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The war was wreaking havoc in the East
since 1937,
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when Japan invaded China.
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It arrived in Europe
on September 1, 1939,
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when Germany invaded Poland.
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It has gained worldwide scope
on December 7, 1941,
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when the Japanese planes attacked
the US naval base at Pearl Harbor.
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The war affected all continents...
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...and it lasted six years.
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It ended with a new weapon,
for a new era.
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This is the story of the greatest
event in human history
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and these men
they took part in it.
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They witnessed the shootings
and the tragedies of war
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from wherever battles took place.
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Their testimony is an element
from the history of the formation of our world...
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...by those who could pay...
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...and by those who
they couldn't take it anymore...
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...the price of empire.
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WORLD WAR II:
THE PRICE OF EMPIRE
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We will see, in the last episode,
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that the English and American forces
they would cross the Rhine
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and the Red Army to attack
over the eastern border of Germany.
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The defeat of Hitler and the
of the Third Reich was inevitable.
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In the last episode...
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Asian peace would follow
European peace,
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after detonating a new weapon
and scary.
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EPISODE 13:
A THOUSAND SUNS
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On March 28, 1945,
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supreme commander of the Allies,
General Dwight D. Eisenhower,
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acting on his own initiative,
he notified the Soviet leaders
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that his troops will advance
on the Erfurt-Leipzig-Dresden line.
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He conveyed them clearly
that he doesn't want to go to Berlin.
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Delighted, Stalin replied that neither
he did not consider Berlin important.
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Churchill was horrified.
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He argued that,
according to the post-war agreement,
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The allies were going to meet
with the Russians as far east as possible.
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But Churchill's influence,
of Great Britain, was in decline.
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On March 28,
three army groups set out
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towards the line Erfurt-Leipzig-Dresda.
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The British 2nd Army left
bridgehead from Wesel,
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and the 1st and 3rd American Armies
they caught the German 89th Corps at Giessen.
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After four days,
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The American 9th Army made the junction
with the 1st Army at Lippstadt.
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After more than three weeks,
they will meet the Red Army.
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On April 15, after the Ruhr basin
was circled
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Field Marshal Walter Model
he was invited to surrender.
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Model replied that he had tied up
by oath to Hitler
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and that he was excluded
to officially capitulate.
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But he preferred
to disband his army group.
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325,000 German soldiers
were taken prisoners.
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On April 20,
Minister of Propaganda in Berlin
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publicly accused them of treason
on the members of Army Group B.
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Knowing that the Soviets had accused him
already of war crimes,
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Model shot himself in the head.
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Also in April, Nuremberg,
the symbol city of Nazism,
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was conquered by General Patch
and the 7th Army,
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and the American forces
they crossed the Danube.
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On the 25th, American troops
they met with the Soviet ones.
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On the same day, the Red Army
it completely encircled Berlin.
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Hitler declared that Berlin
it was going to be hard to conquer.
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Preparations were made for defense,
but the resources were not exceptional.
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The 12th Army, in the west
of the city, consisted of 12 divisions,
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a motley mix of recruits
untrained, unadapted and veterans.
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3rd Panzer Army,
of von Manteuffel, from the north,
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it consisted of nine divisions,
but none had panzers.
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Around 50 divisions were involved
to defend the capital.
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But they were coming close to them
200 divisions of the Red Army...
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...that scorched the earth
behind them.
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Any war in which men fight
has tragic consequences
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and in the case of women, who are
brutalized, raped and killed.
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No apologist, however inspired,
cannot support
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that they were paying
for their transgressions.
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Germany had 500
brothels for soldiers.
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When the Red Army invaded
in Berlin,
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an estimated 80,000 women
they survived the rapes
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and another 10,000 died,
many of them committing suicide.
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As expected,
these numbers are disputed.
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I walked up the hill
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so I can see better if I am something
movements of the Russians. I didn't see anything.
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And in the valley
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she was a lady, tall and solid,
was collecting laundry.
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He saw me and shouted:
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"Hey, come here! Have you stopped by?"
I told him no.
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- "Then that means you don't know..."
I asked her what she meant.
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He told me that my sister had been raped
savagely by a group of Russian soldiers,
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and the last one had mutilated her
and had thrown it into a canal.
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The Soviet offensive was aimed at
capitulation of Berlin
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before Armindeni, on May 1.
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Soviet troops started
to move on April 12.
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On April 15,
Hitler issued a special order of the day:
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"It's the last time"
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"when our mortal enemies,
the Judeo-Bolsheviks,"
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"they launched their attack
numerous flocks."
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"If every soldier
will do his duty,"
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"Asia's last attack
will be shattered"
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"and Europe will never be
of the Russians."
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No less than 8,983 pieces of artillery
soviets started shooting...
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...and over 6,000,000 men and women
from the Red Army began to advance.
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00:09:15,003 --> 00:09:17,652
In the center was the 1st Belorussian Front,
Zhukov's
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00:09:17,869 --> 00:09:20,122
to the south, the 1st Ukrainian Front,
of Konev,
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to the north, the 2nd Belorussian Front,
of Rokossovsky.
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They were all competing
to get their hands on the prize.
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Zhukov's offensive began
when 140 projectors
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handled by female soldiers
they blinded the enemies.
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But the front line would be
mostly abandoned.
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In the city, almost 10,000 Germans
were hanged for treason,
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many even by the lampposts.
