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The war was wreaking havoc in the East
since 1937,
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00:00:09,120 --> 00:00:11,460
when Japan invaded China.
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00:00:12,780 --> 00:00:15,980
It arrived in Europe
on September 1, 1939,
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00:00:16,180 --> 00:00:18,460
when Germany invaded Poland.
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00:00:19,460 --> 00:00:23,320
It has gained worldwide scope
on December 7, 1941,
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when the Japanese planes attacked
the US naval base at Pearl Harbor.
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The war affected all continents...
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...and it lasted six years.
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It ended with a new weapon,
for a new era.
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This is the story of the greatest
event in human history
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and these men
they took part in it.
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They witnessed the shootings
and the tragedies of war
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from wherever battles took place.
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Their testimony is an element
from the history of the formation of our world...
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...by those who could pay...
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...and by those who
they couldn't take it anymore...
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...the price of empire.
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WORLD WAR II:
THE PRICE OF EMPIRE
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Both partners of Axis have repaid
successes in the first part of the offensive.
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Germany, in the center
and western Europe
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and during the invasion
Soviet Union...
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Japan in the Pacific
then in Burma, Malaysia,
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in the Philippines
and in the Dutch East Indies.
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In 1943,
the face of war has changed.
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At the end of the year, Axa was
on the defensive on all fronts.
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During 1944,
in all theaters of war,
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the power of the allies was increasing: on the front
from the east, in the Soviet Union
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and with the opening
the second front.
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EPISODE 10:
OVERLORD
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Allied bombing campaign
of Germany was relentless.
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Luftwaffe, with fewer and fewer planes,
which would have helped on the eastern front,
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she had to defend the cities
and German industry,
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as well as tens of thousands of soldiers.
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Six months, from September 1943
until the last day of March 1944,
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British and American bombers
they knocked down German objectives.
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Since January, planes have helped them
long range hunting,
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upon entry into service
of Mustang P-51B aircraft.
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We were flying at 10,000 m and, not having
heat in the plane, it was very cold.
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The flight suit was like a blanket
electric, with a plug in the middle.
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He was warming himself with the help
a cable connected to the plane.
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We felt comfortable, it was good.
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Bombardment Command
continue attacking the cities.
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Encouraged by devastating raids
unleashed on Hamburg,
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with over 40,000 dead,
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Arthur Harris attacked the capital,
sparking the Battle of Berlin.
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The Führer was moving around Berlin
with the car curtains drawn,
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so as not to see the destruction
from his capital.
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Prolonged raids did not succeed
to paralyze the city.
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At recruitment, I already had
a piece of equipment called GEE.
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I had a navigation screen
on which I could see my position.
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It was usually cloudy
and that helps me.
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Otherwise I had to calculate the drift
and try to detect the deviation.
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Attacking military objectives
it was much more efficient.
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00:05:16,928 --> 00:05:21,273
In the "Holy Week" of February,
British and American air forces
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they launched over 15,000 tons
of explosives,
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both on planes,
as well as on aeronautical factories,
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permanently crippling the Luftwaffe.
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The desire to succeed was always felt.
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The camaraderie was excellent.
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They all knew they could lose a comrade.
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But no one raised the issue
that it shouldn't be there
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that we shouldn't do that.
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By the spring of 1944, it had become clear
that the bombings
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they will not defeat the people
and they will not end the war.
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At the end of March, it launched
a raid on Nuremberg,
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in which 94 bombers
they were shot down
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and 540 airmen died.
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It's a bigger loss than that
suffered throughout the Battle of Britain.
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00:06:31,745 --> 00:06:34,735
Nuremberg suffered minor damage.
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This raid forced Arthur Harris
to end the Battle of Berlin.
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A thousand planes were lost.
The bombers were given another mission.
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They had to attend
to the invasion of Europe.
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At Antipos, the allied forces were the
who had to face an invasion.
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The Imperial Japanese Army resumed
offensive operations in Burma.
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00:07:04,285 --> 00:07:09,958
The Chinese were almost completely dependent
by the modern equipment of the allies.
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00:07:10,766 --> 00:07:15,338
In 1943, supplies of materials
were drastically reduced
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because of the loss of Burma
and the connecting road.
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00:07:21,179 --> 00:07:24,326
Efforts to build a route
alternatives, the Ledo road,
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were hampered
of the rainy season.
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00:07:29,344 --> 00:07:33,059
Allied plans to start over
operations in 1944
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focused on guarding northern Burma,
so that he can finish the Ledo road.
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00:07:41,043 --> 00:07:45,601
American General Joe Stilwell, learned
in command of the Chinese army in Burma,
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will build the road going from Ledo
to Burma, then north.
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00:07:53,663 --> 00:07:58,370
Meanwhile, the chindis, the troops
British General Orde Wingate,
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they will be parachuted
by the Irrawaddy River,
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to cut Japanese communications
south of Stilwell's troops.
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00:08:06,895 --> 00:08:11,665
The Chinese Expeditionary Force, what a fight
abroad under General Wei Li-Huang,
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he was going to attack the Japanese
at Tengyue,
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forcing the Japanese 56th Division
to head for Wingate.
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00:08:22,607 --> 00:08:24,971
The plan was set in motion
on February 5,
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when the first lights
they started their march from Ledo.
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The next day, the Japanese attacked.
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The Japanese 55th Division was moving north,
intending to bypass
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and attack from behind
15th Indian Corps.
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00:08:49,767 --> 00:08:51,997
As the Japanese offensive continued,
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the effort to win was abandoned
land in the Burmese state of Arakan...
