1 00:00:09,000 --> 00:00:11,000 (upbeat jazz music playing) 2 00:00:15,050 --> 00:00:18,040 NARRATOR: The United States, 1947. 3 00:00:18,040 --> 00:00:22,070 In Texas, Max and Rachel celebrate the return of their son, Paul, 4 00:00:22,080 --> 00:00:26,050 discharged from the US Army after serving two years in Japan. 5 00:00:28,040 --> 00:00:30,070 He has great memories of his time there. 6 00:00:31,020 --> 00:00:33,020 (inaudible conversation) 7 00:00:33,030 --> 00:00:35,060 Children were conceived during the short time 8 00:00:35,060 --> 00:00:38,020 the American army helped rebuild the country, 9 00:00:38,030 --> 00:00:40,040 after having dropped the atom bomb on it. 10 00:00:50,990 --> 00:00:54,080 In Nagasaki, the ruins of the atomic disaster have been erased. 11 00:00:55,070 --> 00:00:57,060 The grass has grown back, 12 00:00:57,060 --> 00:00:59,060 but the world has changed forever. 13 00:01:03,080 --> 00:01:06,070 Scientists have conceived an imaginary clock, 14 00:01:07,060 --> 00:01:09,030 the Doomsday Clock, 15 00:01:09,040 --> 00:01:12,050 which measures the danger of imminent nuclear war. 16 00:01:12,060 --> 00:01:15,010 If it hits midnight, it's the end of the world. 17 00:01:19,000 --> 00:01:20,060 For the next 50 years, 18 00:01:21,010 --> 00:01:24,040 Russia, then known as the Communist Soviet Union, 19 00:01:24,040 --> 00:01:27,070 will confront the West, led by the United States. 20 00:01:29,070 --> 00:01:31,020 This is the Cold War. 21 00:01:31,990 --> 00:01:33,060 Between the East and West. 22 00:01:33,070 --> 00:01:34,070 The war of the worlds. 23 00:01:34,080 --> 00:01:36,080 (theme song playing) 24 00:02:02,010 --> 00:02:04,000 -(all cheering) -NARRATOR: Like many Americans, 25 00:02:04,040 --> 00:02:07,060 Max and Rachel donate food to help a starving Europe. 26 00:02:08,080 --> 00:02:13,070 Little Daniel in Paris will be able to face the harsh winter of 1947, 27 00:02:13,080 --> 00:02:15,990 one of the coldest of the century, 28 00:02:16,000 --> 00:02:18,020 even though France has no coal. 29 00:02:19,010 --> 00:02:23,030 Still the morale of the French sets an example for the whole world. 30 00:02:24,060 --> 00:02:26,040 After six years of war, 31 00:02:26,040 --> 00:02:29,020 they have chosen to live a carefree existence. 32 00:02:31,030 --> 00:02:33,080 Meanwhile between East and West, 33 00:02:33,990 --> 00:02:35,070 the weapons race has begun. 34 00:02:36,040 --> 00:02:37,990 Are these confrontations 35 00:02:38,000 --> 00:02:41,050 between the Western democracies and the Communists in the East, 36 00:02:41,060 --> 00:02:43,070 like in Indochina or in Korea, 37 00:02:43,080 --> 00:02:46,080 merely the first steps in the Escalation of Fear? 38 00:02:53,050 --> 00:02:56,040 Texas, spring of 1947. 39 00:02:56,050 --> 00:03:01,020 Max and Rachel move to Fort Bliss, a small city near a military base. 40 00:03:02,020 --> 00:03:06,000 Max, an engineer, is hired to participate in the development of German rockets 41 00:03:06,010 --> 00:03:07,990 seized at the end of the war. 42 00:03:08,070 --> 00:03:12,040 Someday, these rockets could launch other atomic bombs. 43 00:03:15,000 --> 00:03:18,040 Max works with a group of Germans, which is upsetting to him. 44 00:03:19,040 --> 00:03:21,990 The recently revealed horrors of the Nazi camps 45 00:03:22,000 --> 00:03:24,020 and the Holocaust have shocked him, 46 00:03:24,020 --> 00:03:26,010 along with the rest of America. 47 00:03:26,020 --> 00:03:27,070 (inaudible conversation) 48 00:03:27,080 --> 00:03:30,020 Many German-born scientists and technicians 49 00:03:30,030 --> 00:03:34,000 were captured by the Soviets, the French and the Americans. 50 00:03:36,000 --> 00:03:38,080 1500 are now settled in the US. 51 00:03:42,040 --> 00:03:44,070 Among them is a young prodigy, 52 00:03:44,080 --> 00:03:47,040 35-year-old Werner Von Braun. 53 00:03:50,000 --> 00:03:52,070 He invented the V2 rocket for Hitler, 54 00:03:53,080 --> 00:03:57,030 the rocket that terrified Londoners at the end of the war. 55 00:04:00,020 --> 00:04:03,020 Von Braun will perfect these German V2 units 56 00:04:03,030 --> 00:04:04,990 recovered by the Americans. 57 00:04:06,010 --> 00:04:09,060 Over 30 years, he redesigns them for the conquest of space. 58 00:04:09,070 --> 00:04:11,070 (inaudible conversation) 59 00:04:14,020 --> 00:04:18,000 In 1946, they are the first weapons of dissuasion, 60 00:04:18,000 --> 00:04:20,020 launched over the New Mexican desert. 61 00:04:20,050 --> 00:04:23,020 The sound of war is coming closer. 62 00:04:28,030 --> 00:04:31,080 At the same time, diplomats try to save world peace 63 00:04:31,990 --> 00:04:34,080 by organizing a conference with the Soviet Union. 64 00:04:35,060 --> 00:04:37,060 On March 9, 1947, 65 00:04:37,070 --> 00:04:40,020 France's Secretary of State, Georges Bidault, 66 00:04:40,030 --> 00:04:41,990 a Christian Democrat, 67 00:04:42,000 --> 00:04:43,070 leaves for Moscow with his wife. 68 00:04:48,040 --> 00:04:49,050 At this conference, 69 00:04:49,060 --> 00:04:51,070 the foreign ministers of the four great powers 70 00:04:51,080 --> 00:04:52,080 that brought down Hitler 71 00:04:52,990 --> 00:04:55,080 try to agree on the fate of occupied Germany. 72 00:04:56,030 --> 00:04:58,020 But the context has changed. 73 00:05:03,030 --> 00:05:06,020 France's minister Bidault wants Saarland, 74 00:05:06,030 --> 00:05:10,050 an industrial region in Germany that De Gaulle has already laid claim to. 75 00:05:12,040 --> 00:05:16,990 From Britain, Bevin, a leftist, anti-Communist union supporter, 76 00:05:17,000 --> 00:05:19,000 aligns with the US position... 77 00:05:19,010 --> 00:05:21,080 a position advocated by General Marshall, 78 00:05:21,990 --> 00:05:24,070 whose main concerns is America's security. 79 00:05:26,050 --> 00:05:30,080 The Soviet foreign minister, Mr. Molotov, who is getting close to the West, 80 00:05:30,990 --> 00:05:32,990 will be sidelined by Stalin. 81 00:05:35,020 --> 00:05:38,020 The former "allies" can't agree on anything. 