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On April 20,
Hitler turned 56 years old.
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He decorated for bravery
some members of the Nazi Youth,
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then he went to the bunker found
16.5 m below the chancellery garden.
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It was the last time he went in there.
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I entered Berlin.
The battle was fierce.
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But we fought
to reach the Reichstag.
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As we progressed,
we also helped the infantry to advance.
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Many of our tanks caught fire.
I somehow managed to escape unharmed.
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I only had a small wound on my leg.
A scratch.
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That's it, nothing else.
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And then... I conquered Berlin.
The war was over.
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Now, finally, after so many years
of toil, blood, tears and sweat,
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Germany's defeat comes
at its peak with the fall of Berlin.
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On the 28th, Hitler found out
that Heinrich Himmler had arranged
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in Italy
the start of armistice negotiations.
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Marshal Göring,
who had gone south,
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conveyed to Hitler
that if the Führer is stuck in Berlin,
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maybe he should take over
leadership of the German state.
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Hitler ordered that Göring and Himmler
to be degraded and arrested.
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He also ordered the SS general to be shot
Hermann Fegelein. That's how it was.
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He had tried to flee Berlin
dressed in civilian clothes.
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Hitler then married his sister-in-law
of Fegelein, Eva Braun,
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and drew up his personal will
and political, in which he explained:
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"I wish to have the same fate
like millions of other people,"
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"so I will stay in this town."
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"Besides, I don't want to
to fall into the hands of enemies,"
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"who want to delight
hate mobs"
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"through a new show,
staged by Jews."
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On April 30, after testing
he poisoned Blondi, his beloved bitch,
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Hitler and his new wife
they bit into cyanide capsules
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and then him, to be sure
that he was dying, he shot himself in the temple.
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The Red Army was 200 m away.
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"We have a news to deliver
of utmost importance",
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the announcer said into the chords
Bruckner's 7th Symphony,
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as with the fall of Stalingrad.
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With a grave voice,
the announcer continued...
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"I received news from the chancellery
that our Führer, Adolf Hitler,"
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"fighting against Bolshevism
until the last breath"
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"fell this afternoon
for the country in his office."
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Mrs. Goebbels killed herself
the six children
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then she and her husband committed suicide.
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The next day the Reichstag fell,
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and on the roof it started
to wave the red flag.
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We entered Berlin and were guided
straight towards the Reichstag.
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I saw an old soldier,
with a mustache, in a cart.
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I asked who it was. "Goebbels."
I laughed, thinking he was joking.
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I read in the newspaper the next day
that indeed Goebbels was.
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General Helmuth Weidling,
garrison commander,
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he taught the city
in the hands of the victors.
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The battle for Berlin brought them
the Russians over 300,000 losses.
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It probably brought them just as much
and the Germans,
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without reckoning
the 480,000 prisoners,
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among the soldiers who failed
to take it west
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to surrender to the Americans,
the British and the French,
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from which they expected
to gentler behavior.
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Then the landscape changed and so did Berlin
he transformed. It turned white.
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You could see hanging white objects
at the windows, at the balconies, everywhere.
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Sheets or pillowcases,
you could see everything.
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The Berliners chose to lay down their arms.
Women and children took to the streets.
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I found out with joy
the capitulation of Berlin, on May 2.
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The joy was indescribable
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and grew
when I heard about the victory.
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The Germans were physically prepared
and mentally to capitulate.
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I seem to see the white flags,
the endless columns of prisoners...
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The members of the Grand Alliance were meeting
now all over the front line.
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Montgomery and Rokossovsky
they met in Wismar, Wittenberg.
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And on May 4, Montgomery received
unconditional surrender
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of all the forces in the northwest
Germany, Denmark and the Netherlands.
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At the barracks I received orders
let's get up
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We were used to this routine:
"Stand up! Attention! To arms flight-march!"
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It was very simple.
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But then I only heard: "Stand up!"
No order to arms! Nothing!
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We got up. We didn't know what to do.
We had no idea why they woke us up.
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I was in a small town.
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When we looked out the window,
I saw the streets full of soldiers.
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Everyone was shouting, laughing, hugging.
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"What happened?" "I won!"
"The war is over!"
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00:17:47,662 --> 00:17:52,478
We all enjoyed it. We were like brothers.
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00:17:52,678 --> 00:17:59,794
The kisses and hugs
they kept like that until 9 in the evening.
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00:18:01,502 --> 00:18:06,306
On May 7, the Germans signed
unconditional surrender.
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00:18:07,758 --> 00:18:11,127
Before May 7, all their partners
from the Axis, except for one,
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they had crossed over to the other camp.
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00:18:13,472 --> 00:18:16,393
Hungary, Romania, Italy,
they fought alongside the Allies
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00:18:16,593 --> 00:18:18,580
when Berlin capitulated.
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00:18:19,265 --> 00:18:23,500
Only Japan was still opposed
United Nations.
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00:18:24,072 --> 00:18:26,742
Churchill and Harry Truman,
Roosevelt's successor
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00:18:26,972 --> 00:18:31,582
they were ready to declare May 7
as a day of victory in Europe.
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00:18:31,943 --> 00:18:34,216
Not their Soviet allies.
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00:18:34,446 --> 00:18:37,934
They insisted on a ceremony
separate from the capitulation in Moscow.
