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The war was wreaking havoc in the East
since 1937,

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00:00:09,220 --> 00:00:11,460
when Japan invaded China.

3
00:00:12,780 --> 00:00:15,980
It arrived in Europe
on September 1, 1939,

4
00:00:16,180 --> 00:00:18,460
when Germany invaded Poland.

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00:00:19,460 --> 00:00:23,320
It has gained worldwide scope
on December 7, 1941,

6
00:00:23,520 --> 00:00:28,460
when the Japanese planes attacked
the US naval base at Pearl Harbor.

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00:00:31,940 --> 00:00:34,460
The war affected all continents...

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00:00:37,660 --> 00:00:40,060
...and it lasted six years.

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00:00:45,180 --> 00:00:49,780
It ended with a new weapon,
for a new era.

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00:00:50,820 --> 00:00:55,120
This is the story of the greatest
event in human history

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and these men
they took part in it.

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They witnessed the shootings
and the tragedies of war

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from wherever battles took place.

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Their testimony is an element
from the history of the formation of our world...

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...by those who could pay...

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...and by those who
they couldn't take it anymore...

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...the price of empire.

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WORLD WAR II:
THE PRICE OF EMPIRE

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It is the year 1941.

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Britain avoided an invasion
and defeated the German air force in the air.

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But now she is threatened by the most
long campaign of World War II,

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Battle of the Atlantic.

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00:01:58,460 --> 00:02:05,059
This year, the events in the Balkans,
from the eastern region of the Mediterranean, called the Levant...

24
00:02:05,977 --> 00:02:10,817
...and those from the north and east of Africa,
they would decisively influence the war.

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At the end of the year, Japan's shares
spread war across the globe.

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But before that,

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the evolution of the Second War
The world would be changed

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by one word: <i>Barbarossa</i>.

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EPISODE 5:
OPERATION BARBAROSSA

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On September 1, 1939,

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the <i>Athenia</i> liner departs
from Glasgow with 1,103 passengers.

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On the evening of September 3, when
Britain entered the war,

33
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the vessel has been detected
by the German submarine U-30,

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which fired two torpedoes at him.

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<i>Athenia</i> sank at 10:40,
the next morning.

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<i>The testimonies of the survivors
I reproduce the ordeal in detail.</i>

37
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<i>Between 07:00 and 08:00 he saved us
a destroyer. He took us on board.</i>

38
00:03:21,970 --> 00:03:25,812
98 passengers lost their lives
and 19 crew members.

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Of these, 54 were Canadian,
including a ten-year-old girl.

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The Canadian press headlines
in lame letters:

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"EMPIRE AT WAR".

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The Battle of the Atlantic had begun.

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It will end after six years, once
with the end of the war in Europe.

44
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Churchill recognized that the only one
something he really dreaded

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was the threat
German submarines.

46
00:04:05,106 --> 00:04:10,051
Britain suffered losses
enormous, but not irremediable,

47
00:04:10,259 --> 00:04:15,289
thanks to the countermeasures taken,
such as escorting convoys,

48
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the deployment of long-range aircraft
and, perhaps most importantly,

49
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due to construction techniques
from American shipyards,

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which launched several ships
than they were submerged.

51
00:04:28,839 --> 00:04:32,935
At the beginning of the war, Admiral Karl Dönitz,
the commander of the <i>U-boat</i> fleet,

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he said he needed it
of 300 submarines.

53
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But he was only 58. But the construction
of submarines has not become a priority

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00:04:42,806 --> 00:04:46,390
than in 1942, when Hitler
declare with conviction:

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"The submarine will decide the fate
the war." But it wasn't like that.

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At the end of the war,
Germany had 463 submarines.

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But there were too many
and they had arrived too late.

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The pride of the German Navy, <i>Kriegsmarine</i>,
were his surface ships,

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and of these,
the most important was <i>Bismarck</i>.

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With the steel used
in the construction of the ship <i>Bismarck</i>,

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could have been built
100 submarines.

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But it was used
when building a single ship,

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which was launched into battle
on May 19, 1941.

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From the very beginning, she was eclipsed
by the ships of the British navy.

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After only ten days at sea,
she was sunk.

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THE LAST MOMENTS
OF "BISMARCK"

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<i>Battleship "Rodney" opened
first the fire,</i>

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<i>followed shortly after
by the battleship "King George V".</i>

69
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<i>It was refreshing, since
we hadn't had breakfast yet,</i>

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<i>to hear the volleys of cannons
of 400 mm in front.</i>

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Submarines were effective
in attacking supply routes

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on which food was transported
and armaments to Great Britain.

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Although the impact of losses
had been mitigated,

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annual food imports had been
reduced from 55 million tons to 35.

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Eating habits had been
adapted to availability, rations

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and government recommendations.

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<i>Following the advice, you will have food
better, health and energy.</i>

78
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<i>Call the Counseling Center
Alimentary. It's meant to help you.</i>

79
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Good times for submarine commanders
German Atlantic, called "The Happy Times",

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they lasted
until the beginning of 1941.

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00:07:19,127 --> 00:07:23,381
The Germans applied
wolf pack tactics, <i>Rudeltaktik</i>,

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which the British called
<i>The Wolf Pack</i>.

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German submarines were operating
in common

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based on British maritime codes
which they had deciphered.

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Their initial success was
so great that in March 1941,

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Churchill allocated 40,000 soldiers
to work in shipyards,

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where ships were waiting for repairs
of 800,000 tons at one place.

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Then, the German submarine was not
so skillfully as at present.

89
00:08:03,406 --> 00:08:06,029
On the surface it was propelled
by a diesel engine,

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00:08:08,493 --> 00:08:15,294
and in the depths, of the battery,
moving like a slow boat.