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00:09:02,445 --> 00:09:08,361
...as soon as the British troops
and Indian women repelled the Japanese attack.
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I was a scout.
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I was about 100 m ahead,
in the Westonbury area.
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nothing could be seen
just a green mass of vegetation.
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A fire was heard. I haven't progressed any further,
because I didn't know how many Japanese there were.
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It had only been gunfire
and they had shot down our corporal.
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I was carrying him back
and I thought I was going to be shot.
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The Americans bombarded the hill
on which were the Japanese.
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They retreated during the night.
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That was all.
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00:10:10,834 --> 00:10:14,181
At the beginning of March, the chindiții
were parachuted into the Kaukkwe valley
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and for the first time
an airstrike was successful.
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The first counterattack of the Japanese
was easily rejected.
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South of the drop site,
the Japanese offensive was being prepared
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a week sooner
than General Slim had anticipated.
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00:10:40,091 --> 00:10:43,795
A division was fighting alongside the Japanese
of the Indian National Army,
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formed by Subhas Chandra Bose,
Indian independence fighter
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from former Indian prisoners
of the Japanese.
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00:10:51,146 --> 00:10:56,500
Upon crossing the Chindwin River,
they swore allegiance by shouting "Jai Hind":
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"Long live India!"
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The Japanese 33rd Division won
terrain before turning north,
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to the 20th Indian Division,
with the intention of attacking Imphal.
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00:11:18,855 --> 00:11:24,157
The 20th Division received the order
to defend the road to Imphal.
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They managed to resist by fighting
crâncene for three months.
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The objective of the Japanese was becoming clear.
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The Kohima base was especially important
as a terminus to Dimapur,
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where there was a huge warehouse of provisions
for British troops in India.
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The soldiers of the Japanese 15th Division blocked
the road between Imphal and Kohima.
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As they neared Kohima,
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British command
he suffered a stroke.
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Orde Wingate, who was the type
the eccentric British soldier,
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such as Gordon of Khartoum
or Lawrence of Arabia,
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died in a plane crash.
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00:12:22,800 --> 00:12:26,865
Joe "Vinegar" Stilwell took over
the order of the lighters.
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00:12:29,613 --> 00:12:34,255
On April 3, the Japanese 31st Division
reached Kohima.
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Also then, an infantry battalion
British arrived to defend the warehouse.
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Besieged, they fought desperately
for two weeks.
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The perimeter was tightening and they were giving
more and more hand-to-hand combat.
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Sometimes the two front lines
they were less than 15 m away.
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We were surviving on parachuted supplies.
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They sent us food rations.
The Japanese didn't have anything like that.
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Since Japan failed
to supply his troops,
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60% of the 1.74 million soldiers
killed during the war
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they were victims of starvation
or of diseases.
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00:13:35,164 --> 00:13:38,786
On April 18, a battalion of Punjabi
and a detachment of tanks
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00:13:38,986 --> 00:13:41,847
they managed to break through
front line to Kohima.
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The losses of the besieged increased
to 300 victims, but they resisted.
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This is how I succeeded
to repel the Japanese attack.
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They were not getting supplies
and no medicine.
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They tried to head east.
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00:14:03,518 --> 00:14:07,462
The Japanese could not force the villagers
to give them so much food.
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Sometimes they mistreated them,
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00:14:11,488 --> 00:14:14,312
but the villagers found out and left
villages before their arrival.
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Now the Japanese were being pursued
by Burmese.
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00:14:19,599 --> 00:14:23,795
"You Japanese attacked us."
They were angry and started killing them.
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00:14:24,741 --> 00:14:27,059
So the Japanese
they were in a deplorable state.
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On May 11, General Wei Li-Huang
the offensive began.
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00:14:38,222 --> 00:14:42,861
In mid-June, the road from
Kohima to Imphal has been reopened.
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No Japanese prisoners were taken.
They usually killed themselves.
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00:14:52,972 --> 00:14:55,822
It stuck in my mind.
I still remember.
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We were trained to do this,
to be prepared for death.
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"Never live the shame
to be a prisoner!"
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No matter what you do,
do not be taken prisoner.
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I am 90 years old
and I still remember that.
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They were very careful
to inoculate us with this idea.
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We had no ammunition, we had no food.
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People resisted just because of the idea
not to be taken prisoners.
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Even if you were taken prisoner,
you couldn't return home alive.
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No attacks were being organized
only in India and Burma
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in the theater of war
from Asia and the Pacific in 1944.
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How they had been conquered
Marshall and Gilbert Islands,
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the plans of the allies targeted
Mariana Islands and the Philippines.
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The Japanese could read the map
as good as the Americans.
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They also realized the importance
strategic of the Mariana Islands.
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They planned to meet
American attack
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00:16:16,837 --> 00:16:22,452
with a powerful navy,
in addition to the aircraft of the Mariana base.
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00:16:22,756 --> 00:16:28,318
Together, they were to destroy
the strength of American aircraft carriers.
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00:16:32,707 --> 00:16:38,868
That fleet meant the largest
naval force in the Pacific.
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00:16:40,420 --> 00:16:42,621
Consisting of 15 aircraft carriers,
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was supported by the Fifth Fleet,
with 7 battleships and 21 cruisers.
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00:16:49,685 --> 00:16:55,082
Next came the invasion fleet, which carried
four infantry divisions
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00:16:55,349 --> 00:17:01,993
and included 12 other aircraft carriers,
5 battleships and 11 cruisers.
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00:17:07,120 --> 00:17:11,226
Admiral Toyoda was in command of the fleet
who was going to face the Americans.