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That's why
Victory Day became May 8.
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00:18:46,864 --> 00:18:49,515
The war in the west was over.
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00:18:57,219 --> 00:18:59,957
Prisoners of war
they were released.
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00:19:01,363 --> 00:19:06,742
I was in the camp
when suddenly a tank appeared.
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00:19:09,039 --> 00:19:14,019
Then I noticed he was turning,
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00:19:14,305 --> 00:19:20,725
heads for the camp barrier
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00:19:21,171 --> 00:19:23,894
and breaks it to pieces.
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00:19:26,290 --> 00:19:27,905
The prison gates...
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00:19:31,731 --> 00:19:36,792
...they opened
and I saw a Briton, I say...
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00:19:37,757 --> 00:19:42,263
...standing up
and waving.
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00:19:46,275 --> 00:19:48,770
The end of the war had come
and for us.
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00:19:50,945 --> 00:19:53,147
In the West, the war was over.
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00:19:53,499 --> 00:19:59,625
Jews who had been hidden for years could also come out
along with brave compatriots.
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00:19:59,927 --> 00:20:02,623
The day of departure has arrived.
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00:20:02,904 --> 00:20:06,261
The host's boy went to the piggy bank,
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00:20:07,052 --> 00:20:12,254
he took out 100 guilders from there
and he gave it to me.
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00:20:13,506 --> 00:20:20,006
"For the train, bus or whatever
he needed Don't forget to write to me."
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00:20:25,429 --> 00:20:27,071
And...
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00:20:28,745 --> 00:20:32,174
This is what I did all my life, I wrote.
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00:20:55,015 --> 00:20:57,460
The war in the West was over.
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00:20:57,703 --> 00:21:00,949
They were arrested
160,000 collaborators,
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00:21:01,266 --> 00:21:03,035
and 1,000 were executed.
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00:21:03,325 --> 00:21:07,027
Most of the soldiers have gone
at their homes.
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00:21:07,969 --> 00:21:10,916
It was an indescribable joy.
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00:21:11,316 --> 00:21:15,811
But as we were very tired,
I didn't celebrate like crazy.
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00:21:16,267 --> 00:21:21,451
We breathed a sigh of relief
that the war was over.
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00:21:30,437 --> 00:21:33,466
But the war was not over
and in the East.
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00:21:46,366 --> 00:21:52,379
In March, Tokyo had been bombed
five times. There had been 87,793 victims,
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00:21:53,168 --> 00:21:56,903
and the surface of the city
had been destroyed on 38 km2.
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00:22:03,186 --> 00:22:08,457
On April 1, the Americans arrived
on the largest of the Ryukyu Islands,
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00:22:08,757 --> 00:22:11,128
archipelago stretching from Taiwan
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00:22:11,352 --> 00:22:14,456
to Kyushu,
the southernmost main island.
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00:22:14,749 --> 00:22:17,637
They had landed on Okinawa.
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00:22:22,729 --> 00:22:24,237
I attacked on May 1st.
230
00:22:24,476 --> 00:22:29,672
I was just entering the book,
from 04:00 to 08:00 in the morning.
231
00:22:30,231 --> 00:22:33,960
when you're playing cards
I'm coming to call you.
232
00:22:34,203 --> 00:22:37,027
Because you are not allowed to move,
you don't have an alarm clock...
233
00:22:37,422 --> 00:22:39,937
But if you don't mind,
you messed it up.
234
00:22:42,837 --> 00:22:47,226
For the invasion of Okinawa,
430 ships were loaded
235
00:22:47,482 --> 00:22:50,081
in 11 ports,
from Seattle to Leyte.
236
00:22:54,081 --> 00:22:57,367
On April 1st,
1,300 ships gathered at sea.
237
00:22:57,683 --> 00:23:01,624
General Simon Bolivar Buckner Jr,
with 50,000 men, the 10th Army,
238
00:23:01,838 --> 00:23:04,845
he reached the shore without meeting
too much resistance.
239
00:23:07,049 --> 00:23:10,695
General Ushijima,
commander of the Japanese 32nd Army,
240
00:23:10,938 --> 00:23:14,951
he had concentrated his forces
south of the Shuri line.
241
00:23:19,422 --> 00:23:21,756
A few minutes after 04:00...
242
00:23:27,182 --> 00:23:29,549
It hit the ship's superstructure.
243
00:23:30,626 --> 00:23:35,464
I haven't seen anything.
We were at the stern.
244
00:23:36,524 --> 00:23:38,779
At the bow, everything was still fine.
245
00:23:42,444 --> 00:23:47,460
In the following days, the Japanese launched
kamikaze attacks on the invading fleet,
246
00:23:47,697 --> 00:23:52,195
attacks that have not moderated at all
in the weeks that followed.
247
00:23:55,257 --> 00:24:02,222
At the end of the Okinawa campaign,
the suicide of 1,465 kamikaze
248
00:24:02,488 --> 00:24:05,488
he had ended up diving
of 29 ships...
249
00:24:07,709 --> 00:24:13,014
...the damage of 120 ships
and the killing of 3,048 sailors.
250
00:24:17,065 --> 00:24:19,374
We had been attacked by a kamikaze.
251
00:24:19,777 --> 00:24:24,496
I found his body with a parachute on.
I didn't understand what they would be used for.