82 00:05:39,030 --> 00:05:41,060 Germany will remain split in two. 83 00:05:43,000 --> 00:05:45,070 A final reception that Stalin doesn't attend 84 00:05:46,010 --> 00:05:50,050 marks the end of the wartime alliance between East and West. 85 00:05:53,020 --> 00:05:55,080 After the smiles come the farewells. 86 00:06:00,060 --> 00:06:02,080 The American president, Democrat Harry Truman, 87 00:06:02,990 --> 00:06:05,020 presents his doctrine to Congress. 88 00:06:05,030 --> 00:06:07,000 His policy is one of containment. 89 00:06:09,020 --> 00:06:12,070 Any aggressive action by Stalin will be met with retaliation. 90 00:06:12,080 --> 00:06:16,020 And most importantly, help Europe recover from poverty, 91 00:06:16,020 --> 00:06:18,020 a breeding ground for Communism. 92 00:06:20,010 --> 00:06:22,080 The American Secretary of State, George Marshall, 93 00:06:22,990 --> 00:06:25,070 offers Truman a plan for European reconstruction 94 00:06:25,080 --> 00:06:27,020 that bears his name: 95 00:06:27,030 --> 00:06:28,060 the Marshall Plan. 96 00:06:29,010 --> 00:06:30,000 He says... 97 00:06:32,000 --> 00:06:35,060 "The people of these countries need to eat and to survive the winter." 98 00:06:42,040 --> 00:06:46,080 Back in France, little Daniel marvels at the convoy of American equipment. 99 00:06:48,080 --> 00:06:50,080 There are electric transformers 100 00:06:50,990 --> 00:06:52,080 and all kinds of machine tools. 101 00:06:52,080 --> 00:06:54,070 Provided by the USA for European economic recovery 102 00:06:54,080 --> 00:06:57,070 The offer is generous for the European populations. 103 00:06:57,080 --> 00:07:00,080 $12 billion, a fortune at the time. 104 00:07:02,030 --> 00:07:04,070 But this loan must be partially reimbursed 105 00:07:04,080 --> 00:07:06,060 and be used, whenever possible, 106 00:07:06,070 --> 00:07:08,040 to buy American products. 107 00:07:12,050 --> 00:07:14,060 Stalin refuses. 108 00:07:14,060 --> 00:07:18,080 He forces the countries he occupies to turn down the Marshall Plan aid. 109 00:07:19,030 --> 00:07:23,040 In the other countries, Italy, Belgium, England, and especially France... 110 00:07:23,050 --> 00:07:24,060 DOWN WITH THE MARSHALL PLAN 111 00:07:24,060 --> 00:07:26,050 ...he stirs up the local Communist parties, 112 00:07:26,060 --> 00:07:29,000 backing violent protests and strikes... 113 00:07:29,010 --> 00:07:30,040 (all protesting) 114 00:07:30,040 --> 00:07:33,030 ...to denounce "American imperialism." 115 00:07:39,080 --> 00:07:43,080 But France's ambassador to the US accepts Washington's checks. 116 00:07:43,990 --> 00:07:46,040 Mister Ambassador, It gives me great pleasure 117 00:07:46,050 --> 00:07:49,020 to be able to hand you these checks 118 00:07:49,020 --> 00:07:52,080 which total $31,400,000. 119 00:07:53,050 --> 00:07:57,020 With these checks and those which we gave you last week, 120 00:07:57,030 --> 00:08:00,010 the total now is $33,000,000. 121 00:08:00,080 --> 00:08:04,050 Even this amount represents only the initial portion 122 00:08:04,060 --> 00:08:06,080 which eventually will be made available 123 00:08:06,080 --> 00:08:09,060 under the United States foreign aid program. 124 00:08:10,070 --> 00:08:13,060 NARRATOR: France needs money to fund its war in Indochina... 125 00:08:13,070 --> 00:08:15,000 (foghorn blares) 126 00:08:15,000 --> 00:08:17,010 ...now entering its third year. 127 00:08:21,560 --> 00:08:23,490 1948... 128 00:08:24,500 --> 00:08:27,560 French ownership of Indochina becomes a stake in the Cold War. 129 00:08:31,520 --> 00:08:35,550 The Communist insurgents of the Viet Minh have attempted a bloody coup in Hanoi, 130 00:08:35,560 --> 00:08:37,490 the capital in the North. 131 00:08:37,580 --> 00:08:40,540 The French have managed to regain control. 132 00:08:45,570 --> 00:08:47,570 This is an expensive war. 133 00:08:47,580 --> 00:08:50,560 500 million French Francs per day, 134 00:08:53,500 --> 00:08:57,570 and more importantly almost a total of 100,000 dead on both sides. 135 00:08:57,580 --> 00:08:59,580 (machine guns rattling) 136 00:09:04,580 --> 00:09:07,560 In the North, the men of the French Expeditionary Corps 137 00:09:07,570 --> 00:09:09,580 are hunting for Ho Chi Minh and Giap, 138 00:09:09,580 --> 00:09:13,520 the Communist leaders of the fight for independence. 139 00:09:13,520 --> 00:09:15,490 They're searching the mountains, 140 00:09:15,500 --> 00:09:17,560 where the tribes have stayed out of the war. 141 00:09:17,560 --> 00:09:18,560 But for how long? 142 00:09:36,520 --> 00:09:39,520 A French commando almost captured Ho Chi Minh, 143 00:09:39,530 --> 00:09:41,510 missing him by a few hours. 144 00:09:41,520 --> 00:09:44,520 But he disappeared into the impenetrable jungle. 145 00:09:49,560 --> 00:09:51,580 Ho Chi Minh has taken refuge in this region 146 00:09:52,490 --> 00:09:54,520 near the border of the Republic of China, 147 00:09:54,530 --> 00:09:56,580 which is still fighting Mao's Communists. 148 00:09:58,500 --> 00:09:59,540 (plane engine whirring) 149 00:09:59,550 --> 00:10:01,580 From the sky, the zone looks deserted. 150 00:10:07,550 --> 00:10:09,520 But within this sanctuary, 151 00:10:09,530 --> 00:10:12,550 Ho Chi Minh has created an embryonic government. 152 00:10:14,500 --> 00:10:17,580 Its bamboo ministries can quickly be disassembled 153 00:10:22,560 --> 00:10:25,500 and carried to new hiding places. 154 00:10:26,550 --> 00:10:28,570 Bamboo serves all purposes. 155 00:10:28,580 --> 00:10:30,580 It can be used for everything. 156 00:10:31,530 --> 00:10:34,510 It can be used to survive, and to kill. 157 00:10:39,540 --> 00:10:43,560 Its sharpened points stick up out of the clearings to impale paratroopers. 158 00:10:47,560 --> 00:10:49,500 In the opposing camp, 159 00:10:49,500 --> 00:10:52,500 the French positions are also protected by bamboo, 160 00:10:52,510 --> 00:10:56,490 as dangerous as the barbed wire used during World War I. 161 00:11:04,560 --> 00:11:06,500 From his jungle workshops, 162 00:11:06,500 --> 00:11:08,510 Ho Chi Minh wants to project the image 163 00:11:08,520 --> 00:11:11,530 of an entire population building with its own hands 164 00:11:11,540 --> 00:11:14,500 -the very weapons that will liberate it. -(clanging) 165 00:11:18,510 --> 00:11:21,550 A heavy machine-gun is worth two kilos of opium. 