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<i>NARRATOR: Berlin, August 12th, 1961.</i>

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<i>The residents of West Berlin</i>
<i>awake to the barbed wire</i>

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<i>that separates them from East Berlin,</i>

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<i>like this mother from her daughter.</i>

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(dramatic music playing)

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<i>East German soldiers build a wall</i>

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<i>to separate their part of the city</i>
<i>from the Western half,</i>

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<i>occupied by the Allies.</i>

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<i>Since 1945, the world</i>
<i>was already cut in half</i>

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<i>by an invisible iron curtain.</i>

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<i>Between the West, the democracies</i>
<i>that rallied around the United States,</i>

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<i>and the East, Communist nations,</i>
<i>dominated by Russia,</i>

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<i>known as the Soviet Union, and China.</i>

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<i>Nuclear weapons prevented</i>
<i>a global confrontation,</i>

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<i>but this balance of terror</i>
<i>brought forth local conflicts</i>

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<i>like in Indochina in 1946</i>
<i>or in Korea in 1950.</i>

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<i>And now, in Berlin.</i>

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<i>The East and West are in a state of war,</i>

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<i>which can, at any moment,</i>
<i>lead to the Apocalypse.</i>

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(opening theme music playing)

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<i>East Berliners try to flee</i>
<i>before the wall is completed.</i>

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<i>One of them, anonymously,</i>
<i>attests to this...</i>

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MAN (in French): It was when, I think,

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that I understood for the first-time

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what freedom really means.

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<i>NARRATOR (in English): The American</i>
<i>bulldozer tanks forge ahead.</i>

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<i>Will they destroy the Wall?</i>

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(cheering)

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<i>Five years before the construction</i>
<i>of the Berlin wall,</i>

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<i>in 1956, three years after Stalin's death,</i>

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<i>Nikita Khrushchev</i>
<i>is the leader of the Soviet Union.</i>

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<i>Khrushchev is a Ukrainian.</i>

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<i>A political emissary</i>
<i>during the Russian Civil War,</i>

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<i>he climbed the ladder</i>
<i>to the highest echelons of the Party.</i>

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<i>As Stalin's henchman, he starved Ukraine.</i>

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<i>During the Second World War,</i>
<i>he was merciless on the Stalingrad front.</i>

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(marching footsteps)

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<i>Yet now, Khrushchev</i>
<i>surprises the entire world.</i>

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<i>Like Beria, his predecessor,</i>

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<i>he feels the need to save the regime</i>
<i>and its faltering economy.</i>

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<i>He wants to ease tensions with the West,</i>

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<i>to limit military expenditures.</i>

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<i>Without turning his back on his ideology,</i>

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<i>he wants to distance himself from Stalin.</i>

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<i>At the 20th congress</i>
<i>of the Soviet Communist Party</i>

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<i>on February 24th,1956,</i>

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<i>Khrushchev has the assembly applaud</i>

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<i>the Frenchmen Jacques Duclos</i>
<i>and Maurice Thorez</i>

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<i>because they are</i>
<i>staunch Stalin supporters.</i>

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<i>But then, suddenly,</i>
<i>Khrushchev reads a secret report</i>

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<i>that denounces Stalin's crimes!</i>

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<i>This stupefying act</i>
<i>awakens hopes of freedom</i>

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<i>in the Eastern countries</i>
<i>colonized by the Russians,</i>

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<i>such as Poland and especially Hungary.</i>

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<i>In Budapest, in the fall of 1956,</i>

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<i>Hungarian students</i>
<i>begin to protest peacefully.</i>

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<i>Moscow cannot accept this.</i>

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<i>After fierce internal debate, Khrushchev</i>
<i>decides to forcibly intervene in Hungary.</i>

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<i>The stakes seem so essential</i>

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<i>that the issue of the West's reaction</i>
<i>becomes secondary.</i>

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<i>The elites may not be killing</i>
<i>one another anymore,</i>

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<i>but they still reject any change.</i>

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<i>Marshal Konev, one of the heroes</i>
<i>in the victory over Germany,</i>

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<i>is placed in charge</i>
<i>of keeping Hungary in check,</i>

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<i>in the name of the Warsaw Pact,</i>

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<i>which regroups the Eastern countries</i>
<i>to counterbalance the Atlantic Alliance.</i>

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<i>Konev sets the Red Army</i>
<i>tanks loose on Budapest.</i>

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<i>The officers tell their soldiers that they</i>
<i>will be fighting against German fascists!</i>

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<i>The entire population is against them.</i>

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<i>The Hungarian army,</i>
<i>trained by the Russians,</i>

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<i>are on the insurgents' side</i>

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<i>and its first targets are Soviet symbols.</i>

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-(thud)
-(people cheering)

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<i>October 23rd, 1956.</i>

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<i>A massive armed uprising in Budapest.</i>

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(gunshots)

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<i>The city is surrounded by Konev's army.</i>

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(explosion)

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<i>Budapest's radio</i>
<i>launches a desperate plea,</i>

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<i>"The Soviet troops</i>
<i>have begun their attack!</i>

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<i>We fight them in the name of freedom!"</i>

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(explosion and gunshots)

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<i>Twenty-five hundred Hungarian civilians</i>
<i>and military</i>

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<i>and 800 Soviet soldiers die</i>
<i>during these few days of fighting.</i>

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<i>On November 10th,1956, the Russian tanks</i>
<i>launch their final attack.</i>

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<i>The Hungarian rebellion</i>
<i>is definitively crushed, in bloodshed.</i>

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<i>Budapest is in ruins.</i>

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<i>The Russians and those</i>
<i>who continue to support them go wild</i>

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<i>and order thousands of arrests, hangings</i>
<i>and deportations to the gulags.</i>

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<i>Two hundred thousand Hungarians</i>
<i>manage to escape to Austria,</i>

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<i>and then Switzerland,</i>

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<i>Canada, the United States and France.</i>

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<i>The whole world protests but does nothing.</i>

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<i>Because at the same time, the world</i>
<i>is being shaken by another major crisis.</i>

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<i>All eyes are on the Suez Canal.</i>

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<i>It is the vital oil route, owned by</i>
<i>a Franco-British private company.</i>

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<i>It was just nationalized</i>
<i>by Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser,</i>

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<i>the Rais, the leader,</i>
<i>who just came into power in Egypt.</i>

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<i>Nasser proclaims:</i>

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<i>There is no shame in being poor.</i>

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<i>What is shameful</i>
<i>is the exploitation of people.</i>

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<i>We are taking back our rights</i>
<i>and the Canal belongs to Egypt!</i>

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<i>November 6th, 1956.</i>

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<i>British and French forces arrive to occupy</i>
<i>the zone of the Suez Canal,</i>

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<i>with the help of the Israeli army.</i>

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<i>After taking the towns along the Canal,</i>

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<i>soldiers are ready to move</i>
<i>into the operation's final phase:</i>

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<i>overthrowing Nasser's regime.</i>

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(gunshots and explosions)

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<i>Suddenly, they are given</i>
<i>the order to cease hostilities.</i>

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<i>London and Paris</i>
<i>have just been seriously threatened</i>

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<i>with nuclear retaliation, by Moscow.</i>

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<i>In the United States, President Eisenhower</i>
<i>refuses to get involved in the conflict.</i>