252
00:24:25,116 --> 00:24:29,113
He could probably catapult himself
if we hit him first.
253
00:24:30,039 --> 00:24:33,225
I'm going to tell you something, although it's hard for me.
254
00:24:33,981 --> 00:24:36,698
He did his duty. And still good.
255
00:24:38,504 --> 00:24:42,288
I was shooting at planes, but I don't know
if I hit one, because...
256
00:24:42,852 --> 00:24:45,545
the sky was lit
of tracer projectiles.
257
00:24:46,985 --> 00:24:50,287
I could see them collapsing,
but I didn't know because of whom.
258
00:24:51,364 --> 00:24:53,188
Over time, as I got older,
259
00:24:53,633 --> 00:24:56,668
I realized it wasn't
nothing personal to kamikaze.
260
00:24:56,965 --> 00:24:59,048
He just did his duty.
261
00:25:06,524 --> 00:25:10,306
On April 9, the invading forces
Americans began the offensive
262
00:25:10,525 --> 00:25:14,307
against the Shuri line,
which was carefully fortified.
263
00:25:16,794 --> 00:25:20,314
The fighting was fierce,
and progress was made difficult.
264
00:25:23,516 --> 00:25:27,091
The Americans conquered Okinawa at
north of Shuri, without much resistance.
265
00:25:27,436 --> 00:25:31,062
And on April 20,
they also conquered the Motobu peninsula.
266
00:25:32,366 --> 00:25:37,550
But it was only at the end of it
defeat the Japanese resistance in the south as well.
267
00:25:42,750 --> 00:25:45,350
Naha, the capital of Okinawa,
was conquered on May 27,
268
00:25:45,668 --> 00:25:49,510
and the Shuri castle, essential
for the defensive line, on May 29.
269
00:25:53,309 --> 00:25:55,750
On June 18,
when victory was near
270
00:25:56,019 --> 00:26:00,728
General Buckner Jr was killed
by a shell that exploded in the air.
271
00:26:01,742 --> 00:26:05,920
It was the American military
the highest in rank fallen in battle.
272
00:26:06,768 --> 00:26:10,806
To the amazement of Americans, who do not
they had seen something like this before in the Pacific,
273
00:26:11,106 --> 00:26:16,156
the Japanese began to surrender,
being with morale on the ground.
274
00:26:19,090 --> 00:26:24,104
On June 22,
General Ushijima committed suicide.
275
00:26:27,582 --> 00:26:30,366
Victim lists
they were absolutely catastrophic.
276
00:26:31,750 --> 00:26:36,043
The Japanese had
over 110,000 losses...
277
00:26:37,517 --> 00:26:42,210
The Americans had 40,000 dead
in battle and almost 10,000 more...
278
00:26:44,911 --> 00:26:46,703
...because of the kamikaze pilots.
279
00:26:49,353 --> 00:26:53,085
It is only part of the price paid
for the conquest of the Pacific.
280
00:26:58,985 --> 00:27:03,946
It was hard to watch.
Those memories are not pleasant.
281
00:27:08,146 --> 00:27:10,708
I don't blame anyone.
282
00:27:11,687 --> 00:27:14,493
But no one knows what you're going through.
283
00:27:17,050 --> 00:27:22,489
Please excuse me, I am usual
a cheerful guy, quite thoughtful.
284
00:27:25,489 --> 00:27:30,509
The US used the losses in Okinawa
to anticipate the loss rate
285
00:27:30,721 --> 00:27:33,122
in the case of the invasion of Japan.
286
00:27:34,307 --> 00:27:37,252
According to estimates,
if he had conquered Kyushu, the first island,
287
00:27:37,470 --> 00:27:41,526
The USA would have had 268,000 victims.
288
00:27:43,290 --> 00:27:48,346
That means twice as many victims
than in the whole war until then.
289
00:27:49,987 --> 00:27:54,876
That number weighed heavily
in the discussion about the next stage:
290
00:27:55,177 --> 00:27:57,393
using a new weapon.
291
00:27:57,761 --> 00:28:01,120
The leaders of the Grand Alliance
they met in Potsdam.
292
00:28:01,542 --> 00:28:03,948
But not the ones we know.
293
00:28:04,439 --> 00:28:07,301
Now Harry Truman
he was the president of the USA.
294
00:28:07,538 --> 00:28:10,379
By the end of the conference,
in july
295
00:28:10,733 --> 00:28:13,891
Winston Churchill would disappear
from the group.
296
00:28:14,403 --> 00:28:18,829
In the 1945 election,
Churchill and his party
297
00:28:19,086 --> 00:28:21,716
they would be decisively defeated.
298
00:28:22,227 --> 00:28:28,209
Mr. Atlee summarized the situation,
as the future prime minister sees it.
299
00:28:28,601 --> 00:28:34,204
Resounding victory for Labour
it shows us that the country is ready
300
00:28:34,607 --> 00:28:39,064
to adopt a new policy, with which
to face the new situation in the world.
301
00:28:47,046 --> 00:28:53,151
The Potsdam Agreement, the last one
agreed by the members of the Grand Coalition,
302
00:28:53,602 --> 00:28:56,284
divided Europe
on spheres of influence.
303
00:28:56,603 --> 00:29:02,239
After not even a year, Churchill would
describe the consequences of the agreement as follows...
304
00:29:04,239 --> 00:29:08,755
"...an iron curtain came down
throughout Europe."