166 00:11:25,540 --> 00:11:29,520 Ho Chi Minh applies the basic principles of Marxism-Leninism: 167 00:11:31,540 --> 00:11:34,560 Hammer home and spread propaganda and the ideology... 168 00:11:34,560 --> 00:11:36,560 (printing press rattling) 169 00:11:37,520 --> 00:11:39,540 ...dispense combat instructions, 170 00:11:39,550 --> 00:11:41,520 inspire the will to fight... 171 00:11:42,500 --> 00:11:44,520 (inaudible conversation) 172 00:11:44,530 --> 00:11:46,540 ...recruit soldiers and militants, 173 00:11:47,530 --> 00:11:51,550 and tirelessly cleanse the Party by killing skeptics and opponents. 174 00:11:59,560 --> 00:12:04,530 Ho Chi Minh shows his true face, after years spent in the USSR. 175 00:12:04,540 --> 00:12:06,530 No more negotiating. 176 00:12:06,540 --> 00:12:08,550 He is preparing for a long war. 177 00:12:08,560 --> 00:12:09,560 He declares... 178 00:12:12,490 --> 00:12:14,530 "It will be the fight between the tiger and the elephant. 179 00:12:15,510 --> 00:12:17,580 During the day, the tiger lies low in the jungle. 180 00:12:17,580 --> 00:12:19,580 He only comes out at night. 181 00:12:19,580 --> 00:12:21,520 He jumps on the elephant, 182 00:12:21,520 --> 00:12:23,540 tearing large chunks of flesh from his back. 183 00:12:26,520 --> 00:12:28,540 Then he leaps back into the dark jungle. 184 00:12:28,580 --> 00:12:32,490 Slowly, the elephant bleeds to death. 185 00:12:33,520 --> 00:12:35,540 Such will be the war in Indochina." 186 00:12:35,550 --> 00:12:37,540 (fire roaring, crackling) 187 00:12:42,510 --> 00:12:44,490 But the French have understood. 188 00:12:44,540 --> 00:12:48,490 Twenty-one-year-old Lieutenant Bernard Moinet writes, 189 00:12:48,500 --> 00:12:50,520 "We must adapt to this type of combat. 190 00:12:50,520 --> 00:12:52,520 We must cease to be prey 191 00:12:52,530 --> 00:12:53,560 and become hunters." 192 00:12:54,540 --> 00:12:56,540 (boat engine whirring) 193 00:12:59,490 --> 00:13:00,530 (monkeys whooping in distance) 194 00:13:00,540 --> 00:13:02,540 (gunshots) 195 00:13:04,580 --> 00:13:07,510 There is no small-scale smuggling, 196 00:13:07,520 --> 00:13:08,580 nor small-scale prey. 197 00:13:09,490 --> 00:13:11,490 (insects chirping) 198 00:13:15,580 --> 00:13:18,500 (machine gun rattling) 199 00:13:19,580 --> 00:13:21,550 (inaudible conversation) 200 00:13:38,550 --> 00:13:40,580 To reassure and control the peasants, 201 00:13:41,490 --> 00:13:45,500 the French erect small forts manned by small, expendable units 202 00:13:45,510 --> 00:13:48,500 who drink warm beer and cook good food 203 00:13:48,510 --> 00:13:50,510 before setting off on an ambush. 204 00:13:50,570 --> 00:13:52,570 (sizzling) 205 00:13:58,570 --> 00:14:01,560 Those who make it back reassure their wives. 206 00:14:01,570 --> 00:14:04,500 Like Lt. Moinet, who writes, 207 00:14:04,510 --> 00:14:07,520 "My dear Francine, I am a happy man, 208 00:14:07,530 --> 00:14:09,560 in love with my career and with you." 209 00:14:15,520 --> 00:14:17,560 There they wait, until the Viet Minh attack. 210 00:14:17,560 --> 00:14:19,490 The men are massacred, 211 00:14:19,500 --> 00:14:22,510 as the forts are regularly won and lost again. 212 00:14:22,520 --> 00:14:25,540 This is the case throughout this war which is only beginning. 213 00:14:35,520 --> 00:14:38,500 High Command tries to reinforce its garrisons 214 00:14:38,510 --> 00:14:41,520 with local back-up troops whose loyalty can be shaky. 215 00:14:43,520 --> 00:14:46,510 Their families may be Viet Minh hostages. 216 00:14:46,520 --> 00:14:49,490 The French troops can barely close their eyes at night. 217 00:14:53,510 --> 00:14:54,560 During a commando mission, 218 00:14:54,560 --> 00:14:57,540 Moinet discovers a printing press and flyers. 219 00:14:59,550 --> 00:15:01,580 He reads the following text, in French: 220 00:15:03,540 --> 00:15:05,510 "Tomorrow, your post will be destroyed 221 00:15:05,520 --> 00:15:07,560 by the courageous people's army of the Viet Minh. 222 00:15:08,580 --> 00:15:11,540 The French will be killed and chased from our lands. 223 00:15:12,580 --> 00:15:15,560 Victory will strengthen our ongoing revolution. 224 00:15:16,540 --> 00:15:18,500 Long live Ho Chi Minh! 225 00:15:18,510 --> 00:15:20,540 Long live Communism around the world!" 226 00:15:23,540 --> 00:15:26,550 Communism around the world is making headway in Asia, 227 00:15:26,560 --> 00:15:29,530 as Mao prepares to take over the Republic of China. 228 00:15:31,520 --> 00:15:34,490 In the British colonies of Burma and Malaysia, 229 00:15:34,500 --> 00:15:37,530 communist movements rise up to claim their independence. 230 00:15:39,530 --> 00:15:41,570 The Dutch East Indies become Indonesia. 231 00:15:43,560 --> 00:15:47,520 In Europe, the Communists attempt to seize power from the Greek monarchy, 232 00:15:47,530 --> 00:15:50,490 which is backed by the British and the Americans. 233 00:15:54,540 --> 00:15:58,580 But the West does nothing to prevent the coup in Prague in February 1948, 234 00:16:00,510 --> 00:16:03,510 when the Communists seize power in Czechoslovakia. 235 00:16:03,570 --> 00:16:08,490 Stalin is now one step closer to bringing Berlin over to his side. 236 00:16:10,520 --> 00:16:11,570 Stalin declares, 237 00:16:12,520 --> 00:16:16,520 "All of Germany must be ours, entirely Soviet and Communist." 238 00:16:23,490 --> 00:16:28,530 In 1945, the one-time Allies had divided Germany into four occupied zones: 239 00:16:29,490 --> 00:16:33,510 Soviet, British, American and French. 240 00:16:33,570 --> 00:16:36,580 They did the same in Berlin, divided into four sectors 241 00:16:37,490 --> 00:16:39,510 and landlocked by the Soviet zone. 242 00:16:40,540 --> 00:16:42,520 In order to reach their zones in Berlin, 243 00:16:42,530 --> 00:16:45,520 the Westerners have access to three corridors: 244 00:16:53,550 --> 00:16:56,490 Westerners and Berliners are shocked to discover 245 00:16:56,500 --> 00:16:59,530 that Stalin has issued the order to close the corridors. 