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<i>With his Secretary of State Foster Dulles,</i>

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<i>he backs down before the threat</i>
<i>of the Arab world joining the Soviet camp.</i>

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(cheering)

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<i>Nasser is the leader of the Arab nations.</i>

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<i>The French paratroopers head back</i>
<i>to Algiers, where they came from,</i>

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<i>to fight against</i>
<i>the insurgents from the FLN,</i>

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<i>the Algerian National Liberation Front.</i>

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<i>They are welcomed by the French community,</i>
<i>who is under great threat.</i>

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<i>Nasser sinks 40 ships in the canal,</i>

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<i>rendering it inoperative</i>
<i>for several months</i>

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<i>and cutting off 90% of oil supplies.</i>

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<i>In just a few days,</i>
<i>France has no more fuel.</i>

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<i>A voucher system is instituted,</i>
<i>and factories stop production.</i>

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<i>Drivers abandon their cars</i>
<i>in the Place de la Concorde.</i>

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<i>In Moscow, the Suez crisis</i>
<i>has strengthened Khrushchev's power.</i>

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<i>He has just won</i>
<i>his first duel against the West.</i>

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<i>The master of the Kremlin</i>
<i>is still Master of the World.</i>

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(crowd applause and cheering)

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<i>Especially since he has</i>
<i>gained new supporters</i>

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<i>in what is called the Third World.</i>

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<i>"Non-Aligned" is the term invented</i>
<i>by Indian Prime Minister Nehru,</i>

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<i>to refer to countries who don't belong</i>
<i>to the Communist or Capitalist camps.</i>

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<i>But the Soviet Union and China compete</i>
<i>to rally the non-aligned countries,</i>

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<i>these African or Asian nations</i>
<i>whose independence is often recent.</i>

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(crowd cheering)

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<i>In 1956, Mao condemns the rebellions</i>
<i>of the Eastern European countries.</i>

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<i>For him, they are the result of the famous</i>
<i>Khrushchev report on Stalin's crimes.</i>

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<i>Mao sees himself</i>
<i>as Stalin's true successor.</i>

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<i>He sees himself as the master</i>
<i>of the world's one billion Communists.</i>

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<i>For him, the "detente with the West"</i>
<i>that Khrushchev is aiming for</i>

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<i>can only weaken the Socialist camp.</i>

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<i>War is the glue of Communism,</i>

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<i>and as such, war must continue.</i>
<i>In Vietnam.</i>

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<i>Mao has already greatly contributed</i>
<i>to the Communist victory in the North.</i>

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<i>Their leader, Ho Chi Minh, has never</i>
<i>missed an opportunity to go to China,</i>

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<i>to show Mao his gratitude.</i>

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<i>And in the Soviet Union,</i>
<i>to show his gratitude to the Politburo.</i>

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(lively music playing)

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<i>Ho Chi Minh comes out of Lenin</i>
<i>and Stalin's mausoleum in tears.</i>

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<i>Khrushchev will say, "Ho Chi Minh is truly</i>
<i>one of Communism's Saints!"</i>

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<i>Ho Chi Minh obtained the equivalent</i>
<i>of one hundred million euros</i>

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<i>from the USSR.</i>

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<i>Along with the 200 million Mao gave him,</i>

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<i>he can now confront the famine</i>
<i>that ravages his country.</i>

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<i>As soon as they came</i>
<i>into power in North Vietnam,</i>

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<i>Ho Chi Minh and his regime</i>
<i>launched a major agrarian reform.</i>

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00:12:36,480 --> 00:12:40,460
<i>Vietnamese farmers make up</i>
<i>95% of the population.</i>

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<i>To control them,</i>
<i>the Government takes their land.</i>

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<i>It's called forced collectivization,</i>

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<i>which begins</i>
<i>with the destruction of their land titles.</i>

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<i>(crowd shouting)</i>

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<i>Small landowners are forced</i>
<i>by the police to wear bourgeois</i>

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<i>or mandarin clothing</i>
<i>and are humiliated with mock trials.</i>

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<i>They are accused of terrible crimes</i>
<i>by their family...</i>

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<i>even by their children.</i>

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(speaking in Vietnamese)

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<i>NARRATOR (in English): Tens of thousands</i>
<i>of these poor people are executed</i>

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<i>or thrown into "re-education camps",</i>
<i>immediately established by the regime.</i>

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<i>Following the Stalinist model,</i>

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<i>two and a quarter million acres</i>
<i>are transformed into collective farms</i>

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<i>whose profits revert to the State.</i>

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<i>Since 1954, hundreds</i>
<i>of thousands of peasants</i>

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<i>manage to escape to the South.</i>

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<i>Amongst them are many city-dwellers,</i>

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<i>civil servants or employees of the French.</i>

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<i>The roads are quickly closed off</i>

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<i>so they climb onto anything that floats.</i>

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00:14:00,520 --> 00:14:04,500
<i>Overloaded bamboo rafts</i>
<i>are picked up by American ships.</i>

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<i>They leave everything behind.</i>

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<i>Their land and their ancestors.</i>

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<i>They bring only their Christian faith,</i>
<i>which they display like a laissez-passer.</i>

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<i>The South Vietnamese leader</i>
<i>is a Catholic as well,</i>

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<i>in a country which is primarily Buddhist.</i>

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<i>His name is Jean-Baptiste Ngo Dinh Diem.</i>
<i>He is 53 years old.</i>

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<i>Exiled for years, he is the main face</i>
<i>of non-Communist anti-colonialism.</i>

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<i>His plans are guided</i>
<i>by his fear of the Communists</i>

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<i>who he hunts down and imprisons.</i>

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<i>With the help of his brother,</i>

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<i>Ngo DinhNhu, the head of the secret police</i>
<i>and his wife, Mrs. Nhu,</i>

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<i>quickly renowned</i>
<i>for her beauty and outspokenness</i>

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00:15:02,540 --> 00:15:05,480
<i>when it comes to denouncing the opposition</i>

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00:15:05,490 --> 00:15:10,480
<i>and the Western medias that she believes</i>
<i>are manipulated by the Communists.</i>

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00:15:13,030 --> 00:15:17,980
<i>In Hanoi, North Vietnam, the Communists</i>
<i>gathered around Ho Chi Minh,</i>

197
00:15:18,040 --> 00:15:20,060
<i>are now preparing to go back to war.</i>

198
00:15:24,000 --> 00:15:28,030
<i>The "Ho Chi Minh Trail" through Laos</i>
<i>and Cambodia, must be reopened,</i>

199
00:15:28,040 --> 00:15:30,970
<i>as it was during the Indochina War.</i>

200
00:15:31,050 --> 00:15:35,980
<i>But it will be expanded into a complex</i>
<i>network of paths and trails</i>

201
00:15:35,990 --> 00:15:37,050
<i>invisible from the sky.</i>

202
00:15:38,960 --> 00:15:42,980
<i>Over 1200 miles through mountainous</i>
<i>jungle stretching to the South.</i>

203
00:15:45,980 --> 00:15:49,000
<i>One of the Communist fighters,</i>
<i>Tran To Nga, recalls,</i>

204
00:15:50,980 --> 00:15:53,010
<i>"The density of the forest is suffocating.</i>

