,767 [groaning] 815 00:40:50,400 --> 00:40:51,867 Sir, I'm sorry. I'm sorry. 816 00:40:52,433 --> 00:40:53,266 Get out of the streets! 817 00:40:54,100 --> 00:40:56,000 I got it. I got it. 818 00:40:56,700 --> 00:40:57,400 How are you? Good to see you. 819 00:40:58,333 --> 00:40:59,867 Fresh bread, everybody! You want some bread? 820 00:41:00,700 --> 00:41:01,066 It's for you as much as you want. 821 00:41:01,934 --> 00:41:03,367 -Can I have some falafel? -Thank you. 822 00:41:04,800 --> 00:41:07,166 Oh, yeah. That was a good trade. 823 00:41:07,767 --> 00:41:08,266 Oh, God! A speed bump? 824 00:41:08,867 --> 00:41:11,500 A speed bump? Ah-yah. 825 00:41:14,266 --> 00:41:15,900 Saved it! Mostly. 826 00:41:20,367 --> 00:41:21,667 We have to look up, OK? 827 00:41:24,667 --> 00:41:26,367 [Josh] What is that? 828 00:41:27,333 --> 00:41:28,467 [Josh] I'm inside the Great Pyramid of Giza, 829 00:41:29,600 --> 00:41:31,700 where augmented reality has just shown us that a tunnel 830 00:41:32,867 --> 00:41:35,967 system dug in the bedrock outside is a perfect match for 831 00:41:36,533 --> 00:41:37,800 the interior passages. 832 00:41:39,000 --> 00:41:41,100 And that one thing that doesn't line up, it could be the key 833 00:41:42,100 --> 00:41:44,467 to finding hidden chambers within the pyramid. 834 00:41:45,567 --> 00:41:47,367 There's a vertical tunnel in the trial passage scan. 835 00:41:48,133 --> 00:41:49,467 So, this vertical shaft was there 836 00:41:50,300 --> 00:41:50,967 in the darkness of the trial passage. 837 00:41:51,834 --> 00:41:52,867 -Oh, yes, it was. -But it's not here. 838 00:41:53,967 --> 00:41:55,467 So, wait a minute. Where is it? 839 00:41:56,533 --> 00:41:57,667 -It should be right here behind this rock. -Yeah. 840 00:41:58,800 --> 00:42:01,000 We now know that the trial passage is a model for this 841 00:42:01,900 --> 00:42:04,266 pyramid, and yet there's a missing passage. 842 00:42:05,133 --> 00:42:06,767 They model something which is not here. 843 00:42:07,867 --> 00:42:08,667 -Or which is not visible. -Or which is not visible. 844 00:42:09,266 --> 00:42:10,467 [Josh] Right, exactly. 845 00:42:11,700 --> 00:42:12,967 We could be looking at a lost passage in the Great Pyramid. 846 00:42:13,767 --> 00:42:14,567 It is a lost passage, in a sense. 847 00:42:15,633 --> 00:42:17,567 It was either one that was never built or one that 848 00:42:18,000 --> 00:42:18,667 we can't see. 849 00:42:20,467 --> 00:42:23,467 I've got another way of showing you guys how perfectly 850 00:42:24,333 --> 00:42:25,867 matching the trial passage data is with 851 00:42:26,633 --> 00:42:27,400 the tunnel system we're in. -OK. 852 00:42:28,533 --> 00:42:30,700 I extrapolated the measurements that Soren gave me into 853 00:42:31,500 --> 00:42:32,200 a 3D model, and let's have a look. 854 00:42:32,834 --> 00:42:34,000 So, there it's coming in. 855 00:42:34,266 --> 00:42:35,066 Wow! 856 00:42:36,100 --> 00:42:38,100 So, trial passage in blue, Great Pyramid in gold. 857 00:42:38,533 --> 00:42:39,266 [Joe] Correct. 858 00:42:40,233 --> 00:42:44,266 It is a 100% match apart from this one section. 859 00:42:45,433 --> 00:42:46,567 -[Soren] Missing tunnel. -[Josh] So what the hell is that? 860 00:42:47,266 --> 00:42:48,000 [Soren] What the hell is that? 861 00:42:48,834 --> 00:42:49,700 Maybe it was a planned escape tunnel. 862 00:42:50,000 --> 00:42:50,800 Yeah. 863 00:42:51,633 --> 00:42:52,567 Or it's something that was changed. 864 00:42:53,734 --> 00:42:55,800 If the trial passage is like a key to the Great Pyramid, 865 00:42:56,967 --> 00:42:59,300 that key is telling us about something that we don't see. 866 00:43:00,867 --> 00:43:04,367 [Josh] We know that several years ago, a non-invasive scan 867 00:43:05,433 --> 00:43:07,166 may have detected a void within the Great Pyramid, 868 00:43:08,100 --> 00:43:09,700 roughly the size of a bus, somewhere above 869 00:43:10,200 --> 00:43:11,266 the Grand Gallery. 870 00:43:12,433 --> 00:43:14,900 And here, we have a mysterious vertical shaft that heads 871 00:43:15,600 --> 00:43:17,000 in that exact same direction. 