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The war was wreaking havoc in the East
since 1937,
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when Japan invaded China.
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It arrived in Europe
on September 1, 1939,
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when Germany invaded Poland.
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It has gained worldwide scope
on December 7, 1941,
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when the Japanese planes attacked
the US naval base at Pearl Harbor.
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The war affected all continents...
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...and it lasted six years.
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It ended with a new weapon,
for a new era.
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This is the story of the greatest
event in human history
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and these men
they took part in it.
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They witnessed the shootings
and the tragedies of war
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from wherever battles took place.
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Their testimony is an element
from the history of the formation of our world...
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...by those who could pay...
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...and by those who
they couldn't take it anymore...
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...the price of empire.
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WORLD WAR II:
THE PRICE OF EMPIRE
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On the day of the third investiture
as President of the United States,
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Franklin D. Roosevelt wrote to him
to Churchill a famous note,
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in which he quoted him
the poet Longfellow.
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"Wind from the stern, vessel of the nation!"
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"Wind from the stern,
strong and great nation!"
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"Mankind is gripped by fears,
But hope is still unextinguished"
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"Her fate is in your hands."
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"Your eternal friend,
Franklin D. Roosevelt."
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In January 1941,
when Roosevelt wrote the ticket,
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Britain faced it alone
totalitarian dictators.
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Before mid-1941,
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The Soviet Union was caught in a
titanic battle with nazi germany.
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By the end of the year,
"mankind, with unquenchable hope",
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depended on the fate of the great nation
Roosevelt's
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forced into battle after a day
which he described...
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"It's a day that will live in infamy."
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EPISODE 6:
A DAY IN INFAMY
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In the evening
from before the Japanese attack,
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I got into trouble with a friend,
in Honolulu.
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I was waiting for a taxi,
which, however, never appeared.
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I jumped into a taxi without a driver
and we walked around the city.
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Then they arrested us for "using
unauthorized possession of a foreign good",
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what did that even mean.
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Japan did not declare war
United States of America.
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Japan did not want a war
with the United States.
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Japan knew it could not win
such a war.
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Japan wanted to annihilate power
USA long enough,
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so as to have a position
of stronger negotiation,
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that will allow him to gain an advantage
to the peace negotiations.
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It was needed
by a surprise blow,
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so that the US does not get involved
in the Japanese theater of operations.
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Because the vastness of the ocean separated the US
of this theater of operations,
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in this area,
power was naval.
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This is the reason why
Japanese strategists oriented themselves
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to the nearest one
major US naval base:
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that of Pearl Harbor in Hawaii.
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At the beginning
of the second conflagration,
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the US military was 18th in the world,
after the Czechoslovak army,
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a country that had not opposed him at all
resistance to Hitler.
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However, the US had the strongest
maritime fleet in the world.
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If the Pacific Fleet docked at Pearl Harbor
would have been partially out of the game,
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Japan could have
continue the offensive,
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to create the Great Sphere
of Asian Coprosperity.
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Lack of natural resources,
especially oil,
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it was the main reason for the thirst
of Japan's expansion.
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The Sphere was a propaganda concept.
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In Japan, the area was known
entitled Southern Resources Area.
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After the occupation of Indochina,
The US imposed an oil embargo,
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regarding Japan
of 90% of oil imports.
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The Japanese Navy estimated
that it will run out of oil in a year.
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They had to act.
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Tasked with launching the offensive,
Admiral Isoruko Yamamoto,
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commander of the Combined Fleet,
declare prophetically:
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"In the first 6-12 months of a war
against the USA and Great Britain,"
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"I will be relentless and I will achieve
victory after victory."
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"After all, I don't expect it
to be successful again."
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The fleet took a broad course,
to the north
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so as not to be detected by ships
or reconnaissance planes.
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Yamamoto gave the order to attack.
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Mount Niitaka in Taiwan was
the highest in the Japanese Empire.
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He ordered "Niitaka Yama Nabore",
meaning "Climb Mount Niitaka".
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Taking advantage of the total surprise,
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358 Japanese aircraft,
in two waves,
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they attacked at 07:48 local time,
on December 7, 1941.
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The planes were detected by radar,
but the warning was ignored.
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They were supposed to be bombers
Americans who came from California.
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We thought it was the air force that
he was maneuvering on Sunday mornings.
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we wondered,
I said they had come very early.
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Then shortly after
the bombs started falling.
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They said they weren't
our air force.
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I switched to battle stations
and we started shooting at planes.
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It took several hours.
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Just me and my machine gun
I shot down a plane and a half.
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I don't know how they determined that.
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I stayed at the battle stations.
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I saw when he was hit
the battleship Arizona.
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Four out of five people out of those found
on board the Arizona were killed,
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that is, 1,100 of the 2,403 Americans
who died that day.
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Many were engulfed in flames
and they jumped into the water.
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Some drowned,
others burned alive.
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But...
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...I was one of the lucky ones.
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The main oil deposit
of Pearl Harbor was not attacked,
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two of the aircraft carriers were
at sea at the time of the attack,
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and in the small waters of the island,
damaged vessels did not sink,
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so most of them were saved
and repaired quickly.
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December 7, 1941
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It's a day that will live in infamy.
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The USA was deliberately attacked
and without any warning
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by the naval and air forces
of the Japanese Empire.
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INVESTIGATE PEARL HARBOR!
SECRET JAPANESE MESSAGES REVEALED
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Following the investigation, Rear Admiral Kimmel,
fleet commander,
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00:09:31,037 --> 00:09:35,232
and Lieutenant General Short,
the head of the Army, were found guilty.
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00:09:35,540 --> 00:09:38,395
They were degraded
and forced to withdraw.
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00:09:38,695 --> 00:09:42,235
Later, a congressional committee found out
that the intelligence service reports
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available in Washington,
they didn't reach the two,
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so they were exonerated
and they got their degrees back.
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00:09:50,240 --> 00:09:56,465
But that was only in 1999,
when both were already deceased.
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On December 8, Congress voted
for the war with Japan.
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In the Senate there were 82 votes in favor
and none against
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and in the House of Representatives, 388
of votes "for", one "against".
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00:10:10,972 --> 00:10:13,909
The vote against was his
Jeannette Rankin, from Montana,
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a pacifist who then had to
to hide from the angry crowd
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and did not oppose the next vote.
