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00:00:17,080 --> 00:00:19,320
Over 66 million years ago...

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SCREECHING

3
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..our world was ruled...

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00:00:26,760 --> 00:00:27,960
SNARLS

5
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ROARS

6
00:00:29,600 --> 00:00:31,000
..by dinosaurs.

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GROWLS

8
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BELLOWING

9
00:00:38,760 --> 00:00:43,280
The largest animals that have
ever walked the Earth.

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SCREECHES

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00:00:50,000 --> 00:00:54,000
<font color="
across the globe

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are uncovering the bones
they left behind...

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..allowing us to imagine how
these extraordinary creatures

14
00:01:05,280 --> 00:01:07,280
may have lived...

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..so that we can tell
their stories...

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<font color="

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..can walk again.

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ROARS

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Deep in the ancient forests
of Alberta, Canada...

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LOW CONVERSATION

21
00:02:01,840 --> 00:02:04,440
..a team of dinosaur hunters

22
00:02:04,440 --> 00:02:07,400
has come to unearth
an astonishing find.

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We've got at least three bones
<font color="

24
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Discovered on the edge
of a creek...

25
00:02:16,640 --> 00:02:19,960
..are the bones
of a pachyrhinosaurus...

26
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..a unique horned dinosaur.

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Lying here is a toddler...

28
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It's such a tiny little bone.

29
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..they call Albie.

30
00:02:36,440 --> 00:02:38,320
<font color="
that small before.

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And he's not alone.

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He's part of one of the largest
dinosaur herds ever found...

33
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..numbering in the thousands.

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We have big adults,
we have little babies,

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we have every age in between.

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00:02:58,960 --> 00:03:02,920
<font color="
of animals.

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Why so many are buried here
is a mystery.

38
00:03:11,080 --> 00:03:13,000
But by studying the bones,

39
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we can begin to tell
their extraordinary story.

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73 million years ago.

41
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What will one day be
<font color="

42
00:03:47,680 --> 00:03:52,040
is part of a landmass
called Laramidia.

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Mountain ranges extend
for thousands of miles...

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WIND WHISTLES

45
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..towering over a wilderness
of dense forested valleys.

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BIRDSONG

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BELLOWING

48
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<font color="
by gigantic groups

49
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of plant-eating dinosaurs...

50
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..that, like today's caribou or elk,

51
00:04:28,200 --> 00:04:30,600
migrate each season.

52
00:04:36,280 --> 00:04:40,600
And by far the largest
of these prehistoric herds...

53
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..are the pachyrhinosaurus.

54
00:05:00,320 --> 00:05:02,880
<font color="

55
00:05:02,880 --> 00:05:07,240
these social dinosaurs have
spent the winter in the south.

56
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But with the land
now almost completely bare...

57
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..staying here
would mean starvation.

58
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So the herd is setting out on
<font color="

59
00:05:39,440 --> 00:05:40,720
..where, by summer,

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the vegetation
should be abundant.

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00:05:44,840 --> 00:05:47,080
SNORTING AND GRUNTING

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It will be a gruelling journey...

63
00:05:54,520 --> 00:05:57,280
..especially if
you're one of the youngest...

64
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..like Albie.

65
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<font color="
he's only half a metre tall...

66
00:06:22,840 --> 00:06:24,520
..which makes keeping up...

67
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..a bit of a challenge.

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HE YOWLS

69
00:06:34,360 --> 00:06:37,640
Even so, he must stay close
to his mother...

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HE YOWLS

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00:06:40,640 --> 00:06:43,840
..because the herd aren't
<font color="

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00:06:43,840 --> 00:06:45,040
SQUAWKING

73
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Following in their wake,

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00:06:51,000 --> 00:06:53,680
an azhdarchid pterosaur.

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00:06:58,520 --> 00:07:03,840
With a six-metre wingspan
and estimated speed of 60mph...

76
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..a young pachyrhinosaurus
makes for an easy target.

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HE CALLS

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00:07:24,680 --> 00:07:26,440
<font color="

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A close call.

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00:07:50,680 --> 00:07:54,000
But it's only the start of the
challenges they will face...

81
00:08:02,480 --> 00:08:05,360
..as the search for food
takes them across

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00:08:05,360 --> 00:08:07,840
the prehistoric wilderness.

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00:08:16,000 --> 00:08:18,080
LOW CONVERSATION

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00:08:22,680 --> 00:08:24,880
73 million years later...

85
00:08:27,400 --> 00:08:30,080
<font color="
this enormous herd

86
00:08:30,080 --> 00:08:31,840
is well under way.

87
00:08:33,080 --> 00:08:35,640
There's a pretty large
cluster of bones there.

88
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Seem to belong,
potentially, to a large animal.

89
00:08:41,280 --> 00:08:42,800
It's a painstaking process...

90
00:08:45,240 --> 00:08:47,640
..led by Dr Emily Bamforth...

91
00:08:49,200 --> 00:08:50,760
<font color="

92
00:08:50,760 --> 00:08:53,480
the journey that brought
the herd here.

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00:08:59,160 --> 00:09:01,240
And in one corner
of the site...

94
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Is that a little vertebra?

95
00:09:05,640 --> 00:09:07,800
..something has caught
her eye.

96
00:09:07,800 --> 00:09:10,240
Oh, man, that is so little!

97
00:09:11,400 --> 00:09:13,720
Right in this corner.

98
00:09:13,720 --> 00:09:16,840
<font color="
baby bone, baby bone.