305
00:29:09,106 --> 00:29:11,786
"Beyond her
all the capitals are located"
306
00:29:11,986 --> 00:29:14,775
"the old states of Central Europe
and from the East:"
307
00:29:15,075 --> 00:29:18,314
"Warsaw, Berlin,
Prague, Vienna, Budapest,"
308
00:29:18,529 --> 00:29:21,128
"Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia."
309
00:29:21,729 --> 00:29:25,828
And he could add the cities of Ukraine,
Belarus and the Baltic States,
310
00:29:26,080 --> 00:29:29,812
which had not always been a part
from the Russian Empire.
311
00:29:34,715 --> 00:29:38,672
At Potsdam, the leaders had
the opportunity to agree on a peace
312
00:29:38,972 --> 00:29:41,973
characterized by compassion
and collaboration.
313
00:29:45,773 --> 00:29:50,230
But they replaced the conflagration
world with the Cold War.
314
00:29:52,030 --> 00:29:55,216
For them, the main priority was
to convince the USSR
315
00:29:55,416 --> 00:29:57,904
to enter the war
against Japan.
316
00:29:58,604 --> 00:30:03,116
The price they were ready to pay
pay was temporary employment
317
00:30:03,419 --> 00:30:05,294
of Eastern European countries,
318
00:30:05,594 --> 00:30:09,351
occupation that extended however
until 1990.
319
00:30:11,391 --> 00:30:15,183
The signatories from Potsdam summoned
Japan to surrender:
320
00:30:15,533 --> 00:30:19,913
"If not, the destruction of Japan
it will be immediate and total."
321
00:30:20,927 --> 00:30:24,377
They knew very well that on July 16,
322
00:30:24,577 --> 00:30:30,733
the first atomic bomb had been detonated
in Alamogordo, New Mexico.
323
00:30:32,249 --> 00:30:35,871
Among the scientists who worked
there were also eight refugees at the project
324
00:30:36,071 --> 00:30:38,139
from the Nazi persecution.
325
00:30:47,139 --> 00:30:50,504
When the scientist Robert Oppenheimer
saw the explosion
326
00:30:50,704 --> 00:30:53,970
he quoted from a holy book
of Hindus:
327
00:30:54,470 --> 00:31:00,487
"If the light of a thousand suns
would suddenly explode in the sky..."
328
00:31:05,312 --> 00:31:08,167
The decision to use or not
the new superbomb belonged to him
329
00:31:08,367 --> 00:31:11,691
supreme commander,
Harry S. Truman.
330
00:31:20,691 --> 00:31:26,420
Back then, I was going to school
every day, even on weekends.
331
00:31:28,820 --> 00:31:32,639
We were told that the soldiers at the front
they didn't have Saturday or Sunday off,
332
00:31:32,839 --> 00:31:35,539
so we didn't have either
I went to school every day.
333
00:31:38,139 --> 00:31:43,496
The morning assembly was beginning
at 08:20. I was waiting in the classroom.
334
00:31:44,802 --> 00:31:50,177
But the plane came at 08:15,
when people may or may not be at home.
335
00:31:51,903 --> 00:31:56,372
Truman ordered that "the first bomb
special" to be discarded
336
00:31:56,632 --> 00:31:59,237
when weather conditions allow,
at the beginning of August.
337
00:31:59,450 --> 00:32:03,672
Therefore, on August 6,
the B-29 "Enola Gay" dropped
338
00:32:03,889 --> 00:32:07,116
the bomb christened "The Little Boy"
from 9,600 m altitude.
339
00:32:07,516 --> 00:32:10,911
The bomb detonated at 575 m
above the city
340
00:32:11,211 --> 00:32:14,753
and generated an explosion
which reached 300,000 °C,
341
00:32:15,051 --> 00:32:17,547
price of 100 microseconds.
342
00:32:19,162 --> 00:32:25,062
There was a deafening noise and a flash
bluish, or bright white.
343
00:32:26,762 --> 00:32:29,600
The purpose of the bomb had not been
to blow up a city
344
00:32:30,000 --> 00:32:31,900
but to make him one with the earth.
345
00:32:33,100 --> 00:32:40,300
A loud roar was heard
and the school collapsed.
346
00:32:42,400 --> 00:32:44,900
I was trapped under the rubble.
347
00:32:46,700 --> 00:32:52,300
More and more debris was falling on top of me
and I felt my body crushed.
348
00:32:52,500 --> 00:32:59,600
I was thinking: "Help me! I'm going to die!"
Then I passed out.
349
00:32:59,800 --> 00:33:06,600
Many of my friends died because of it
radiation or buried alive.
350
00:33:08,000 --> 00:33:11,600
It was a miracle that I didn't die too.
351
00:33:15,400 --> 00:33:18,100
After a while,
I recovered from fainting.
352
00:33:18,300 --> 00:33:20,100
I was surrounded by darkness.
353
00:33:20,700 --> 00:33:27,500
Despite the bright summer sun,
everything was black as pitch.
354
00:33:30,500 --> 00:33:34,800
I then heard my friends
remained alive under the rubble
355
00:33:35,000 --> 00:33:39,600
whining and screaming: "Mother!
Dad! It hurts me! Help me!"
356
00:33:43,200 --> 00:33:49,900
From two classes of about 60 students,
only four or five survived.