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00:17:11,464 --> 00:17:17,645
To counter the huge squadron,
had 5 battleships and 8 aircraft carriers.
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00:17:23,114 --> 00:17:24,028
On June 11,
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00:17:24,289 --> 00:17:29,988
the attack on the Marianas began
with the bombardment of the island from the north.
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00:17:35,061 --> 00:17:39,704
Its conquest would be prevented
the arrival of reinforcements from Japan.
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00:17:40,789 --> 00:17:44,820
The northernmost of the islands
it was Saipan.
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00:17:53,028 --> 00:17:56,232
He had a garrison
of 32,000 soldiers.
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00:17:58,284 --> 00:18:02,453
The landing met with opposition
strong and there were many victims,
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because the air support was withdrawn
when Japanese ships were spotted,
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00:18:08,798 --> 00:18:13,619
and the fleets positioned themselves
for the Battle of the Philippine Sea.
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00:18:16,802 --> 00:18:20,206
On June 19 and 20, 1944,
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00:18:21,091 --> 00:18:25,026
the greatest battle was fought
with aircraft carriers from history.
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00:18:26,968 --> 00:18:32,038
The Japanese started with attacks
airstrikes on US aircraft carriers,
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00:18:32,898 --> 00:18:36,408
but the waves of planes
were spotted on radar.
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00:18:37,469 --> 00:18:45,542
As such, the Japanese lost
219 planes, and the Americans, 29.
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00:18:46,872 --> 00:18:52,460
On that first day, two Japanese aircraft carriers
were sunk by submarines.
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00:18:52,703 --> 00:18:58,806
The next day, the admiral's aircraft carrier
Marc Mitscher attacked the Japanese,
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00:18:59,390 --> 00:19:04,141
sinking an aircraft carrier
and destroying 65 planes.
197
00:19:05,145 --> 00:19:10,583
The Americans nicknamed the attack
"The Great Mariana Turkey Hunt".
198
00:19:14,389 --> 00:19:20,568
In the end, the Japanese lost
3 aircraft carriers and 480 aircraft.
199
00:19:21,065 --> 00:19:25,645
The Americans did not lose any ships,
but only 29 planes.
200
00:19:27,131 --> 00:19:31,051
Material losses and especially
by experienced aviators
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00:19:31,297 --> 00:19:34,620
they definitely and fatally weakened Japan.
202
00:19:37,516 --> 00:19:43,631
The solution to the shortage of skilled pilots was coming
to receive the name "divine wind",
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00:19:43,857 --> 00:19:50,418
which had twice destroyed the fleets
Mongol invaders in the c. XIII.
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00:19:51,583 --> 00:19:55,089
That hurricane was called "kamikaze".
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00:20:08,201 --> 00:20:09,296
On July 6,
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00:20:09,496 --> 00:20:15,973
commanders in Saipan ordered
kamikaze attack, then they killed themselves.
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00:20:20,025 --> 00:20:23,251
the next day,
their orders were executed.
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00:20:24,253 --> 00:20:28,649
At the end of the fight,
over 26,000 Japanese had died.
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00:20:30,930 --> 00:20:35,687
American losses
they amounted to 3,426.
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00:20:37,078 --> 00:20:42,080
I was on Saipan. I could see civilians
how they threw themselves into the abyss,
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00:20:42,332 --> 00:20:44,932
killing themselves with their children.
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00:20:54,555 --> 00:20:56,697
In ten days
since the fall of Saipan,
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00:20:56,921 --> 00:20:59,950
increasingly criticized
for the management of war,
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00:21:00,291 --> 00:21:04,036
General Hideki Tojo resigned
from the position of prime minister.
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00:21:05,779 --> 00:21:10,325
After three days, the 1st Marine Division
landed in Guam,
216
00:21:11,242 --> 00:21:15,511
and the 2nd and 4th Divisions landed
on Tinian on July 24.
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00:21:15,906 --> 00:21:20,508
Arms were laid down here on August 1,
and on Guam, on August 10,
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00:21:23,200 --> 00:21:29,747
although the last Japanese soldier
it will not be surrendered until 1960.
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00:21:31,847 --> 00:21:37,942
We had conquered Guam and I had been chosen
with malaria. I had a fever, 40° Celsius.
220
00:21:39,198 --> 00:21:42,782
They treated me a little on board the ship,
then they sent me home.
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00:21:43,168 --> 00:21:46,497
Even if you don't believe it,
I was sent home.
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00:21:47,295 --> 00:21:52,310
Only those who fought
i know how you feel
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00:21:53,504 --> 00:21:56,737
when you hear your name
and you are told to go home.
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00:22:01,449 --> 00:22:04,284
Japan was losing the war.
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00:22:09,167 --> 00:22:14,638
In Europe, the Allies were advancing
in Italy slow and expensive.
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00:22:24,738 --> 00:22:28,709
Landing on the mainland
in September 1943,
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00:22:28,933 --> 00:22:31,037
the troops moved north,
to Rome
228
00:22:31,287 --> 00:22:35,568
and towards the Gustav line, where they were
the first German defense positions.
229
00:22:35,860 --> 00:22:41,068
American divisions followed the coast
Mediterranean from Salerno, via Napoli,
230
00:22:41,307 --> 00:22:44,403
and the British 8th Army moved
to make the junction
231
00:22:44,603 --> 00:22:48,491
with the troops that had disembarked
in Termoli, on the Adriatic coast.
232
00:22:52,934 --> 00:22:57,558
Since the beginning of November,
the allies had a formidable opponent...