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America was at war.
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What exactly did that mean beyond
of Atlantic was not immediately clear.
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Congress had voted for war
against Japan
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and the recruiting offices had to
to be open at night as well.
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Next to the ice rink on 60th Street
it was a plumbing shop.
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At about 2:30 p.m., it passed
a car with loudspeaker, which announced:
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"We're closing, go home!
The Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor."
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I was wasting time with the gang, on the corner,
as i usually did
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when I heard
that Pearl Harbor was attacked.
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I didn't know where he was
I had never heard of Pearl Harbor.
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I remember the moment very clearly,
it was a football game in Chicago.
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When the news was heard,
it was extraordinary.
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After the initial shock,
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the next day it happened
something extraordinary
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when hundreds of boys left
and enlisted in the army.
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It's war. I can help more in the Navy
more than on the baseball field.
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One of the most effective and more
interesting spies was Richard Sorge,
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a working Soviet agent
at the German embassy in Tokyo.
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His warnings about the operation
Barbarossa had been ignored.
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Stalin no longer ignored him
when he warned him about Pearl Harbor.
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In October and November, Stalin understood
that Japan is not a threat,
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because he was going to enter
at war with america
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so he transferred ten divisions,
a thousand tanks and a thousand planes
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from the reserve in Siberia,
to stand up to Hitler.
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Richard Sorge continued
to provide information to Moscow
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until 1944, when he was caught,
tortured and executed.
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Operation Barbarossa failed
because of the mud and snow.
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00:12:46,799 --> 00:12:50,936
Of the 500,000 horses brought
by the German army in the USSR,
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half had died
before the spring of 1942.
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In these strange conditions,
The Red Army counterattacked.
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00:13:05,359 --> 00:13:08,943
The day before Pearl Harbor,
Zhukov launched the Western Front,
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the army massing south of the front
Kalinin, beyond the frozen Volga.
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the next day,
launched the attack south of Moscow.
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00:13:22,570 --> 00:13:32,709
When I entered the first village,
I came across some anti-tank trenches.
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00:13:35,220 --> 00:13:40,870
I saw that the Germans had shot them
on the villagers of Kerch.
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Anti-tank trenches
they were full of corpses.
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Among them,
there were also corpses of children.
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00:14:04,411 --> 00:14:09,017
On December 7, the commander
von Brauchitsch resigned
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00:14:09,317 --> 00:14:14,282
because of a heart attack, but
Hitler did not want to accept his resignation.
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He quickly changed his mind, calling himself
him instead of von Brauchitsch.
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00:14:24,944 --> 00:14:29,859
The Soviets were outnumbered
and they had much inferior endowments,
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but they looked good on clothes and boots.
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00:14:32,531 --> 00:14:35,409
The Germans thought they would win
before winter comes.
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They did not equip themselves with the necessary things
survival in the Russian cold.
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The machines stopped working,
even the antifreeze had frozen.
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They advanced with means of transport
found in conquered areas.
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00:14:50,594 --> 00:14:52,476
For example,
an armored division had
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00:14:52,676 --> 00:14:57,398
over 100 truck models
and 37 motorcycle models.
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00:14:57,612 --> 00:15:03,181
Inefficiency gave rise to opinion
that the Germans fought well,
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00:15:03,381 --> 00:15:06,335
but that hid the fact
that they don't know how to fight a war.
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When Tymoshenko's South-Western Front
began the advance on December 13,
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von Brauchitsch consulted
with von Bock at headquarters
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and decided to retire
in a position for the winter,
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about 145 km behind.
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00:15:25,504 --> 00:15:29,810
On the 14th, Hitler reacted violently.
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He replaced von Bock,
then also Guderian
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00:15:35,171 --> 00:15:38,182
and accepted his resignation
von Brauchitsch.
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00:15:42,309 --> 00:15:48,115
On December 20, Joseph Goebbels
he asked for winter clothes.
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00:15:53,453 --> 00:15:57,534
By December 1941, the Soviets
they had lost four million people,
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00:15:57,834 --> 00:16:01,317
8,000 planes
and 14,000 tanks.
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00:16:01,617 --> 00:16:04,377
They had lost half
from iron and steel resources
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00:16:04,677 --> 00:16:08,093
and the producing region
the largest amount of food.
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00:16:14,778 --> 00:16:20,409
How the USSR managed to recover
from such a precarious position
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00:16:20,617 --> 00:16:23,921
and even administer them
to the invader a severe defeat,
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it's an underlying question
the understanding of this world war.
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You know what our main was
defense tactic?
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I let the tanks approach,
then we attack directly.
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00:16:43,758 --> 00:16:50,345
We were throwing anti-tank grenades
right under the tracks.
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But you had to keep your cool
when a tank was approaching.
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These were the conditions in which we were fighting
against Guderian's tanks.
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00:17:02,627 --> 00:17:06,597
With the tanks,
the motorized infantry also advanced.
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00:17:11,358 --> 00:17:14,231
In early January,
the Soviet assault was resumed.
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00:17:14,431 --> 00:17:18,549
On January 12, the commander
Army Group North, von Leeb,
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00:17:18,792 --> 00:17:22,195
asked for permission
to retreat beyond the river Lovat.
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00:17:22,395 --> 00:17:27,430
Hitler refused him,
and von Leeb resigned.
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00:17:29,434 --> 00:17:37,572
To keep our courage,
we were drinking and attacking blindly.
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00:17:38,458 --> 00:17:41,537
As the tanks approached us,
I screamed as loud as I could:
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00:17:41,737 --> 00:17:44,314
"We are Russians, surrender!"
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00:17:48,200 --> 00:17:50,320
In six days
after von Leeb's resignation,
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00:17:50,520 --> 00:17:53,889
Tymoshenko resumes the attack
and crosses the Donets river
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00:17:54,089 --> 00:17:58,600
with the intention of isolating the Germans
north of the Sea of Azov.
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00:18:01,826 --> 00:18:07,487
I attacked so hard,
so that the Germans were forced to withdraw.
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00:18:07,952 --> 00:18:11,058
In a motorcycle with an attachment,
abandoned in haste
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00:18:11,270 --> 00:18:14,965
I found a machine gun.