357
00:33:51,900 --> 00:33:57,000
100,000 people died
and up to 100,000 were contaminated.
358
00:33:57,300 --> 00:34:02,000
Harry Truman said he was
"the greatest discovery in history".
359
00:34:05,400 --> 00:34:09,700
Although no one knew if this
it would actually shorten the war.
360
00:34:12,500 --> 00:34:18,000
When I was close to home
the fire reached behind me again.
361
00:34:18,200 --> 00:34:20,900
If I didn't run away,
it would have included me too.
362
00:34:23,500 --> 00:34:27,400
There was a bridge over the river, the Tsurumi Bridge.
It was a wooden bridge,
363
00:34:27,600 --> 00:34:30,800
and because of the shock wave,
he had fallen into the water.
364
00:34:31,000 --> 00:34:33,900
I had to swim across the river.
365
00:34:34,100 --> 00:34:40,900
Many were carried downstream. They had jumped into the river
of thirst, heat or had burns.
366
00:34:41,750 --> 00:34:45,750
It became an infernal river,
like all the others in the area.
367
00:34:45,950 --> 00:34:52,250
All those who were burned had jumped into the water
and they were crying for help.
368
00:34:53,350 --> 00:34:56,550
But I had nothing to do.
369
00:34:59,850 --> 00:35:04,550
Despite the attack, Japan did not
commented on the Potsdam declaration.
370
00:35:04,950 --> 00:35:07,950
Then Truman ordered
to execute the second attack.
371
00:35:14,650 --> 00:35:17,550
What you see is the explosion
atomic bomb from Nagasaki.
372
00:35:17,850 --> 00:35:21,250
The filming was done from a
B-29 plane from many miles away.
373
00:35:24,550 --> 00:35:28,050
The "Fat Man" has been detonated
over the city of Nagasaki.
374
00:35:29,850 --> 00:35:33,250
According to the Americans,
35,000 people died.
375
00:35:33,550 --> 00:35:38,850
According to Nagasaki authorities,
74,800 died.
376
00:35:48,650 --> 00:35:51,150
On the day of the bombing
the city of Nagasaki...
377
00:35:54,450 --> 00:35:59,650
...The Trans-Baikal Front and the 2nd Far Eastern Front
of the Red Army invaded Manchuria.
378
00:35:59,894 --> 00:36:03,394
Front 1 Far East
departed from Vladivostok.
379
00:36:05,594 --> 00:36:08,294
It was the morning of August 9.
380
00:36:10,594 --> 00:36:16,394
All morning
it had been stiflingly hot.
381
00:36:17,794 --> 00:36:21,994
Then I saw a flame
and the house next to me blew up.
382
00:36:22,194 --> 00:36:25,394
We were being attacked by tanks.
383
00:36:25,694 --> 00:36:31,094
They were approaching, raising the cannon a little
and then you saw a flame.
384
00:36:31,694 --> 00:36:39,594
That morning, August 9,
I was 190.
385
00:36:39,794 --> 00:36:46,194
At lunch, there were only 50 of us left.
The others had died during the attack.
386
00:36:49,294 --> 00:36:54,394
I didn't think we could go any further
ever a normal life.
387
00:36:54,594 --> 00:36:58,394
We were ordered
to leave the guns and bayonets,
388
00:36:58,594 --> 00:37:02,094
then all the bombs and grenades.
389
00:37:02,294 --> 00:37:05,244
We had to give it all
from hand to hand.
390
00:37:05,444 --> 00:37:10,544
They put us in a fenced area
and they said to us: "This is your camp, prisoners."
391
00:37:15,944 --> 00:37:22,844
During the Manchurian campaign,
the Russians took 674,000 prisoners.
392
00:37:23,044 --> 00:37:26,244
Only half of them
they survived captivity.
393
00:37:28,544 --> 00:37:32,344
To the Japanese who had settled
in Manchuria they had been promised
394
00:37:32,644 --> 00:37:37,344
"wild fields, untouched by man,
ready to receive residents"...
395
00:37:39,444 --> 00:37:42,044
But 67,000 starved to death,
396
00:37:42,244 --> 00:37:46,844
and 11,000 died
because of the revenge of the Chinese.
397
00:37:50,544 --> 00:37:54,844
When the Supreme War Council
met in Tokyo on August 9,
398
00:37:55,044 --> 00:38:00,544
those who campaigned for peace were
in conflict with the camp that wanted war.
399
00:38:01,744 --> 00:38:07,844
But the dilemma was resolved rather
the Russian invasion, not Hiroshima.
400
00:38:09,144 --> 00:38:12,144
On August 10,
the day after the Soviet invasion,
401
00:38:12,444 --> 00:38:15,644
the Japanese sent a Morse signal
402
00:38:15,844 --> 00:38:18,644
as if they were accepting requests
agreed at Potsdam,
403
00:38:18,844 --> 00:38:25,444
provided it does not affect in any way
the role and sovereignty of the emperor.
404
00:38:27,544 --> 00:38:31,244
On August 11,
Japan received the Allies' answer.
405
00:38:31,544 --> 00:38:35,844
On August 14, the emperor ordered
to accept the conditions
406
00:38:36,044 --> 00:38:40,944
and recorded the message he had
to be broadcast to the people on the radio the next day.
407
00:38:42,544 --> 00:38:45,144
His subjects had not heard his voice again.