205
00:15:53,020 --> 00:15:55,050
<i>Cut one vine and ten more grow!</i>

206
00:15:55,060 --> 00:15:58,050
<i>Clear a path</i>
<i>and it disappears the next day!</i>

207
00:15:58,060 --> 00:16:01,020
<i>How strange it feels</i>
<i>to defy nature this way."</i>

208
00:16:09,990 --> 00:16:14,980
<i>Most of the time, the soldiers</i>
<i>are very young and very indoctrinated.</i>

209
00:16:16,980 --> 00:16:20,020
<i>Their faith gives them strength,</i>
<i>even in the worst conditions.</i>

210
00:16:23,050 --> 00:16:26,050
<i>Their "capitalist enemies"</i>
<i>quickly give them a nickname:</i>

211
00:16:27,040 --> 00:16:30,000
<i>Viet Cong, meaning "Viet Commies".</i>

212
00:16:31,990 --> 00:16:36,010
<i>To secure their trail, they line it with</i>
<i>as many booby traps as possible,</i>

213
00:16:36,990 --> 00:16:41,960
<i>just like their elders did,</i>
<i>but with more imagination and cruelty.</i>

214
00:16:46,000 --> 00:16:48,960
<i>Unsecured zones grow in size.</i>

215
00:16:53,000 --> 00:16:57,040
(gunfire)

216
00:16:58,990 --> 00:17:01,040
<i>The survivors receive attention from Diem,</i>

217
00:17:01,050 --> 00:17:03,960
<i>the president of South Vietnam,</i>

218
00:17:03,970 --> 00:17:06,020
<i>who demands an increase in American aide.</i>

219
00:17:08,040 --> 00:17:11,970
<i>The first American</i>
<i>"military advisors" arrive.</i>

220
00:17:13,020 --> 00:17:15,970
<i>A diabolical "war-machine" is activated.</i>

221
00:17:16,030 --> 00:17:18,040
(dramatic music playing)

222
00:17:20,960 --> 00:17:24,980
<i>The Southern soldiers have the means</i>
<i>to retaliate against the Viet Cong.</i>

223
00:17:24,990 --> 00:17:25,970
(gunshot)

224
00:17:25,980 --> 00:17:29,000
<i>They show no clemency</i>
<i>when they manage to flush them out.</i>

225
00:17:44,980 --> 00:17:47,960
<i>And they are merciless</i>
<i>towards the villages that sheltered them.</i>

226
00:17:52,020 --> 00:17:54,000
<i>This repression feeds hatred.</i>

227
00:17:58,030 --> 00:18:01,060
<i>These are also</i>
<i>the Khrushchev years, the fifties,</i>

228
00:18:01,960 --> 00:18:03,050
<i>a break in the Cold War.</i>

229
00:18:04,030 --> 00:18:05,970
(lively music playing)

230
00:18:05,980 --> 00:18:08,980
<i>The USSR begins</i>
<i>to slowly open up to tourism</i>

231
00:18:08,990 --> 00:18:10,040
<i>and amateur filmmakers.</i>

232
00:18:14,030 --> 00:18:15,030
<i>In France,</i>

233
00:18:15,040 --> 00:18:19,970
<i>the magazine of Renault's CGT union,</i>
<i>publishes an article entitled</i>

234
00:18:19,980 --> 00:18:22,980
<i>"A Renault steelworker's</i>
<i>visit to the USSR."</i>

235
00:18:23,040 --> 00:18:25,990
<i>"Steelworkers here work six hours a day.</i>

236
00:18:26,000 --> 00:18:28,040
<i>And they retire at 55 years old.</i>

237
00:18:28,050 --> 00:18:31,990
<i>The USSR is paradise</i>
<i>on earth for steelworkers."</i>

238
00:18:39,010 --> 00:18:41,970
<i>Khrushchev wants to pursue</i>
<i>an easing of tensions</i>

239
00:18:41,980 --> 00:18:43,050
<i>and peaceful coexistence.</i>

240
00:18:46,020 --> 00:18:48,020
<i>And in July 1959,</i>

241
00:18:49,010 --> 00:18:50,020
<i>the Russians are stunned to see</i>

242
00:18:50,030 --> 00:18:53,020
<i>the United States vice-president,</i>
<i>Richard Nixon.</i>

243
00:18:54,010 --> 00:18:57,040
<i>He is invited to inaugurate</i>
<i>the first exhibition in Moscow</i>

244
00:18:57,040 --> 00:18:58,980
<i>of American products.</i>

245
00:19:02,040 --> 00:19:07,030
<i>Khrushchev begins by drinking a Pepsi,</i>
<i>forbidden in the USSR!</i>

246
00:19:08,040 --> 00:19:10,980
<i>Is this strong symbol of détente,</i>

247
00:19:10,980 --> 00:19:13,000
<i>a sign of renouncing the Cold War?</i>

248
00:19:14,010 --> 00:19:15,020
<i>It is just the opposite.</i>

249
00:19:15,990 --> 00:19:19,040
<i>The Soviets are not ready</i>
<i>to abandon their ideology.</i>

250
00:19:20,040 --> 00:19:22,010
<i>The conquest of new countries</i>

251
00:19:22,020 --> 00:19:25,020
<i>and progress in military</i>
<i>and space programs</i>

252
00:19:25,020 --> 00:19:29,980
<i>put Khrushchev in a position to stand tall</i>
<i>before Capitalism's representative,</i>

253
00:19:29,990 --> 00:19:32,020
<i>in a very unexpected dialog.</i>

254
00:19:33,040 --> 00:19:36,010
<i>(in Russian): In seven years,</i>
<i>when we will have surpassed you,</i>

255
00:19:36,020 --> 00:19:39,030
<i>we'll give you a friendly wave!</i>

256
00:19:39,040 --> 00:19:40,970
(people laughing)

257
00:19:40,980 --> 00:19:43,990
<i>NARRATOR (in English): Nixon then invites</i>
<i>Khrushchev to the United States.</i>

258
00:19:45,020 --> 00:19:48,980
<i>Khrushchev flies to Washington</i>
<i>on the Tupolev 114,</i>

259
00:19:48,980 --> 00:19:50,060
<i>to impress the Americans,</i>

260
00:19:56,020 --> 00:19:58,020
<i>A huge 180-ton aircraft,</i>

261
00:19:58,980 --> 00:20:01,970
<i>with a glass nose like the bomber</i>
<i>it was derived from.</i>

262
00:20:09,990 --> 00:20:12,020
<i>The Americans are also astounded.</i>

263
00:20:12,030 --> 00:20:14,020
<i>Both flags, side by side!</i>

264
00:20:15,010 --> 00:20:18,980
<i>The Soviet anthem performed</i>
<i>by the US Air Force orchestra!</i>

265
00:20:19,030 --> 00:20:22,040
<i>A warm welcome from their president,</i>
<i>General Eisenhower,</i>

266
00:20:23,020 --> 00:20:24,980
<i>a review of the Marines</i>

267
00:20:25,030 --> 00:20:28,040
<i>and the two men striving</i>
<i>to appear well-intentioned.</i>

268
00:20:29,960 --> 00:20:32,990
Our common purpose should be, as always,

269
00:20:33,000 --> 00:20:36,040
a just, universal and enduring peace.

270
00:20:37,010 --> 00:20:40,970
It is in this spirit Mr. Chairman,
that I greet you

271
00:20:40,980 --> 00:20:44,050
and welcome you to Washington,
and to the United States.

