1 00:00:11,670 --> 00:00:14,006 Berlin, in the summer of 1940... 2 00:00:14,172 --> 00:00:16,967 ... he was celebrating a coming victory beyond any imagination. 3 00:00:22,764 --> 00:00:24,558 Soldiers of the Third Reich they were coming home... 4 00:00:24,766 --> 00:00:27,352 ... after a single year of war. 5 00:00:27,769 --> 00:00:29,438 They had barely conquered France... 6 00:00:29,646 --> 00:00:32,607 ... and Central and Northern Europe they too had fallen. 7 00:00:33,108 --> 00:00:37,279 The crowd was delirious of joy and relief. 8 00:00:39,281 --> 00:00:42,534 They were turning to the Fuhrer with frenzy and gratitude. 9 00:00:55,213 --> 00:00:57,966 People did not enjoy the war And they lived with the fear of defeat. 10 00:00:58,884 --> 00:01:02,971 Now they thought the war was over and everything will be fine. 11 00:01:07,142 --> 00:01:11,313 THE WORLD AT WAR 12 00:01:23,492 --> 00:01:26,495 16. In the Reich 13 00:01:31,166 --> 00:01:34,503 Germany 1940 - 1944 14 00:01:43,553 --> 00:01:53,939 Translation and adaptation: Mihai Dumitra�cu - Klaxxy 15 00:02:05,033 --> 00:02:08,036 The men were returning home, brave and healthy. 16 00:02:08,286 --> 00:02:10,497 Few had perished. 17 00:02:17,462 --> 00:02:20,882 I had just gone shopping when someone said to me: 18 00:02:21,133 --> 00:02:22,718 ... "Don't you hear the noise?" 19 00:02:23,051 --> 00:02:26,722 I saw the army returning... 20 00:02:26,972 --> 00:02:29,349 ... and I threw myself at the feet of the soldiers. 21 00:02:29,558 --> 00:02:32,394 I had a basket with cherries and I threw them at them. 22 00:02:35,647 --> 00:02:37,899 They were all so happy. 23 00:02:38,316 --> 00:02:41,236 I had heard many things about the First World War... 24 00:02:41,403 --> 00:02:45,240 ... about the horrible battles And about the multitudes of deaths. 25 00:02:45,574 --> 00:02:48,994 I felt a patriotic pride... 26 00:02:49,244 --> 00:02:51,288 ... because we had managed to end the war so fast. 27 00:02:55,584 --> 00:02:57,294 The German cities had not been touched by war... 28 00:02:57,544 --> 00:03:00,630 ... people had changed too little normal way of life��. 29 00:03:01,089 --> 00:03:03,508 That's right, they were rationalizations and some products were missing... 30 00:03:03,759 --> 00:03:07,929 ... but, in compensation, the regime had promised lavish celebrations. 31 00:03:22,194 --> 00:03:24,446 Even if the British had declared that these are some immoral fads... 32 00:03:24,696 --> 00:03:27,616 ... the Nazis were trying to show that luxury is at home. 33 00:03:28,367 --> 00:03:30,202 Propaganda made promises. 34 00:03:30,452 --> 00:03:33,705 Even the combatants had started to believe all this. 35 00:03:33,955 --> 00:03:36,041 But some saw things differently. 36 00:03:36,291 --> 00:03:41,213 It was around August when I received the order... 37 00:03:41,463 --> 00:03:46,093 ... to stop or reduce production. 38 00:03:46,551 --> 00:03:49,888 There was a kind of euphoria in the air. 39 00:03:50,055 --> 00:03:53,058 They all thought the war was over. 40 00:03:53,308 --> 00:03:54,935 I didn't think so either. 41 00:03:55,143 --> 00:03:58,146 I know the British... 42 00:03:58,730 --> 00:04:03,819 ... I didn't think they would stop... 43 00:04:04,069 --> 00:04:06,613 ... I even thought they would attract And the United States at war. 44 00:04:06,822 --> 00:04:10,492 That's why I believed that we must make every effort... 45 00:04:10,742 --> 00:04:14,079 ... and let's prepare for a blockade of long duration. 46 00:04:18,000 --> 00:04:21,044 Hitler did not have the plans ready for a long-lasting confrontation... 47 00:04:21,253 --> 00:04:25,424 ... and he hadn't even prepared the total mobilization of war production. 48 00:04:25,924 --> 00:04:29,261 German industry was ready only for Blitzkrieg. 49 00:04:29,678 --> 00:04:33,849 The production of material goods continues just like in peacetime. 