246 00:17:04,520 --> 00:17:07,500 He has also barred all train and river traffic. 247 00:17:07,550 --> 00:17:10,500 Even the electrical plants in the Soviet zone 248 00:17:10,500 --> 00:17:12,510 stop supplying power to the West. 249 00:17:13,510 --> 00:17:15,540 Berlin is now cut off from the world. 250 00:17:16,490 --> 00:17:19,560 Its two million residents are now hostages of the Cold War. 251 00:17:22,530 --> 00:17:25,540 The Doomsday Clock jumps to five minutes to midnight! 252 00:17:29,560 --> 00:17:32,510 The threat of nuclear war is getting closer, 253 00:17:32,520 --> 00:17:34,530 because Stalin just made a risky bet. 254 00:17:36,520 --> 00:17:37,580 What will the Allies do? 255 00:17:39,560 --> 00:17:41,520 What will Truman do? 256 00:17:43,510 --> 00:17:45,520 The Americans have atom bombs, 257 00:17:46,490 --> 00:17:49,510 ready to be carried by the B-36 strategic bomber, 258 00:17:50,540 --> 00:17:52,560 one of the largest aircraft ever built. 259 00:17:54,570 --> 00:17:57,500 Weighing 150 tons, 260 00:17:57,500 --> 00:17:59,550 with six 3000-horsepower engines, 261 00:17:59,560 --> 00:18:02,560 it has a flying range of 12,000 kilometers, 262 00:18:02,560 --> 00:18:04,560 more than enough to reach Moscow. 263 00:18:05,520 --> 00:18:06,570 It's the ultimate weapon. 264 00:18:07,510 --> 00:18:09,510 But Truman remains cautious. 265 00:18:13,500 --> 00:18:14,580 In his memoirs, he writes, 266 00:18:15,580 --> 00:18:19,500 "We had to make a show of strength, without setting off a war. 267 00:18:19,550 --> 00:18:21,530 We had to stay in Berlin. 268 00:18:21,540 --> 00:18:24,530 I ordered the organization of a full-scale airlift, 269 00:18:24,540 --> 00:18:27,490 using every available Allied plane in Europe." 270 00:18:28,500 --> 00:18:31,580 Truman breaks through the blockade with 1000 Allied freight planes, 271 00:18:32,560 --> 00:18:33,560 mostly American, 272 00:18:33,570 --> 00:18:35,550 which fly over the Soviet zone 273 00:18:35,560 --> 00:18:37,510 to bring supplies to Berlin. 274 00:18:41,530 --> 00:18:43,540 This airlift is the only solution, 275 00:18:43,540 --> 00:18:46,510 because Stalin can easily block a road. 276 00:18:46,520 --> 00:18:48,520 But to stop a plane from getting through, 277 00:18:48,530 --> 00:18:50,530 he would have to order it shot down. 278 00:18:52,550 --> 00:18:54,580 Soviet fighter planes are on the prowl. 279 00:18:55,540 --> 00:18:56,550 Truman writes, 280 00:18:56,560 --> 00:19:00,530 "The real danger was that a Russian pilot might pull the trigger 281 00:19:00,540 --> 00:19:03,520 and create an incident that would spark a crisis." 282 00:19:10,500 --> 00:19:11,570 Will the airlift be stopped? 283 00:19:15,500 --> 00:19:17,520 On September 9, 1948, 284 00:19:17,530 --> 00:19:20,560 the people of Berlin's Western zones gather in front of the Reichstag, 285 00:19:20,570 --> 00:19:23,490 the former German parliament. 286 00:19:23,500 --> 00:19:25,570 It is the reminder of a recent tragic past. 287 00:19:27,580 --> 00:19:29,580 (man speaking German over microphone) 288 00:19:30,560 --> 00:19:34,510 NARRATOR (in English): 300,000 Berliners have come to show support for their mayor. 289 00:19:34,520 --> 00:19:35,550 Ernst Reuter, 290 00:19:35,560 --> 00:19:38,490 a well-known figure in the fight against Nazism, 291 00:19:38,500 --> 00:19:39,530 who asks for help. 292 00:19:40,570 --> 00:19:42,530 "People of the world! 293 00:19:42,540 --> 00:19:44,580 People of America, 294 00:19:45,490 --> 00:19:48,500 England, France and Italy! 295 00:19:48,570 --> 00:19:51,520 You cannot, you must not forsake us!" 296 00:19:57,500 --> 00:20:00,580 The noise of the four-engine planes in constant succession is unbearable. 297 00:20:03,520 --> 00:20:07,520 And yet, Berliners refer to it as the Symphony of Freedom. 298 00:20:22,500 --> 00:20:25,500 During the winter of 1948-49, 299 00:20:25,500 --> 00:20:28,570 the planes transport close to one million tons of coal. 300 00:20:29,520 --> 00:20:31,570 The aircraft are at the limit of their capacity, 301 00:20:31,580 --> 00:20:33,570 and the pilots are exhausted. 302 00:20:33,580 --> 00:20:35,540 (crash, explosion) 303 00:20:35,550 --> 00:20:38,540 The American and British pilots perish in crashes. 304 00:20:43,520 --> 00:20:47,530 The Soviets concentrate their armored divisions around Berlin. 305 00:20:52,580 --> 00:20:55,500 The threat of war is so tangible 306 00:20:55,510 --> 00:20:56,510 USSR 307 00:20:56,520 --> 00:20:57,520 that all of Europe turns to the US, 308 00:20:57,530 --> 00:20:58,540 WAR 309 00:20:58,540 --> 00:21:02,520 gearing up for a presidential election in November 1948. 310 00:21:04,500 --> 00:21:07,490 The Republicans are historically isolationist. 311 00:21:07,550 --> 00:21:09,580 However, the Democrats' slogan is 312 00:21:10,490 --> 00:21:11,580 "Truman, the world's hope." 313 00:21:12,490 --> 00:21:13,520 (crowd cheering) 314 00:21:13,530 --> 00:21:16,560 Truman was an officer on the French front in 1918. 315 00:21:16,570 --> 00:21:18,570 He knows France well 316 00:21:18,580 --> 00:21:21,540 and cares about the fate of the Old Continent. 317 00:21:22,540 --> 00:21:26,490 He is re-elected and tells the European leaders, 318 00:21:26,500 --> 00:21:29,520 "We will continue to uphold the peaceful principles of the UN." 319 00:21:33,530 --> 00:21:35,540 On April 4, 1949, 320 00:21:35,550 --> 00:21:39,490 12 countries sign the North Atlantic Pact in Washington. 321 00:21:41,530 --> 00:21:43,580 France, Luxembourg, Belgium, 322 00:21:44,490 --> 00:21:47,510 the Netherlands, Great Britain, Denmark, 323 00:21:47,520 --> 00:21:50,540 Norway, Italy, Portugal, Iceland, 324 00:21:50,540 --> 00:21:53,540 Canada and the United States commit to Article 5, 325 00:21:53,550 --> 00:21:55,490 which reads, 326 00:21:55,500 --> 00:21:58,550 "The Parties agree that an armed attack against any member country 327 00:21:58,560 --> 00:22:01,540 shall be considered an attack against all members." 