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00:08:17,537 --> 00:08:19,730
Its vulnerability
was discovered

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by destroyers and corvettes
who escorted the convoys.

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00:08:25,083 --> 00:08:29,531
If in January and February 1941
the submarines had suffered no losses,

94
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later they start to be hit monthly.

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00:08:37,309 --> 00:08:43,276
By the end of the war,
75% of their crew were killed.

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A higher mortality than in
any military force from any country.

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From May, the convoys were escorted
when crossing the entire Atlantic,

98
00:09:03,250 --> 00:09:08,701
Royal Canadian Navy
assuming their guard in the west.

99
00:09:09,478 --> 00:09:14,033
The US, despite its neutrality,

100
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they escorted convoys far away
to the east, to Iceland.

101
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In early 1941, Roosevelt
sent a clear signal to the people

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that the US will not be able to stay
always neutral.

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<i>In the name of democracy,</i>

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<i>we Americans are concerned
of the defense of your freedom.</i>

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00:09:46,166 --> 00:09:51,411
It was January 6, 1941,
at the State of the Union speech.

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In his speech, Roosevelt defined
the four freedoms

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which he considered fundamental
for all peoples:

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freedom of expression,
religious freedom,

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freedom of will
and freedom from fear.

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In April 1941, a minor event
sparked the Battle of the Atlantic...

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...the capture of the submarine
U-boat 110.

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Forced by the Royal Navy
to surface

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the boarding team dismantled
everything you could from U-boat 110,

114
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including the code book
<i>Kurzsignale</i> and the <i>Enigma</i> device.

115
00:10:38,897 --> 00:10:43,414
The documents and the device helped them
on the code breakers at <i>GCandCS</i>,

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<i>Government Code and Cypher School</i>
from Bletchley Park

117
00:10:48,463 --> 00:10:55,117
to break the 1.253 trillion
of combinations of the <i>Enigma</i> device,

118
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thus managing to decrypt during the war
over a million <i>Kriegsmarine</i> messages.

119
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Improving the countermeasures taken
of the Allies is attested by the numbers.

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In the first six months of 1941,

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German submarines destroyed
1.5 million tons of cargo.

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00:11:16,800 --> 00:11:23,711
This quantity has been reduced
by 50% in the second half of the year,

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00:11:23,968 --> 00:11:27,402
as a result of the dive
of 32 German submarines.

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00:11:27,602 --> 00:11:32,081
In the year 1943,
the situation was completely different.

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In 1943, they were sunk
248 German submarines.

126
00:11:39,411 --> 00:11:45,334
To defend their trade routes
from the Red Sea and the Suez Canal,

127
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Great Britain has established bases
in Egypt.

128
00:11:49,139 --> 00:11:53,338
Thus, the war ended
in north africa,

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Horn of Africa gaining
an essential role.

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I fought for almost six weeks
on the ground, I did instruction,

131
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which I found totally inappropriate.

132
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We were not ready for battle. Half
neither of us had fired a gun.

133
00:12:18,823 --> 00:12:23,701
I was using the old 303 revolvers
from the First World War.

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That's what we were equipped with.

135
00:12:27,218 --> 00:12:30,935
In 1940, I went into battle.

136
00:12:35,278 --> 00:12:40,983
At the end of January 1941,
gl.-lt. Sir Alan Cunningham advanced.

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00:12:41,297 --> 00:12:45,981
Marching 55 km a day, his troops
by Indians, South Africans, British

138
00:12:46,181 --> 00:12:48,081
and Africans from East and West,

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00:12:48,294 --> 00:12:53,378
they entered Ethiopia
on February 2, 1941.

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00:12:54,877 --> 00:12:57,850
Their mission was
to drive out the Italians

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and restore the throne
to Emperor Haile Selassie.

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00:13:04,781 --> 00:13:08,914
In our first fight
against the Italians,

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we had emerged victorious.

144
00:13:11,414 --> 00:13:13,783
We had chased them away.

145
00:13:13,983 --> 00:13:19,328
They were more than us.
It was a risky situation.

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00:13:19,562 --> 00:13:26,075
They brought a few regiments of British
and a brigade or two of Indians.

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00:13:27,863 --> 00:13:33,683
From Massawa,
I advanced into Abyssinia.

148
00:13:41,330 --> 00:13:44,840
We had to fight the Italians
to recover Abyssinia.

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Which I did,
to everyone's surprise.

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00:13:52,906 --> 00:13:57,727
With our rookie army,
I succeeded.

151
00:14:01,872 --> 00:14:07,974
Cunningham had taken 50,000 prisoners
and had occupied more than 930 km2

152
00:14:08,225 --> 00:14:13,767
at the cost of 135 soldiers killed
and four taken prisoners.

153
00:14:14,417 --> 00:14:17,465
Italian resistance continued
until the end of November

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00:14:17,688 --> 00:14:21,741
when most of the British troops
they had already been withdrawn

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00:14:21,941 --> 00:14:27,675
to face danger
higher in northern Africa.

156
00:14:28,886 --> 00:14:35,203
Vichy France and Franco's Spain,
favorable to the Axis powers, they controlled Morocco.

157
00:14:35,456 --> 00:14:38,698
Algeria and Tunisia were controlled
by the Vichy Regime.

158
00:14:38,914 --> 00:14:41,081
Libya was under Italian rule.

159
00:14:41,375 --> 00:14:46,909
Egypt, which controlled the Suez Canal,
was under British protectorate.

160
00:14:50,625 --> 00:14:54,126
The Mediterranean was a coveted sea.

161
00:14:55,108 --> 00:15:01,760
Italy's entry into the war was forced
England to withdraw her ships from Asia,

162
00:15:07,206 --> 00:15:12,249
leaving Singapore and Malaya
almost defenseless.