272
00:20:44,960 --> 00:20:47,040
(people clapping)

273
00:20:47,050 --> 00:20:51,020
<i>NARRATOR: When Mrs. Khrushchev, Nina,</i>
<i>climbs into the presidential Lincoln,</i>

274
00:20:52,000 --> 00:20:54,000
<i>Eisenhower hesitates for a moment.</i>

275
00:20:57,970 --> 00:21:01,040
<i>Journalist David Garroway accurately</i>
<i>summarizes what is happening:</i>

276
00:21:04,990 --> 00:21:06,990
<i>"We had never seen him so close up.</i>

277
00:21:09,040 --> 00:21:11,040
<i>His pudgy physique doesn't correspond</i>

278
00:21:11,040 --> 00:21:14,010
<i>to the vision of the world's</i>
<i>most powerful dictator.</i>

279
00:21:15,000 --> 00:21:17,990
<i>How did this bulky fellow</i>
<i>with a round clownish face</i>

280
00:21:18,000 --> 00:21:19,970
<i>reach his present pinnacle?"</i>

281
00:21:28,040 --> 00:21:29,990
<i>All smiles,</i>

282
00:21:30,040 --> 00:21:34,040
<i>he presents Eisenhower and Vice-President</i>
<i>Nixon with a space probe,</i>

283
00:21:35,990 --> 00:21:39,020
<i>similar to the one he sent up</i>
<i>to the Moon the previous day.</i>

284
00:21:43,000 --> 00:21:45,040
<i>Eisenhower gives a forced laugh.</i>

285
00:21:46,980 --> 00:21:50,040
<i>He is mortified by the series</i>
<i>of failed American spaces launches,</i>

286
00:21:50,050 --> 00:21:52,980
<i>still far from manned flights.</i>

287
00:21:54,970 --> 00:21:59,020
(church choir music)

288
00:22:00,020 --> 00:22:03,000
(music crescendos)

289
00:22:20,010 --> 00:22:24,000
<i>The Russians are able</i>
<i>to send a dog, Laika, into space.</i>

290
00:22:24,050 --> 00:22:27,990
<i>Which proves that they will</i>
<i>soon be able to send a man,</i>

291
00:22:28,000 --> 00:22:30,020
<i>a satellite, or a bomb.</i>

292
00:22:31,040 --> 00:22:34,050
<i>The balance of terror</i>
<i>is dangerously threatened.</i>

293
00:22:40,060 --> 00:22:42,040
<i>Convinced of his superiority,</i>

294
00:22:42,990 --> 00:22:45,990
<i>Khrushchev takes the liberty</i>
<i>of entertaining the press,</i>

295
00:22:46,000 --> 00:22:48,980
<i>playing on his Mr. K persona,</i>

296
00:22:48,990 --> 00:22:51,000
<i>gregarious and reassuring.</i>

297
00:22:54,980 --> 00:22:58,970
<i>He visits Hollywood,</i>
<i>where he is invited to a lavish dinner,</i>

298
00:22:58,980 --> 00:23:02,970
<i>broadcast using all the latest</i>
<i>television technology of the time.</i>

299
00:23:04,040 --> 00:23:06,050
<i>Every movie star attends,</i>

300
00:23:06,060 --> 00:23:10,000
<i>wanting to see the strange creature</i>
<i>who has come from "the cold",</i>

301
00:23:10,050 --> 00:23:15,000
<i>including Frank Sinatra,</i>
<i>David Niven, Tony Curtis</i>

302
00:23:15,010 --> 00:23:19,010
<i>and most importantly,</i>
<i>the queen of Hollywood and the world,</i>

303
00:23:19,020 --> 00:23:20,060
<i>Marilyn Monroe.</i>

304
00:23:23,970 --> 00:23:27,050
<i>In Peking, attractions</i>
<i>of another kind await Khrushchev.</i>

305
00:23:28,030 --> 00:23:30,040
<i>On September 28th, 1959,</i>

306
00:23:31,020 --> 00:23:34,060
<i>only fifteen days after</i>
<i>his visit to the United States,</i>

307
00:23:34,960 --> 00:23:37,040
<i>he is in China to celebrate</i>
<i>the tenth anniversary</i>

308
00:23:37,040 --> 00:23:39,000
<i>of Mao's rise to power.</i>

309
00:23:41,980 --> 00:23:43,960
<i>Khrushchev fears Mao</i>

310
00:23:43,970 --> 00:23:47,990
<i>and has decided to break his commitment</i>
<i>to supply him with the latest prototype</i>

311
00:23:48,000 --> 00:23:49,020
<i>of a nuclear bomb.</i>

312
00:23:55,020 --> 00:23:58,050
<i>Mao continues</i>
<i>to openly criticize Khrushchev</i>

313
00:23:58,960 --> 00:24:01,050
<i>and his "peaceful coexistence"</i>
<i>with the West.</i>

314
00:24:02,960 --> 00:24:06,000
<i>This signals the split</i>
<i>between the Chinese and the Soviets.</i>

315
00:24:07,020 --> 00:24:09,970
<i>For Ho Chi Minh, who is also invited,</i>

316
00:24:09,980 --> 00:24:12,970
<i>it is a sign that the Vietnam War</i>
<i>is going to intensify.</i>

317
00:24:14,000 --> 00:24:15,040
<i>Khrushchev writes,</i>

318
00:24:15,050 --> 00:24:19,960
<i>"China holds Vietnam in its claws.</i>
<i>And it won't loosen its grip."</i>

319
00:24:24,970 --> 00:24:28,030
<i>Communist North Vietnam trains</i>
<i>its army to invade the South.</i>

320
00:24:34,040 --> 00:24:37,980
<i>Weapons and supplies</i>
<i>travel along the Ho Chi Minh Trail,</i>

321
00:24:37,990 --> 00:24:41,040
<i>which goes through Laos</i>
<i>and drags the country into the war.</i>

322
00:24:41,050 --> 00:24:45,020
(helicopter whirring)

323
00:24:48,000 --> 00:24:49,990
<i>The chain of events remains the same.</i>

324
00:24:51,040 --> 00:24:56,020
<i>American military advisors</i>
<i>are now joined by the mighty Green Berets,</i>

325
00:24:56,030 --> 00:24:58,970
<i>who have come to train</i>
<i>the young Laotian Army.</i>

326
00:25:01,980 --> 00:25:06,000
<i>The Green Berets are part</i>
<i>of the American Army's Special Forces,</i>

327
00:25:06,040 --> 00:25:08,030
<i>created in the 1950's.</i>

328
00:25:14,010 --> 00:25:17,010
<i>In South Vietnam,</i>
<i>the Green Berets gather the villagers</i>

329
00:25:17,020 --> 00:25:19,960
<i>in highly-guarded strategic Hamlets.</i>

330
00:25:22,000 --> 00:25:25,020
<i>This triggers increasing hostility</i>
<i>among the farmers.</i>

331
00:25:26,000 --> 00:25:29,050
<i>The Viet Cong has little difficulty</i>
<i>finding informants</i>

332
00:25:29,960 --> 00:25:31,960
<i>and creates an entire spy network,</i>

333
00:25:32,020 --> 00:25:36,000
<i>enabling them to carry off their attacks</i>
<i>accurately and successfully.</i>