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00:09:18,680 --> 00:09:22,840
Emerging from the rock
are not just Albie's bones,

100
00:09:22,840 --> 00:09:25,240
but those of other youngsters.

101
00:09:30,040 --> 00:09:32,240
And comparing their size...

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Juvenile vertebra is 7cm.

103
00:09:36,280 --> 00:09:38,480
That's another really young
animal.

104
00:09:38,480 --> 00:09:41,880
<font color="
significant.

105
00:09:41,880 --> 00:09:46,000
All of the juveniles here, these
are all about a year old. Wow.

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They're all the same age...

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..born around the same time.

108
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They have to have been born

109
00:09:54,600 --> 00:09:57,320
on the previous summer's
<font color="

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00:09:57,320 --> 00:09:59,000
That, to me, is interesting.

111
00:10:01,920 --> 00:10:04,920
Emily's findings suggest
the herd was making

112
00:10:04,920 --> 00:10:09,120
its yearly journey
for more than just food.

113
00:10:19,120 --> 00:10:23,160
They were returning
to their summer nesting ground.

114
00:10:30,640 --> 00:10:33,320
And joining them are thousands
<font color="

115
00:10:36,800 --> 00:10:39,200
..as every pachyrhinosaurus
on the continent...

116
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..heads north...

117
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..merging into one
of the greatest spectacles

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of the prehistoric world.

119
00:11:03,800 --> 00:11:05,520
BELLOWS

120
00:11:10,320 --> 00:11:12,680
But with such a colossal gathering...

121
00:11:14,880 --> 00:11:16,560
<font color="

122
00:11:22,720 --> 00:11:24,760
Breeding season is upon them...

123
00:11:26,000 --> 00:11:28,920
..so bulls in the herd must compete

124
00:11:28,920 --> 00:11:30,640
for their right to mate.

125
00:11:31,680 --> 00:11:34,560
BELLOWS LOUDLY

126
00:11:34,560 --> 00:11:36,600
From old veterans...

127
00:11:41,960 --> 00:11:43,960
..to their younger rivals.

128
00:11:51,200 --> 00:11:52,720
And there's only one way...

129
00:11:54,120 --> 00:11:55,760
..to prove their worth.

130
00:12:12,160 --> 00:12:14,360
<font color="

131
00:12:14,360 --> 00:12:16,080
ALBIE SQUEAKS

132
00:12:16,080 --> 00:12:18,680
..Albie's mother
must keep a watchful eye...

133
00:12:22,680 --> 00:12:26,280
..making sure he isn't
trampled, or even killed.

134
00:12:41,640 --> 00:12:44,160
But as one of the youngest,

135
00:12:44,160 --> 00:12:47,160
curiosity gets the better of him.

136
00:12:50,080 --> 00:12:51,880
ALBIE SQUEAKS

137
00:13:00,920 --> 00:13:03,080
<font color="

138
00:13:08,320 --> 00:13:12,400
..each male seeks to deliver
a bone-shattering blow.

139
00:13:19,120 --> 00:13:21,080
And the ultimate target...

140
00:13:23,200 --> 00:13:26,280
..is behind the other's horned
armour.

141
00:13:31,160 --> 00:13:32,680
The young rival...

142
00:13:32,680 --> 00:13:34,520
BELLOWS

143
00:13:34,520 --> 00:13:36,440
..gains the upper hand.

144
00:13:39,640 --> 00:13:42,000
<font color="

145
00:13:46,880 --> 00:13:48,160
That is weird.

146
00:13:50,280 --> 00:13:53,800
At the dig site, uncovering
what appears to be

147
00:13:53,800 --> 00:13:55,680
the rib of a huge bull...

148
00:13:57,120 --> 00:13:59,360
Seems like the rib
trends this way

149
00:13:59,360 --> 00:14:03,200
but then starts back up
that way.

150
00:14:03,200 --> 00:14:06,800
..Emily and her teammate
<font color="

151
00:14:06,800 --> 00:14:10,040
are finding evidence of a punishing
injury.

152
00:14:13,480 --> 00:14:17,000
This part of the rib and that
part of the rib are slightly offset,

153
00:14:17,000 --> 00:14:18,840
so it looks as if this rib

154
00:14:18,840 --> 00:14:21,720
has actually been broken
in the middle.

155
00:14:21,720 --> 00:14:25,560
Gosh. It seems like it was
<font color="

156
00:14:26,680 --> 00:14:29,920
The rib is twice as thick
as a bear's.

157
00:14:31,440 --> 00:14:32,760
The fact it snapped

158
00:14:32,760 --> 00:14:36,560
means this bull suffered
a potentially-fatal blow.

159
00:14:38,400 --> 00:14:40,880
It would have to be
a considerable impact,

160
00:14:40,880 --> 00:14:43,800
so either the opponent
<font color="

161
00:14:43,800 --> 00:14:45,760
or when it fell sideways.

162
00:14:45,760 --> 00:14:48,360
Whatever happened,
it would have been very painful.

163
00:14:48,360 --> 00:14:49,880
Like, with an impact this size,

164
00:14:49,880 --> 00:14:51,480
the rib could puncture
the lung.

165
00:14:58,760 --> 00:15:02,800
But examining the fossil
reveals something curious.

166
00:15:02,800 --> 00:15:04,680
<font color="

167
00:15:04,680 --> 00:15:06,800
So I think that's a bone callus.

168
00:15:07,920 --> 00:15:13,040
Bone calluses form over a break
as part of the healing process.