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00:18:16,040 --> 00:18:20,342
A comrade came and asked me
if he can stay attached.
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00:18:20,542 --> 00:18:26,120
I asked him if he knew
to use the machine gun.
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00:18:28,122 --> 00:18:34,218
I was driving and he was shooting.
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00:18:36,799 --> 00:18:39,256
I killed many Germans,
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00:18:39,456 --> 00:18:44,849
I conquered their trenches
from which they had attacked us.
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00:18:46,701 --> 00:18:50,301
I was 16 years old.
do you realize
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00:18:52,024 --> 00:18:54,866
By early February,
surpassed in equipment and training,
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00:18:55,066 --> 00:18:59,069
Soviet counteroffensive
he had lost his momentum.
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00:18:59,710 --> 00:19:04,555
The success of the isolation of 90,000
of German soldiers in Demyansk
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00:19:04,855 --> 00:19:08,344
was canceled by the failure
2nd Shock Army,
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00:19:08,661 --> 00:19:11,330
which, in the attempt
to stop the siege of Leningrad,
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00:19:11,530 --> 00:19:14,722
was blocked
by a German counterattack.
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00:19:15,122 --> 00:19:20,611
At the end of March, under the auspices
in the spring, the front had stabilized.
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00:19:20,911 --> 00:19:24,706
The winter battles recorded
terrible losses.
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00:19:25,962 --> 00:19:29,146
Both armies had to be reinforced
with people and equipment.
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00:19:29,532 --> 00:19:33,861
On April 5, Hitler issued
Führer directive no. 41,
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00:19:34,161 --> 00:19:37,774
Operation Blue,
summer offensive plan
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00:19:38,074 --> 00:19:40,401
to start
at the end of June.
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00:19:40,801 --> 00:19:43,398
Because the Wehrmacht
had survived the winter
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00:19:43,598 --> 00:19:49,152
and he had not been forced to withdraw as
Napoleon's Grande Armée,
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00:19:49,452 --> 00:19:54,523
Hitler thought he had won
both fate and history.
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00:19:54,847 --> 00:20:02,751
"We managed to control destiny which
defeated a man 130 years ago."
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00:20:03,244 --> 00:20:04,932
Not quite right.
230
00:20:07,424 --> 00:20:12,232
At the beginning of May, the fighting
on the eastern front they resumed.
231
00:20:12,571 --> 00:20:17,867
Hitler set new goals,
although some generals objected.
232
00:20:18,526 --> 00:20:22,155
From Moscow, he reoriented
towards the Donets basin,
233
00:20:22,355 --> 00:20:27,022
more precisely,
towards the Caucasian oil fields.
234
00:20:28,366 --> 00:20:34,481
The British blockade had reduced by
two-thirds of Germany's oil imports.
235
00:20:34,760 --> 00:20:39,021
Romanian oil fields
and Caucasians were not only attractive,
236
00:20:39,277 --> 00:20:42,776
but vital for support
a modern war.
237
00:20:43,120 --> 00:20:45,962
von Manstein's 11th Army
acted first,
238
00:20:46,178 --> 00:20:51,119
attacking in the Crimea to create a
bridgehead for the invasion of the Caucasus.
239
00:20:51,333 --> 00:20:54,040
Despite the evidence,
Stalin was firmly convinced
240
00:20:54,344 --> 00:20:58,990
that Germany will attack Moscow again.
241
00:20:59,333 --> 00:21:02,346
Four days after von Manstein
began its offensive,
242
00:21:02,603 --> 00:21:06,658
Stalin allowed Tymoshenko
to attack near the Dnieper,
243
00:21:06,901 --> 00:21:10,544
but he kept three armies,
under the command of General Golikov,
244
00:21:10,844 --> 00:21:15,359
awaiting the attack on
Moscow, which did not take place.
245
00:21:15,709 --> 00:21:19,624
But the first phase took place
of operation Blue,
246
00:21:19,939 --> 00:21:22,855
codename Fredericus I.
247
00:21:23,129 --> 00:21:27,657
He turned back the Soviet offensive
of winter and broke through a front
248
00:21:27,857 --> 00:21:33,140
which threatened the Caucasus, to the south,
but also Stalingrad.
249
00:21:33,502 --> 00:21:35,967
Fredericus is over
at the end of May.
250
00:21:36,267 --> 00:21:39,133
The Germans lost
about 20,000 people,
251
00:21:39,354 --> 00:21:46,259
while only the number of prisoners
Soviets was 214,000.
252
00:21:47,310 --> 00:21:51,319
Hitler flew to Poltava
to consult with the generals.
253
00:21:51,522 --> 00:21:56,841
He approved the summer offensive
to bring victory to the east.
254
00:21:57,261 --> 00:22:00,958
On June 2, it started
artillery assault on Sevastopol.
255
00:22:01,284 --> 00:22:04,170
On June 8,
the infantry attack began.
256
00:22:07,726 --> 00:22:11,743
On June 30, the Russian garrison in the city
sea evacuation has begun,
257
00:22:12,049 --> 00:22:15,333
and the first six months of 1942
they ended again
258
00:22:15,597 --> 00:22:20,890
with Germany advancing aggressively
on the territory of the Soviet Union.
259
00:22:23,330 --> 00:22:30,732
Before advancing, came those who
they had to impose the "Plan for the East",
260
00:22:31,509 --> 00:22:33,833
that is, the Germanization of the new territory
261
00:22:34,033 --> 00:22:37,810
and the elimination of inferior men,
Der Untermensch.
262
00:22:38,378 --> 00:22:40,813
In mid-March of 1942,
263
00:22:41,013 --> 00:22:46,493
almost 75% of those who had
to die in the holocaust
264
00:22:46,693 --> 00:22:48,351
they were still alive.
265
00:22:48,670 --> 00:22:54,952
After 11 months, 75% of those
what will be extinguished were already dead.
266
00:22:59,539 --> 00:23:03,559
We were forced to move
in the poor area of the city.
267
00:23:04,361 --> 00:23:09,736
There were 30,000 of us, men,
women, children, pregnant women, the elderly,
268
00:23:10,081 --> 00:23:13,207
sick people, the whole population.
269
00:23:13,511 --> 00:23:17,095
You had to move into some huts,
in the poorest area.