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Royal Navy's Mediterranean Fleet
and some vessels from the Australian Navy

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00:15:21,250 --> 00:15:26,061
intercepted and sunk, or damaged
seriously, several vessels of the <i>Regia Marina</i>,

165
00:15:26,361 --> 00:15:32,861
the Italian navy, in the battle of Matapan,
in the southwest of the Peloponnese peninsula.

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00:15:33,161 --> 00:15:41,082
On March 27 and 28, the last one took place
action of the fleet of the British Royal Navy.

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00:15:46,234 --> 00:15:52,838
At the heart of the conflict in the Mediterranean,
it was a strategic British islet.

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00:15:55,039 --> 00:15:58,333
It's about Malta,
a fortress with airstrips

169
00:15:58,533 --> 00:16:01,474
and with a huge shipyard.

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00:16:07,961 --> 00:16:12,400
<i>It was the 234th raid on the island.
Many others followed.</i>

171
00:16:12,901 --> 00:16:17,293
Attacked continuously from the air
and supplied sporadically,

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00:16:17,530 --> 00:16:24,485
the resistance of the Maltese was
appreciated by the King of England in 1942.

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00:16:24,854 --> 00:16:30,568
The island received the highest
civilian award for bravery,

174
00:16:30,868 --> 00:16:32,034
"George's Cross".

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00:16:32,334 --> 00:16:35,818
Currently, it figures
on the flag of the Republic of Malta,

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00:16:36,118 --> 00:16:39,293
which gained its independence
in the early 1960s.

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00:16:43,748 --> 00:16:47,181
Keeping Malta meant
access to maritime routes

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00:16:47,381 --> 00:16:52,690
which supplied the allied troops
from North Africa.

179
00:16:56,858 --> 00:17:01,998
Mersa Matruh was
a supply base.

180
00:17:02,198 --> 00:17:05,711
There were countless stacks of supplies.

181
00:17:07,171 --> 00:17:11,805
spare parts,
fuel, rations, medicines,

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00:17:12,005 --> 00:17:15,362
all were covered
with camouflage nets.

183
00:17:17,948 --> 00:17:22,804
That's how I spent the first night
in the Libyan desert.

184
00:17:26,434 --> 00:17:30,421
The British troops had forced a retreat
the Italians west of Alexandria.

185
00:17:30,637 --> 00:17:35,553
On January 5, 1941, the 6th Division
Australian conquers Bardia,

186
00:17:35,771 --> 00:17:37,684
and on January 22, the city of Tobruk.

187
00:17:37,884 --> 00:17:41,485
On February 6,
Australians enter Benghazi.

188
00:17:43,792 --> 00:17:49,584
There were many British people there.
They had arrived before us.

189
00:17:50,835 --> 00:17:56,547
After they gave us something to eat
and we lay on the ground,

190
00:17:56,747 --> 00:17:59,266
I heard this noise.

191
00:17:59,466 --> 00:18:02,766
Mmm... Mmm...

192
00:18:02,966 --> 00:18:09,030
I asked: "What is this noise?".
And someone said, "You'll find out."

193
00:18:09,942 --> 00:18:15,958
It was the Italian aviation
with <i>Savoia-Marchetti</i> planes...

194
00:18:17,758 --> 00:18:24,089
...with German <i>Focke-Wulf</i> planes
and <i>Messerschmitt</i>.

195
00:18:24,300 --> 00:18:31,275
There were so many
that darkened the sky like a black cloud.

196
00:18:32,408 --> 00:18:36,701
It was the first air raid
which we were attending.

197
00:18:36,901 --> 00:18:38,301
I had never seen one before,

198
00:18:38,508 --> 00:18:41,719
it was the first time that the Italians
they were sending aviation to East Africa.

199
00:18:45,318 --> 00:18:50,240
The Messerschmitt planes have arrived
the first, machine-gunning.

200
00:18:51,714 --> 00:18:54,877
And of course, we started
let's run like crazy.

201
00:18:57,822 --> 00:19:01,289
The sergeant told us, "Calm down,
lie on the ground, don't run!"

202
00:19:01,489 --> 00:19:04,289
"Face the ground! Stay there!"

203
00:19:06,589 --> 00:19:11,051
"Fleeing, become targets,
you will be shot."

204
00:19:12,518 --> 00:19:16,191
Not knowing, I lost
some comrades.

205
00:19:18,636 --> 00:19:25,845
God, we hadn't passed
through something like that.

206
00:19:38,179 --> 00:19:41,637
British success in North Africa
it was short lived.

207
00:19:42,933 --> 00:19:46,448
In early January, Churchill
had weakened the forces in North Africa,

208
00:19:46,648 --> 00:19:51,581
sending the troops
to support the campaign in Greece.

209
00:19:52,669 --> 00:19:54,901
On the day of the fall of Benghazi,

210
00:19:55,102 --> 00:20:00,836
Hitler, who had announced a month before
that he would provide military support to Italy,

211
00:20:01,036 --> 00:20:05,284
appointed a general at the head
the German contingent in Libya.

212
00:20:05,756 --> 00:20:08,361
His name was Erwin Rommel.

213
00:20:08,732 --> 00:20:11,269
Rommel made the first move
on March 24,

214
00:20:11,469 --> 00:20:16,268
then advanced, entering Benghazi,
without encountering resistance, on April 4.

215
00:20:20,305 --> 00:20:26,006
He continued to fast forward
sowing confusion among enemies,

216
00:20:26,206 --> 00:20:29,566
capturing two British generals,
O'Connor and Neame,

217
00:20:29,866 --> 00:20:33,286
and threatening
to isolate the Australian troops.

218
00:20:37,241 --> 00:20:39,818
At the end of April,
Tobruk was besieged,

219
00:20:40,019 --> 00:20:46,330
and the British had been pushed back
on the positions of five months ago.