872 00:43:18,133 --> 00:43:19,667 Given what we've learned about the Egyptians' exacting 873 00:43:20,567 --> 00:43:23,100 precision, this hardly feels accidental. 874 00:43:24,000 --> 00:43:25,900 If this does lead somewhere, it leads up. 875 00:43:26,200 --> 00:43:27,000 Yeah. 876 00:43:28,033 --> 00:43:29,166 Is it possible this is pointing us to that void? 877 00:43:30,000 --> 00:43:31,567 Yeah, that's very intriguing, Josh. 878 00:43:32,800 --> 00:43:35,200 [Josh] Somewhere amidst the six million tons of stone above us 879 00:43:36,233 --> 00:43:39,266 is a potentially immense find, a possible passage 880 00:43:39,767 --> 00:43:40,700 into the unknown. 881 00:43:41,767 --> 00:43:43,467 But the cutting-edge technology that revealed this, 882 00:43:44,600 --> 00:43:47,066 as well as the potential void above, can't yet show us 883 00:43:47,500 --> 00:43:48,667 the full story. 884 00:43:49,800 --> 00:43:51,667 It will have to be the next technological breakthrough 885 00:43:52,834 --> 00:43:56,467 that will finally tell us what's inside and possibly unmask 886 00:43:57,500 --> 00:44:00,066 the location of a lost chamber. -It's incredible. 887 00:44:00,867 --> 00:44:02,100 I've never seen anything like this. 888 00:44:03,266 --> 00:44:05,166 I've processed thousands of scans, and they could never, 889 00:44:05,934 --> 00:44:06,900 ever match up as precisely as this. 890 00:44:08,033 --> 00:44:10,467 And that is emblematic of this entire building project. 891 00:44:11,367 --> 00:44:13,100 -[Joe] Yes. -It is all about precision. 892 00:44:13,967 --> 00:44:15,600 This is innovation, if ever there was. 893 00:44:16,166 --> 00:44:17,266 Yeah. Unbelievable. 894 00:44:18,400 --> 00:44:20,166 We've answered one big question here, and directly above 895 00:44:20,934 --> 00:44:22,100 our heads, we have a new mystery. 896 00:44:23,000 --> 00:44:24,567 That's how it always is with this pyramid. 897 00:44:25,333 --> 00:44:27,000 Exactly. The Great Pyramid of Giza. 898 00:44:27,900 --> 00:44:29,900 -Answers and mysteries. -Well done, Josh. 899 00:44:30,667 --> 00:44:32,100 -Well done, Soren. -Amazing job. 900 00:44:32,767 --> 00:44:34,967 This is incredible. Whoo! 901 00:44:35,600 --> 00:44:36,100 Can I get out of here now? 902 00:44:36,834 --> 00:44:37,867 Yeah, let's get some fresh air. 903 00:44:38,166 --> 00:44:39,000 Come on. 904 00:44:41,467 --> 00:44:44,567 [Josh] The Great Pyramid is the closest thing to eternity 905 00:44:45,834 --> 00:44:48,767 that humanity has ever created, bridging the sun and the earth 906 00:44:49,734 --> 00:44:51,467 in a monument which has endured for millennia. 907 00:44:53,000 --> 00:44:56,100 To move within its passages, to be humbled in its 908 00:44:57,166 --> 00:44:59,667 Grand Gallery, to stand within the King's Chamber 909 00:45:00,667 --> 00:45:02,800 is to join for a moment with that eternity. 910 00:45:04,800 --> 00:45:09,300 The structure seems to radiate mystery and invite conspiracy, 911 00:45:10,467 --> 00:45:12,567 but thanks to the hard work of passionate archaeologists, 912 00:45:13,333 --> 00:45:15,066 answers are now within our grasp. 913 00:45:16,266 --> 00:45:19,000 We've mapped its interior top to bottom, learned firsthand 914 00:45:20,033 --> 00:45:23,066 how its blocks were carved, moved, and aligned. 915 00:45:24,266 --> 00:45:26,667 Cutting-edge scans have hinted at the possibility of unseen 916 00:45:27,667 --> 00:45:30,200 voids and hidden passages within the pyramid, 917 00:45:31,233 --> 00:45:34,266 tantalizing possibilities for future explorers. 918 00:45:35,400 --> 00:45:37,500 And thanks to the discovery of the world's oldest diary 919 00:45:38,533 --> 00:45:40,867 and some long-forgotten graffiti, we can now reach 920 00:45:41,834 --> 00:45:44,600 across time to meet the builders themselves. 921 00:45:45,567 --> 00:45:48,300 Not aliens or Atlanteans or some lost advanced 922 00:45:48,967 --> 00:45:51,000 civilization, but Egyptians. 923 00:45:52,066 --> 00:45:54,667 After 5000 years, it's time to give them the credit 924 00:45:55,233 --> 00:45:56,500 they so richly deserve.