50 00:04:36,852 --> 00:04:40,147 The workers, in their vast majority, too little convince... 51 00:04:40,355 --> 00:04:44,526 ... participated in the appearances and departures "Nazi princesses" without great enthusiasm. 52 00:04:51,283 --> 00:04:55,078 in the desire to be loved, the Nazis offered gifts. 53 00:04:55,287 --> 00:04:59,624 In 1940, the Minister of Propaganda, Dr. Goebbels, it was Mo� Cr�ciun. 54 00:05:01,710 --> 00:05:04,171 He gave gifts to the children and their mothers. 55 00:05:13,805 --> 00:05:15,223 Women with many children... 56 00:05:15,390 --> 00:05:18,185 ... were invited to the show "Dear mother"... 57 00:05:18,352 --> 00:05:21,438 ... a tribute paid by the regime maternity hospitals and communities. 58 00:05:34,117 --> 00:05:37,996 Medals were offered, such as Nazi "mother's cross". 59 00:05:41,333 --> 00:05:44,252 The pram was the tank on the home front. 60 00:05:44,419 --> 00:05:47,339 The government is waiting to an explosive increase in the birth rate. 61 00:05:47,589 --> 00:05:50,676 Happy children, happy mothers-to-be... 62 00:05:50,926 --> 00:05:54,096 ... and, above all, happy music for the joy of the nation. 63 00:06:00,435 --> 00:06:03,021 The wide smiles that they decorated people's faces... 64 00:06:03,188 --> 00:06:07,526 ... were sometimes a little nervous, but they still remained wide. 65 00:06:24,543 --> 00:06:28,630 Everyone had to learn to enjoy of the pleasure of working in a team... 66 00:06:28,880 --> 00:06:30,924 ... which was political for the people Hitler's. 67 00:06:40,892 --> 00:06:45,147 From the beginning, radio was a tool for the transmission of Nazi ideology. 68 00:06:46,064 --> 00:06:48,316 Their broadcasts in foreign languages... 69 00:06:48,483 --> 00:06:51,486 ... flawless from a technical point of view, but scroll through the content... 70 00:06:51,653 --> 00:06:54,573 ... brought on the path of the waves anxiety in Germany. 71 00:07:00,245 --> 00:07:03,332 But listening to foreign radio stations it was forbidden. 72 00:07:04,082 --> 00:07:07,669 Many people, such as propaganda artists, Tran and Heller... 73 00:07:07,836 --> 00:07:10,839 ... offered the opportunity, to the outside world, to take a look... 74 00:07:11,006 --> 00:07:12,841 ... on the conditions and punishments that people risked. 75 00:07:14,509 --> 00:07:16,428 So you are like arrested.. 76 00:07:18,513 --> 00:07:20,682 Even if no one sees? 77 00:07:20,849 --> 00:07:25,354 That's not the problem. The real Germans I don't do that. 78 00:07:25,604 --> 00:07:28,982 But I want to know what's going on. 79 00:07:29,274 --> 00:07:32,944 Do you think foreigners are telling the truth? 80 00:07:33,111 --> 00:07:35,364 - Yes. - Don't be stupid! 81 00:07:35,530 --> 00:07:38,950 Do you know what they do? 82 00:07:39,951 --> 00:07:44,581 - Well... - They just want to demoralize us. 83 00:07:44,873 --> 00:07:50,003 But I'm mature enough to tell the difference the truth of lies. 84 00:07:56,218 --> 00:07:59,346 "... FOR LISTENING TO POSTS FOREIGN RADIO... 85 00:07:59,638 --> 00:08:03,141 ... HE WAS CONDEMNED TO TWO AND A HALF YEARS IN PRISON." 86 00:08:03,475 --> 00:08:08,063 If we were listening to a foreign radio station... 87 00:08:08,230 --> 00:08:09,940 ... I was turning the machine very slowly... 88 00:08:11,149 --> 00:08:13,568 ... and we are very close to him. 89 00:08:13,902 --> 00:08:18,156 I remember a time when my son... 90 00:08:19,157 --> 00:08:21,076 ... who was still at school... 91 00:08:22,828 --> 00:08:27,207 ... he told me that he has a funny story to me. 92 00:08:27,416 --> 00:08:30,752 He told me that the mother of a friend of his she also listens to the radio... 93 00:08:30,919 --> 00:08:34,089 ... with the ear glued to the device, like me 94 00:08:34,256 --> 00:08:37,426 Then I realized that he could be arrested... 