220
00:20:51,265 --> 00:20:55,309
The Allies were getting news
just as gloomy from the Balkans.

221
00:20:59,255 --> 00:21:04,581
Hitler, affected by the failure of the Italians
in Greece, he reacted violently

222
00:21:04,781 --> 00:21:10,382
when the new regime in Yugoslavia, which
banished his ally, Prince Paul,

223
00:21:10,609 --> 00:21:13,742
signed a non-aggression pact
with Stalin

224
00:21:14,314 --> 00:21:19,115
and showed himself willing to train
a coalition with Great Britain.

225
00:21:30,313 --> 00:21:33,673
The German offensive in the Balkans
debuted on April 6

226
00:21:33,873 --> 00:21:38,454
with a <i>Luftwaffe</i> attack
on the Yugoslav capital, Belgrade.

227
00:21:39,500 --> 00:21:41,817
50 divisions
with strong air support

228
00:21:42,071 --> 00:21:47,721
scattered the 28 local divisions,
poorly equipped and without air support,

229
00:21:50,029 --> 00:21:56,293
losing only 151 soldiers
on their march to Greece,

230
00:21:56,662 --> 00:22:00,485
where British troops had been sent
and from the Commonwealth.

231
00:22:02,164 --> 00:22:05,399
On April 17,
Yugoslavia capitulated.

232
00:22:05,649 --> 00:22:11,308
The Axis powers took over 300,000
of captives, but the fight was not over.

233
00:22:11,637 --> 00:22:16,296
In the Balkans, nothing was clear.

234
00:22:17,342 --> 00:22:19,746
The terrain is rough and varied,

235
00:22:19,992 --> 00:22:24,130
lending itself to guerrilla tactics
of the partisans.

236
00:22:24,720 --> 00:22:31,033
The various ethnicities did not homogenize,
and rivalries are destructive.

237
00:22:35,644 --> 00:22:40,426
The region became the only theater
conducive to partisan actions.

238
00:22:40,635 --> 00:22:43,793
But the opponents of Nazi Germany

239
00:22:44,093 --> 00:22:46,906
they were fighting just as much
tenacity and between them.

240
00:22:47,151 --> 00:22:52,094
Serbian monarchists, Chetniks,
they did not agree with the Croatian Ustashas

241
00:22:52,294 --> 00:22:54,409
nor allies with the partisans

242
00:22:54,609 --> 00:23:00,643
led by Tito, a former agent
of the Communist International.

243
00:23:02,033 --> 00:23:06,641
<i>Germany invades Greece,
a new atrocity committed by Hitler.</i>

244
00:23:06,841 --> 00:23:11,996
<i>The invasion is aerial, because the tanks
and vehicles might be useless.</i>

245
00:23:15,812 --> 00:23:19,091
I had no maps, only a few sketches.

246
00:23:19,548 --> 00:23:22,200
Carey told me:
"Here's a herd of goats."

247
00:23:22,400 --> 00:23:26,642
"You can ask the keeper
where the hell are we?"

248
00:23:26,915 --> 00:23:28,598
I accepted.

249
00:23:28,961 --> 00:23:35,242
I went to the keeper and said:
"Excuse me, do you speak English?"

250
00:23:35,442 --> 00:23:40,253
He looked at me disapprovingly
and said: "No, but I know American."

251
00:23:41,787 --> 00:23:45,277
We destroyed the tanks ourselves,
because we had no spare parts.

252
00:23:45,567 --> 00:23:49,621
My tank lasted the longest,
to the north of Thebes.

253
00:23:50,302 --> 00:23:55,201
It didn't work anymore, the enemies were flying over
and we all jumped into a trench.

254
00:23:55,701 --> 00:23:59,843
A bomb hit him.
He detached the tracks from one side.

255
00:24:01,295 --> 00:24:06,675
Then I got the news that I was on the account
own. The Greek government had fallen.

256
00:24:10,068 --> 00:24:12,924
The 1st Greek Army surrendered
on April 20.

257
00:24:13,124 --> 00:24:16,956
After a week,
The Royal Navy evacuated W troops,

258
00:24:17,182 --> 00:24:20,485
consisting of an Australian division,
a New Zealand one

259
00:24:20,735 --> 00:24:23,299
and a British armored brigade.

260
00:24:28,624 --> 00:24:31,339
W troops were evacuated to Crete,

261
00:24:31,539 --> 00:24:36,105
leaving behind 10,000 soldiers
prisoners of war.

262
00:24:37,205 --> 00:24:41,268
Just like at Dunkirk, the British
managed to evacuate the soldiers,

263
00:24:41,468 --> 00:24:45,852
but they were forced to leave behind
heavy equipment.

264
00:24:49,301 --> 00:24:51,506
The Germans entered Athens
on April 27.

265
00:24:51,731 --> 00:24:58,037
two days before
Hitler ordered the capture of Crete.

266
00:25:02,158 --> 00:25:07,927
Before the assault began,
a bizarre event happened.

267
00:25:08,216 --> 00:25:13,658
It didn't seem like the time for Axa to apply
a truce to the cornered Allies,

268
00:25:13,905 --> 00:25:16,621
but someone thought it appropriate.

269
00:25:17,100 --> 00:25:21,121
At 17:45 on May 10, 1941,

270
00:25:21,370 --> 00:25:25,527
a German plane took off
specially equipped, an Me110.

271
00:25:25,868 --> 00:25:32,087
The pilot was wearing a flight suit
with captain's insignia.

272
00:25:32,427 --> 00:25:35,936
He took off for Scotland,
but not seeing the destination,

273
00:25:36,191 --> 00:25:40,634
he parachuted
shortly after 11:00 p.m.