334
00:25:36,050 --> 00:25:40,040
-(shouting)
-(gunfire)

335
00:25:53,990 --> 00:25:57,040
<i>The Green Berets</i>
<i>begin to fear their elusive enemy.</i>

336
00:26:02,040 --> 00:26:06,000
<i>This is one of the most</i>
<i>striking images of the War of Worlds.</i>

337
00:26:06,010 --> 00:26:08,040
<i>The one the East wants to project,</i>

338
00:26:08,040 --> 00:26:11,990
<i>that of a small, heroic nation,</i>
<i>in holes and tunnels,</i>

339
00:26:12,000 --> 00:26:14,020
<i>entirely devoted to the cause.</i>

340
00:26:16,000 --> 00:26:19,970
<i>But in fact, entire divisions</i>
<i>with powerful artillery</i>

341
00:26:19,980 --> 00:26:22,960
<i>are confronting</i>
<i>the steel monsters from the West.</i>

342
00:26:30,020 --> 00:26:32,980
<i>A Lockheed U2 reconnaissance aircraft</i>

343
00:26:32,990 --> 00:26:35,040
<i>flies regularly over the Soviet Union,</i>

344
00:26:35,040 --> 00:26:39,000
<i>at more than 65,000 feet, a record.</i>

345
00:26:39,980 --> 00:26:42,980
<i>This altitude shields it</i>
<i>from anti-aircraft missiles.</i>

346
00:26:43,030 --> 00:26:46,040
<i>It can safely photograph</i>
<i>Russia's ballistic missile sites.</i>

347
00:26:49,040 --> 00:26:51,970
<i>It is quickly spotted by Soviet radar,</i>

348
00:26:52,020 --> 00:26:54,960
<i>but is far too high to be targeted.</i>

349
00:26:54,970 --> 00:26:57,000
(speaking in Russian)

350
00:26:59,960 --> 00:27:01,980
<i>NARRATOR (in English): Khrushchev,</i>
<i>feeling betrayed by the West</i>

351
00:27:01,980 --> 00:27:03,980
<i>in his attempt to ease tension,</i>

352
00:27:03,980 --> 00:27:06,970
<i>and weakened vis-a-vis</i>
<i>the Party and the Chinese,</i>

353
00:27:07,030 --> 00:27:09,050
<i>decides to launch his fighter squadrons</i>

354
00:27:09,060 --> 00:27:11,970
<i>and his new anti-aircraft missiles.</i>

355
00:27:18,060 --> 00:27:22,020
<i>At first, these Soviet missiles shoot down</i>
<i>their own fighter planes</i>

356
00:27:22,020 --> 00:27:24,000
<i>as they approach the U2!</i>

357
00:27:24,010 --> 00:27:27,060
<i>But in the end, they manage</i>
<i>to hit the American plane.</i>

358
00:27:27,960 --> 00:27:31,050
<i>The U2 pilot, Francis Gary Powers,</i>
<i>ejected himself.</i>

359
00:27:37,030 --> 00:27:42,040
<i>After heavy interrogation, his trial</i>
<i>begins on August 24th, 1960, in Moscow.</i>

360
00:27:44,970 --> 00:27:48,970
<i>In the famous Column Hall in the House</i>
<i>of the Unions, the old Throne Room.</i>

361
00:27:49,040 --> 00:27:51,000
<i>Ever since the Revolution,</i>

362
00:27:51,010 --> 00:27:54,060
<i>this hall has served to honor Communism's</i>
<i>great deceased figures,</i>

363
00:27:55,000 --> 00:27:57,980
<i>and to celebrate other</i>
<i>important regime events.</i>

364
00:27:57,990 --> 00:28:00,020
<i>This trial has worldwide impact.</i>

365
00:28:00,020 --> 00:28:03,000
(speaking in Russian)

366
00:28:07,040 --> 00:28:09,020
<i>NARRATOR (in English):</i>
<i>The Prosecutor asks Powers...</i>

367
00:28:10,000 --> 00:28:12,980
TRANSLATOR: Do you plead guilty
to the charges as listed?

368
00:28:12,980 --> 00:28:14,020
Yes, I plead guilty.

369
00:28:14,020 --> 00:28:16,030
(translator translating in Russian)

370
00:28:16,040 --> 00:28:19,000
(prosecutor interrogates)

371
00:28:19,000 --> 00:28:20,980
TRANSLATOR (in English):
Who gave you these instructions?

372
00:28:21,970 --> 00:28:23,060
The commander of my detachment.

373
00:28:23,960 --> 00:28:25,020
(translator translating in Russian)

374
00:28:26,010 --> 00:28:27,960
<i>NARRATOR (in English):</i>
<i>In his defense, he says...</i>

375
00:28:28,030 --> 00:28:30,980
Not as an enemy but as a human being...

376
00:28:30,990 --> 00:28:34,980
(translator translating in Russian)

377
00:28:35,970 --> 00:28:38,020
(in English): ...who is not
a personal enemy of the Russian people.

378
00:28:38,030 --> 00:28:42,030
(translator translating in Russian)

379
00:28:42,980 --> 00:28:45,000
<i>NARRATOR (in English):</i>
<i>Powers is not sentenced to death,</i>

380
00:28:45,010 --> 00:28:47,990
<i>the usual punishment</i>
<i>for such a case in the Soviet Union.</i>

381
00:28:48,040 --> 00:28:50,040
<i>He is sentenced to ten years in prison</i>

382
00:28:50,050 --> 00:28:54,010
<i>and is rapidly exchanged for the head</i>
<i>of Russian espionage in America,</i>

383
00:28:54,020 --> 00:28:55,980
<i>Colonel Rudolf Abel.</i>

384
00:29:02,020 --> 00:29:04,030
<i>In November 1960,</i>

385
00:29:04,040 --> 00:29:07,960
<i>Khrushchev closely follows</i>
<i>the American elections,</i>

386
00:29:07,970 --> 00:29:11,960
<i>a face-off between a brilliant, young</i>
<i>Democrat Senator, John Kennedy</i>

387
00:29:11,970 --> 00:29:14,050
<i>and the Republican Vice-President,</i>
<i>Richard Nixon.</i>

388
00:29:17,980 --> 00:29:19,050
<i>Khrushchev hates Nixon,</i>

389
00:29:19,960 --> 00:29:21,990
<i>whom he considers</i>
<i>to be very anti-Communist,</i>

390
00:29:22,050 --> 00:29:25,010
<i>and applauds when</i>
<i>Eisenhower hands over power,</i>

391
00:29:25,020 --> 00:29:28,050
<i>on January 20th, 1961, to Kennedy,</i>

392
00:29:28,960 --> 00:29:31,980
<i>who Khrushchev believes</i>
<i>to be a progressive.</i>

393
00:29:31,980 --> 00:29:33,030
<i>Is he a new Roosevelt?</i>

394
00:29:35,040 --> 00:29:36,970
<i>At his inauguration,</i>

395
00:29:36,980 --> 00:29:39,980
<i>Kennedy and his vice-president,</i>
<i>Lyndon Johnson,</i>

396
00:29:39,990 --> 00:29:43,970
<i>have chosen Marian Anderson</i>
<i>to sing the American anthem,</i>