328 00:22:05,550 --> 00:22:09,510 Philosopher Raymond Aron writes, 329 00:22:09,520 --> 00:22:13,540 "Without hesitation, the Western Europeans chose the American protector 330 00:22:13,540 --> 00:22:15,490 over the Soviet empire." 331 00:22:17,540 --> 00:22:21,540 This immediately provokes widespread Communist protests throughout Europe, 332 00:22:21,540 --> 00:22:23,490 and particularly in France, 333 00:22:23,500 --> 00:22:25,560 which becomes home to the general staff of NATO, 334 00:22:25,570 --> 00:22:28,500 the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 335 00:22:29,580 --> 00:22:31,520 and its renowned commanders, 336 00:22:31,530 --> 00:22:35,490 such as General Eisenhower, the liberator of France. 337 00:22:39,540 --> 00:22:41,560 The NATO forces settle in France, 338 00:22:41,560 --> 00:22:46,540 along with their accommodations, hospitals, schools and disposable income. 339 00:22:47,570 --> 00:22:49,580 The French actor, Gerard Depardieu, 340 00:22:49,580 --> 00:22:53,530 who grew up near the US Air Force base in Chateauroux, recalls: 341 00:22:54,500 --> 00:22:55,530 "The city was Americanized. 342 00:22:55,540 --> 00:22:59,570 Popcorn, hamburgers, peanut butter, jeans and t-shirts, strip clubs, 343 00:22:59,580 --> 00:23:02,530 soldiers in Jeeps and rock 'n' roll." 344 00:23:07,570 --> 00:23:11,560 The US Navy's powerful Sixth Fleet rules the Mediterranean, 345 00:23:11,560 --> 00:23:14,510 and its sailors invade St. Tropez. 346 00:23:16,570 --> 00:23:19,570 NATO also has bases in Italy, Turkey, 347 00:23:19,580 --> 00:23:23,520 Great Britain, and especially in Germany, 348 00:23:23,530 --> 00:23:25,490 next to the Eastern troops. 349 00:23:28,550 --> 00:23:32,540 On May 12, 1949, after an 11-month blockade, 350 00:23:32,550 --> 00:23:35,530 Stalin reopens the routes to Berlin. 351 00:23:35,540 --> 00:23:38,520 He has given in to the West's determination. 352 00:23:38,580 --> 00:23:42,500 Without the atomic bomb, he cannot risk a war. 353 00:23:43,570 --> 00:23:45,570 (all cheering) 354 00:23:47,560 --> 00:23:51,560 August 29, 1949, is an important Cold War date. 355 00:23:52,540 --> 00:23:54,510 In the desert of Kazakhstan, 356 00:23:54,520 --> 00:23:56,550 the first Soviet atomic bomb is ready. 357 00:23:56,560 --> 00:23:58,570 It's a duplicate of the American bomb, 358 00:23:58,580 --> 00:24:00,580 made possible by intensive espionage. 359 00:24:04,570 --> 00:24:07,570 This marks the end of America's nuclear monopoly. 360 00:24:12,490 --> 00:24:15,540 American newspapers are the first to reveal this nuclear test. 361 00:24:15,540 --> 00:24:16,560 The headlines read, 362 00:24:17,570 --> 00:24:19,560 "Reds exploded atom bomb!" 363 00:24:24,520 --> 00:24:27,510 Stalin had wanted to keep the public in the dark, 364 00:24:27,520 --> 00:24:30,540 because he still wants to appear to be fighting for peace. 365 00:24:30,540 --> 00:24:34,560 And he needs to buy time until his atom bomb is fully operational. 366 00:24:40,580 --> 00:24:44,550 Communism continues to spread across one-third of the planet. 367 00:24:45,560 --> 00:24:47,520 China joins its ranks. 368 00:24:47,530 --> 00:24:49,530 (playing ceremonial music) 369 00:24:54,520 --> 00:24:57,530 Peking, October 1, 1949. 370 00:24:57,540 --> 00:25:00,560 In the Forbidden City, China's imperial palace, 371 00:25:00,560 --> 00:25:04,550 Mao Zedong becomes the master of the world's most populated nation. 372 00:25:04,560 --> 00:25:06,580 With 600 million inhabitants. 373 00:25:07,490 --> 00:25:09,490 (speaking Mandarin) 374 00:25:11,560 --> 00:25:14,560 NARRATOR (in English): Mao establishes the People's Republic of China. 375 00:25:14,570 --> 00:25:16,520 Over a period of 30 years, 376 00:25:16,530 --> 00:25:20,540 this totalitarian regime will be responsible for 50 million deaths, 377 00:25:20,550 --> 00:25:22,570 through the application of Stalinist practices 378 00:25:22,580 --> 00:25:26,490 such as agrarian reform and famine, 379 00:25:26,500 --> 00:25:28,540 peasant revolts, repression 380 00:25:28,550 --> 00:25:31,540 and the gulags, concentration camps. 381 00:25:33,500 --> 00:25:37,490 He has been waging a brutal civil war ever since the 1920's. 382 00:25:39,580 --> 00:25:42,560 Although he was just a hounded Marxist at the time... 383 00:25:45,530 --> 00:25:48,500 he is even considered crueler than Stalin. 384 00:25:48,500 --> 00:25:50,490 Violence is the key to his power. 385 00:25:51,560 --> 00:25:54,580 He imposes on his men what he calls "the blood pact." 386 00:25:56,540 --> 00:25:57,580 "Everyone must participate 387 00:25:58,490 --> 00:26:00,500 in the physical destruction of class enemies. 388 00:26:01,510 --> 00:26:04,490 Everyone must have blood on their hands." 389 00:26:04,570 --> 00:26:06,490 Mao says... 390 00:26:06,560 --> 00:26:08,580 "Corpses have their use. 391 00:26:09,490 --> 00:26:11,510 They can be used to fertilize the land." 392 00:26:16,520 --> 00:26:20,560 Mao finalizes his conquest by pushing the last anti-Communist troops 393 00:26:20,570 --> 00:26:23,490 back to the border of French Indochina. 394 00:26:36,510 --> 00:26:38,490 The French disarm them, 395 00:26:38,500 --> 00:26:41,490 in fear of being infiltrated by Mao's soldiers. 396 00:26:47,520 --> 00:26:49,510 Commander Auriol writes, 397 00:26:50,500 --> 00:26:52,530 "A surprising number of women are pregnant. 398 00:26:53,560 --> 00:26:57,490 Handing these refugees over to the People's Republic of China 399 00:26:57,500 --> 00:26:58,520 is out of the question. 400 00:26:58,560 --> 00:27:01,560 The only option is to keep them in camps in Indochina 401 00:27:01,570 --> 00:27:03,510 until further notice." 402 00:27:10,490 --> 00:27:11,580 The French are also concerned. 403 00:27:12,490 --> 00:27:14,520 The arrival of these 30,000 refugees 404 00:27:14,530 --> 00:27:17,500 raises the question of Mao's army chasing after them. 405 00:27:17,560 --> 00:27:20,530 His army could join forces with the Viet Minh 406 00:27:20,540 --> 00:27:22,530 and help it take over Indochina. 