274
00:25:40,949 --> 00:25:45,379
During the interrogation he admitted
that he is Rudolf Hess,

275
00:25:46,046 --> 00:25:48,820
third man in the Reich,

276
00:25:49,156 --> 00:25:54,534
deputy führer, old friend
and confidant of Adolf Hitler.

277
00:25:57,309 --> 00:25:59,845
<i>Yes, I captured him
on Rudolf Hess.</i>

278
00:26:00,045 --> 00:26:04,577
<i>I ran out of the house
and I saw a man with a parachute.</i>

279
00:26:04,903 --> 00:26:09,705
<i>He said he was married. He showed me a
picture of his son. He was proud of him

280
00:26:10,034 --> 00:26:14,717
<i>He said: "I saw him in the morning,
but who knows when I will see him again."</i>

281
00:26:15,363 --> 00:26:20,989
Hess had set out on a mission of peace,
even on their own initiative.

282
00:26:21,713 --> 00:26:26,305
when he found out
Hitler initiated <i>Aktion Hess</i>,

283
00:26:26,550 --> 00:26:33,480
a smear campaign against Hess,
who was not able to negotiate.

284
00:26:35,871 --> 00:26:40,347
Hess took his own life in prison
in 1987,

285
00:26:40,669 --> 00:26:43,720
at the age of 93.

286
00:26:50,830 --> 00:26:53,762
When Rudolf Hess was safe
in the hands of the British,

287
00:26:53,965 --> 00:26:58,822
<i>Luftwaffe</i> launches the first attacks
on Crete.

288
00:27:01,363 --> 00:27:06,423
Five days later, on May 20,
the Germans began the assault.

289
00:27:07,466 --> 00:27:10,780
They were planning an airborne invasion.

290
00:27:12,580 --> 00:27:18,666
It resulted in a disaster, and Germany
he would give up this tactic.

291
00:27:20,759 --> 00:27:23,554
The troops brought in by gliders
and four paratrooper battalions

292
00:27:23,754 --> 00:27:27,666
were destroyed before
to be able to take part in the battle.

293
00:27:28,669 --> 00:27:34,544
Until May 20, the German forces
they had not secured any objective.

294
00:27:34,744 --> 00:27:40,101
The German commanders attacked
with all the resources Maleme,

295
00:27:40,301 --> 00:27:42,640
the town where the aerodrome is located.

296
00:27:42,941 --> 00:27:46,533
On the morning of May 21,
the germans advanced

297
00:27:46,783 --> 00:27:52,063
finding that the defending troops
the airfield had been withdrawn.

298
00:27:56,977 --> 00:28:01,027
The Germans wasted no time
and they brought reinforcements.

299
00:28:03,403 --> 00:28:06,683
Commanders of the British Army
they were considering capitulation.

300
00:28:06,883 --> 00:28:11,407
A year after the battle of Dunkirk,
British troops were evacuated,

301
00:28:11,607 --> 00:28:15,921
leaving the population of Crete vulnerable
in front of the atrocities of the Germans.

302
00:28:16,703 --> 00:28:22,889
British and Commonwealth troops
operated in the eastern Mediterranean,

303
00:28:23,630 --> 00:28:28,254
become now
an area of strategic importance.

304
00:28:29,288 --> 00:28:33,920
The Levant, the current territory
of Iraq, Syria and Lebanon,

305
00:28:34,120 --> 00:28:40,237
it was controlled by an administration
loyal to France led by Pétain.

306
00:28:43,312 --> 00:28:48,767
On June 8, British and French forces
free advance in Syria and Lebanon,

307
00:28:48,967 --> 00:28:51,291
anticipating a facade resistance

308
00:28:51,491 --> 00:28:53,420
from the garrison
the Vichy regime.

309
00:28:53,663 --> 00:28:57,039
Their expectations were disappointed.

310
00:29:04,174 --> 00:29:06,696
The forces of the Vichy regime
they resisted tenaciously.

311
00:29:06,902 --> 00:29:11,577
Only on July 15 were they defeated.

312
00:29:13,003 --> 00:29:17,572
The 38,000 soldiers could opt
to join the Free French

313
00:29:17,832 --> 00:29:21,037
or to be repatriated to France.

314
00:29:21,550 --> 00:29:26,172
Only 5,700 of them chose
to continue the fight.

315
00:29:27,389 --> 00:29:30,916
Defeat of Italy in Abyssinia
and the Vichy regime in the Levant

316
00:29:31,116 --> 00:29:34,711
led to the consolidation of the position
British troops in Egypt,

317
00:29:34,911 --> 00:29:40,953
as a base in North Africa,
where the fighting had intensified again.

318
00:29:41,251 --> 00:29:44,447
It would not be favorable to the Allies.

319
00:29:51,362 --> 00:29:55,862
I arrived at a place
opposite Tobruk,

320
00:29:56,062 --> 00:29:59,500
a place called Sidi Azeiz.

321
00:29:59,700 --> 00:30:04,500
What do you think we found there?
Nothing.

322
00:30:05,700 --> 00:30:10,000
It wasn't even a rock,
a building, nothing.

323
00:30:10,200 --> 00:30:14,900
El Adem, Baggush, Buq Buq

324
00:30:15,100 --> 00:30:18,500
there were places in the desert,
but there was nothing there.

325
00:30:20,000 --> 00:30:24,500
Just some terminals,
with numbers on them.

326
00:30:27,600 --> 00:30:30,500
On June 15, General Wavell,
supreme commander,

327
00:30:30,700 --> 00:30:34,300
yield to Churchill's insistence
to liberate Tobruk

328
00:30:34,500 --> 00:30:38,700
and launch an offensive,
operation <i>Battleaxe</i>.

329
00:30:54,000 --> 00:30:57,200
After two days,
is rejected to the initial position,

330
00:30:57,400 --> 00:31:00,800
the British losing better than
90 tanks as well as soldiers

331
00:31:01,000 --> 00:31:08,700
in front of a dreaded weapon of war:
the German 88 mm anti-tank gun.