233
00:22:59,053 --> 00:23:01,268
...Albrecht von Kesselring.
234
00:23:08,396 --> 00:23:12,757
At the end of November, Montgomery
attack the Gustav line with the 8th Army
235
00:23:12,987 --> 00:23:15,773
and broke through the defense line
in the east.
236
00:23:22,189 --> 00:23:24,330
But in early 1944,
237
00:23:24,644 --> 00:23:28,251
both Eisenhower, the supreme commander
of the allies, as well as Montgomery
238
00:23:28,455 --> 00:23:33,401
were withdrawn from Italy
to plan the invasion of Europe.
239
00:23:38,244 --> 00:23:43,157
Also in January 1944,
despite losses of 4,500,000,
240
00:23:43,478 --> 00:23:47,412
the German army reached
the peak of the number of soldiers,
241
00:23:48,888 --> 00:23:52,155
numbering 9,500,000 soldiers.
242
00:23:55,332 --> 00:23:59,970
Although their number does not indicate
and the training of those put to fight,
243
00:24:00,430 --> 00:24:03,285
the Wehrmacht troops who were facing
American 5th Army led by Clark,
244
00:24:03,485 --> 00:24:08,066
at the western end of the Gustav Line,
they remained a formidable enemy.
245
00:24:09,340 --> 00:24:12,868
On January 22, to wrap
defense positions...
246
00:24:15,653 --> 00:24:20,651
...in operation Shingle, American 3rd Division
and the British 1st Division landed behind the line,
247
00:24:20,913 --> 00:24:23,378
in a place called Anzio.
248
00:24:26,344 --> 00:24:31,244
For a short while, it would become
the second busiest port in the world.
249
00:24:32,015 --> 00:24:36,220
A strong bridgehead was formed,
24 km wide and 12 km deep,
250
00:24:36,471 --> 00:24:40,580
but Kesselring had ordered
to send reinforcements to the area
251
00:24:40,783 --> 00:24:43,602
and six divisions had already arrived.
252
00:24:45,722 --> 00:24:49,819
In mid-February, the Americans
they began attacking the Gustav line,
253
00:24:50,145 --> 00:24:56,431
attempting a breakthrough, for
to make the junction with the troops from Anzio.
254
00:25:01,087 --> 00:25:05,404
In a week, the commander
American from Anzio was replaced,
255
00:25:05,660 --> 00:25:08,544
as punishment
for not advancing.
256
00:25:13,108 --> 00:25:15,501
The Germans continued the offensive
in Anzio
257
00:25:15,801 --> 00:25:18,743
through operation Fischfang,
meaning "fishing".
258
00:25:19,020 --> 00:25:22,744
Allied air supremacy
kept them at bay.
259
00:25:28,540 --> 00:25:34,121
Meanwhile, the Gustav line was under attack
at Monte Cassino.
260
00:25:34,489 --> 00:25:36,824
From February 2 to May 17,
261
00:25:37,041 --> 00:25:41,924
the allies attacked five times
the Benedictine monastery of Cassino.
262
00:25:42,300 --> 00:25:47,282
135 "flying fortresses"
of the USA have torn it apart.
263
00:25:51,101 --> 00:25:56,183
Among the ruins, from the heights,
the Germans repulsed the attacks
264
00:25:56,383 --> 00:26:00,990
Indian, Canadian troops,
British and New Zealand.
265
00:26:01,892 --> 00:26:05,167
Finally, Alphonse Juin,
general of the Free French Forces,
266
00:26:05,412 --> 00:26:08,638
led by Moroccan soldiers
experts in mountain fighting,
267
00:26:08,942 --> 00:26:13,226
opened the way for the troops
Poles to attack Monte Cassino.
268
00:26:13,844 --> 00:26:15,286
On May 17,
269
00:26:15,585 --> 00:26:20,626
the Polish flag fluttered over the ruins,
after the withdrawal of the Germans.
270
00:26:22,795 --> 00:26:27,104
I explored the area at night,
with my friend
271
00:26:28,118 --> 00:26:33,796
and I found some German headphones,
with which we disguised ourselves.
272
00:26:37,344 --> 00:26:40,882
When they asked questions,
we would answer: "Jawohl!".
273
00:26:41,267 --> 00:26:43,732
There were 12 concrete bunkers,
274
00:26:43,966 --> 00:26:48,080
each with a window
from which they were shooting.
275
00:26:49,058 --> 00:26:54,742
We managed to annihilate them,
throwing grenades inside.
276
00:26:55,626 --> 00:27:00,019
That's how we managed to destroy them.
277
00:27:01,993 --> 00:27:05,786
The allies needed three months
on the Cassino front
278
00:27:05,987 --> 00:27:09,179
to advance 15 km.
279
00:27:12,629 --> 00:27:15,761
By the end of May,
German divisions were badly affected
280
00:27:16,011 --> 00:27:18,172
and Rome was the next objective
of the allies.
281
00:27:19,624 --> 00:27:22,934
The plan called for heading east,
to Valmonte,
282
00:27:23,213 --> 00:27:26,919
to prevent withdrawal
German 10th Army.
283
00:27:28,676 --> 00:27:34,015
But General Mark Clark had ideas,
rather imperialist.
284
00:27:35,494 --> 00:27:39,190
Determined to be the liberator
"Eternal City",
285
00:27:39,502 --> 00:27:44,003
allowed the Army 10 German
to withdraw without problems.
286
00:27:52,688 --> 00:27:57,133
On June 5, Mark Clark led his
the troops in Rome.