169
00:15:13,040 --> 00:15:15,240
The bone has broken

170
00:15:15,240 --> 00:15:19,040
and has actually shifted sideways
while the animal was alive,

171
00:15:19,040 --> 00:15:21,120
and this big bony bump

172
00:15:21,120 --> 00:15:23,560
<font color="

173
00:15:23,560 --> 00:15:25,320
Would have been very painful
for the animal,

174
00:15:25,320 --> 00:15:26,960
but they would have
survived it.

175
00:15:26,960 --> 00:15:28,760
It's really quite
an impressive feat.

176
00:15:28,760 --> 00:15:31,120
Really shows just how tough
he really was.

177
00:15:35,960 --> 00:15:39,000
The healed injury
<font color="

178
00:15:40,680 --> 00:15:42,840
LABOURED BREATHS

179
00:15:44,160 --> 00:15:46,920
It suggests the strongest
bulls in the herd...

180
00:15:49,040 --> 00:15:51,840
..were capable of
taking severe punishment...

181
00:15:53,920 --> 00:15:56,200
BELLOWING

182
00:15:58,320 --> 00:16:01,360
..and getting back on their feet.

183
00:16:11,520 --> 00:16:13,720
BELLOWS

184
00:16:28,280 --> 00:16:30,440
<font color="

185
00:16:32,000 --> 00:16:33,840
..to come out on top.

186
00:16:34,960 --> 00:16:37,280
BELLOWS

187
00:16:42,200 --> 00:16:44,080
GRUNTS

188
00:16:46,000 --> 00:16:48,520
With a winner firmly established...

189
00:16:53,120 --> 00:16:57,520
..the monumental herd continues its
journey to the fertile north.

190
00:17:07,600 --> 00:17:09,840
ALBIE SQUEAKS

191
00:17:11,640 --> 00:17:13,920
But though the fighting may have
<font color="

192
00:17:15,720 --> 00:17:20,120
..for Albie, the danger
is only just beginning.

193
00:17:20,120 --> 00:17:21,560
HE WHINES

194
00:17:31,560 --> 00:17:33,320
In the chaos,

195
00:17:33,320 --> 00:17:35,600
he has become separated
from his mother...

196
00:17:37,080 --> 00:17:38,960
..and lost in the crowd.

197
00:17:47,320 --> 00:17:49,640
In a herd of this magnitude...

198
00:17:51,600 --> 00:17:54,120
<font color="

199
00:18:12,840 --> 00:18:14,360
Look at this.

200
00:18:14,360 --> 00:18:15,800
But at the dig site,

201
00:18:15,800 --> 00:18:20,640
evidence is emerging that suggests
every one of this enormous herd

202
00:18:20,640 --> 00:18:22,480
may have looked unique.

203
00:18:24,520 --> 00:18:26,800
It looks like it's relatively
complete

204
00:18:26,800 --> 00:18:28,720
and this is a big one.

205
00:18:28,720 --> 00:18:32,600
<font color="
is an incredibly rare find -

206
00:18:32,600 --> 00:18:35,680
an adult's bony headdress...

207
00:18:36,840 --> 00:18:38,400
..known as the frill.

208
00:18:40,560 --> 00:18:43,400
This might be the front
and that's the back.

209
00:18:43,400 --> 00:18:45,360
Yeah, that's what I was thinking
too.

210
00:18:45,360 --> 00:18:47,440
So, like, the nose is over here
<font color="

211
00:18:47,440 --> 00:18:49,640
and, like,
the body is back there.

212
00:18:49,640 --> 00:18:51,520
I don't think
I've ever seen any

213
00:18:51,520 --> 00:18:53,840
where one
of the middle horns

214
00:18:53,840 --> 00:18:56,600
is going the opposite direction
of the other.

215
00:18:58,520 --> 00:19:01,280
Given this frill's highly unusual
<font color="

216
00:19:01,280 --> 00:19:05,760
Emily is keen to compare it
with others found in the creek.

217
00:19:09,480 --> 00:19:10,800
So, on this individual,

218
00:19:10,800 --> 00:19:14,200
the horns that stick out
the side of the frill,

219
00:19:14,200 --> 00:19:15,960
they're straight,

220
00:19:15,960 --> 00:19:17,600
whereas this one
is interesting.

221
00:19:17,600 --> 00:19:19,280
<font color="

222
00:19:19,280 --> 00:19:22,120
so this horn is straight

223
00:19:22,120 --> 00:19:25,040
and that one is curled.

224
00:19:28,560 --> 00:19:31,800
Each frill is distinct from the
other.

225
00:19:33,120 --> 00:19:35,320
It is very striking
that these frills,

226
00:19:35,320 --> 00:19:37,960
despite being from
almost exactly the same place

227
00:19:37,960 --> 00:19:40,880
<font color="
the same community of animals,

228
00:19:40,880 --> 00:19:43,720
like, they're still very
different from one another.

229
00:19:45,960 --> 00:19:49,280
Remarkably, no two frills
found at the site

230
00:19:49,280 --> 00:19:51,280
have ever looked the same...

231
00:19:54,360 --> 00:19:56,880
..leading the team to think their
variation

232
00:19:56,880 --> 00:19:59,320
<font color="

233
00:19:59,320 --> 00:20:01,760
Based on the differences
in these frill horns,

234
00:20:01,760 --> 00:20:03,680
it would be very easy for
the individuals

235
00:20:03,680 --> 00:20:04,840
to recognise each other.