397
00:29:43,980 --> 00:29:46,010
<i>traditionally sung on such an occasion.</i>

398
00:29:46,970 --> 00:29:49,030
<i>She is a hero</i>
<i>in the fight for civil rights.</i>

399
00:29:49,040 --> 00:29:54,040
(singing "The Star-Spangled Banner")

400
00:30:00,060 --> 00:30:02,050
<i>But contrary to Khrushchev's hopes,</i>

401
00:30:02,960 --> 00:30:07,030
<i>Kennedy reveals himself to be a determined</i>
<i>adversary of the Soviet Union.</i>

402
00:30:07,040 --> 00:30:11,980
<i>His brother, Robert Kennedy,</i>
<i>had worked with Senator Joseph McCarthy,</i>

403
00:30:11,990 --> 00:30:15,050
<i>who had hunted down</i>
<i>American Communists ten years earlier.</i>

404
00:30:17,970 --> 00:30:21,020
<i>Robert Kennedy becomes</i>
<i>United States Attorney General</i>

405
00:30:21,030 --> 00:30:24,040
<i>and the main advisor to his brother,</i>
<i>the new president.</i>

406
00:30:26,060 --> 00:30:28,970
<i>As soon as they step into office,</i>

407
00:30:28,980 --> 00:30:31,990
<i>John Kennedy and his vice-president,</i>
<i>Lyndon Johnson,</i>

408
00:30:32,000 --> 00:30:33,970
<i>have urgent matters to handle.</i>

409
00:30:34,030 --> 00:30:36,960
<i>The first, is the issue of Cuba,</i>

410
00:30:36,970 --> 00:30:41,050
<i>the largest Caribbean island situated</i>
<i>right next to the United States.</i>

411
00:30:47,000 --> 00:30:51,000
<i>Two years earlier, on January 3rd,1959,</i>

412
00:30:51,040 --> 00:30:56,040
<i>Fidel Castro and his guerrillas</i>
<i>marched triumphantly into Havana.</i>

413
00:30:56,050 --> 00:31:00,980
(crowd cheering)

414
00:31:02,980 --> 00:31:06,000
<i>Castro had defeated</i>
<i>the army of Colonel Batista,</i>

415
00:31:06,010 --> 00:31:08,020
<i>accused of being a corrupt dictator.</i>

416
00:31:10,010 --> 00:31:12,000
<i>Castro had promised to keep his beard</i>

417
00:31:12,010 --> 00:31:15,050
<i>until social justice,</i>
<i>as he called it, was victorious.</i>

418
00:31:15,960 --> 00:31:18,000
(speaking in Spanish)

419
00:31:18,010 --> 00:31:20,970
Freedom or death!

420
00:31:21,990 --> 00:31:24,050
<i>NARRATOR (in English): The beard had</i>
<i>become a symbol of the Revolutionaries.</i>

421
00:31:26,980 --> 00:31:30,040
<i>Castro firmly turned towards</i>
<i>his only possible means of support.</i>

422
00:31:30,990 --> 00:31:32,010
<i>The Soviet Union.</i>

423
00:31:33,040 --> 00:31:35,050
<i>One month after Castro seized power,</i>

424
00:31:36,000 --> 00:31:39,990
<i>Mikoyan, the Soviet minister</i>
<i>of Foreign Trade, hurried to Havana</i>

425
00:31:40,000 --> 00:31:42,060
<i>to sign a one-hundred-million-dollar loan</i>

426
00:31:42,960 --> 00:31:45,030
<i>and a promise to buy</i>
<i>Cuba's sugar production.</i>

427
00:31:49,000 --> 00:31:53,020
<i>The Americans have only one goal:</i>
<i>to overthrow Castro.</i>

428
00:31:54,040 --> 00:31:57,000
<i>Soon after taking office in 1961,</i>

429
00:31:57,010 --> 00:32:01,010
<i>Kennedy discovers a plan formulated</i>
<i>by his predecessor, Eisenhower,</i>

430
00:32:01,020 --> 00:32:02,980
<i>and the CIA.</i>

431
00:32:02,990 --> 00:32:06,060
<i>A military expedition composed</i>
<i>solely of Cuban exiles.</i>

432
00:32:07,010 --> 00:32:11,040
<i>They must land, rally the population</i>
<i>and appeal to America for help.</i>

433
00:32:15,040 --> 00:32:19,050
<i>Kennedy approves this plan.</i>
<i>He chooses the landing spot,</i>

434
00:32:21,030 --> 00:32:24,040
<i>a beach 125 miles from Havana,</i>

435
00:32:24,050 --> 00:32:27,980
<i>the Bay of Pigs, named after a local fish.</i>

436
00:32:29,020 --> 00:32:31,000
(gunfire)

437
00:32:31,010 --> 00:32:33,990
<i>On April 17th, 1961,</i>

438
00:32:35,000 --> 00:32:37,980
<i>1400 anti-Castro Cubans land.</i>

439
00:32:40,020 --> 00:32:42,970
<i>Castro gathers all the troops he has.</i>

440
00:32:43,980 --> 00:32:46,030
(people cheering)

441
00:32:49,980 --> 00:32:51,990
(man speaking in Spanish)

442
00:32:52,000 --> 00:32:55,970
(fire and explosions)

443
00:33:01,010 --> 00:33:02,960
<i>NARRATOR (in English):</i>
<i>His modest air force</i>

444
00:33:02,970 --> 00:33:05,030
<i>fires on the shores of the Bay of Pigs</i>

445
00:33:05,040 --> 00:33:07,980
<i>and sinks the anti-Castro ships.</i>

446
00:33:07,980 --> 00:33:11,980
(gunshots and explosion)

447
00:33:12,030 --> 00:33:17,000
<i>However, Castro remains concerned.</i>
<i>What will the population do?</i>

448
00:33:19,000 --> 00:33:23,960
<i>It doesn't react, either terrified</i>
<i>or won over by the Revolution.</i>

449
00:33:27,980 --> 00:33:31,060
<i>Kennedy gives the order to abandon</i>
<i>the Cuban exiles to their fate.</i>

450
00:33:31,960 --> 00:33:34,060
<i>The anticipated uprising</i>
<i>doesn't take place.</i>

451
00:33:36,020 --> 00:33:39,020
<i>One thousand surviving</i>
<i>anti-Castrists surrender.</i>

452
00:33:45,010 --> 00:33:47,990
<i>They are later exchanged</i>
<i>by Cuba for medicine.</i>

453
00:33:51,010 --> 00:33:53,960
<i>Barely three months</i>
<i>after his inauguration,</i>

454
00:33:54,010 --> 00:33:57,010
<i>Kennedy has just</i>
<i>experienced a terrible setback</i>

455
00:33:57,020 --> 00:33:59,000
<i>with the failure of the Bay of Pigs.</i>

456
00:34:00,020 --> 00:34:02,040
<i>He fears the worst. He says,</i>

457
00:34:02,040 --> 00:34:06,020
<i>"We moved on Cuba.</i>
<i>Now Khrushchev will move on Berlin."</i>

458
00:34:08,060 --> 00:34:11,960
<i>Berlin remains</i>
<i>the central issue of the Cold War.</i>

459
00:34:14,020 --> 00:34:18,960
<i>Three million East Germans have already</i>
<i>escaped to the West, via Berlin.</i>