332
00:31:21,000 --> 00:31:27,000
We saw what the 88 mm gun can do.
With six hits, he burned five tanks.

333
00:31:31,200 --> 00:31:36,700
Of all the leaders, Churchill was
the most unforgiving in case of failure.

334
00:31:37,700 --> 00:31:44,500
Compared to him, Hitler
he was benevolent with his commanders.

335
00:31:45,200 --> 00:31:50,800
After the failure, Wavell is released
and replaced by Claude Auchinleck,

336
00:31:51,000 --> 00:31:54,200
which initially
it would be successful.

337
00:31:55,600 --> 00:32:01,600
In August, British troops and
Soviets working together for the first time

338
00:32:01,800 --> 00:32:06,600
they invaded Iran with its precious
oil reserves.

339
00:32:08,600 --> 00:32:15,100
Although officially neutral, the shah of Iran
sympathizes with the cause of the Axis.

340
00:32:16,300 --> 00:32:20,100
The invasion, <i>Operation Countenance</i>,
led to the dethronement of chess

341
00:32:20,700 --> 00:32:25,800
and the opening of a land route
for the supply of Russia.

342
00:32:29,500 --> 00:32:35,300
On November 18, the Allies launch
an offensive in North Africa, <i>Crusader</i>.

343
00:32:36,400 --> 00:32:41,600
Planned by General Cunningham,
it didn't last long.

344
00:32:45,500 --> 00:32:52,000
Rommel stopped it promptly, destroying
a lot of Allied tanks.

345
00:33:06,500 --> 00:33:10,100
The retreat from Tobruk failed
on November 20,

346
00:33:11,600 --> 00:33:14,100
and after four days,
Rommel's armor

347
00:33:14,400 --> 00:33:19,700
I arrive at the border of Egypt
with Libya.

348
00:33:20,700 --> 00:33:24,300
Cunningham asked for permission to
cessation of the offensive and withdrawal,

349
00:33:24,600 --> 00:33:28,700
but his superior, Auchinleck,
did not agree.

350
00:33:29,400 --> 00:33:31,400
He released him from office.

351
00:33:33,900 --> 00:33:39,000
Fighting in North Africa
they would resume in 1942.

352
00:33:39,800 --> 00:33:46,700
North Africa was eclipsed
of other theaters of war.

353
00:33:50,000 --> 00:33:55,300
Two days in August 1941, the leaders
the great democracies came together

354
00:33:55,500 --> 00:34:00,300
on board a warship
from Placentia Bay, Newfoundland.

355
00:34:02,800 --> 00:34:09,300
It was the first war summit
between Roosevelt and Churchill.

356
00:34:13,900 --> 00:34:15,900
Although America was neutral,

357
00:34:16,200 --> 00:34:21,700
the meeting strengthened the relationship
between Great Britain and the USA.

358
00:34:23,100 --> 00:34:29,000
The Atlantic Charter included
eight common clauses:

359
00:34:29,200 --> 00:34:33,700
lack of expansion intention,
the liberalization of world trade,

360
00:34:33,900 --> 00:34:40,600
freedom of navigation, norms in
work, economy, social assistance,

361
00:34:40,800 --> 00:34:44,300
restitution of the right to self-government
for occupied countries,

362
00:34:44,600 --> 00:34:49,100
as well as what Churchill called
"bell toll for the empire",

363
00:34:49,300 --> 00:34:52,700
self-determination
for all peoples.

364
00:35:04,500 --> 00:35:07,900
This demonstration
of Anglo-American solidarity

365
00:35:08,100 --> 00:35:12,900
it was justified on the one hand
by the rising tensions in Asia,

366
00:35:14,100 --> 00:35:15,600
on the other hand

367
00:35:16,200 --> 00:35:22,000
of the recognition of the fact
that the war had engulfed Europe.

368
00:35:23,900 --> 00:35:27,300
On June 22, 1941,

369
00:35:27,600 --> 00:35:35,000
Germany and its allies invade
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

370
00:35:42,900 --> 00:35:46,900
The legend of Frederick I says
that he sleeps in a cave

371
00:35:47,100 --> 00:35:53,400
from which he will come out one day
to restore the greatness of Germany.

372
00:35:53,700 --> 00:35:57,200
Because of his red beard,
Frederick is nicknamed Barbarossa.

373
00:36:01,800 --> 00:36:05,800
The 21st Führer Directive
from December 18, 1940

374
00:36:06,000 --> 00:36:11,900
under the name <i>Barbarossa</i>, he stated
that "German forces be ready"

375
00:36:12,100 --> 00:36:15,400
"right before
of the end of the war with England,"

376
00:36:15,600 --> 00:36:20,300
"to destroy Soviet Russia
in a lightning campaign".

377
00:36:23,100 --> 00:36:29,500
<i>The Barbarossa Plan</i> provided
"The destruction of the army in the west of Russia"

378
00:36:29,700 --> 00:36:35,000
"through bold operations
carried out by the armored vanguard".

379
00:36:35,600 --> 00:36:38,000
Of course, keeping the secret
was crucial

380
00:36:38,700 --> 00:36:43,000
because Germany and the USSR
they had signed a non-aggression pact.

381
00:36:46,900 --> 00:36:52,300
Surprisingly, the assault with 4 million
of soldiers and 600,000 vehicles

382
00:36:52,500 --> 00:36:58,000
and about as many horses
took Stalin by surprise.

383
00:37:02,700 --> 00:37:05,500
Despite the fact that Germany
violated Soviet airspace

384
00:37:05,700 --> 00:37:11,500
and despite the warning given
by the German ambassador in Moscow,

385
00:37:11,700 --> 00:37:14,100
Stalin trusted Hitler.