95 00:08:37,592 --> 00:08:39,177 ... if I continue ... 96 00:08:39,344 --> 00:08:41,680 ... because the children I'm talking about all this. 97 00:08:45,684 --> 00:08:47,602 outside the traditional subjects... 98 00:08:47,769 --> 00:08:50,522 ... Nazi schools were obliged to teach and an additional subject. 99 00:08:50,689 --> 00:08:53,442 The children were taught to recognize, from images and measurements... 100 00:08:53,608 --> 00:08:56,695 ... the dimensions of the true Aryan race. 101 00:08:57,946 --> 00:09:00,032 The official films were preparing the german population... 102 00:09:00,198 --> 00:09:02,534 ... regarding the consequences of keeping a pure breed. 103 00:09:02,743 --> 00:09:05,996 The mentally ill, irretrievable, they were considered "imperfect"... 104 00:09:06,121 --> 00:09:09,416 ... and send to the gas chambers experimental. 105 00:09:10,459 --> 00:09:13,628 The German people cannot imagine... 106 00:09:13,795 --> 00:09:16,131 ... their sufferings. 107 00:09:20,552 --> 00:09:26,975 What is to be done for these stupid minds... 108 00:09:29,102 --> 00:09:32,647 ... inferior even to animals? 109 00:09:37,069 --> 00:09:42,157 They will give birth to children just as weak. 110 00:09:42,741 --> 00:09:45,744 Obviously blocking their power of procreation... 111 00:09:45,952 --> 00:09:49,581 ... it is a human fact. 112 00:09:54,753 --> 00:09:58,215 But, from now on, the Germans had ``started'' to understand what is happening... 113 00:09:58,423 --> 00:09:59,800 ... and they protested. 114 00:10:00,008 --> 00:10:03,845 Bishop Galen, of Munster, attacked euthanasia from the height of the pulpit. 115 00:10:04,262 --> 00:10:07,099 For a period, this program was stopped. 116 00:10:08,350 --> 00:10:11,812 The press, supervised avoided such materials. 117 00:10:12,270 --> 00:10:16,108 Some journals have, however, published these lies promoted by the party... 118 00:10:16,358 --> 00:10:19,194 ... others were placed between the two camps, publishing some criticisms... 119 00:10:19,361 --> 00:10:23,615 ... but none satisfied the public who knew what it was about. 120 00:10:25,033 --> 00:10:26,910 It was very frustrating... 121 00:10:27,494 --> 00:10:31,790 ... you can't tell him openly point of view. 122 00:10:32,416 --> 00:10:35,460 Personally, I was almost happy when, in the early 1940's... 123 00:10:35,669 --> 00:10:39,464 ... I received an order of call to the army... 124 00:10:39,631 --> 00:10:44,177 ... and I was able to leave it behind this oppression... 125 00:10:44,386 --> 00:10:47,723 ... which had become a daily topic of discussion. 126 00:10:47,973 --> 00:10:50,809 The soldier doesn't read newspapers... 127 00:10:50,976 --> 00:10:52,978 ... I don't listen to the radio... 128 00:10:53,395 --> 00:10:58,400 ... is not permanently under stress induced by propaganda... 129 00:10:58,608 --> 00:11:01,236 ... as happens to other citizens. 130 00:11:06,074 --> 00:11:09,411 The European war turned into world war in June 1941. 131 00:11:09,578 --> 00:11:11,872 The Nazi leaders showed their desire... 132 00:11:12,080 --> 00:11:14,249 ... to invade Russia. 133 00:11:25,886 --> 00:11:28,597 For most, attacking the Soviet Union... 134 00:11:28,764 --> 00:11:30,849 ... brought fear and disorientation. 135 00:11:32,517 --> 00:11:35,020 It is natural not to discuss about that something... 136 00:11:37,439 --> 00:11:39,941 ... in the midst of preparations... 137 00:11:40,108 --> 00:11:44,112 ... but everything was done in exaggerated silence. 138 00:11:46,365 --> 00:11:51,161 Even at the last moment I believed that something like that will not happen. 139 00:11:54,122 --> 00:11:57,709 For a long war Germany needed... 140 00:11:57,876 --> 00:12:00,212 ... to capture the oil fields from the south of Russia. 141 00:12:00,796 --> 00:12:04,091 In 1940 Russia delivered a million tons of oil... 142 00:12:04,299 --> 00:12:07,719 ... within the Non-Aggression Pact, which had now ceased to exist. 