287
00:27:58,151 --> 00:28:04,307
He failed to attract publicity
which he wanted, because D-Day was coming.
288
00:28:05,971 --> 00:28:09,927
The Allies had needed nine months
to advance to the middle of Italy,
289
00:28:10,168 --> 00:28:15,857
with losses of 40,000 soldiers
allies and 25,000 German soldiers.
290
00:28:16,758 --> 00:28:19,774
The spring thaw
on the eastern front it meant
291
00:28:19,974 --> 00:28:25,001
that the Russians could start the offensive,
which they did on March 4.
292
00:28:27,023 --> 00:28:30,129
But one of them was missing
their better commanders.
293
00:28:30,420 --> 00:28:35,282
Nikolai Vatutin, ambushed
partisans of the liberation of Ukraine,
294
00:28:35,519 --> 00:28:37,560
he had died from his injuries.
295
00:28:45,414 --> 00:28:50,672
The strategic goal of the offensive was
to separate Army Group A
296
00:28:50,884 --> 00:28:53,110
by Army Group South.
297
00:28:55,567 --> 00:29:01,097
Good news comes from the Russian front,
where the Red Army has only victories,
298
00:29:01,308 --> 00:29:04,290
driving off the invaders
and destroying their defense.
299
00:29:05,882 --> 00:29:07,185
In the first two days,
300
00:29:07,488 --> 00:29:10,845
1st Ukrainian led front
de Zhukov advanced 40 km,
301
00:29:11,045 --> 00:29:13,032
despite the sticky mud.
302
00:29:13,983 --> 00:29:18,265
At the end of the month, Hitler dismissed
the commanders of the two army groups,
303
00:29:18,534 --> 00:29:20,670
von Kleist and von Manstein.
304
00:29:20,970 --> 00:29:23,386
Walter Model and Ferdinand Schörner,
305
00:29:24,037 --> 00:29:28,717
less skilled, but better
Nazis, were appointed in their place.
306
00:29:30,717 --> 00:29:34,806
On April 8,
the soviets were advancing in the Crimea.
307
00:29:35,106 --> 00:29:37,845
In just two days, they conquered Odessa.
308
00:29:39,260 --> 00:29:42,559
On April 17,
Zhukov conquered Ternopil.
309
00:29:43,860 --> 00:29:46,959
It's not a known battle
and no major city,
310
00:29:47,261 --> 00:29:51,493
but Hitler had declared
that Ternopil is a "fortress".
311
00:29:54,496 --> 00:29:56,753
It was die Führer Festung,
"Fortress of the Führer".
312
00:29:56,953 --> 00:30:01,854
The 4,500 soldiers of the garrison
they defended it as such.
313
00:30:04,097 --> 00:30:07,711
Only 55 Germans
they survived the attack.
314
00:30:09,611 --> 00:30:13,297
In the middle of May, after they have
surrendered the last 25,000 soldiers,
315
00:30:13,597 --> 00:30:18,385
Crimea was liberated and so were the Soviets
were preparing for the summer campaign,
316
00:30:20,185 --> 00:30:26,797
planning the biggest offensive
of the war, the Bagration operation.
317
00:30:29,900 --> 00:30:34,475
This had to coincide
with the invasion from western Europe,
318
00:30:36,075 --> 00:30:42,732
the opening of a second front,
promised to Stalin for 1944.
319
00:30:56,632 --> 00:31:01,471
Planning the second front
had started since April 1943.
320
00:31:04,872 --> 00:31:07,364
Hundreds of men and women,
321
00:31:07,614 --> 00:31:14,394
no computer, computer
or cell phone, they organized the logistics
322
00:31:14,608 --> 00:31:20,058
with which it had to be supported, fed
and reinforced the huge invading force,
323
00:31:20,558 --> 00:31:24,414
sent 35 km,
on an unpredictable sea,
324
00:31:24,614 --> 00:31:27,438
and landed on well-defended beaches.
325
00:31:32,630 --> 00:31:35,852
Their work required a lot
of people and materials
326
00:31:36,052 --> 00:31:38,420
and it depended on keeping the secret.
327
00:31:39,920 --> 00:31:42,985
It was called
to various diversionary actions.
328
00:31:48,485 --> 00:31:52,951
4th British Army in Scotland
attracted the German units in the north.
329
00:31:53,951 --> 00:31:56,268
But there was no army there.
330
00:31:58,893 --> 00:32:03,848
Patton's 1st Army, quartered in the southeast,
threatened the ports of the English Channel.
331
00:32:04,148 --> 00:32:07,772
But there was no American First Army
under Patton's leadership.
332
00:32:08,422 --> 00:32:12,651
For every bomb in Normandy,
three others were thrown elsewhere.
333
00:32:16,401 --> 00:32:21,920
The Germans relied on information
received from spies in England,
334
00:32:22,320 --> 00:32:26,777
but, until D-Day,
all the agents had been "hijacked"
335
00:32:27,083 --> 00:32:30,458
and supplied them to the Germans
false information.
336
00:32:32,784 --> 00:32:39,853
Most of the south coast of England,
on a width of 16 km, it became a military zone.
337
00:32:40,913 --> 00:32:45,418
The locals were evacuated
and invasion simulations were made.
338
00:32:46,231 --> 00:32:48,653
Eisenhower, commander in chief
of the allied forces,
339
00:32:48,870 --> 00:32:53,197
he was advised by a team
of Anglo-American meteorologists.
340
00:32:53,447 --> 00:32:59,742
They rejected the original date of June 5,
but they accepted the 6th of June,
341
00:32:59,992 --> 00:33:03,534
so Eisenhower ordered the invasion.