408
00:38:45,444 --> 00:38:48,444
Now they had the chance
to hear Hirohito.
409
00:38:51,044 --> 00:38:57,644
"The war has not evolved
precisely to Japan's advantage."
410
00:38:59,944 --> 00:39:06,144
"Therefore, our empire accepts
the clauses of the joint declaration."
411
00:39:10,144 --> 00:39:13,444
Hirohito did not specify about
what joint declaration is it.
412
00:39:13,744 --> 00:39:15,444
When he finished his speech,
413
00:39:15,644 --> 00:39:21,244
a famous announcer explained
that this means the end of the war.
414
00:39:21,644 --> 00:39:23,744
People went home
and they waited.
415
00:39:24,044 --> 00:39:25,644
In a post-war survey,
416
00:39:25,944 --> 00:39:30,344
only 4% of Japanese believed
that they will be treated humanely.
417
00:39:30,544 --> 00:39:33,144
The others believed
what they had been told:
418
00:39:33,444 --> 00:39:37,844
to expect starvation,
torture and death.
419
00:39:42,144 --> 00:39:47,744
At dawn on August 28,
45 US C-47 transport aircraft
420
00:39:48,044 --> 00:39:50,844
they were arriving at the air base
from Atsugi.
421
00:39:51,344 --> 00:39:54,844
American Colonel Charles Tench
he stepped on the track.
422
00:39:55,244 --> 00:40:00,744
He was the first conqueror in history
who set foot on Japanese soil.
423
00:40:02,034 --> 00:40:05,934
At the end of the war, the soldiers
Americans threw candy at us.
424
00:40:06,134 --> 00:40:10,034
I didn't have much to eat,
so we caught them like beggars.
425
00:40:15,034 --> 00:40:16,834
When I had nothing to eat
426
00:40:17,034 --> 00:40:20,034
we were going to the american trucks,
because the soldiers kept throwing us food.
427
00:40:20,234 --> 00:40:24,034
I was crawling like a beggar
and we ate them.
428
00:40:33,534 --> 00:40:35,534
On deck
the American battleship Missouri,
429
00:40:35,734 --> 00:40:39,534
six years since Hitler
launched the invasion of Poland,
430
00:40:39,934 --> 00:40:42,734
General MacArthur summoned him
General Wainwright,
431
00:40:42,934 --> 00:40:45,534
who had surrendered in the Philippines,
432
00:40:45,834 --> 00:40:50,034
and General Percival,
who had done the same in Singapore.
433
00:40:50,434 --> 00:40:52,234
They both stood by him
434
00:40:52,534 --> 00:40:56,934
while accepting the surrender
unconditional of the Japanese Empire.
435
00:41:02,134 --> 00:41:04,934
War in the Far East
it was over.
436
00:41:05,234 --> 00:41:11,534
After eight years of fighting, the Japanese have them
released all Chinese prisoners of war.
437
00:41:13,834 --> 00:41:16,134
All 56 of them.
438
00:41:16,634 --> 00:41:21,834
The prisoners were also released
allies who had survived.
439
00:41:22,834 --> 00:41:27,634
Four corvettes of the Australian Navy
they entered the port.
440
00:41:28,234 --> 00:41:32,834
I still see them now and then
how they were entering the bay to retrieve us.
441
00:41:33,234 --> 00:41:37,434
But at that moment
there were only 101 left.
442
00:41:40,234 --> 00:41:45,234
I was on a ship that was taking us home,
I don't remember what it was called.
443
00:41:45,734 --> 00:41:51,234
And on the ship I heard Bing Crosby
singing "Don't fence me in" ("Nu ma opri").
444
00:41:53,434 --> 00:41:55,334
I'm not fooling you.
445
00:41:59,434 --> 00:42:06,334
Oh, give me land, lots of land
under starry skies above
446
00:42:06,734 --> 00:42:09,034
Don't fence me in...
447
00:42:09,234 --> 00:42:12,234
Those who had fought
they could go home now.
448
00:42:12,634 --> 00:42:19,534
...wide open country that I love
Don't fence me in...
449
00:42:20,134 --> 00:42:23,834
Dad kept praising me, standing at the door.
450
00:42:24,034 --> 00:42:28,434
Then I asked him where my mother was.
451
00:42:28,634 --> 00:42:31,934
I dreamed at one point
that he had died.
452
00:42:32,134 --> 00:42:37,734
In Siberia, in September,
I had dreamed of my mother.
453
00:42:37,934 --> 00:42:40,134
I didn't know then that he had died.
454
00:42:40,334 --> 00:42:47,834
When I asked him where he was, my father left
looked down and muttered something.
455
00:42:48,034 --> 00:42:51,734
I asked him if he died
and he answered yes.
456
00:42:51,934 --> 00:42:54,034
The news saddened me deeply.
457
00:42:55,713 --> 00:43:00,313
I couldn't control my tears anymore.
I decided to make him a tomb.
458
00:43:00,813 --> 00:43:05,713
I prepared incense and flowers
and I gave them to my sister.
459
00:43:12,013 --> 00:43:15,813
Peace was established,
after the most destructive war in the world.
460
00:43:16,113 --> 00:43:17,313
It's Victory Day in Japan.
461
00:43:17,613 --> 00:43:21,113
We celebrate the victory
in the second half of the war.