143 00:12:08,053 --> 00:12:12,933 I never had an understanding with them regarding delivery times... 144 00:12:13,141 --> 00:12:15,477 ... nevertheless they made the deliveries without any delay... 145 00:12:15,644 --> 00:12:18,313 ...so from an economic point of view... 146 00:12:18,480 --> 00:12:21,858 ... everything seemed to be in order. 147 00:12:23,151 --> 00:12:26,154 I negotiated... 148 00:12:26,571 --> 00:12:30,909 ... through my intermediaries... 149 00:12:31,076 --> 00:12:35,622 ... the construction of a factory of synthetic fibers in Russia... 150 00:12:36,832 --> 00:12:41,920 ... treaty that was signed on June 15, 1941. 151 00:12:44,006 --> 00:12:47,259 The first ten million marks, in gold... 152 00:12:47,426 --> 00:12:50,679 ... they had to be transferred on July 1, 1941. 153 00:12:59,187 --> 00:13:00,856 The Germans rushed to the east... 154 00:13:01,023 --> 00:13:03,358 ... over the Russian army, which was disintegrated�. 155 00:13:07,612 --> 00:13:11,033 Blitzkrieg tactics seemed to warrant it Another easy win. 156 00:13:11,199 --> 00:13:13,368 Hope began to grow in Germany. 157 00:13:24,880 --> 00:13:29,051 Goering inspected what was now called "The German Colony of Ukraine"... 158 00:13:29,217 --> 00:13:32,220 ... which I had to become an exclusively agricultural region. 159 00:13:32,387 --> 00:13:33,972 Nazi experts in the Slavic peoples... 160 00:13:34,139 --> 00:13:36,808 ... they expected that these simple people, with simple wishes... 161 00:13:36,975 --> 00:13:38,727 ... to love this plan. 162 00:13:40,228 --> 00:13:44,066 Six months later, in the blinding snow in front of Moscow... 163 00:13:44,232 --> 00:13:46,485 ... the Germans were obliged to stop. 164 00:13:52,824 --> 00:13:54,409 The troops had no winter clothes... 165 00:13:54,576 --> 00:13:57,954 ... and the government asked the population to donate winter clothes. 166 00:14:10,175 --> 00:14:12,427 With all the enthusiasm displayed... 167 00:14:12,594 --> 00:14:16,848 ... it was impossible to hide that this it is the first big problem of the Germans. 168 00:14:25,357 --> 00:14:28,944 Minister of Munitions and leader of to the war effort, Fritz Todt... 169 00:14:29,111 --> 00:14:32,864 ... went by plane to inspect the constructions executed on the Russian front. 170 00:14:33,448 --> 00:14:37,202 It should have been accompanied by Hitler's personal architect... 171 00:14:37,452 --> 00:14:40,872 ... the author of the Nuremberg Ensemble, Albert Speer. 172 00:14:41,289 --> 00:14:43,709 I was at Headquarters when i heard... 173 00:14:43,875 --> 00:14:46,378 ... that Todt's plane crashed. 174 00:14:46,712 --> 00:14:51,842 He had died. After half an hour Hitler called me... 175 00:14:52,551 --> 00:14:54,803 ... and, to my great surprise... 176 00:14:55,470 --> 00:14:59,307 ... he told me that I would have to take over all rights of Todt. 177 00:15:03,395 --> 00:15:06,732 Todt was buried as a national-socialist hero. 178 00:15:23,165 --> 00:15:26,877 During that period, they died over 250,000 Germans at war... 179 00:15:27,085 --> 00:15:31,256 ... but Todt was the first comrade of Hitler falling in battle. 180 00:15:31,423 --> 00:15:33,300 Hitler was shaken. 181 00:15:33,508 --> 00:15:35,969 For the first time the war It affects him personally. 182 00:15:48,190 --> 00:15:51,360 Speer had previously warned on chaotic mode... 183 00:15:51,526 --> 00:15:53,779 ... in which it worked the Nazi war industry. 184 00:15:53,945 --> 00:15:58,450 Transports, ammunition, everything they had to be put under a single control. 185 00:16:04,706 --> 00:16:07,793 One of the first objectives it was labor insurance. 186 00:16:08,543 --> 00:16:12,464 Nazi Germany had not yet mobilized them all forces for war work. 187 00:16:12,798 --> 00:16:17,302 I tried to involve women In the production of war equipment... 