270
00:23:17,313 --> 00:23:21,155
before the war
10,000-12,000 people lived here.
271
00:23:21,454 --> 00:23:27,095
Now there were 30,000 of us.
There were ten of us in a living room.
272
00:23:27,664 --> 00:23:31,173
Due to hygienic conditions,
the typhus epidemic broke out.
273
00:23:33,687 --> 00:23:35,965
I got two hard hits.
274
00:23:42,013 --> 00:23:47,051
On January 30, 1942,
Hitler gave a snoring speech
275
00:23:47,251 --> 00:23:51,301
in front of an enthusiastic crowd
gathered in Sportspalast, in Berlin.
276
00:23:51,535 --> 00:23:55,649
He mocked Churchill,
mocked Roosevelt,
277
00:23:55,849 --> 00:23:59,311
glorified Japan, promised
victory against Bolshevism
278
00:23:59,511 --> 00:24:03,488
and, inevitably, he used
and his favorite subject.
279
00:24:04,062 --> 00:24:10,055
"The war will not end
as the Jews imagine,"
280
00:24:10,256 --> 00:24:13,348
"with the disappearance of the Aryans."
281
00:24:13,598 --> 00:24:20,130
"The war will end
with the annihilation of all Jews."
282
00:24:20,520 --> 00:24:22,591
The speech took place ten days later
283
00:24:22,791 --> 00:24:26,653
from the start of a conference
in Wannsee, a suburb of Berlin.
284
00:24:26,853 --> 00:24:30,338
Named the Conference of Ministers,
285
00:24:30,595 --> 00:24:36,634
laid the foundations of a processing plan
of seven-eight million "units".
286
00:24:36,834 --> 00:24:40,609
It was the plan for
Endlösung der Judenfrage,
287
00:24:40,821 --> 00:24:45,322
"the final solution"
for the Jewish problem.
288
00:24:49,507 --> 00:24:54,752
More than half of those present
they had doctorates, many were lawyers.
289
00:24:54,970 --> 00:24:56,726
Following the orders they gave,
290
00:24:56,926 --> 00:25:00,946
they died
almost 65% of those targeted,
291
00:25:01,287 --> 00:25:04,876
and were targeted
in all occupied territories.
292
00:25:05,077 --> 00:25:11,493
On March 27, the first train of Jews
French was sent to Poland.
293
00:25:11,793 --> 00:25:13,920
It was the first of many.
294
00:25:14,242 --> 00:25:19,748
Almost 1.5 million of the "units"
planned at Wannsee for extermination
295
00:25:19,948 --> 00:25:23,501
were not killed by gassing,
through an industrialized slaughterhouse,
296
00:25:23,738 --> 00:25:29,979
but of people who stayed at a few
meters away, rifle in hand.
297
00:25:30,233 --> 00:25:34,891
They had the opportunity to refuse to do
part of the firing squads.
298
00:25:35,103 --> 00:25:36,729
Some did.
299
00:25:37,186 --> 00:25:42,116
But in a regime that lasted
the account of everything that happened,
300
00:25:42,327 --> 00:25:45,809
there are no notes
that someone had been shot
301
00:25:46,009 --> 00:25:48,912
who refused
to be part of Einsatzgruppen
302
00:25:49,115 --> 00:25:55,972
and perform Sonderbehandlung,
"special treatment".
303
00:25:56,354 --> 00:26:00,559
Struggle for fulfillment
ethnic cleansing program
304
00:26:00,759 --> 00:26:04,866
led to the relocation of people
and battlefield resources.
305
00:26:05,066 --> 00:26:08,932
It was, as Talleyrand said
about an action by Napoleon:
306
00:26:09,132 --> 00:26:13,014
"It was worse than a murder,
it was a mistake".
307
00:26:19,233 --> 00:26:22,269
This war of attrition on a large scale
withered Germany,
308
00:26:22,469 --> 00:26:27,985
which had limited capacity
to bring new men and ammunition.
309
00:26:30,536 --> 00:26:34,616
But Russia seemed to have
an unlimited replacement capacity.
310
00:26:34,916 --> 00:26:38,405
Now he was receiving regularly
and supply convoys
311
00:26:38,605 --> 00:26:41,144
from British and American allies,
312
00:26:41,359 --> 00:26:46,958
through Iran, then through the Caucasus,
or through the Arctic Sea.
313
00:26:55,159 --> 00:26:59,858
The first arctic convoy left from
Britain in September 1941.
314
00:27:00,210 --> 00:27:04,842
Churchill had promised Stalin
that the aid will continue.
315
00:27:05,145 --> 00:27:09,102
He insisted on sending other convoys,
although the losses were high,
316
00:27:09,302 --> 00:27:13,703
because they were sailing in arctic summer,
when it's always light.
317
00:27:14,646 --> 00:27:18,860
Since the beginning of 1942,
the ships were carrying American supplies.
318
00:27:19,160 --> 00:27:22,746
Loan and rental law
it had also been extended to the USSR.
319
00:27:23,146 --> 00:27:27,934
Although guns win battles, they are not
enough to win the war.
320
00:27:28,234 --> 00:27:33,446
The Americans sent to Russia
and 35,000 radio stations,
321
00:27:33,649 --> 00:27:36,424
380,000 campaign phones,
322
00:27:36,624 --> 00:27:41,181
15,000 sawmills
and 20,000 scalpels for amputations
323
00:27:41,481 --> 00:27:47,520
and 15 million pairs of boots
made of felt, especially for Russians.
324
00:27:47,721 --> 00:27:50,113
Some have said
that the most important were
325
00:27:50,363 --> 00:27:54,543
Dodge shipments
and Studebaker trucks.
326
00:27:54,857 --> 00:28:00,507
These and many others have been sent
on the Arctic route until June 27.
327
00:28:00,707 --> 00:28:04,863
Convoy PQ17 was en route
to Arkhangelsk,
328
00:28:05,163 --> 00:28:10,587
consisting of 33 supply vessels,
an oil tanker and over 20 military ships.
329
00:28:12,779 --> 00:28:18,201
Submarines, planes and ships
Germans attacked him from the beginning.
330
00:28:18,883 --> 00:28:21,969
Only ten ships arrived
at the destination.
331
00:28:22,410 --> 00:28:26,634
By September, no more were sent
other convoys on the arctic route.