407 00:27:29,550 --> 00:27:33,540 On December 21, 1949, Mao is in Moscow, 408 00:27:33,540 --> 00:27:35,540 standing to the right of Stalin, 409 00:27:35,550 --> 00:27:38,490 who is celebrating his 70th birthday. 410 00:27:40,540 --> 00:27:42,520 Stalin is wary of him, 411 00:27:43,540 --> 00:27:46,500 as he is of all Communist leaders, 412 00:27:47,540 --> 00:27:50,560 ever since his altercations with Yugoslav leader Tito, 413 00:27:50,570 --> 00:27:53,510 who refuses to be a satellite of the USSR. 414 00:27:59,580 --> 00:28:03,580 But Mao needs Soviet assistance for his industry and his army. 415 00:28:07,560 --> 00:28:11,500 He has Stalin's birthday religiously observed in China... 416 00:28:11,500 --> 00:28:12,550 (speaks Mandarin) 417 00:28:12,560 --> 00:28:14,570 NARRATOR (in English): ...as it is in all Communist countries. 418 00:28:14,580 --> 00:28:16,540 (all singing in foreign language) 419 00:28:42,520 --> 00:28:44,520 Stalin's personality cult 420 00:28:44,520 --> 00:28:47,500 extends beyond the USSR's borders. 421 00:28:48,490 --> 00:28:50,580 The French Communists celebrate Comrade Stalin, 422 00:28:50,580 --> 00:28:53,500 a champion of peace, liberty, 423 00:28:53,510 --> 00:28:56,500 the independence of the people, and human happiness. 424 00:28:56,570 --> 00:29:00,540 The French Communist party remains the country's first political movement. 425 00:29:00,550 --> 00:29:04,580 Its leader, Maurice Thorez, is Stalin's tireless champion. 426 00:29:05,560 --> 00:29:07,490 (Thorez speaking French) Long live Stalin! 427 00:29:07,500 --> 00:29:08,570 A long and glorious life 428 00:29:08,580 --> 00:29:11,520 to the leader of the international proletariat, 429 00:29:11,520 --> 00:29:13,580 the head of the Socialist revolution, 430 00:29:13,580 --> 00:29:15,550 the liberator of the people, 431 00:29:15,560 --> 00:29:18,530 and the most avid defender of the freedom and peace. 432 00:29:18,580 --> 00:29:20,540 We Communists, 433 00:29:20,550 --> 00:29:23,490 whom the class enemy and its agents 434 00:29:23,500 --> 00:29:26,540 try to insult by calling us "Stalinists", 435 00:29:26,550 --> 00:29:28,520 we hereby state loud and clear, 436 00:29:28,530 --> 00:29:30,540 like we did 20 years ago, 437 00:29:30,540 --> 00:29:33,580 that we are honored by the glorious title 438 00:29:34,490 --> 00:29:35,570 that we continually strive to be worthy of. 439 00:29:35,580 --> 00:29:37,560 Yes, with all of our heart, 440 00:29:37,560 --> 00:29:41,500 we declare our fervent love for Stalin 441 00:29:41,510 --> 00:29:44,550 and we place our unwavering trust in him. 442 00:29:44,560 --> 00:29:46,540 Long live Stalin! 443 00:29:52,500 --> 00:29:55,540 May our great Stalin live forever! 444 00:29:55,550 --> 00:29:56,560 Long live Communism! 445 00:29:56,570 --> 00:29:59,540 NARRATOR: Yet, Thorez had deserted in '39 446 00:29:59,540 --> 00:30:02,560 and spent five wartime years in the Soviet Union. 447 00:30:02,570 --> 00:30:05,560 He knows all about Stalin and the Gulags. 448 00:30:05,570 --> 00:30:07,570 (all singing in French) 449 00:30:17,500 --> 00:30:20,580 NARRATOR: But all the other brave souls are in the dark, like this militant. 450 00:30:21,520 --> 00:30:24,510 (speaking French) I am convinced that my children, my husband 451 00:30:24,520 --> 00:30:26,550 peace, and you, Comrade Stalin, 452 00:30:26,560 --> 00:30:29,490 are all one and the same. 453 00:30:29,500 --> 00:30:32,570 Never will the women of France 454 00:30:32,580 --> 00:30:35,540 allow their husbands and children 455 00:30:35,550 --> 00:30:38,510 to go to war against Stalin's country. 456 00:30:40,490 --> 00:30:42,500 NARRATOR (in English): "No war against Stalin!" 457 00:30:42,510 --> 00:30:43,520 To our Soviet sisters. Never will the mothers... 458 00:30:43,530 --> 00:30:44,580 is the message the Communists are to spread. 459 00:30:45,490 --> 00:30:46,530 ...of France send their sons to fight against the Soviet Union. 460 00:30:47,560 --> 00:30:52,560 Along with this comes the creation of a World Movement of Partisans of Peace, 461 00:30:52,560 --> 00:30:56,490 whose emblem is a dove designed by Picasso. 462 00:30:57,520 --> 00:30:58,570 This peace movement launches 463 00:30:58,580 --> 00:31:02,500 an international petition on March 19, 1950, 464 00:31:02,540 --> 00:31:04,580 demanding a ban on nuclear weapons. 465 00:31:05,520 --> 00:31:07,530 It is known as the Stockholm Appeal. 466 00:31:07,540 --> 00:31:08,550 OUTLAW NUCLEAR WEAPONS 467 00:31:09,520 --> 00:31:13,490 250,000 people sign the petition in just a few weeks, 468 00:31:13,550 --> 00:31:15,550 particularly in the Communist countries. 469 00:31:16,570 --> 00:31:18,530 How could one refuse to sign? 470 00:31:19,500 --> 00:31:22,490 Yet, who can verify that Stalin upholds his commitment 471 00:31:22,500 --> 00:31:26,490 now that he has the bomb and is multiplying atomic testing. 472 00:31:29,520 --> 00:31:32,580 But to the Communists, the supporters and fellow travelers, 473 00:31:32,580 --> 00:31:34,570 the Red Army saved the world, 474 00:31:34,580 --> 00:31:38,490 and Stalin embodies the quest for peace. 475 00:31:39,540 --> 00:31:41,540 (all shouting indistinctly) 476 00:31:43,560 --> 00:31:46,530 In the US, the hunt for Communist sympathizers 477 00:31:46,540 --> 00:31:48,540 in the government and film industry 478 00:31:48,550 --> 00:31:52,490 is launched by a Republican senator, Joseph McCarthy. 479 00:31:56,520 --> 00:31:58,570 The FBI succeeds in shutting down 480 00:31:58,580 --> 00:32:01,520 the extensive Soviet espionage network 481 00:32:01,530 --> 00:32:04,500 to which Julius and Ethel Rosenberg belong. 482 00:32:05,540 --> 00:32:07,570 The couple is sent to the electric chair. 483 00:32:13,540 --> 00:32:16,490 In Europe, abstention is in fashion. 484 00:32:17,500 --> 00:32:19,530 The "good times" party is in the lead. 485 00:32:20,490 --> 00:32:22,490 People want to live their lives. 486 00:32:22,520 --> 00:32:23,570 Ignorance is bliss. 