188 00:16:17,803 --> 00:16:20,305 ... but Sauckel objected... 189 00:16:20,472 --> 00:16:23,141 ... who was responsible for the workforce. 190 00:16:23,392 --> 00:16:27,312 The problem reached Goering's ears who also vehemently opposed it. 191 00:16:27,479 --> 00:16:29,564 Finally the decision has arrived at Hitler's hand... 192 00:16:29,731 --> 00:16:33,652 ... but he also opposed, saying that women should be protected. 193 00:16:33,819 --> 00:16:37,364 He said that women should take care of families, to have children... 194 00:16:39,491 --> 00:16:43,286 ... and their health would be ruined, they would be demoralized... 195 00:16:43,495 --> 00:16:45,247 ... if they were put to work in factories. 196 00:16:47,249 --> 00:16:50,711 However, the women of Ukraine they were used exactly for this purpose. 197 00:16:50,919 --> 00:16:53,505 They were obliged to perform a slave labor for foreigners. 198 00:16:54,423 --> 00:16:57,175 Under Speer's leadership a great irony materialized: 199 00:16:57,342 --> 00:17:00,846 ... Germany was doing exactly what the Nazis did they said it would never happen. 200 00:17:01,763 --> 00:17:03,807 They had promised to return when working the land... 201 00:17:04,016 --> 00:17:06,393 ... and at the end of capitalism. 202 00:17:06,601 --> 00:17:09,021 Despite these claims, armament requirements... 203 00:17:09,187 --> 00:17:11,690 ... they made it appear powerful industrial monopolies... 204 00:17:11,857 --> 00:17:14,901 ... and filled the cities with workers, Germans and foreigners. 205 00:17:16,945 --> 00:17:18,447 in just two years... 206 00:17:18,613 --> 00:17:21,783 ... Speer almost quadrupled armament production. 207 00:17:22,534 --> 00:17:24,870 80% of the entire industry it was under his personal control. 208 00:17:26,204 --> 00:17:29,958 He removed the bureaucracies And he worked only with experts. 209 00:17:31,376 --> 00:17:32,878 He had ideas. 210 00:17:34,963 --> 00:17:39,551 The energy he put in did for these ideas to materialize... 211 00:17:39,718 --> 00:17:43,263 ... getting, in practical terms, a great success. 212 00:17:43,889 --> 00:17:48,060 He didn't know how it worked in the past... 213 00:17:48,310 --> 00:17:50,645 ... because he had not been part of it from the system... 214 00:17:50,812 --> 00:17:54,649 ... so that he does not know what is possible to do what is impossible. 215 00:17:55,150 --> 00:17:58,779 For this reason he succeeded to achieve the impossible. 216 00:18:01,782 --> 00:18:06,745 People who did not live in the system our totalitarian were stunned... 217 00:18:06,912 --> 00:18:11,792 ... to discover how difficult it was transmission of orders. 218 00:18:12,209 --> 00:18:14,670 But it was very difficult... 219 00:18:14,836 --> 00:18:19,591 ... because Germany was an empire in 32 districts. 220 00:18:19,758 --> 00:18:22,427 Each district it was commanded by a Gauleiter. 221 00:18:22,594 --> 00:18:25,055 This was a political leader... 222 00:18:25,222 --> 00:18:28,433 ... and had unlimited powers within the district led by him. 223 00:18:28,600 --> 00:18:31,436 He was only answerable to Hitler. 224 00:18:32,270 --> 00:18:35,982 Naturally, when an order of mine he was not to the liking of a Gauleiter... 225 00:18:36,692 --> 00:18:38,819 ... this one did not fulfill them. 226 00:18:42,114 --> 00:18:43,490 Production of tanks... 227 00:18:43,699 --> 00:18:46,284 ... showed that not even Speer could succeed to get everything he wanted. 228 00:18:47,869 --> 00:18:50,539 He couldn't pass through hierarchical competition... 229 00:18:50,706 --> 00:18:52,958 ... which governed the decision-making system imposed by Hitler. 230 00:18:53,125 --> 00:18:56,378 There were too many types of tanks, but too few in total... 231 00:18:56,503 --> 00:18:59,631 ... many types of calibres, so dimensional differences of ammunition. 