332
00:28:27,468 --> 00:28:32,000
PQ17 losses were one
among the reasons for suspension.
333
00:28:32,300 --> 00:28:37,317
Another reason was the need
to send supplies to Malta,
334
00:28:37,792 --> 00:28:40,647
whose strategic importance
had amplified
335
00:28:40,947 --> 00:28:43,271
following the events
from North Africa.
336
00:28:45,571 --> 00:28:48,400
From the beginning of the advance,
on January 21,
337
00:28:48,700 --> 00:28:51,519
and up to the defensive position
in front of the British
338
00:28:51,719 --> 00:28:54,176
on the Alamein line,
at the beginning of August,
339
00:28:54,482 --> 00:28:59,157
Afrika Korps kept advancing,
from Libya to Egypt,
340
00:28:59,433 --> 00:29:03,952
until he threatened Alexandria
and the Suez Canal.
341
00:29:04,612 --> 00:29:09,217
"One more time," said an officer
of Rommel during the offensive,
342
00:29:09,430 --> 00:29:12,952
"victorious march-Rommeluim."
343
00:29:15,969 --> 00:29:19,096
British 1st Armored Division
had 150 tanks,
344
00:29:19,296 --> 00:29:22,591
but he seemed to have learned nothing
from the invasion of France.
345
00:29:22,891 --> 00:29:28,433
The tanks were still scattered,
like splayed fingers.
346
00:29:29,331 --> 00:29:32,927
Rommel struck relentlessly
with his "fist".
347
00:29:38,542 --> 00:29:43,142
We regrouped at Derna
to stand up to him.
348
00:29:44,642 --> 00:29:48,080
It hit us hard,
passed through us.
349
00:29:49,580 --> 00:29:51,880
Benghazi fell on January 29.
350
00:29:52,180 --> 00:29:54,880
The offensive took a break
at the beginning of February,
351
00:29:55,080 --> 00:29:57,980
because fuel stocks
Rommel's were almost finished.
352
00:29:58,180 --> 00:30:03,680
The British managed to fortify
positions on the Gazala-Bir Hakeim line.
353
00:30:04,280 --> 00:30:09,880
I dug trenches at Gazala.
We didn't give in, we stayed to fight.
354
00:30:13,180 --> 00:30:17,380
Poles, New Zealanders,
australians,
355
00:30:17,580 --> 00:30:22,980
South Africans, Indians
and free french,
356
00:30:24,080 --> 00:30:26,880
that was the line of defense
from Gazala.
357
00:30:27,080 --> 00:30:29,980
On this side was the sea,
on this side was the sand.
358
00:30:30,180 --> 00:30:34,580
Rommel had concentrated all his strength
on this section.
359
00:30:35,280 --> 00:30:38,780
The retreat to Gazala was private
allied air forces
360
00:30:38,980 --> 00:30:40,980
of using the tracks in Cyrenaica,
361
00:30:41,180 --> 00:30:45,180
where he could have secured support
air convoys to Malta.
362
00:30:45,480 --> 00:30:50,380
The situation of the island has become
particularly precarious.
363
00:30:52,180 --> 00:30:56,280
Churchill implored Auchinleck,
desert commander, to attack,
364
00:30:56,510 --> 00:30:59,280
to prevent Rommel from
to regain his strength
365
00:30:59,510 --> 00:31:02,280
and offer a breath of fresh air to Malta.
366
00:31:02,580 --> 00:31:05,280
Auchinleck promised
that the offensive will start in June,
367
00:31:05,480 --> 00:31:09,780
but Rommel was faster
and attacked on May 26.
368
00:31:10,780 --> 00:31:16,280
Until then, Malta's situation is not
he had clarified, but at least he had improved.
369
00:31:17,980 --> 00:31:22,780
On May 9, the aircraft carriers Wasp and
Eagle managed to reach the island
370
00:31:22,980 --> 00:31:26,480
and download
60 Spitfire planes.
371
00:31:27,480 --> 00:31:32,080
The next day, the Axis was overtaken
numerically in the air for the first time.
372
00:31:32,380 --> 00:31:36,880
He lost 12 planes
and shot down only three Spitfires.
373
00:31:41,280 --> 00:31:46,880
By the end of May,
Rommel was close to the Gazala line.
374
00:31:47,280 --> 00:31:52,380
The battle in the cauldron has begun,
an attempt to break through the line.
375
00:31:52,620 --> 00:31:54,230
The attempt succeeded.
376
00:31:54,580 --> 00:31:59,780
On June 5, the Allies launched
the counterattack, operation Aberdeen.
377
00:32:01,180 --> 00:32:02,580
It was a failure.
378
00:32:02,780 --> 00:32:08,680
The British decided to wait
Rommel's next move.
379
00:32:09,380 --> 00:32:11,680
On June 11, he acted.
380
00:32:11,980 --> 00:32:16,280
The French isolated from Bir Hakeim
they succumbed after a brave fight.
381
00:32:16,480 --> 00:32:19,380
Rommel, although he had
twice as many tanks,
382
00:32:19,680 --> 00:32:23,780
attacked through the gap between
Knightsbridge and El Adem.
383
00:32:24,180 --> 00:32:30,180
Many British armored vehicles were
captured at Knightsbridge and destroyed.
384
00:32:33,380 --> 00:32:39,280
German tanks, with soldiers on them,
they came without knowing we were there.
385
00:32:41,424 --> 00:32:46,124
When they got close, I shot the hell out of them
in them, because they were targeting me.
386
00:32:47,724 --> 00:32:52,324
Suddenly, an armored man appeared on the mane
and began to reap them.
387
00:32:52,624 --> 00:32:55,624
The infantrymen broke it on the run
like rabbits.
388
00:32:58,724 --> 00:33:03,224
General Ritchie, without asking him
Auchinleck's Agreement,
389
00:33:03,524 --> 00:33:06,324
ordered the retreat
on the border with Egypt,
390
00:33:06,524 --> 00:33:11,424
leaving the Libyan port of Tobruk
isolated and vulnerable.
391
00:33:12,524 --> 00:33:16,024
It fell into Rommel's hands
on June 21.
392
00:33:16,924 --> 00:33:20,224
"One of the hardest hits",
said Churchill
393
00:33:20,524 --> 00:33:24,424
who barely escaped a motion
of censorship from the House of Commons.