236
00:20:04,840 --> 00:20:07,360
Yeah. In a herd environment
like this,

237
00:20:07,360 --> 00:20:09,960
it's very important
<font color="

238
00:20:09,960 --> 00:20:12,560
your friends and your family
easily.

239
00:20:20,280 --> 00:20:25,360
With every member of the herd
displaying their own unique frill...

240
00:20:27,280 --> 00:20:29,440
ALBIE YOWLS

241
00:20:29,440 --> 00:20:32,160
..it could help a youngster
like Albie...

242
00:20:34,040 --> 00:20:37,680
..pick out his mother from the
<font color="

243
00:20:43,760 --> 00:20:45,880
..by scanning each and every one...

244
00:20:47,400 --> 00:20:49,680
..for her familiar features.

245
00:20:56,160 --> 00:20:57,880
HE CALLS

246
00:21:00,760 --> 00:21:04,840
But in the sea of pachyrhinosaurus
streaming past...

247
00:21:08,440 --> 00:21:09,760
..she is still...

248
00:21:11,240 --> 00:21:12,840
..nowhere to be seen.

249
00:21:17,440 --> 00:21:19,120
HE YOWLS

250
00:21:35,240 --> 00:21:37,560
<font color="

251
00:21:38,920 --> 00:21:42,600
..he has little chance of surviving
the long journey...

252
00:21:43,920 --> 00:21:45,320
..alone.

253
00:21:57,520 --> 00:21:59,360
PLAINTIVE BELLOWS

254
00:22:07,120 --> 00:22:08,480
FOLIAGE SNAPPING

255
00:22:08,480 --> 00:22:09,800
Until...

256
00:22:09,800 --> 00:22:11,640
GENTLE GRUNT

257
00:22:11,640 --> 00:22:13,280
..finally...

258
00:22:14,560 --> 00:22:17,360
..the distinctive outline of a
<font color="

259
00:22:19,760 --> 00:22:22,560
..he knows better than any other.

260
00:22:28,760 --> 00:22:32,520
And a mother relieved
to have found her young.

261
00:22:32,520 --> 00:22:34,880
YOWLS AND GRUNTS

262
00:22:36,960 --> 00:22:39,400
BOTH GRUNT SOFTLY

263
00:22:52,040 --> 00:22:53,880
But though reunited...

264
00:22:55,360 --> 00:22:58,160
..there is much danger
still ahead.

265
00:23:14,080 --> 00:23:17,120
<font color="

266
00:23:24,720 --> 00:23:27,760
..Emily and palaeontologist Jackson
Sweater...

267
00:23:29,120 --> 00:23:31,880
..have travelled to the edge of a
forest.

268
00:23:38,440 --> 00:23:43,280
Here, ancient footprints
follow the herd's route.

269
00:23:44,840 --> 00:23:46,640
That's a toe. Yeah.

270
00:23:46,640 --> 00:23:49,000
<font color="
the third one here?

271
00:23:49,000 --> 00:23:52,520
See it again, missing that toe?
Maybe... Yeah, missing. Yeah.

272
00:23:52,520 --> 00:23:53,560
Once you get your eye in,

273
00:23:53,560 --> 00:23:56,760
they're actually all over the place.
LAUGHING: They're everywhere.

274
00:23:58,960 --> 00:24:03,000
<font color="
from all the others.

275
00:24:03,000 --> 00:24:04,640
Clearly a carnivore.

276
00:24:05,840 --> 00:24:08,400
And you can even see the claws.

277
00:24:08,400 --> 00:24:10,240
That's a point.

278
00:24:11,320 --> 00:24:13,160
Big, big animal as well.

279
00:24:14,600 --> 00:24:18,280
What, eight metres?
Yeah.

280
00:24:23,840 --> 00:24:26,960
To confirm the identity of this
<font color="

281
00:24:28,320 --> 00:24:31,920
..Emily and Jackson
use liquid rubber

282
00:24:31,920 --> 00:24:36,680
to make a cast that reveals
how it moved.

283
00:24:39,800 --> 00:24:43,120
The back of the track is shallower
than these toes here.

284
00:24:43,120 --> 00:24:45,000
The toes are super deep.

285
00:24:45,000 --> 00:24:47,120
So it's moving on the front
<font color="

286
00:24:47,120 --> 00:24:50,040
sort of like the fast animals
today, like cheetahs, would do.

287
00:24:50,040 --> 00:24:52,760
Definitely wider than it is deep,

288
00:24:52,760 --> 00:24:54,520
so it can move side to side
if it has to.

289
00:24:54,520 --> 00:24:58,440
So probably a very agile
animal as well.

290
00:24:59,560 --> 00:25:02,080
This kind of speed and agility

291
00:25:02,080 --> 00:25:04,960
<font color="
in the region.

292
00:25:07,160 --> 00:25:10,000
A terrifying relative of T-rex

293
00:25:10,000 --> 00:25:12,000
that hunted in packs.

294
00:25:13,720 --> 00:25:14,800
Those pachyrhinosaurus

295
00:25:14,800 --> 00:25:18,200
definitely would have had to
worry about this animal. Yeah.

296
00:25:18,200 --> 00:25:21,360
It's very efficient at moving
<font color="

297
00:25:21,360 --> 00:25:23,080
It could follow them for miles

298
00:25:23,080 --> 00:25:24,760
and just wait for an opportunity.

299
00:25:27,400 --> 00:25:29,480
The gorgosaurus.