232 00:19:00,549 --> 00:19:04,136 Hitler looked on with superiority these problems... 233 00:19:04,344 --> 00:19:07,848 ... and what others were trying to analyze In discussions for weeks... 234 00:19:08,390 --> 00:19:12,019 ... he would decide on the spot. 235 00:19:12,894 --> 00:19:17,774 It is clear that great changes have taken place, the population had changed... 236 00:19:18,025 --> 00:19:21,278 ... and Hitler had changed a lot in the years 1942 and 1943. 237 00:19:21,486 --> 00:19:24,823 in 1943 it had become more and more convinced... 238 00:19:24,990 --> 00:19:27,659 ... that he doesn't need advice... 239 00:19:27,784 --> 00:19:31,496 ... and that he can make correct decisions without listening to anyone. 240 00:19:33,999 --> 00:19:37,419 Hitler spent more and more time at Wolfschantze (Wolf's Lair)... 241 00:19:37,586 --> 00:19:41,923 ... built at a distance�� from Rastenburg, Deep in the forests of East Prussia. 242 00:19:42,924 --> 00:19:45,510 Everything that surrounded him was secret... 243 00:19:46,178 --> 00:19:48,847 ... even his confidants they were still at a distance. 244 00:19:52,100 --> 00:19:54,394 Hitler's personal ordinance he was an SS officer... 245 00:19:54,519 --> 00:19:56,855 ... named Richard Schulze-Kossens. 246 00:19:57,647 --> 00:20:01,610 Almost all ministries I stayed in Berlin... 247 00:20:02,319 --> 00:20:04,404 ... and some of these they had some officers... 248 00:20:04,613 --> 00:20:08,116 ... that kept in touch with Headquarters. 249 00:20:08,533 --> 00:20:11,787 Only Ribbentrop, Himmler and Goering... 250 00:20:11,995 --> 00:20:16,375 ... they had their own Headquarters near our headquarters. 251 00:20:17,584 --> 00:20:20,629 Speer spent a lot of time at Hitler's Headquarters... 252 00:20:20,796 --> 00:20:24,716 ... because his ministry it was very important for the war. 253 00:20:25,676 --> 00:20:29,137 Only Borman was always there at Headquarters... 254 00:20:29,721 --> 00:20:33,517 ... being the only one who had permanent direct contact with Hitler. 255 00:20:34,810 --> 00:20:38,146 Borman was his private secretary. He was the strongest man. 256 00:20:38,313 --> 00:20:40,649 I think he had more power than Hitler... 257 00:20:40,816 --> 00:20:43,151 ... because, although the power was divided... 258 00:20:43,652 --> 00:20:48,490 ... all the people of power had to to pass by him to reach Hitler. 259 00:20:49,157 --> 00:20:53,912 Except me. Only I had direct access to Hitler. 260 00:20:54,162 --> 00:20:58,583 There is no collaboration. There's something it exists only in the lower levels... 261 00:20:58,792 --> 00:21:01,503 ... among the technocracies with too little power. 262 00:21:01,628 --> 00:21:04,506 I didn't have any kind of council of ministers... 263 00:21:04,673 --> 00:21:08,552 ... the ministers did not meet... 264 00:21:08,760 --> 00:21:12,264 ... and they could not approach together important topics. 265 00:21:12,514 --> 00:21:18,186 This meant that every ministry work independently of the others. 266 00:21:19,187 --> 00:21:23,942 Sometimes I received orders from Hitler, but this happens quite rarely. 267 00:21:26,278 --> 00:21:29,197 Official visitors, such as Mannerheim, Finnish leader... 268 00:21:29,364 --> 00:21:31,950 ... they noted that Hitler was alive in a world of illusions. 269 00:21:32,159 --> 00:21:34,453 He still believed in guarantees which Goering gave him... 270 00:21:34,619 --> 00:21:36,204 ... Commander of the Luftwaffe. 271 00:21:36,788 --> 00:21:39,708 A few months later Goering stated that his air force... 272 00:21:39,875 --> 00:21:41,960 ... can ensure the transport of supplies to the Russian front... 273 00:21:42,127 --> 00:21:45,380 ... respectively for the army surrounded at Stalingrad. 274 00:21:45,422 --> 00:21:52,679 - Attention, Stalingrad is coming. - This is Stalingrad, the front on the Volga! 