487 00:32:24,540 --> 00:32:25,560 They want to have children 488 00:32:25,570 --> 00:32:28,530 and avoid thinking about the dangers that lurk. 489 00:32:32,550 --> 00:32:33,580 SOLDIER: Fire! 490 00:32:37,520 --> 00:32:41,520 On June 25, 1950, war breaks out in Korea. 491 00:32:42,510 --> 00:32:46,490 For the first time, East and West confront each other directly. 492 00:32:46,550 --> 00:32:49,530 The Korean War claims two million lives, 493 00:32:49,540 --> 00:32:51,560 civilians and soldiers alike. 494 00:32:53,500 --> 00:32:55,500 (distant explosions) 495 00:32:56,500 --> 00:32:58,580 On this day of June 25, 1950, 496 00:32:59,490 --> 00:33:02,540 the Communist troops of North Korea cross over the 38th parallel, 497 00:33:02,550 --> 00:33:06,550 which has separated Korea into two countries since 1945. 498 00:33:10,570 --> 00:33:13,490 In the North, the Soviet conquest 499 00:33:13,500 --> 00:33:16,500 has led to the creation of the People's Republic of Korea, 500 00:33:17,500 --> 00:33:19,580 governed de facto by General Shtykov, 501 00:33:20,580 --> 00:33:23,540 who occupied the country in 1945. 502 00:33:25,550 --> 00:33:29,520 Shtykov put a USSR-trained Korean Communist in power, 503 00:33:29,580 --> 00:33:32,530 38-year old Kim Il-sung. 504 00:33:33,540 --> 00:33:36,570 He established a six-year compulsory military service. 505 00:33:37,560 --> 00:33:39,570 The country is ready for war. 506 00:33:46,580 --> 00:33:49,520 Mao Zedong, China's new ruler, 507 00:33:49,520 --> 00:33:53,490 had returned to Moscow to conclude an alliance with the USSR. 508 00:34:02,580 --> 00:34:07,520 Shtykov convinces Stalin, who, fearing an international conflict, 509 00:34:07,520 --> 00:34:08,580 tends to be cautious, 510 00:34:09,490 --> 00:34:12,490 to let Kim Il-sung invade South Korea. 511 00:34:16,560 --> 00:34:20,540 South Korea's authoritarian ruler is Syngman Rhee, 512 00:34:20,550 --> 00:34:23,540 former opposition leader against the Japanese, 513 00:34:23,540 --> 00:34:26,510 who had colonized Korea for many years. 514 00:34:26,520 --> 00:34:28,500 The US supports him 515 00:34:28,510 --> 00:34:30,560 but doesn't give him the means to defend himself. 516 00:34:33,550 --> 00:34:34,560 The South Korean army 517 00:34:34,570 --> 00:34:38,490 calls for an emergency mobilization of troops to defend Seoul. 518 00:34:38,560 --> 00:34:41,500 They are outnumbered two-to-one by the North, 519 00:34:41,500 --> 00:34:44,500 and are poorly armed, without armored tanks. 520 00:34:47,560 --> 00:34:51,530 Commander Paik Sun-yup and his unit are in charge of defending Seoul. 521 00:34:52,520 --> 00:34:53,530 He writes, 522 00:34:54,510 --> 00:34:56,520 "Our soldiers have never seen a tank. 523 00:34:56,520 --> 00:35:00,540 As soon as they hear the word 'tank,' they fall down in shock." 524 00:35:00,550 --> 00:35:02,550 (rumbling) 525 00:35:06,570 --> 00:35:11,520 The North Korean army, with its 150 Soviet T-34 tanks, 526 00:35:11,530 --> 00:35:14,490 one of World War II's best armored vehicles, 527 00:35:14,500 --> 00:35:16,560 and its 100,000 over-equipped troops, 528 00:35:16,570 --> 00:35:18,550 march into the Southern capital, 529 00:35:18,560 --> 00:35:21,510 crushing all resistance on their path. 530 00:35:25,550 --> 00:35:28,500 On June 28, 1950, 531 00:35:28,510 --> 00:35:30,540 on the morning of the third day of the assault, 532 00:35:30,550 --> 00:35:32,530 the North Koreans enter Seoul. 533 00:35:33,520 --> 00:35:35,510 They rush into the administrative buildings 534 00:35:35,520 --> 00:35:38,500 to steal all the confidential US documents. 535 00:35:40,570 --> 00:35:42,580 The Soviet cameramen that accompany them 536 00:35:43,490 --> 00:35:45,500 stage the discovery of this map, 537 00:35:45,500 --> 00:35:47,570 which supposedly reveals a planned attack 538 00:35:47,580 --> 00:35:49,580 on the North by the South. 539 00:35:50,490 --> 00:35:52,560 This allows the Communists to tell the people of Seoul 540 00:35:52,560 --> 00:35:55,580 who have stayed put and are immediately mobilized, 541 00:35:56,490 --> 00:35:59,510 that the Northern attack on their city is a preventive measure 542 00:35:59,520 --> 00:36:01,530 against the "South Korean threat." 543 00:36:06,490 --> 00:36:07,510 June 1950, 544 00:36:07,520 --> 00:36:09,560 at the United Nations in New York, 545 00:36:09,570 --> 00:36:12,540 the Security Council holds an emergency meeting. 546 00:36:13,580 --> 00:36:16,540 The Soviet delegate has been absent for months 547 00:36:16,540 --> 00:36:20,540 in protest of America's refusal to recognize Communist China. 548 00:36:23,490 --> 00:36:27,560 The Council is able to vote a resolution asking the US to take military action 549 00:36:27,560 --> 00:36:30,500 with their forces still based in Japan. 550 00:36:32,560 --> 00:36:34,580 These young soldiers, fulfilling their duty, 551 00:36:34,580 --> 00:36:37,570 have no idea of the hell that awaits them. 552 00:36:40,580 --> 00:36:43,500 Their commander, a historical figure, 553 00:36:43,500 --> 00:36:45,580 is the flamboyant general, Douglas MacArthur, 554 00:36:45,580 --> 00:36:48,490 the man with the corncob pipe. 555 00:36:48,500 --> 00:36:50,500 One of the great Pacific War heroes, 556 00:36:50,510 --> 00:36:52,570 he is still Commander-in-chief in Japan. 557 00:36:54,560 --> 00:36:56,520 He leaves, for Korea. 558 00:37:00,530 --> 00:37:04,550 MacArthur and his limited troops land in Korea early July 1950, 559 00:37:04,560 --> 00:37:06,560 to block the North Koreans' route. 560 00:37:11,540 --> 00:37:13,500 With such a famous leader, 561 00:37:13,510 --> 00:37:15,560 the US troops are welcomed as saviors 562 00:37:15,570 --> 00:37:17,540 and are full of confidence. 563 00:37:20,570 --> 00:37:24,490 But these young Americans aren't given the means to fight. 564 00:37:24,530 --> 00:37:26,550 Their few tanks are in poor shape, 565 00:37:26,560 --> 00:37:29,490 and they have little ammunition for their cannons. 566 00:37:30,580 --> 00:37:32,560 (machine guns rattling) 567 00:37:37,510 --> 00:37:41,510 The US and South Korean troops backtrack toward the South, to Pusan, 568 00:37:42,530 --> 00:37:44,490 the last available port. 569 00:37:45,550 --> 00:37:49,520 The entire North Korean army is mobilized to march on Pusan. 