386
00:37:16,800 --> 00:37:19,300
I graduated from the seventh grade.

387
00:37:19,500 --> 00:37:24,400
I thought it would be a quiet summer,
working on a collective farm.

388
00:37:25,700 --> 00:37:30,400
I wanted to continue my studies
elsewhere after the summer vacation.

389
00:37:31,900 --> 00:37:36,700
But things did not work out
as I had planned.

390
00:37:46,100 --> 00:37:49,600
How unpredictable life is...

391
00:37:57,300 --> 00:38:01,500
They announced on the megaphone
that an important message follows.

392
00:38:03,300 --> 00:38:09,000
They broadcast Molotov's speech.
I listened to him.

393
00:38:10,600 --> 00:38:12,600
It was war.

394
00:38:12,900 --> 00:38:16,400
On June 22, a Soviet position advanced
broadcast on the radio:

395
00:38:16,700 --> 00:38:20,500
"They are shooting at us.
What shall we do?"

396
00:38:22,300 --> 00:38:26,900
On the day of the invasion, Hitler had written to him
to Mussolini, his ally:

397
00:38:27,900 --> 00:38:31,500
"Duke, I am writing you this letter"

398
00:38:31,700 --> 00:38:36,400
"after months of restraint
and ceaseless stirring,"

399
00:38:36,600 --> 00:38:40,900
"which end with the heaviest
decision in my life."

400
00:38:41,700 --> 00:38:47,700
In fact, it was a decision that
he had always had it in mind.

401
00:38:48,000 --> 00:38:52,900
On June 22 he unleashed
<i>Drang nach Osten</i>,

402
00:38:53,400 --> 00:38:55,500
the march to the East.

403
00:38:57,700 --> 00:39:01,800
Hitler's objective, the A-A line
which connected Arkhangelsk to Astrakhan,

404
00:39:02,100 --> 00:39:05,700
it was about 3,200 km from Berlin.

405
00:39:06,100 --> 00:39:09,600
Three army groups followed
to advance in divergent directions:

406
00:39:09,800 --> 00:39:13,500
on the front line,
the initial 2,100 km

407
00:39:13,700 --> 00:39:18,200
they would become 3,000 km
as the attack unfolded.

408
00:39:19,200 --> 00:39:25,200
The 151 German divisions were
supported by 40 Axis divisions.

409
00:39:29,200 --> 00:39:32,500
There were only Romanians and Italians
in significant numbers,

410
00:39:32,700 --> 00:39:37,900
but there were also Dutch, French,
Danes, Croats, Slovaks, Hungarians

411
00:39:38,900 --> 00:39:43,400
and even a Spanish division,
although officially they were not at war with anyone.

412
00:39:48,200 --> 00:39:52,400
Russian forces were deployed
along the border

413
00:39:52,600 --> 00:39:56,100
instead of adopting a defensive position.

414
00:39:57,900 --> 00:40:02,200
Soviet aviation was equally exposed.

415
00:40:05,400 --> 00:40:08,800
1,500 Russian planes
were destroyed on the ground

416
00:40:09,000 --> 00:40:13,500
and 300 in the air in the first 24 hours.

417
00:40:18,700 --> 00:40:23,900
Hitler was on point
to get the victory. As for what.

418
00:40:25,900 --> 00:40:32,300
In the west, in the path of the assault,
it was only half of the Red Army.

419
00:40:33,400 --> 00:40:39,800
Retired or disintegrated,
but the losses were recovered,

420
00:40:40,000 --> 00:40:43,300
and the factories on which it depended
the war effort

421
00:40:43,500 --> 00:40:46,900
were dismantled
and put in shelter.

422
00:40:48,800 --> 00:40:54,700
About 2,593 industrial units
were transported by train to the east,

423
00:40:54,900 --> 00:40:58,500
beyond the Ural Mountains
until the end of the year.

424
00:41:00,300 --> 00:41:02,800
They were going to resume their activity

425
00:41:03,000 --> 00:41:08,800
producing tanks, guns and planes
immediately after reassembly.

426
00:41:09,000 --> 00:41:12,600
The workers lived where they could
and ate at the canteens

427
00:41:12,800 --> 00:41:16,300
who fed
25 million people daily.

428
00:41:16,500 --> 00:41:22,700
The offensive on Ukraine is over
with a resounding victory.

429
00:41:23,850 --> 00:41:26,150
We were isolated
of any supply route.

430
00:41:27,350 --> 00:41:29,950
We were surrounded.
We tried to escape.

431
00:41:32,900 --> 00:41:37,400
I was injured, I had lost my hearing.

432
00:41:39,200 --> 00:41:43,000
The fishermen helped us
to cross Lake Svinsko,

433
00:41:43,200 --> 00:41:47,500
to reach our troops.

434
00:41:49,750 --> 00:41:54,250
That's how my adventures began
in the hospital.

435
00:42:13,250 --> 00:42:17,450
1st Panzer Group, led by von Kleist
and Guderian's 1st Panzer Army

436
00:42:17,650 --> 00:42:22,150
surrounded Kiev and the Red Army,

437
00:42:22,350 --> 00:42:28,750
who, on September 26, taught
655,000 Russian prisoners...

438
00:42:31,750 --> 00:42:36,250
...the biggest catch
from the history of wars.

439
00:42:40,650 --> 00:42:45,350
September would find
a million Russians in captivity.

440
00:42:46,450 --> 00:42:50,950
On October 3,
Hitler announced victory.

441
00:42:53,050 --> 00:42:57,050
His Minister of Propaganda,
Joseph Goebbels, poetically declared:

442
00:42:57,650 --> 00:43:02,250
"The eastern continent lies
like a helpless virgin"

443
00:43:02,450 --> 00:43:06,050
"in the strong arms of Germany."