462
00:43:21,613 --> 00:43:27,013
I got off the tram with my backpack
behind, dressed in military uniform.
463
00:43:27,313 --> 00:43:28,713
I had been gone for two years.
464
00:43:29,013 --> 00:43:31,613
I saw my sister
with her baby
465
00:43:31,913 --> 00:43:33,913
and with my dog by my side.
466
00:43:34,213 --> 00:43:36,513
He rushed her away from her
and came running to me
467
00:43:36,813 --> 00:43:41,013
and my sister started apologizing:
"I'm sorry, he hasn't done that before."
468
00:43:41,213 --> 00:43:45,213
"My dog is good."
But the dog had climbed all over me.
469
00:43:45,413 --> 00:43:50,313
I burst into tears. My sister has me
recognized only when he approached.
470
00:43:50,613 --> 00:43:55,613
But my dog recognized me immediately.
I was back home and I was happy.
471
00:43:58,713 --> 00:44:01,213
The biggest event
from the history of humanity
472
00:44:01,413 --> 00:44:03,713
has grown to such great proportions,
473
00:44:03,913 --> 00:44:07,213
so that it is difficult for us to understand
how expensive it was.
474
00:44:12,013 --> 00:44:16,213
It is all the more difficult for us to understand
the huge number of human victims.
475
00:44:20,113 --> 00:44:23,813
For every two people
that the US lost in the war,
476
00:44:24,113 --> 00:44:30,013
the british empire lost three,
Japan, 12,
477
00:44:30,213 --> 00:44:36,813
Germany, 22, and the USSR, 184.
478
00:44:39,413 --> 00:44:45,413
Overall, to the best approximation,
The USSR probably had 27,000,000 dead,
479
00:44:46,013 --> 00:44:49,513
and China, over 20,000,000.
480
00:44:50,913 --> 00:44:54,513
No one can calculate precisely
the total number of victims.
481
00:44:55,013 --> 00:44:59,113
But it is certainly overshadowed
of the large number of lives not lost,
482
00:44:59,413 --> 00:45:05,613
but of the irreparably affected lives
of an incomprehensible war from statistics.
483
00:45:11,413 --> 00:45:16,013
I don't speak for the military,
but about what I did.
484
00:45:23,213 --> 00:45:27,613
I just described the big picture
and the way we progressed.
485
00:45:27,813 --> 00:45:35,413
But the individual battles...
with bayonets, with hand grenades,
486
00:45:35,613 --> 00:45:37,813
...this means war.
487
00:45:38,965 --> 00:45:40,665
This means war.
488
00:46:07,965 --> 00:46:10,665
For a long time,
the colors on the map showed
489
00:46:10,965 --> 00:46:13,665
the sovereignty of a nation
on another.
490
00:46:13,965 --> 00:46:17,765
The world map is now made up of a
lot of patches of different colors.
491
00:46:18,365 --> 00:46:21,465
Vast colonial empires
they disappeared
492
00:46:22,265 --> 00:46:25,665
The great maritime empires,
Spain, Portugal, France,
493
00:46:25,865 --> 00:46:28,565
Netherlands, Great Britain,
they are all gone.
494
00:46:28,965 --> 00:46:30,465
But why?
495
00:46:34,965 --> 00:46:39,665
Empires are acquired, conquered
for trade, resources, territories
496
00:46:39,965 --> 00:46:44,465
and because of a conceit of which
all the imperialists testify.
497
00:46:46,065 --> 00:46:50,965
Consider that their cultural traits
and political are superior
498
00:46:51,965 --> 00:46:55,665
and then I can plant them
and in other societies.
499
00:46:58,865 --> 00:47:02,465
Such "superiority" is to blame
for World War II.
500
00:47:04,665 --> 00:47:10,165
Two imperial dreams drove
two peoples at war.
501
00:47:11,965 --> 00:47:16,465
The Japanese and German empires
they extended out of the way.
502
00:47:18,665 --> 00:47:21,665
But they also fell into ruins.
503
00:47:25,665 --> 00:47:31,065
Their collapse meant extinction
the old imperial system.
504
00:47:33,665 --> 00:47:37,665
The price of empire
can be quantified in money,
505
00:47:38,165 --> 00:47:42,965
but it also assumes values
which are not financial at all.
506
00:47:43,865 --> 00:47:47,565
The terrible convulsions brought on
of World War II,
507
00:47:48,665 --> 00:47:53,165
totally infected with the virus of racism,
508
00:47:54,165 --> 00:47:58,465
they allowed people to see
that independence and identity
509
00:47:59,170 --> 00:48:02,270
they are values that do not disappear.
510
00:48:04,070 --> 00:48:09,870
"To rob, to kill, to steal,
that's what empire means"...
511
00:48:12,070 --> 00:48:16,570
...wrote the Roman historian Tacitus
2,000 years ago.
512
00:48:17,470 --> 00:48:20,470
Those who could have been received
like liberators
513
00:48:20,770 --> 00:48:23,470
were hated
proving to be only conquerors.
514
00:48:23,770 --> 00:48:27,070
They called their conquests "empire"
515
00:48:27,970 --> 00:48:30,470
and they paid for this mistake.
516
00:48:33,270 --> 00:48:38,270
Root: Viasat History
Trans-synchro: vonRichthofen
Subs.ro Team @ www.subs.ro