342
00:33:03,832 --> 00:33:06,832
It was codenamed:
The tide has turned.
343
00:33:07,082 --> 00:33:11,178
"I hope I know what I'm doing"
Eisenhower said.
344
00:33:11,993 --> 00:33:15,093
I was waiting, loading
and downloading materials,
345
00:33:15,593 --> 00:33:18,931
when i started
loading tanks.
346
00:33:19,231 --> 00:33:22,831
Then we said to ourselves that the time had come.
347
00:33:24,531 --> 00:33:31,131
There was no mention of the invasion,
but there were many ships.
348
00:33:35,831 --> 00:33:40,831
I didn't know much for a few days
before D-Day,
349
00:33:41,131 --> 00:33:44,331
except that
that we were going to invade France.
350
00:33:45,031 --> 00:33:52,031
I had the photos of the targets,
of Juno beach and others.
351
00:33:52,531 --> 00:33:58,031
I was getting the soup in a new can,
which warmed itself.
352
00:33:58,481 --> 00:34:00,781
Most warmed her,
her bottom turned red
353
00:34:01,081 --> 00:34:04,781
and all the vegetables were burnt,
but above it remained cold.
354
00:34:05,081 --> 00:34:07,581
Many such things
they didn't work.
355
00:34:08,781 --> 00:34:11,581
I was amazed
the efficiency of the organization.
356
00:34:13,181 --> 00:34:19,281
We were told the number of the landing craft
and we were boarding hundreds of vehicles.
357
00:34:20,781 --> 00:34:24,981
I was told to board ship 59
and I thought I wouldn't succeed.
358
00:34:26,681 --> 00:34:29,581
But just when I got there,
landing craft 59 appeared.
359
00:34:29,781 --> 00:34:32,381
They were very efficient.
360
00:34:33,081 --> 00:34:35,981
Everyone was afraid
that they will conquer with escapes,
361
00:34:36,181 --> 00:34:38,481
because the man
he thinks about his own skin.
362
00:34:39,481 --> 00:34:46,781
But when I saw so many ships,
we told ourselves that we will not lose.
363
00:34:48,981 --> 00:34:52,981
The troops facing the invasion
they were ordered by von Rundstedt.
364
00:34:53,281 --> 00:34:58,781
At the command of Army Group B
facing the landing was Erwin Rommel,
365
00:35:01,381 --> 00:35:07,681
although on D-Day he was not present.
He had gone on leave, on his wife's birthday.
366
00:35:09,781 --> 00:35:14,781
Under the command of von Rundstedt
there were 850,000 people, among whom,
367
00:35:15,031 --> 00:35:18,231
preferring to fight
rather than die as prisoners,
368
00:35:18,481 --> 00:35:21,081
there were also 60,000 Russians.
369
00:35:22,581 --> 00:35:27,281
In 1944, the Germans had fewer
tanks for the defense of France
370
00:35:27,581 --> 00:35:31,281
than they had used
for its conquest in 1940,
371
00:35:32,981 --> 00:35:38,881
but they had fortified the Atlantic Wall,
after an idea of Hitler's,
372
00:35:39,131 --> 00:35:41,931
which stretched
over a length of over 2,000 km
373
00:35:42,181 --> 00:35:44,881
and had 12,000 bunkers.
374
00:35:45,881 --> 00:35:51,181
The wall was built in two years, with labor
force of 2,000,000 people.
375
00:35:52,381 --> 00:35:57,081
Most of the arsenal was
from the decommissioning of the Maginot line.
376
00:36:02,281 --> 00:36:06,281
The invading squadron included
700 warships.
377
00:36:06,581 --> 00:36:10,081
They had a dual role, anti-aircraft defense
and bombardment of the shore.
378
00:36:10,581 --> 00:36:14,181
Another 2,700 ships
they supported the landing.
379
00:36:14,431 --> 00:36:16,731
They were carrying supplies, reinforcements
380
00:36:16,981 --> 00:36:20,081
and provided the infrastructure
with fuel lines
381
00:36:20,281 --> 00:36:25,181
and with Mulberry floating ports,
which made disembarkation possible.
382
00:36:25,681 --> 00:36:29,581
There were 2,500 landing craft.
383
00:36:30,335 --> 00:36:35,235
All ship captains received a manual
with 700 pages of instructions.
384
00:36:35,485 --> 00:36:40,685
Above them, the allied air forces
they sent thousands of planes.
385
00:36:43,585 --> 00:36:49,085
The Germans could meet them
with only 170 operational planes.
386
00:36:50,885 --> 00:36:56,785
All in all, the effort of the allies
amounted to 3,000,000 people.
387
00:37:02,585 --> 00:37:10,385
5,000 ships were assembled
for the invasion of Normandy.
388
00:37:12,285 --> 00:37:17,785
It was quite a sight.
The whole horizon was full of ships.
389
00:37:18,085 --> 00:37:21,785
They appeared as small dots,
which were getting bigger,
390
00:37:22,185 --> 00:37:25,485
straightening up
towards Normandy beach.
391
00:37:27,085 --> 00:37:29,585
All those who were there
i can say
392
00:37:30,685 --> 00:37:36,385
that those ships and planes
they will never be forgotten.
393
00:37:37,685 --> 00:37:39,785
We were crossing the channel in convoy.
394
00:37:40,785 --> 00:37:47,585
There were so many ships that the sailors
they communicated by hand signs.