300
00:25:29,480 --> 00:25:31,200
QUIET SNARLING

301
00:25:39,240 --> 00:25:41,080
With exceptional hearing...

302
00:25:43,880 --> 00:25:48,240
..and a sense of smell more powerful
than any other dinosaur...

303
00:25:51,400 --> 00:25:54,080
..it's thought they could
<font color="

304
00:25:54,080 --> 00:25:56,960
from up to ten miles away...

305
00:26:05,880 --> 00:26:10,240
..allowing them to ambush
at a moment of their choosing.

306
00:26:26,560 --> 00:26:28,720
Unaware of the approaching threat,

307
00:26:28,720 --> 00:26:31,440
the herd moves deeper into the
forest.

308
00:26:35,520 --> 00:26:38,960
Surrounded by its narrow pathways...

309
00:26:44,640 --> 00:26:48,440
<font color="
direction.

310
00:26:51,560 --> 00:26:53,720
HE SNUFFLES

311
00:26:53,720 --> 00:26:55,120
BRANCH SNAPS

312
00:27:05,520 --> 00:27:08,760
But there is no sign of the
danger...yet.

313
00:27:17,760 --> 00:27:21,520
SNORING

314
00:27:23,200 --> 00:27:26,040
DISTANT BELLOWING

315
00:27:27,920 --> 00:27:29,640
SNORTS

316
00:27:34,040 --> 00:27:35,760
QUIET THUDDING

317
00:27:38,760 --> 00:27:42,120
<font color="

318
00:27:42,120 --> 00:27:43,960
The sound of intruders...

319
00:27:45,840 --> 00:27:48,760
..draws Albie away from the herd.

320
00:27:48,760 --> 00:27:51,160
FOLIAGE SNAPPING

321
00:27:56,240 --> 00:27:59,800
But these aren't the stealthy
footsteps of a gorgosaurus.

322
00:28:02,600 --> 00:28:06,360
Something else is closing in.

323
00:28:19,800 --> 00:28:21,560
Take care with your footing.

324
00:28:24,480 --> 00:28:27,560
<font color="
migration route,

325
00:28:27,560 --> 00:28:30,960
Emily and her team have discovered
evidence

326
00:28:30,960 --> 00:28:33,800
of another mysterious dinosaur...

327
00:28:35,320 --> 00:28:39,360
..which has emerged on the edge
of what is now a river.

328
00:28:41,600 --> 00:28:42,880
Oh!

329
00:28:42,880 --> 00:28:45,720
Yeah, it's a little chilly.
<font color="

330
00:28:49,200 --> 00:28:52,000
Exposed by receding water,

331
00:28:52,000 --> 00:28:56,440
its fossilised remains are all along
the river bank.

332
00:28:58,400 --> 00:29:00,000
It's huge.

333
00:29:02,160 --> 00:29:04,080
It's just packed with stuff.

334
00:29:04,080 --> 00:29:07,840
It's crazy that it's just kind of
sitting out here on the surface.

335
00:29:07,840 --> 00:29:09,280
Man, that's big.

336
00:29:11,600 --> 00:29:14,320
<font color="
here...

337
00:29:14,320 --> 00:29:16,280
Whatever this is.

338
00:29:19,880 --> 00:29:23,600
And it isn't long before the team
hits the jackpot.

339
00:29:24,640 --> 00:29:26,200
Oh, my goodness!

340
00:29:30,280 --> 00:29:32,160
That's a huge bone.

341
00:29:33,920 --> 00:29:38,920
Buried in the rock is part of
its gigantic hind limb.

342
00:29:38,920 --> 00:29:40,720
<font color="

343
00:29:40,720 --> 00:29:42,720
Yeah, let's just take
a quick measurement.

344
00:29:42,720 --> 00:29:47,520
They can use this to estimate
the animal's full size.

345
00:29:49,000 --> 00:29:50,520
It's really long.

346
00:29:50,520 --> 00:29:51,960
Even if it's only to there,

347
00:29:51,960 --> 00:29:55,520
that's still definitely over a
metre.

348
00:29:55,520 --> 00:29:58,040
<font color="
with legs like this,

349
00:29:58,040 --> 00:30:00,080
it's probably about the size
of a school bus,

350
00:30:00,080 --> 00:30:02,520
around nine metres long or so.
That's huge.

351
00:30:03,520 --> 00:30:06,640
There's not much
that gets bigger than this.

352
00:30:06,640 --> 00:30:09,720
Even larger
than a gorgosaurus...

353
00:30:10,920 --> 00:30:15,320
<font color="
it could be only one dinosaur.

354
00:30:22,320 --> 00:30:25,720
And the forest is the ideal place

355
00:30:25,720 --> 00:30:28,720
for it to find its next meal.

356
00:30:28,720 --> 00:30:30,480
FOLIAGE SNAPS

357
00:30:32,360 --> 00:30:35,400
SNORTING

358
00:30:40,440 --> 00:30:43,000
MUNCHING

359
00:30:43,000 --> 00:30:45,760
But this isn't a killer.

360
00:30:45,760 --> 00:30:47,320
ALBIE SQUEAKS

361
00:30:50,560 --> 00:30:52,960
<font color="

362
00:30:52,960 --> 00:30:55,240
THUDDING STEPS

363
00:30:55,240 --> 00:30:56,560
MUNCHING

364
00:30:56,560 --> 00:31:01,000
..which, along with its herd,
is on the same migration north.