460
00:34:22,960 --> 00:34:25,050
<i>This is an unbearable</i>
<i>situation for the Communists,</i>

461
00:34:25,060 --> 00:34:28,990
<i>who demand that the Western part</i>
<i>of the city be annexed.</i>

462
00:34:32,040 --> 00:34:35,000
<i>In an attempt to end the escalation,</i>

463
00:34:35,000 --> 00:34:38,010
<i>Kennedy goes to Vienna</i>
<i>to meet with Khrushchev.</i>

464
00:34:38,020 --> 00:34:43,000
<i>He wants to prevent him from occupying</i>
<i>West Berlin, which would mean war.</i>

465
00:34:45,990 --> 00:34:49,990
<i>On the way to Vienna, Kennedy stops</i>
<i>in Paris with his wife Jackie,</i>

466
00:34:52,980 --> 00:34:56,030
<i>Kennedy is impressed by</i>
<i>the French president, General de Gaulle,</i>

467
00:34:56,040 --> 00:34:58,010
<i>a historic personality.</i>

468
00:35:03,010 --> 00:35:06,040
<i>De Gaulle advises him</i>
<i>to remain firm about Berlin.</i>

469
00:35:09,040 --> 00:35:12,030
<i>The big meeting takes place</i>
<i>the next day in Vienna.</i>

470
00:35:13,010 --> 00:35:16,960
<i>Kennedy knows perfectly well</i>
<i>that he is in a weakened position,</i>

471
00:35:16,970 --> 00:35:19,050
<i>barely two months after</i>
<i>the Bay of Pigs disaster.</i>

472
00:35:21,030 --> 00:35:22,970
<i>Khrushchev, on the other hand,</i>

473
00:35:22,980 --> 00:35:25,060
<i>is empowered by his planetary success.</i>

474
00:35:25,960 --> 00:35:29,980
<i>He has just sent the first man,</i>
<i>Yuri Gagarin, into space.</i>

475
00:35:37,020 --> 00:35:39,000
<i>In the Vienna salons,</i>

476
00:35:39,000 --> 00:35:41,980
<i>when the incredibly elegant</i>
<i>Jackie meets Khrushchev,</i>

477
00:35:42,040 --> 00:35:44,980
<i>and president Kennedy</i>
<i>meets Mrs. Khrushchev,</i>

478
00:35:45,040 --> 00:35:48,040
<i>it's the collision</i>
<i>of irreconcilable cultures.</i>

479
00:35:52,990 --> 00:35:55,030
<i>A dialog between</i>
<i>the two men is impossible.</i>

480
00:35:56,030 --> 00:35:59,990
<i>Kennedy has no idea</i>
<i>what Khrushchev has brewing.</i>

481
00:36:00,970 --> 00:36:05,970
<i>Building a 90-mile wall to isolate</i>
<i>Berlin West from East Berlin,</i>

482
00:36:05,980 --> 00:36:10,000
<i>the rest of Germany,</i>
<i>and all other Eastern bloc countries.</i>

483
00:36:12,000 --> 00:36:16,000
<i>Three million refugees have already</i>
<i>managed to get to the other side.</i>

484
00:36:18,060 --> 00:36:22,970
<i>Khrushchev, chose the solution</i>
<i>the Western world least expected.</i>

485
00:36:29,040 --> 00:36:33,000
<i>A French diplomat,</i>
<i>Henri Froment-Meurice, recalls,</i>

486
00:36:34,030 --> 00:36:37,030
<i>"We had imagined everything,</i>
<i>except the Wall.</i>

487
00:36:37,040 --> 00:36:39,040
<i>Because it is difficult for democracies</i>

488
00:36:39,040 --> 00:36:42,020
<i>to imagine the kinds of things</i>
<i>dictatorships could do.</i>

489
00:36:43,990 --> 00:36:46,970
<i>We had considered</i>
<i>blocking off access to the city.</i>

490
00:36:46,980 --> 00:36:50,990
<i>But we hadn't pictured the adversary</i>
<i>suddenly blocking himself off!</i>

491
00:36:51,000 --> 00:36:55,050
<i>Locking in his own population,</i>
<i>to stop them from reaching the West."</i>

492
00:37:00,990 --> 00:37:03,970
<i>But the wall</i>
<i>is also a relief for the West.</i>

493
00:37:03,980 --> 00:37:07,040
<i>Berlin is better locked up</i>
<i>than under Russian control.</i>

494
00:37:07,040 --> 00:37:11,040
(tank approaching)

495
00:37:17,050 --> 00:37:20,970
<i>But for Khrushchev,</i>
<i>the offensive continues.</i>

496
00:37:23,020 --> 00:37:25,980
<i>He honors the Cuban Revolution and says,</i>

497
00:37:26,990 --> 00:37:29,970
<i>"Now we will put a hedgehog</i>
<i>in America's underwear!"</i>

498
00:37:33,010 --> 00:37:36,050
<i>With Castro, he decides</i>
<i>to install nuclear missiles,</i>

499
00:37:36,960 --> 00:37:39,970
<i>125 miles from the US coast.</i>

500
00:37:44,010 --> 00:37:46,000
<i>October 1962,</i>

501
00:37:49,020 --> 00:37:52,060
<i>an American reconnaissance plane</i>
<i>brings back photos from Cuba</i>

502
00:37:52,960 --> 00:37:54,020
<i>of ballistic missile sites,</i>

503
00:37:55,010 --> 00:37:58,030
<i>which could strike American towns</i>
<i>in a matter of minutes.</i>

504
00:38:02,000 --> 00:38:05,990
<i>This balance of terror has already</i>
<i>been upset by the Americans.</i>

505
00:38:07,040 --> 00:38:12,000
<i>President Eisenhower had installed Jupiter</i>
<i>ballistic nuclear missiles in Turkey.</i>

506
00:38:13,050 --> 00:38:16,000
<i>These Jupiters are close</i>
<i>to the Russian border,</i>

507
00:38:16,970 --> 00:38:20,060
<i>even closer than the Soviet missiles</i>
<i>in Cuba are to America.</i>

508
00:38:20,960 --> 00:38:24,050
(dramatic music playing)

509
00:38:27,000 --> 00:38:30,970
<i>This situation, intolerable</i>
<i>for the leaders in Moscow,</i>

510
00:38:30,980 --> 00:38:34,020
<i>has forced Khrushchev</i>
<i>to put Kennedy in the same situation.</i>

511
00:38:37,000 --> 00:38:40,980
<i>Kennedy alerts the UN</i>
<i>and seizes the Security Council,</i>

512
00:38:41,980 --> 00:38:44,980
<i>showing pictures</i>
<i>of the construction of the missile sites.</i>

513
00:38:47,960 --> 00:38:49,040
<i>The Americans are called upon.</i>

514
00:38:50,000 --> 00:38:52,000
<i>Their president is going to address them.</i>

515
00:38:52,990 --> 00:38:54,970
I call upon Chairman Khrushchev

516
00:38:55,030 --> 00:38:59,000
to halt and eliminate
this clandestine, reckless

517
00:38:59,010 --> 00:39:01,010
and provocative threat to world peace.