394
00:33:24,724 --> 00:33:28,224
A survey showed
that over half of Britons
395
00:33:28,524 --> 00:33:32,724
they did not agree with the decisions
taken to war by the prime minister.
396
00:33:34,024 --> 00:33:36,824
I left Tobruk,
397
00:33:37,174 --> 00:33:41,574
while the Germans and Italians
they were bringing British prisoners there.
398
00:33:41,874 --> 00:33:46,374
I passed them
and they didn't even notice us.
399
00:33:47,074 --> 00:33:50,474
We were on ships without oars or oars.
400
00:33:50,774 --> 00:33:53,274
Unfortunately, I got caught
in a shootout.
401
00:33:53,474 --> 00:33:59,174
I then woke up on deck,
with two Germans above me,
402
00:33:59,474 --> 00:34:02,974
who said to me: "For you, Tommy,
the war is over".
403
00:34:03,774 --> 00:34:07,274
On 25 June, Auchinleck took over
command of Ritchie's men.
404
00:34:07,674 --> 00:34:10,074
Rommel conquered Mersa Matruh
until the end of June
405
00:34:10,274 --> 00:34:13,774
and the 8th Army had returned
at the El Alamein line.
406
00:34:16,374 --> 00:34:20,674
Then the famous began
"escape from Gazala".
407
00:34:21,274 --> 00:34:24,674
It was to each his own.
408
00:34:24,874 --> 00:34:27,774
If you saw a truck,
you got on and left.
409
00:34:30,274 --> 00:34:33,174
There was no one to give you orders.
410
00:34:33,374 --> 00:34:36,774
There was no officer,
you decided for yourself what you were doing.
411
00:34:36,974 --> 00:34:43,274
He had no one to take control.
It was a complete mess.
412
00:34:45,374 --> 00:34:47,774
Rommel's threat
it was so big
413
00:34:48,074 --> 00:34:52,374
so that the British fleet in the Mediterranean
left Alexandria for Haifa,
414
00:34:52,974 --> 00:34:55,974
and at headquarters in Cairo
documents were destroyed,
415
00:34:56,174 --> 00:34:58,374
awaiting evacuation.
416
00:35:01,374 --> 00:35:08,174
We lost hundreds of people.
I abandoned cars, weapons, everything.
417
00:35:09,474 --> 00:35:14,274
I thought I would never see Tobruk again,
but rather Germany
418
00:35:14,474 --> 00:35:18,674
how to capture prisoners
one after another.
419
00:35:21,174 --> 00:35:25,374
Due to intercepted messages,
British intelligence informed Cairo
420
00:35:25,574 --> 00:35:30,374
that Rommel would resume the assault
on July 1, which he did.
421
00:35:33,474 --> 00:35:35,774
But the British artillery
she was well positioned
422
00:35:36,074 --> 00:35:41,074
the air force ruled the skies
and there was also a sandstorm.
423
00:35:41,374 --> 00:35:45,074
On July 3,
after advancing only 15 km,
424
00:35:45,374 --> 00:35:48,174
Rommel ordered
going on the defensive.
425
00:35:48,374 --> 00:35:50,774
For four weeks,
until the end of July,
426
00:35:50,974 --> 00:35:55,074
the British, the Australians, the Indians,
New Zealanders and South Africans
427
00:35:55,274 --> 00:36:00,074
they attacked Axis positions,
but they also had to defend themselves.
428
00:36:00,374 --> 00:36:03,174
In the sea, the line remained the same.
429
00:36:04,474 --> 00:36:08,874
We stopped at Alamein.
I dug trenches as much as possible.
430
00:36:09,074 --> 00:36:11,474
You couldn't dig deep
because of the rocks.
431
00:36:11,674 --> 00:36:14,674
I think I just filled it
a thousand sandbags.
432
00:36:14,874 --> 00:36:17,574
Day and night, I filled bags.
433
00:36:18,774 --> 00:36:20,674
It was criminal!
434
00:36:25,774 --> 00:36:28,174
Churchill flew to Cairo.
435
00:36:29,774 --> 00:36:31,474
General Auchinleck accompanied him
on prime minister,
436
00:36:31,674 --> 00:36:34,474
which came
to see everything with hiseyes
437
00:36:34,674 --> 00:36:36,674
and to know
as many soldiers as possible.
438
00:36:36,974 --> 00:36:40,474
After seeing everything,
Churchill replaced Auchinleck
439
00:36:40,674 --> 00:36:44,874
with Lieutenant General William Gott.
440
00:36:45,874 --> 00:36:49,674
The plane Gott was on
he had been shot down on his way to Cairo.
441
00:36:49,974 --> 00:36:55,474
The emergency landing was successful
thanks to the 19-year-old pilot.
442
00:36:57,074 --> 00:37:02,574
But the German planes attacked
and on the ground, killing General Gott.
443
00:37:02,874 --> 00:37:09,174
His replacement was "Monty",
General Bernard Law Montgomery.
444
00:37:11,874 --> 00:37:16,374
When the fighting resumed in
North Africa in mid-1942,
445
00:37:16,674 --> 00:37:20,274
it was clear that things had changed.
446
00:37:23,274 --> 00:37:28,474
The violence of the world war had arrived
meanwhile in unexpected places.
447
00:37:28,674 --> 00:37:32,474
The idyllic island of Madagascar
it also became a battlefield,
448
00:37:32,704 --> 00:37:35,274
but not because
had valuable resources,
449
00:37:35,574 --> 00:37:42,074
but due to the strategic position.
450
00:37:44,074 --> 00:37:48,174
Because of the isolation, before the war
was considered by the Nazis
451
00:37:48,374 --> 00:37:52,174
the ideal place for bringing Jews
from Europe.
452
00:37:52,374 --> 00:37:55,174
Madagascar suddenly became
a place of strategic importance.
453
00:37:55,474 --> 00:38:00,074
French colony, which
French troops were stationed,
454
00:38:00,274 --> 00:38:04,174
could become a base
for the Imperial Japanese Navy,
455
00:38:04,474 --> 00:38:08,374
where does this threaten
naval traffic in the Indian Ocean.