395
00:37:47,935 --> 00:37:51,135
The ships were so close,
so they could talk to each other.
396
00:37:52,835 --> 00:37:58,335
The sea was rough. You couldn't
shelters, you had to stay on deck.
397
00:38:01,635 --> 00:38:06,735
I was nauseous and I was praying
let the Germans come and sink us.
398
00:38:08,835 --> 00:38:15,235
I stayed overnight in the bunk.
It was clear that it was going to be a busy day.
399
00:38:18,835 --> 00:38:24,435
The invaders landed on five beaches,
spread over a front of over 90 km.
400
00:38:24,635 --> 00:38:31,535
The names given to those beaches are part of it
part of the history of war.
401
00:38:35,035 --> 00:38:37,335
Army Group 21
of General Montgomery
402
00:38:37,535 --> 00:38:40,235
left the ports
off the British coast.
403
00:38:41,035 --> 00:38:43,035
1st American Army
of General Bradley
404
00:38:43,335 --> 00:38:46,135
landed on Utah and Omaha beaches.
405
00:38:46,535 --> 00:38:48,635
British 2nd Army,
under General Dempsey,
406
00:38:48,935 --> 00:38:51,935
landed on Gold, Juno and Sword.
407
00:38:54,435 --> 00:38:58,335
US 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions
they landed behind Utah Beach,
408
00:38:58,635 --> 00:39:01,635
and the British 6th Airborne Division,
behind Sword beach.
409
00:39:04,335 --> 00:39:09,135
It was calculated that,
on the night of June 5 to 6,
410
00:39:09,335 --> 00:39:13,335
over 75% of paratroopers
they landed in the wrong locations
411
00:39:13,635 --> 00:39:16,335
and they did not participate in the first battles.
412
00:39:24,035 --> 00:39:27,035
Rommel faced the landing
with 34 divisions,
413
00:39:27,335 --> 00:39:29,835
but a lot was on the way
in wrong directions
414
00:39:31,035 --> 00:39:34,535
most were undersized
and some were affected,
415
00:39:34,735 --> 00:39:38,935
composed only of humans
stomach sick.
416
00:39:43,935 --> 00:39:46,835
Five allied divisions reached the shore.
417
00:39:50,335 --> 00:39:53,035
The first landed
US 4th Infantry Division,
418
00:39:53,335 --> 00:39:57,535
1,800 m from her target,
because of the strong current,
419
00:39:57,785 --> 00:40:01,585
but they succeeded
in a poorly defended place.
420
00:40:03,185 --> 00:40:06,085
The 4th Division landed
23,000 people on D-Day
421
00:40:06,385 --> 00:40:10,485
and suffered losses
of only 197 deaths.
422
00:40:13,185 --> 00:40:16,585
It happened completely differently
on Omaha beach.
423
00:40:23,185 --> 00:40:26,685
I didn't make it
let's get closer to Omaha beach.
424
00:40:28,785 --> 00:40:34,785
We had to go down the ramp
as much as possible and I entered the water.
425
00:40:36,685 --> 00:40:42,785
Many drowned
because of the heavy equipment.
426
00:40:45,985 --> 00:40:48,485
Omaha Beach was guarded by rocks,
427
00:40:48,685 --> 00:40:55,385
from where it was fired almost all day
on the American 1st and 29th Divisions.
428
00:40:58,885 --> 00:41:01,585
Amphibious tanks
were released prematurely
429
00:41:01,785 --> 00:41:05,685
and many went to the bottom,
leaving the infantry without cover.
430
00:41:07,685 --> 00:41:11,185
At the end of the day,
55,000 soldiers had landed,
431
00:41:11,485 --> 00:41:15,885
but with losses
of over 4,600 people.
432
00:41:17,935 --> 00:41:20,735
The third beach
from left to right was Gold,
433
00:41:22,435 --> 00:41:27,335
where the British 50th Division landed
with the support of the 8th Armored Brigade.
434
00:41:29,535 --> 00:41:35,735
I went into the water up to my chest
and I went out on the sand.
435
00:41:37,235 --> 00:41:40,335
After about three or four steps,
436
00:41:41,035 --> 00:41:46,835
my second fell beside me,
with blood spurting.
437
00:41:47,935 --> 00:41:51,135
I leaned over and said:
"Charlie, come on!"
438
00:41:51,935 --> 00:41:55,935
Someone shouted at me
to leave the beach
439
00:41:56,235 --> 00:42:00,635
He didn't need to tell me,
I wanted to do it anyway
440
00:42:02,035 --> 00:42:04,735
but I couldn't
abandon the comrade.
441
00:42:07,235 --> 00:42:09,435
The 3rd Canadian Division has landed
on Juno,
442
00:42:09,635 --> 00:42:14,335
where the bottom of the sea was full
of obstacles and the water was agitated.
443
00:42:15,235 --> 00:42:20,035
By the evening, he made the junction
with the British 50th Division on the right.
444
00:42:21,435 --> 00:42:23,635
The last beach was Sword,
445
00:42:25,235 --> 00:42:28,735
where the British 3rd Division
landed successfully.
446
00:42:31,135 --> 00:42:36,935
Among us, there were those from the Navy,
who were directing us off the beach.
447
00:42:40,335 --> 00:42:43,835
"Leave the beach, leave the beach!"
448
00:42:47,835 --> 00:42:51,835
There was one looking over his shoulder
how he is riddled with bullets.
449
00:42:52,035 --> 00:43:05,435
He was taking a lot of bullets, pieces of meat were flying
from his shoulder, and he sat and watched.