365
00:31:01,000 --> 00:31:02,680
BELLOWS

366
00:31:04,400 --> 00:31:07,520
As plant-eaters,
they pose no threat...

367
00:31:09,280 --> 00:31:11,800
..but these six-tonne giants...

368
00:31:11,800 --> 00:31:13,360
FOLIAGE SNAPS

369
00:31:14,440 --> 00:31:17,280
<font color="

370
00:31:14,440 --> 00:31:17,280
FOLIAGE SNAPS

371
00:31:17,280 --> 00:31:20,000
FOLIAGE SNAPPING

372
00:31:20,000 --> 00:31:21,760
DISTANT SQUAWKING

373
00:31:25,280 --> 00:31:28,280
DISTANT ROARING

374
00:31:28,280 --> 00:31:30,440
RUMBLING GRUNTS

375
00:31:31,400 --> 00:31:34,600
..and it's drawing the
pack of hungry gorgosaurus

376
00:31:34,600 --> 00:31:36,840
straight towards them.

377
00:31:41,320 --> 00:31:43,200
GRUNTS

378
00:31:43,200 --> 00:31:44,920
<font color="

379
00:31:47,240 --> 00:31:48,880
BELLOWING

380
00:32:07,480 --> 00:32:09,360
SNARLING

381
00:32:11,280 --> 00:32:13,200
IT ROARS

382
00:32:16,480 --> 00:32:18,040
FOLIAGE SNAPPING

383
00:32:23,120 --> 00:32:25,360
MUNCHING

384
00:32:33,120 --> 00:32:36,400
For Albie, it's another
narrow escape.

385
00:32:50,400 --> 00:32:52,800
And as the herd pushes on,

386
00:32:52,800 --> 00:32:55,720
the aurora lighting up
the skies above...

387
00:32:57,040 --> 00:33:01,000
<font color="
almost over.

388
00:33:19,200 --> 00:33:21,200
Do you have a chisel? Yep.

389
00:33:21,200 --> 00:33:23,160
Not far from
the main dig site...

390
00:33:26,400 --> 00:33:28,960
..Emily and Jackson are finding
evidence

391
00:33:28,960 --> 00:33:31,560
of exactly what the herd was looking
for.

392
00:33:33,440 --> 00:33:35,040
<font color="
Yeah.

393
00:33:35,040 --> 00:33:39,440
An abundance of food
just waiting to be discovered.

394
00:33:39,440 --> 00:33:41,760
There's so many different
plants here,

395
00:33:41,760 --> 00:33:43,200
just on this one slab.

396
00:33:43,200 --> 00:33:46,040
Not just big leaves like this.

397
00:33:46,040 --> 00:33:49,080
Also lots of flowering plants
as well.

398
00:33:49,080 --> 00:33:52,600
<font color="
great food for pachyrhinosaurus.

399
00:33:53,880 --> 00:33:55,760
The plants in these rocks

400
00:33:55,760 --> 00:33:58,080
would have flourished
in the summer...

401
00:33:59,160 --> 00:34:02,080
..in time for the herd's
nesting season.

402
00:34:03,720 --> 00:34:05,360
Looking at all of these plants,

403
00:34:05,360 --> 00:34:08,760
<font color="
and the juveniles.

404
00:34:08,760 --> 00:34:12,560
More than enough to draw the
pachyrhinosaurus up here.

405
00:34:12,560 --> 00:34:13,760
And when the babies hatch,

406
00:34:13,760 --> 00:34:15,760
there's food for the babies
as well.

407
00:34:18,040 --> 00:34:22,720
This place would mark the end
of the herd's long migration.

408
00:34:28,600 --> 00:34:30,280
<font color="

409
00:34:30,280 --> 00:34:32,440
where they could settle

410
00:34:32,440 --> 00:34:34,120
and begin to nest.

411
00:34:34,120 --> 00:34:36,400
BIRDSONG

412
00:34:38,640 --> 00:34:40,680
LOWING AND GRUNTING

413
00:35:02,000 --> 00:35:05,160
But while the exhausting 400-mile
walk...

414
00:35:06,320 --> 00:35:07,840
..may finally be over...

415
00:35:12,240 --> 00:35:16,400
..there is one problem they haven't
left behind.

416
00:35:16,400 --> 00:35:18,840
<font color="

417
00:35:22,760 --> 00:35:25,720
The gorgosaurus have stayed close.

418
00:35:31,080 --> 00:35:33,040
BELLOWING

419
00:35:33,040 --> 00:35:37,280
And with the pachyrhinosaurus
backed up against the river...

420
00:35:41,160 --> 00:35:43,480
..it gives these ferocious predators

421
00:35:43,480 --> 00:35:45,600
the perfect opportunity...

422
00:35:46,920 --> 00:35:50,400
..to pick off one of the herd's
<font color="

423
00:36:02,320 --> 00:36:03,840
SQUEAKING

424
00:36:05,920 --> 00:36:07,560
ALBIE SQUEAKS

425
00:36:07,560 --> 00:36:08,760
SNARLS

426
00:36:08,760 --> 00:36:10,200
ROARS

427
00:36:10,200 --> 00:36:12,040
HE SQUEAKS

428
00:36:12,040 --> 00:36:14,240
But Albie is not alone.

429
00:36:14,240 --> 00:36:16,840
SHE BELLOWS

430
00:36:17,960 --> 00:36:22,000
His mother's instinct is to fight.