456
00:38:09,174 --> 00:38:15,574
On May 5, a mixed British force
he conquered the port of Diego Suarez
457
00:38:15,774 --> 00:38:22,374
and the invasion of the island began,
which lasted until November.
458
00:38:24,174 --> 00:38:27,574
Concern for merchant vessels
was the reason
459
00:38:27,874 --> 00:38:32,474
and for another British action,
performed much closer to home.
460
00:38:34,574 --> 00:38:37,074
In the night between March 27 and 28,
461
00:38:37,274 --> 00:38:40,774
the destroyer HMS Campbeltown,
decommissioned,
462
00:38:40,974 --> 00:38:46,474
and a commando attacked
naval base in Saint Nazaire.
463
00:38:47,574 --> 00:38:49,774
The objective was the workshops on the dock.
464
00:38:49,974 --> 00:38:55,374
If they decommissioned them, any ship
of the Axis that needed repairs
465
00:38:55,574 --> 00:38:59,174
should have crossed
a longer way, to the north.
466
00:38:59,974 --> 00:39:03,474
Campbeltown was struck
by the dock gates.
467
00:39:03,774 --> 00:39:09,874
The German defense destroyed the boats
ready for return.
468
00:39:10,074 --> 00:39:14,274
Forced to fight, teams
commandos had to surrender.
469
00:39:14,534 --> 00:39:21,374
HMS Campbeltown, packed with explosives
and time detonator, it exploded.
470
00:39:21,674 --> 00:39:27,074
The workshops came back into use at
five years after the end of the war.
471
00:39:27,574 --> 00:39:32,574
The British lost 169 men.
The Germans, over 300.
472
00:39:36,674 --> 00:39:42,674
The success recorded encouraged
carrying out other more ambitious raids.
473
00:39:43,374 --> 00:39:49,174
A sea landing was approved
at Dieppe, code name "Jubilee".
474
00:39:51,774 --> 00:39:55,574
But Dieppe was not a success.
475
00:39:57,974 --> 00:40:00,374
There was nothing to celebrate.
476
00:40:09,774 --> 00:40:13,974
On August 19, a combined force
mostly Canadian troops
477
00:40:14,174 --> 00:40:17,274
she was left without support from the sea
478
00:40:17,574 --> 00:40:21,374
on a pebbly beach,
which the tanks could not advance.
479
00:40:22,474 --> 00:40:27,774
From behind the fortifications,
the defenders fired unhindered.
480
00:40:31,474 --> 00:40:36,874
Over 60% of Canadians were
killed, wounded or taken prisoner.
481
00:40:38,074 --> 00:40:43,374
The action is one of the most
controversial during the war.
482
00:40:44,774 --> 00:40:50,374
Her supporters believe it was
a "covert recognition".
483
00:40:53,674 --> 00:40:56,174
Although the action itself failed,
484
00:40:56,874 --> 00:40:59,874
lesson learned
about the sea landing
485
00:41:00,274 --> 00:41:03,274
saved many lives on D-Day.
486
00:41:05,274 --> 00:41:07,774
Others do not see things that way.
487
00:41:12,574 --> 00:41:16,374
They argue that the lesson of Dieppe
could have been taught
488
00:41:16,574 --> 00:41:21,374
through theoretical analysis
of the problems of a sea landing.
489
00:41:29,474 --> 00:41:35,774
It suggests that the brave soldiers
they were the victims of a shameful blunder.
490
00:41:42,974 --> 00:41:45,574
On the other side of the Atlantic
491
00:41:45,825 --> 00:41:50,325
it was an equally wrong strategy
responsible for other losses.
492
00:41:50,625 --> 00:41:55,325
German submarine commanders
they called it "the second Happy Time".
493
00:41:55,676 --> 00:41:58,176
The Battle of the Atlantic continued
without a break.
494
00:41:58,376 --> 00:42:00,876
The initiative belonged
when the Allies, when the Axis,
495
00:42:01,076 --> 00:42:04,276
with changes in tactics,
ciphers and weapons.
496
00:42:04,576 --> 00:42:06,476
The second Happy Time refers
497
00:42:06,676 --> 00:42:10,376
to the success of attacks on ships
off the east coast of America.
498
00:42:10,676 --> 00:42:12,776
Introduction of convoys
meet resistance
499
00:42:12,976 --> 00:42:15,576
and camouflage in coastal cities
was not implemented
500
00:42:15,876 --> 00:42:19,776
until Admiral King wanted it,
chief of naval operations.
501
00:42:20,076 --> 00:42:21,676
About King, General Dykes,
502
00:42:21,876 --> 00:42:24,676
secretary of the Combined Chiefs of Staff
from washington
503
00:42:24,876 --> 00:42:30,276
he said he was a man of character
strong but without much mind.
504
00:42:31,376 --> 00:42:33,576
The losses suffered from the beginning
until august
505
00:42:33,776 --> 00:42:37,476
when the system was still valid
of convoys and other defensive measures,
506
00:42:38,276 --> 00:42:41,476
totals 609 vessels
and thousands of lives lost
507
00:42:41,676 --> 00:42:43,876
because of
of 22 German submarines.
508
00:42:44,176 --> 00:42:48,476
German submarines were sinking
American ships off the coast of America
509
00:42:48,676 --> 00:42:52,176
because of maybe
the most expensive decision:
510
00:42:52,476 --> 00:42:56,376
Germany had declared war on the US.
511
00:42:59,176 --> 00:43:04,676
After the attack on Pearl Harbor, Congress
had approved the war against Japan.
512
00:43:06,076 --> 00:43:10,376
President Roosevelt was not sure
if he can convince Congress
513
00:43:10,576 --> 00:43:14,176
or the American people
involvement in the war in Europe.
514
00:43:16,776 --> 00:43:19,976
The insecurity is gone
on December 10,
515
00:43:20,176 --> 00:43:26,476
when Adolf Hitler, who until then
had not officially declared war on anyone,
516
00:43:26,776 --> 00:43:30,276
declared war on the United States.
517
00:43:32,276 --> 00:43:37,176
Perhaps he hoped that, passing beyond
by the terms of the Tripartite Pact,
518
00:43:37,376 --> 00:43:43,876
will force its ally, Japan,
to declare war on the Soviet Union.
519
00:43:44,176 --> 00:43:46,376
Here he was sorely mistaken.