518
00:39:01,020 --> 00:39:04,970
<i>NARRATOR: The US Navy establishes</i>
<i>a blockade around Cuba</i>

519
00:39:04,980 --> 00:39:06,980
<i>closing off the route</i>
<i>for the Russian ships</i>

520
00:39:06,980 --> 00:39:08,000
<i>carrying the missiles.</i>

521
00:39:12,010 --> 00:39:15,990
<i>But, suddenly, four Soviet</i>
<i>nuclear submarines surface</i>

522
00:39:16,000 --> 00:39:17,050
<i>inside the blockade.</i>

523
00:39:19,970 --> 00:39:23,010
<i>This round has just become</i>
<i>extremely dangerous.</i>

524
00:39:29,970 --> 00:39:33,020
<i>Pope John XXIII launches</i>
<i>a solemn appeal to the governments,</i>

525
00:39:33,970 --> 00:39:37,970
<i>"We beg all governments not to</i>
<i>remain deaf to this cry of humanity!"</i>

526
00:39:38,020 --> 00:39:42,010
<i>Castro rallies his population,</i>
<i>to the notes of The Internationale.</i>

527
00:39:42,020 --> 00:39:44,040
(singing "El Himno de Bayamo"<i>)</i>

528
00:39:49,010 --> 00:39:52,990
<i>NARRATOR: "Brother countries" loudly relay</i>
<i>slogans in support of Castro.</i>

529
00:39:56,000 --> 00:39:59,990
<i>On the beaches of Florida, the Americans</i>
<i>strengthen their defense.</i>

530
00:40:00,040 --> 00:40:04,050
<i>Concentrate their troops and put their</i>
<i>air force on maximum alert.</i>

531
00:40:13,980 --> 00:40:17,010
<i>The whole world sees this</i>
<i>as the beginning of World War III.</i>

532
00:40:21,050 --> 00:40:25,010
<i>The universal reflex</i>
<i>is to urgently build food reserves</i>

533
00:40:29,020 --> 00:40:32,050
<i>and to identify anything</i>
<i>that could be used as a fallout shelter.</i>

534
00:40:35,000 --> 00:40:35,990
<i>In school,</i>

535
00:40:36,000 --> 00:40:39,050
<i>children begin learning how</i>
<i>to protect themselves in a nuclear threat,</i>

536
00:40:39,060 --> 00:40:43,040
<i>and their parents create shelters</i>
<i>to save the human race.</i>

537
00:40:50,060 --> 00:40:53,000
<i>After days of secret negotiations,</i>

538
00:40:53,060 --> 00:40:57,990
<i>like this game of badminton</i>
<i>with US Secretary of State Dean Rusk,</i>

539
00:40:58,980 --> 00:41:00,980
<i>Khrushchev wins</i>

540
00:41:00,990 --> 00:41:04,960
<i>by obtaining the disarming</i>
<i>of the US Jupiter missiles in Turkey.</i>

541
00:41:11,050 --> 00:41:13,980
<i>As though he were surrendering to Kennedy,</i>

542
00:41:14,040 --> 00:41:17,000
<i>on October 28th, 1962,</i>

543
00:41:17,000 --> 00:41:20,970
<i>Khrushchev orders his fleet</i>
<i>to head home with its Soviet missiles.</i>

544
00:41:22,040 --> 00:41:26,980
<i>The Americans film them, covered in tarps</i>
<i>on the decks of the Russian ships.</i>

545
00:41:28,050 --> 00:41:30,040
<i>The images travel the world.</i>

546
00:41:34,000 --> 00:41:37,050
<i>The Murphy family comes out</i>
<i>of its fallout shelter in Vermont.</i>

547
00:41:38,000 --> 00:41:39,030
(lively music playing)

548
00:41:39,040 --> 00:41:43,960
<i>Barbara in New York,</i>
<i>and Max and Rachel in Texas,</i>

549
00:41:43,970 --> 00:41:47,990
<i>let out a huge sigh of relief,</i>
<i>as does the whole world.</i>

550
00:41:49,050 --> 00:41:52,050
<i>They are all convinced</i>
<i>that Kennedy saved them.</i>

551
00:41:54,030 --> 00:41:56,980
<i>Their president expresses</i>
<i>his thanks to God,</i>

552
00:41:56,980 --> 00:42:01,960
<i>at Mass with his family on Sunday,</i>
<i>October 28th, 1962</i>

553
00:42:01,970 --> 00:42:03,000
<i>in a small church.</i>

554
00:42:05,040 --> 00:42:08,000
<i>Yet Khrushchev is the real winner.</i>

555
00:42:08,010 --> 00:42:10,990
<i>He secured the withdrawal</i>
<i>of the American missiles</i>

556
00:42:11,000 --> 00:42:13,990
<i>and their commitment to leave Cuba alone.</i>

557
00:42:14,960 --> 00:42:17,030
<i>But Khrushchev has accepted to lose face,</i>

558
00:42:17,040 --> 00:42:19,990
<i>which will eventually result in his fall.</i>

559
00:42:21,020 --> 00:42:23,040
<i>Kennedy comes out</i>
<i>of the crisis strengthened.</i>

560
00:42:24,010 --> 00:42:26,020
<i>In June 1963,</i>

561
00:42:26,030 --> 00:42:29,960
<i>he goes to West Berlin,</i>
<i>split in two by the wall of shame,</i>

562
00:42:29,970 --> 00:42:32,020
<i>and still under the threat</i>
<i>of Russian invasion.</i>

563
00:42:36,020 --> 00:42:37,980
(crowd cheering)

564
00:42:37,980 --> 00:42:41,020
<i>Kennedy gives his most</i>
<i>direct and explicit speech,</i>

565
00:42:43,980 --> 00:42:45,970
Two thousand years ago,

566
00:42:46,960 --> 00:42:48,050
the proudest boast was:

567
00:42:49,050 --> 00:42:52,970
(in Latin):
I am a citizen of Rome!

568
00:42:53,060 --> 00:42:57,020
(in English):
Today in the world of freedom,

569
00:42:58,010 --> 00:43:00,040
the proudest boast is:

570
00:43:00,050 --> 00:43:02,960
(in German):
I am a citizen of Berlin!

571
00:43:02,970 --> 00:43:03,980
(crowd cheering)

572
00:43:06,990 --> 00:43:08,980
KENNEDY (in English):
There are some who say...

573
00:43:09,040 --> 00:43:11,010
there are some who say,

574
00:43:12,000 --> 00:43:15,980
that Communism is the wave of the future.

575
00:43:15,990 --> 00:43:18,010
Let them come to Berlin.

576
00:43:21,010 --> 00:43:23,980
<i>NARRATOR: And while visiting</i>
<i>the Berlin Wall, he adds...</i>

577
00:43:25,990 --> 00:43:27,970
<i>"Our democracy is not perfect,</i>

578
00:43:28,960 --> 00:43:32,030
<i>but we have never needed to build a wall</i>
<i>to stop our people from escaping."</i>

579
00:43:33,980 --> 00:43:37,990
<i>The wall provides glaring proof</i>
<i>of the failure of the Communist system.</i>

580
00:43:43,020 --> 00:43:46,980
<i>The priority that now awaits</i>
<i>Kennedy is Vietnam,</i>

581
00:43:47,040 --> 00:43:51,030
<i>where the war will drag the West</i>
<i>and the East towards the abyss.</i>

582
00:43:51,040 --> 00:43:55,040
(theme music playing)