431
00:36:33,280 --> 00:36:37,760
But their confrontation is about
<font color="

432
00:36:38,760 --> 00:36:41,000
THUNDER CRASHES

433
00:36:43,280 --> 00:36:44,800
Both predator...

434
00:36:46,640 --> 00:36:48,440
..and prey

435
00:36:48,440 --> 00:36:50,880
face a far greater threat.

436
00:37:12,080 --> 00:37:16,200
Investigating what happened
at the end of the herd's journey...

437
00:37:16,200 --> 00:37:19,800
OK, move to the next point.

438
00:37:20,920 --> 00:37:24,080
..and why so many are buried here...

439
00:37:25,280 --> 00:37:28,440
<font color="

440
00:37:29,520 --> 00:37:32,120
We've obviously got a pretty
large cluster in that corner.

441
00:37:32,120 --> 00:37:35,560
Those two are so close together...
They are so, so close together, man.

442
00:37:35,560 --> 00:37:37,440
It's pretty much, like, right up
against... Yeah.

443
00:37:37,440 --> 00:37:39,480
<font color="

444
00:37:43,760 --> 00:37:48,600
They can then scan to create
a full 3D model of the site.

445
00:37:54,080 --> 00:37:55,520
It's coming through really well.

446
00:37:55,520 --> 00:37:59,160
Yeah. You can see the patterning
on the surface of the bone.

447
00:38:00,200 --> 00:38:05,280
The imaging allows them to see
<font color="

448
00:38:05,280 --> 00:38:08,080
You can see how the bones
are stacked

449
00:38:08,080 --> 00:38:09,800
on top of each other.

450
00:38:11,320 --> 00:38:14,360
Everything here is bone.

451
00:38:14,360 --> 00:38:16,760
There's actually very
little rock in between there.

452
00:38:16,760 --> 00:38:18,600
It's just a solid mass
of bone material.

453
00:38:18,600 --> 00:38:21,040
<font color="
of just about every size,

454
00:38:21,040 --> 00:38:22,720
just even in this one pocket here.

455
00:38:22,720 --> 00:38:24,800
And they're clearly
all from different individuals,

456
00:38:24,800 --> 00:38:26,080
cos they're all different sizes.

457
00:38:27,040 --> 00:38:30,880
The bones of young and old
are jumbled together.

458
00:38:35,080 --> 00:38:37,640
<font color="

459
00:38:37,640 --> 00:38:39,520
than the team first realised.

460
00:38:40,800 --> 00:38:43,520
You think of the sheer density of
bones

461
00:38:43,520 --> 00:38:46,120
in just this little area
that we've scanned

462
00:38:46,120 --> 00:38:48,200
and then put that together
with the grid mapping

463
00:38:48,200 --> 00:38:49,440
<font color="

464
00:38:49,440 --> 00:38:53,160
..there's something like 100
to 300 bones per square metre.

465
00:38:53,160 --> 00:38:55,400
And then we know the bone bed
goes back into the hill

466
00:38:55,400 --> 00:38:56,840
for another kilometre.

467
00:38:56,840 --> 00:38:58,440
Good for now.

468
00:39:00,040 --> 00:39:02,960
Their findings bring their
<font color="

469
00:39:02,960 --> 00:39:04,360
preserved at the site...

470
00:39:06,120 --> 00:39:08,600
..into the tens of thousands.

471
00:39:11,240 --> 00:39:14,320
To have died in such large numbers,

472
00:39:14,320 --> 00:39:17,560
they must have faced
a catastrophic event.

473
00:39:19,320 --> 00:39:21,480
SAW BUZZES

474
00:39:29,640 --> 00:39:31,000
Looking for answers...

475
00:39:32,080 --> 00:39:36,640
..Emily and Max cut deep into
<font color="

476
00:39:38,840 --> 00:39:40,920
EMILY STRAINS

477
00:39:40,920 --> 00:39:42,480
Tilt it up.

478
00:39:42,480 --> 00:39:45,760
I just want to take a look
at the cross-section.

479
00:39:45,760 --> 00:39:48,760
It reveals a vital clue.

480
00:39:50,600 --> 00:39:52,920
Look at this piece!
All of that black,

481
00:39:52,920 --> 00:39:55,840
it's plant material
<font color="

482
00:39:55,840 --> 00:39:57,800
Something has picked up the mud

483
00:39:57,800 --> 00:40:01,120
and has, like, twisted it with
enough energy

484
00:40:01,120 --> 00:40:02,480
to move the amount of material

485
00:40:02,480 --> 00:40:04,280
and to shred the plants up like
that.

486
00:40:04,280 --> 00:40:05,840
And that's right in with the bones.

487
00:40:09,000 --> 00:40:11,000
And all these swirls in here?

488
00:40:11,000 --> 00:40:14,080
<font color="
that's involved water.

489
00:40:15,480 --> 00:40:17,320
You can see where
it's actually cut down

490
00:40:17,320 --> 00:40:20,680
into the rock underneath it,
like a fossilised wave.

491
00:40:20,680 --> 00:40:23,520
And so this was
a huge energy event.

492
00:40:26,120 --> 00:40:29,800
The evidence all points to one thing.

493
00:40:31,000 --> 00:40:33,320
<font color="

494
00:40:34,800 --> 00:40:37,160
PANICKED BELLOWING

495
00:40:37,160 --> 00:40:40,120
A devastating flash flood...

496
00:40:46,160 --> 00:40:48,240
..triggered by huge storms...

497
00:40:49,680 --> 00:40:51,680
..raging over the mountains.