450
00:43:07,835 --> 00:43:10,835
Lord knows
how many died in this way.
451
00:43:17,535 --> 00:43:21,135
Probably the general confusion,
the crowd of people and machines
452
00:43:21,335 --> 00:43:23,835
and the big differences in success...
453
00:43:27,435 --> 00:43:29,935
...they meant an occasion
for redeploying the defense,
454
00:43:30,235 --> 00:43:34,735
initially caught on the wrong foot
and with slow reactions.
455
00:43:36,535 --> 00:43:39,835
21st Panzer Division
bravely defended Caen,
456
00:43:40,235 --> 00:43:44,435
not letting his allies touch him
one of the objectives of D-Day.
457
00:43:44,935 --> 00:43:48,435
They continued to defend the city
a good chunk of time.
458
00:43:54,635 --> 00:43:59,335
The first task was to eliminate
the barricade across the beach.
459
00:44:01,835 --> 00:44:08,935
Then we passed a minefield.
There were seven tanks with us.
460
00:44:12,235 --> 00:44:18,535
I landed with three tanks,
so we can cut the barbed wire.
461
00:44:20,735 --> 00:44:23,135
They lasted about five minutes.
462
00:44:24,235 --> 00:44:26,235
One after another...
463
00:44:32,935 --> 00:44:34,635
...they were hit.
464
00:44:35,235 --> 00:44:41,935
The Germans had 88 mm caliber guns.
They were formidable weapons.
465
00:44:48,735 --> 00:44:53,535
D-Day was passing and the units were increasing
the perimeter beyond the beaches.
466
00:44:53,835 --> 00:44:55,835
Few had achieved their goals,
467
00:44:56,035 --> 00:45:00,335
but they had begun to move
towards the villages on the coast.
468
00:45:04,835 --> 00:45:06,835
"Leave the coast as fast as you can"
469
00:45:08,035 --> 00:45:11,335
"and take the right on the road
whom you will meet."
470
00:45:13,535 --> 00:45:18,435
"At the end, you will see a church.
Head for her in the streets."
471
00:45:19,435 --> 00:45:26,235
I went to the door and aimed at the frog.
I shot like John Wayne.
472
00:45:27,835 --> 00:45:31,635
As soon as I fired,
I felt a tap on my shoulder.
473
00:45:32,335 --> 00:45:38,335
I came back and a pastor
dressed in black shook his head.
474
00:45:40,635 --> 00:45:43,335
He headed for the door
and opened it.
475
00:45:44,335 --> 00:45:50,535
I entered extremely humble,
being as humble as possible.
476
00:45:51,435 --> 00:45:54,435
Ditama the commander!
477
00:45:58,035 --> 00:46:01,035
Only late in the afternoon
Hitler agreed
478
00:46:01,235 --> 00:46:06,135
for the development of the two
Panzer divisions kept in reserve.
479
00:46:07,735 --> 00:46:10,835
At the end of June 6,
he was still not entirely convinced
480
00:46:11,035 --> 00:46:16,035
that the Normandy landings were
the real invasion, and not a ruse.
481
00:46:18,235 --> 00:46:20,735
But there was no diversion.
482
00:46:23,235 --> 00:46:30,835
On the night of June 5 to 6,
the alarm was given at 02:00:
483
00:46:31,535 --> 00:46:34,835
"The Americans have landed
in Normandy!"
484
00:46:35,735 --> 00:46:38,735
We had to evacuate the place.
485
00:46:40,235 --> 00:46:42,735
During the night of June 6 to 7,
486
00:46:42,935 --> 00:46:48,235
we started our march
from Landerneau to Saint-Lô,
487
00:46:48,435 --> 00:46:52,435
located 350 km away.
488
00:46:52,635 --> 00:46:59,235
I marched the 350 km
only at night.
489
00:46:59,435 --> 00:47:01,835
It was dangerous to walk during the day,
490
00:47:02,035 --> 00:47:04,235
because of American planes
and British.
491
00:47:16,535 --> 00:47:17,835
At the end of the first day,
492
00:47:18,035 --> 00:47:23,435
the allies were far from the objectives
for almost the entire length of the invasion,
493
00:47:23,735 --> 00:47:27,735
but they had
156,000 people disembarked,
494
00:47:27,935 --> 00:47:30,335
they had made the connection with the shore
and were logistically covered,
495
00:47:30,535 --> 00:47:34,935
they controlled the airspace,
naval support was not in danger,
496
00:47:35,335 --> 00:47:39,735
so they could send reinforcements
and supplies.
497
00:47:42,585 --> 00:47:45,385
It had not been easy.
498
00:47:52,485 --> 00:47:57,185
In just three weeks, the Allies were following
to disembark 800,000 soldiers.
499
00:47:57,435 --> 00:48:03,535
They will leave Normandy
and they will reconquer the occupied territories.
500
00:48:13,035 --> 00:48:17,535
In the next episode,
the allies will leave the Normandy beaches
501
00:48:17,735 --> 00:48:21,535
and they will start the march
until crossing the Rhine.
502
00:48:22,835 --> 00:48:26,035
The Soviet Union will trigger
the Bagration operation
503
00:48:26,335 --> 00:48:30,135
and the offensive that will take it to Berlin.
504
00:48:31,235 --> 00:48:33,935
In Asia, the Philippines are conquered
505
00:48:34,135 --> 00:48:38,235
and the allied troops arrive
on Japanese territory.
506
00:48:39,435 --> 00:48:44,435
Root: Viasat History
Trans-synchro: vonRichthofen
Subs.ro Team @ www.subs.ro