520
00:43:46,576 --> 00:43:50,976
Japan and the Soviet Union
they met the conditions
521
00:43:51,176 --> 00:43:56,176
non-aggression pact
signed in April 1941.
522
00:43:56,976 --> 00:43:59,976
Hitler's mistake
it was catastrophic.
523
00:44:00,476 --> 00:44:05,176
In November 1940, he told her
Foreign Minister Molotov
524
00:44:05,476 --> 00:44:08,376
that the US will not represent
a military threat
525
00:44:08,676 --> 00:44:13,376
earlier than 1970 or 1980.
526
00:44:16,276 --> 00:44:20,476
When he said that, the US had
an army of 100,000 men.
527
00:44:20,776 --> 00:44:28,876
In 1945, the US had 14.9 million
of men in the army.
528
00:44:29,176 --> 00:44:33,876
To see the degree of stupidity
of Nazi racist prejudices,
529
00:44:34,076 --> 00:44:36,776
that's what he asked
foreign minister Ribbentrop:
530
00:44:37,076 --> 00:44:42,176
"When he produced fighters
a nation like this, full of Jews?"
531
00:44:47,876 --> 00:44:50,076
Winston Churchill knew
that things are different.
532
00:44:50,276 --> 00:44:52,876
"By America's Entry into the War,"
he said
533
00:44:53,176 --> 00:44:56,876
"the fate of Germany and Italy
shall be sealed."
534
00:44:57,176 --> 00:45:02,676
"As for the Japanese," he added,
"they shall be made one with the earth."
535
00:45:09,176 --> 00:45:12,676
Hitler's gift to Roosevelt
it was Churchill's salvation.
536
00:45:12,976 --> 00:45:17,276
The first meeting of the allied leaders
after America entered the war,
537
00:45:17,576 --> 00:45:19,476
Arcadia Conference in Washington,
538
00:45:19,676 --> 00:45:23,176
from December '41
until January '42,
539
00:45:23,476 --> 00:45:26,176
it led to some important actions.
540
00:45:28,476 --> 00:45:31,576
One of them, sketching the structure
United Nations.
541
00:45:31,976 --> 00:45:37,076
The formation of ABDA, the American force-
British-Dutch-Australian
542
00:45:37,376 --> 00:45:41,576
who was to face Japan
in the Far East or wherever.
543
00:45:44,376 --> 00:45:47,976
For Churchill, the most important
it was the president's decision,
544
00:45:48,176 --> 00:45:53,276
which, without the declaration of war
of Hitler, would not have been possible.
545
00:45:53,776 --> 00:45:58,076
He supported the strategy
of Churchill's war.
546
00:45:59,776 --> 00:46:02,376
Hitler had to be defeated first,
547
00:46:02,676 --> 00:46:06,676
then they will concentrate
on the destruction of Japan.
548
00:46:15,276 --> 00:46:17,176
By mid-January 1942,
549
00:46:17,376 --> 00:46:21,076
Japan's extraordinary progress
in the Asia-Pacific region
550
00:46:21,276 --> 00:46:26,476
probably gave reasons to some of the
bosses to doubt the decision.
551
00:46:26,776 --> 00:46:28,576
And many did.
552
00:46:29,076 --> 00:46:33,376
Japan left its largest
part of the army in China,
553
00:46:33,676 --> 00:46:36,376
while it was launched
a quick conquest operation,
554
00:46:36,576 --> 00:46:39,476
a few hours before the attack
over Pearl Harbor.
555
00:46:43,176 --> 00:46:46,376
Land Force at Kota Bharu
attacked the east coast of Malacca
556
00:46:46,576 --> 00:46:50,576
2h 30' before the first bomb
to fall at Pearl Harbor.
557
00:46:50,876 --> 00:46:54,676
Three hours after Pearl Harbor,
the Japanese attacked Hong Kong.
558
00:46:54,976 --> 00:46:58,776
Then they attacked the Philippines,
Dutch East Indies,
559
00:46:59,076 --> 00:47:03,576
in the south, towards New Guinea
and up to Singapore,
560
00:47:03,876 --> 00:47:06,576
more than 6,000 km from Tokyo.
561
00:47:07,076 --> 00:47:09,976
At school we were taught that,
when you grow up
562
00:47:10,176 --> 00:47:12,776
it is honorable to become a soldier
and die in battle.
563
00:47:12,976 --> 00:47:14,876
That was the ideal for boys.
564
00:47:15,076 --> 00:47:18,676
The girls were supposed to become nurses.
They cared for soldiers in field hospitals,
565
00:47:18,876 --> 00:47:22,976
then they died too, under the enemy bombs.
That was honorable for women.
566
00:47:24,476 --> 00:47:28,276
It was important
that they all die in the war.
567
00:47:31,276 --> 00:47:36,576
The Japanese would lie in
Pacific, a vast ocean, but not empty.
568
00:47:38,276 --> 00:47:40,276
A ring of fortified islands will do
569
00:47:40,476 --> 00:47:42,576
as Coprosperity Sphere
can be defended.
570
00:47:42,776 --> 00:47:45,876
They were included
and former German colonies,
571
00:47:46,176 --> 00:47:49,076
islands received by Japan
by the Treaty of Versailles:
572
00:47:49,676 --> 00:47:52,976
Marshall Islands,
Caroline Islands and Mariana Islands.
573
00:47:56,876 --> 00:48:01,576
In just six months,
the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy
574
00:48:01,876 --> 00:48:06,876
they had taken possession of a sixth
from the surface of the Earth.
575
00:48:13,076 --> 00:48:15,276
In the next episode
from "The Price of Empire",
576
00:48:15,476 --> 00:48:19,776
Japanese forces spread out
throughout the Asia-Pacific region,
577
00:48:20,076 --> 00:48:22,976
seeming unstoppable and invincible.
578
00:48:23,276 --> 00:48:26,876
Mid 1942
it's the middle of the war.
579
00:48:27,176 --> 00:48:33,176
In the latter part of the year, at Midway,
El Alamein and Stalingrad,
580
00:48:33,476 --> 00:48:36,076
the situation begins to change.
581
00:48:37,076 --> 00:48:42,076
Root: Viasat History
Trans-synchro: vonRichthofen
Subs.ro Team @ www.subs.ro