498
00:41:00,720 --> 00:41:03,200
Water cascades into the valley...

499
00:41:04,840 --> 00:41:07,200
..swelling into an unstoppable
torrent...

500
00:41:09,520 --> 00:41:12,320
..that destroys everything in its
<font color="

501
00:41:27,880 --> 00:41:31,040
DEEP RUMBLING

502
00:41:31,040 --> 00:41:33,400
GRUNTING AND BELLOWING

503
00:41:43,840 --> 00:41:45,280
HE SQUEAKS

504
00:41:47,400 --> 00:41:49,040
As the floodwaters near...

505
00:41:51,240 --> 00:41:53,600
..the herd begins to panic.

506
00:41:58,520 --> 00:42:00,560
Mother and child...

507
00:42:01,760 --> 00:42:05,160
..waiting by each other's side.

508
00:42:05,160 --> 00:42:06,640
ALBIE YOWLS

509
00:42:16,320 --> 00:42:18,040
HE SQUEAKS

510
00:42:18,040 --> 00:42:20,360
<font color="

511
00:42:41,720 --> 00:42:45,440
Little could have withstood
a flood on this scale.

512
00:43:02,240 --> 00:43:05,480
And for Albie and much of his herd...

513
00:43:07,400 --> 00:43:09,680
..it marks a tragic end.

514
00:43:30,200 --> 00:43:32,560
But despite the devastation,

515
00:43:32,560 --> 00:43:36,080
this was perhaps not the end for
them all.

516
00:43:50,040 --> 00:43:53,360
Just under 30 miles
<font color="

517
00:43:53,360 --> 00:43:55,040
Come on, Esther.

518
00:43:56,240 --> 00:43:58,640
..Emily and Jackson

519
00:43:58,640 --> 00:44:02,760
have travelled out into the hills of
Canada's Grande Prairie...

520
00:44:05,040 --> 00:44:08,080
..to investigate an incredible find.

521
00:44:13,040 --> 00:44:16,600
So, there's three sites
that have been identified.

522
00:44:16,600 --> 00:44:19,000
Right.
<font color="

523
00:44:20,080 --> 00:44:22,560
And the other two...

524
00:44:22,560 --> 00:44:24,240
I think there's one over there

525
00:44:24,240 --> 00:44:26,880
and there's one behind us
as well.

526
00:44:32,120 --> 00:44:35,840
Across the area, a series of
fossils has been unearthed...

527
00:44:36,800 --> 00:44:39,840
..that point to an extraordinary
possibility.

528
00:44:42,320 --> 00:44:44,080
<font color="

529
00:44:46,200 --> 00:44:47,840
But absolutely tiny.

530
00:44:47,840 --> 00:44:50,960
That also is from
a very, very small animal.

531
00:44:50,960 --> 00:44:54,000
Like, that, to me, looks like
it's from an animal

532
00:44:54,000 --> 00:44:57,120
that has either just hatched,
like a hatchling,

533
00:44:57,120 --> 00:44:58,880
or is actually still in the egg,

534
00:44:58,880 --> 00:45:00,880
<font color="

535
00:45:00,880 --> 00:45:03,800
An animal this size
has to have been born here.

536
00:45:04,880 --> 00:45:07,880
The young belong to both
pachyrhinosaurus

537
00:45:07,880 --> 00:45:09,920
and Edmontosaurus.

538
00:45:12,880 --> 00:45:15,960
Dinosaurs that were heading
for the same destination.

539
00:45:17,080 --> 00:45:20,640
To me, it's not a coincidence
<font color="

540
00:45:20,640 --> 00:45:25,040
We're only 30 or 40km away
from the site of the flood

541
00:45:25,040 --> 00:45:27,080
so surviving animals could
eventually

542
00:45:27,080 --> 00:45:28,480
have made their way here.

543
00:45:28,480 --> 00:45:30,440
This might have been
the nesting ground

544
00:45:30,440 --> 00:45:33,880
for both of these megaherbivores
<font color="

545
00:45:37,080 --> 00:45:40,840
Emily and Jackson are continuing
to look for more evidence.

546
00:45:44,560 --> 00:45:47,040
But this remarkable discovery...

547
00:45:47,040 --> 00:45:48,440
SQUAWKING

548
00:45:48,440 --> 00:45:50,080
..means that maybe...

549
00:45:55,200 --> 00:45:57,440
..despite all the odds...

550
00:45:58,920 --> 00:46:01,560
..some of the herd did survive...

551
00:46:06,360 --> 00:46:11,480
..continuing on to find another
<font color="

552
00:46:42,480 --> 00:46:44,160
Survivors...

553
00:46:44,160 --> 00:46:45,480
BELLOWS

554
00:46:45,480 --> 00:46:48,920
..with a chance
to pave the way...

555
00:46:52,600 --> 00:46:56,480
..for the next generation
to thrive.

556
00:47:09,480 --> 00:47:11,360
So that one day...

557
00:47:16,360 --> 00:47:19,760
..their herd can rise again.

558
00:47:21,560 --> 00:47:24,120
BELLOWS

559
00:47:33,200 --> 00:47:36,520
<font color="
walk the Earth...

560
00:47:39,080 --> 00:47:40,640
..goes looking...

561
00:47:40,640 --> 00:47:42,040
..for love.

562
00:47:43,440 --> 00:47:44,560
A quest...

563
00:47:45,680 --> 00:47:49,280
..that will become a
life-and-death struggle.