444
00:43:10,050 --> 00:43:13,150
Resounding initial success
of Operation Barbarossa

445
00:43:13,350 --> 00:43:15,850
it cost the Axis powers dearly.

446
00:43:16,950 --> 00:43:20,750
The strength of armored units
decreased by 40%

447
00:43:21,050 --> 00:43:26,050
and almost 400,000 soldiers
they were dead, wounded or missing.

448
00:43:28,150 --> 00:43:31,650
On August 11, Hitler wrote:

449
00:43:31,950 --> 00:43:39,450
"It is increasingly clear
that I underestimated the Russian colossus."

450
00:43:42,650 --> 00:43:46,650
In mid-October 1941,
<i>Ostheer</i>, the Eastern Army,

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00:43:46,850 --> 00:43:52,550
had occupied the territory where he lived
45% of the Soviet population,

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00:43:52,950 --> 00:43:59,950
64% of the amount of coal was extracted
and 47% of the country's grains were harvested.

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00:44:02,550 --> 00:44:06,550
The German army would occupy
these fertile lands

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00:44:06,750 --> 00:44:10,150
until the summer of 1944.

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00:44:11,350 --> 00:44:14,850
It didn't work
to take advantage of this opportunity.

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00:44:20,950 --> 00:44:23,050
In many areas between the occupied zones,

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00:44:23,250 --> 00:44:27,450
the old men were glad that they had escaped
by Soviet oppression

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00:44:27,650 --> 00:44:31,050
and they welcomed the invaders
with traditional bread and salt.

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00:44:31,250 --> 00:44:34,650
Noticing their joy,
Field Marshal Fedor von Bock,

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00:44:34,850 --> 00:44:37,550
Group commander
of Central Armies, declares:

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00:44:37,850 --> 00:44:41,850
"This people will not be difficult
to drive."

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00:44:43,150 --> 00:44:47,250
But these were <i>Untermenschen</i>,
sub-human beings.

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00:44:47,950 --> 00:44:51,250
Hitler's crusade was
a genocide by design,

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00:44:51,450 --> 00:44:57,950
and its basic principle
it was <i>Volker Krieg</i>, the "struggle of the peoples".

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00:45:01,750 --> 00:45:07,550
Hitler could have made an empire,
but he only made enemies.

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00:45:13,650 --> 00:45:18,450
On September 30, General Guderian
launched the offensive towards Moscow.

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00:45:18,650 --> 00:45:22,850
The other units have started
advance to October 2.

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00:45:23,050 --> 00:45:28,850
Hitler said: "Today it began
the last great offensive of the war."

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00:45:29,950 --> 00:45:33,350
But on October 8,
it started raining

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00:45:34,250 --> 00:45:39,550
which the Russians called <i>rasputita</i>,
"inland sea",

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00:45:39,750 --> 00:45:43,050
a time when the roads
they are swallowed by the waters.

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00:45:43,350 --> 00:45:44,850
Heavy fighting continued,

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00:45:45,050 --> 00:45:50,150
but the armies stalled,
and the offensive stagnated.

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00:45:50,550 --> 00:45:54,850
The most advanced German units
they were 30 km from Moscow.

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00:45:55,150 --> 00:46:01,150
The Germans, on the 1,800 km front,
they had occupied European Russia.

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00:46:01,350 --> 00:46:05,750
The authorities had given the order
evacuation.

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00:46:05,950 --> 00:46:08,950
Government evacuation,

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00:46:09,150 --> 00:46:15,150
of diplomatic bodies
from Moscow to Kuibyshev.

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00:46:16,250 --> 00:46:20,150
But the leaders of the capital did
a mistake

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00:46:20,350 --> 00:46:27,450
they did not inform the residents
on the decision.

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00:46:27,750 --> 00:46:33,450
When the world saw
convoys, vehicles...

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00:46:34,050 --> 00:46:37,950
...documents burned in factories
and in the offices of officials,

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00:46:39,450 --> 00:46:46,250
the common people believed
that Moscow will capitulate.

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00:46:46,450 --> 00:46:53,250
Then panic set in.
I witnessed it.

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00:46:55,950 --> 00:47:02,150
Reinforcements were found,
resistance was desperate.

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00:47:12,650 --> 00:47:14,950
Moscow did not fall.

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00:47:15,450 --> 00:47:20,750
Hitler was right
he had underestimated the Russian colossus.

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00:47:23,750 --> 00:47:26,450
From June to December 1941,

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00:47:26,650 --> 00:47:30,750
for every dead German,
20 Soviets had died.

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00:47:31,099 --> 00:47:36,099
Like Charles XII of Sweden,
defeated at Poltava in 1709

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00:47:36,399 --> 00:47:42,499
or Napoleon, who had been forced
to withdraw from Moscow in 1812,

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00:47:42,999 --> 00:47:49,699
and Hitler had wounded the Russian bear,
but he hadn't killed him.

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00:47:49,999 --> 00:47:55,799
Operation <i>Barbarossa</i> was over.
What was going to happen now?

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00:48:02,499 --> 00:48:06,999
Zhukov's counteroffensive
since December, when the fighting resumed,

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00:48:07,199 --> 00:48:09,899
was part
from a completely different war.

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00:48:11,199 --> 00:48:16,399
On December 7, when the offensive
Zhukov's was beginning to bear fruit...

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00:48:19,199 --> 00:48:24,599
...Japan initiated attacks
on several fronts.

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00:48:24,899 --> 00:48:30,599
One of them made Roosevelt
to name the date December 7...

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00:48:30,899 --> 00:48:35,499
<i>...a time that will remain in history
as a day of infamy.</i>

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00:48:38,499 --> 00:48:43,499
Root: Viasat History
Trans-synchro: vonRichthofen
Subs.ro Team @ www.subs.ro