570 00:37:50,520 --> 00:37:52,500 The stakes are crucial. 571 00:37:53,500 --> 00:37:57,500 They will win the war if they succeed in pushing the Americans back to the sea. 572 00:38:01,510 --> 00:38:03,500 The Americans and the South Koreans, 573 00:38:03,510 --> 00:38:06,490 overwhelmed by an enemy superior in number and arms, 574 00:38:06,540 --> 00:38:08,500 set up a defense perimeter. 575 00:38:10,580 --> 00:38:12,580 (explosions) 576 00:38:14,490 --> 00:38:15,530 (machine guns rattling) 577 00:38:17,570 --> 00:38:19,540 Throughout July 1950, 578 00:38:19,550 --> 00:38:22,520 the soldiers fighting to defend the Pusan Perimeter 579 00:38:22,530 --> 00:38:24,490 manage to hold out, 580 00:38:24,500 --> 00:38:27,510 thanks to the uninterrupted support of their air forces. 581 00:38:48,540 --> 00:38:52,510 The B-29's, the US Air Force's super fortresses, 582 00:38:52,520 --> 00:38:55,540 receive permission to strike beyond the 38th parallel, 583 00:38:55,540 --> 00:38:58,490 and target North Korea's arms factories. 584 00:38:59,580 --> 00:39:02,510 (bombs whistling) 585 00:39:04,530 --> 00:39:06,530 (explosions) 586 00:39:15,540 --> 00:39:19,520 The civilians, who are collateral victims of the bomb strikes 587 00:39:19,530 --> 00:39:21,560 and the war unleashed by their regime, 588 00:39:21,560 --> 00:39:23,530 are filmed by the Soviets, 589 00:39:23,540 --> 00:39:25,540 for their anti-American propaganda. 590 00:39:29,540 --> 00:39:31,570 You, the people's army! Avenge us! 591 00:39:34,490 --> 00:39:38,500 Exterminate the enemy without mercy! We are approaching Pusan! 592 00:39:41,500 --> 00:39:42,580 The arms factories aren't hit 593 00:39:43,550 --> 00:39:45,560 because most of them are underground. 594 00:39:46,550 --> 00:39:49,560 Working endless shifts in front of Soviet machinery, 595 00:39:49,560 --> 00:39:52,540 under the portraits of Stalin and Kim Il-sung, 596 00:39:53,490 --> 00:39:56,510 these poor women manufacture millions of munitions 597 00:39:56,520 --> 00:39:58,540 until they pass out from exhaustion. 598 00:40:09,490 --> 00:40:10,580 August 1950. 599 00:40:11,490 --> 00:40:14,520 The American forces in the Pusan Perimeter are in trouble. 600 00:40:17,530 --> 00:40:19,490 They've lost many men. 601 00:40:19,530 --> 00:40:23,540 Almost 4000 are dead and 2000 are captured, 602 00:40:23,550 --> 00:40:25,580 as filmed here by the Soviets. 603 00:40:28,530 --> 00:40:29,560 On August 14, 604 00:40:30,530 --> 00:40:32,510 on Hill 303, 605 00:40:32,520 --> 00:40:35,540 45 American soldiers from the 5th Cavalry Regiment 606 00:40:35,540 --> 00:40:40,490 are captured and marched to a ravine where they are shot point-blank. 607 00:40:43,490 --> 00:40:45,500 One of these men, Corporal Day, 608 00:40:45,580 --> 00:40:50,490 has miraculously survived and is discovered under the corpses. 609 00:40:53,540 --> 00:40:55,550 ("Taps" playing) 610 00:41:00,580 --> 00:41:04,490 NARRATOR: America calls in 90,000 reservists. 611 00:41:06,510 --> 00:41:09,570 Five years after being discharged at the end of World War II, 612 00:41:09,580 --> 00:41:13,520 these Americans, who have started families and found jobs, 613 00:41:13,530 --> 00:41:17,500 aren't so thrilled to don the uniform and go back to war. 614 00:41:18,540 --> 00:41:20,540 (explosions) 615 00:41:25,540 --> 00:41:27,520 On behalf of the United Nations, 616 00:41:27,530 --> 00:41:30,510 thousands of men land in the port of Pusan. 617 00:41:30,520 --> 00:41:33,490 Although their numbers are merely symbolic, 618 00:41:33,500 --> 00:41:34,500 there are Greeks, 619 00:41:34,500 --> 00:41:35,520 Filipinos, 620 00:41:35,530 --> 00:41:38,530 New Zealanders, British, Turks, 621 00:41:38,540 --> 00:41:40,500 and soon, the French. 622 00:41:40,550 --> 00:41:41,580 (explosions) 623 00:41:42,490 --> 00:41:43,580 America's elite, the Marine Corps, 624 00:41:44,490 --> 00:41:47,570 continues to defend Pusan throughout August 1950. 625 00:41:48,560 --> 00:41:50,520 These Marines' and their planes, 626 00:41:50,560 --> 00:41:52,580 the famous "Black Sheep Squadron," 627 00:41:53,510 --> 00:41:54,510 are back on the job. 628 00:41:55,520 --> 00:41:58,580 They drop canisters of jellied gasoline, better known as napalm, 629 00:41:59,490 --> 00:42:01,580 which burns everything within 100 square meters. 630 00:42:14,560 --> 00:42:17,530 The surviving North Koreans are in shock. 631 00:42:17,570 --> 00:42:19,580 They are captured and humiliated. 632 00:42:31,520 --> 00:42:32,560 But the pressure is on. 633 00:42:32,560 --> 00:42:34,550 (machine guns rattling) 634 00:42:34,560 --> 00:42:36,530 Will the Americans hold out? 635 00:42:39,550 --> 00:42:44,500 What will General MacArthur do, now that he commands the UN forces? 636 00:42:53,490 --> 00:42:55,540 The President of South Korea, Syngman Rhee, 637 00:42:55,550 --> 00:42:57,570 calls upon those defending Pusan. 638 00:43:01,500 --> 00:43:02,500 He urges, 639 00:43:02,560 --> 00:43:06,520 "We will dig huge trenches and fill them with Communists. 640 00:43:06,530 --> 00:43:07,580 Then cover them over." 641 00:43:08,490 --> 00:43:09,500 (inaudible) 642 00:43:10,570 --> 00:43:12,520 True to his word, 643 00:43:12,530 --> 00:43:14,580 he executes 100,000 suspects. 644 00:43:21,500 --> 00:43:22,570 Hatred breeds hatred... 645 00:43:24,570 --> 00:43:27,490 and strengthens Kim-Il sung 646 00:43:27,500 --> 00:43:30,490 and especially Soviet General Shtykov's determination 647 00:43:30,500 --> 00:43:31,500 to pursue the war. 648 00:43:36,540 --> 00:43:39,540 Nothing can stop the wave of worldwide protests 649 00:43:39,540 --> 00:43:41,500 orchestrated by Stalin 650 00:43:41,510 --> 00:43:43,580 to denounce the American attack on Korea. 651 00:43:44,570 --> 00:43:47,490 Will the fear continue to escalate? 652 00:43:47,580 --> 00:43:51,520 Will China get involved in Korea or Indochina? 653 00:43:51,580 --> 00:43:53,580 Napolean once said, 654 00:43:54,490 --> 00:43:56,540 "When China wakes, the world will tremble."