275 00:21:52,679 --> 00:21:56,183 Attention, U-Boots in the Atlantic! 276 00:21:56,266 --> 00:21:58,602 Christmas of 1942. 277 00:22:00,187 --> 00:22:05,984 Attention, Katanya, in the middle of the African front! 278 00:22:06,068 --> 00:22:10,489 The troops in Stalingrad did a live broadcast. 279 00:22:10,864 --> 00:22:14,701 In the studio in Berlin they spoke words of courage. 280 00:22:27,673 --> 00:22:31,051 For the last time, the unaffected churches of bombings... 281 00:22:31,259 --> 00:22:33,220 ... have remained open throughout Christmas holidays, in Berlin. 282 00:22:34,304 --> 00:22:36,807 But Stalingrad was still crowded... 283 00:22:36,932 --> 00:22:40,394 ... and the nation was beginning to feel it what was about to happen. 284 00:22:40,394 --> 00:22:46,525 Latest news. High Command of the Wehrmacht communicated: 285 00:22:47,609 --> 00:22:50,112 ... Battles at Stalingrad they are over! 286 00:22:50,487 --> 00:22:53,907 The Battle of Stalingrad was over. 287 00:22:55,450 --> 00:22:57,703 For the first time� Radio Berlin issued a real newspaper... 288 00:22:57,869 --> 00:22:59,538 ... with some dignity. 289 00:22:59,788 --> 00:23:02,457 91,000 survivors they capitulated... 290 00:23:03,792 --> 00:23:06,545 ... but only a few thousand of them succeeded to return to Germany. 291 00:23:08,213 --> 00:23:10,716 I didn't live long at Headquarters... 292 00:23:11,550 --> 00:23:16,722 ... but the atmosphere that day it was a very hard one. 293 00:23:17,973 --> 00:23:21,309 They were all depressed... 294 00:23:21,476 --> 00:23:25,731 ... and Hitler looked very serious. 295 00:23:27,149 --> 00:23:29,401 He sat at the table... 296 00:23:30,652 --> 00:23:33,405 ... without saying a word. 297 00:23:35,991 --> 00:23:39,494 He was very depressed. 298 00:23:50,172 --> 00:23:53,508 The whole world understood, like the Germans, by the way... 299 00:23:53,675 --> 00:23:55,677 ... that this was a turning point. 300 00:23:56,261 --> 00:23:59,848 The scale of the tragedy could not be hidden. 301 00:24:07,105 --> 00:24:09,608 Stalingrad was not the only bad news. 302 00:24:09,775 --> 00:24:12,361 A week before his fall the Germans found out... 303 00:24:12,527 --> 00:24:17,032 ... that the Allies demand unconditional surrender. 304 00:24:19,701 --> 00:24:22,954 There is no more mercy for the Germans. 305 00:24:23,121 --> 00:24:28,251 Nazis or anti-Nazis, all of them they had lost their illusions and were suffering together. 306 00:24:28,960 --> 00:24:31,129 There is no escape... 307 00:24:31,296 --> 00:24:34,883 ... it was going to be a total war, a continuous fight until the end. 308 00:24:37,469 --> 00:24:41,306 The general attitude was that, if there is still nothing left to do... 309 00:24:41,473 --> 00:24:45,102 ... then it doesn't matter what we do it would be better to fight to the end. 310 00:24:45,310 --> 00:24:49,314 I remember saying it repeatedly then everyone was "Ausharren!" (To be continued!) 311 00:24:49,898 --> 00:24:53,985 If we have no alternative, we will fight until the end... 312 00:24:54,569 --> 00:24:59,241 ... and Goebbels made the most of this in his propaganda. 313 00:25:00,575 --> 00:25:03,495 Do you want total war? 314 00:25:06,665 --> 00:25:08,166 Two weeks after Stalingrad... 315 00:25:08,333 --> 00:25:10,085 ... Goebbels called an enthusiastic Nazi audience... 316 00:25:10,252 --> 00:25:12,379 ... for the last meal frenzy. 317 00:25:12,754 --> 00:25:17,759 You are determined to follow the Fuhrer... 318 00:25:18,593 --> 00:25:21,805 ... and fight for victory... 319 00:25:22,014 --> 00:25:25,183 ... regardless of its price? 320 00:25:30,522 --> 00:25:32,524 It was his peak moment. 321 00:25:32,691 --> 00:25:36,570 Proclamation of total war And the invocation of the strength of the nation. 322 00:25:40,866 --> 00:25:43,535 Total war! 323 00:25:43,702 --> 00:25:47,039 The shortest war! 324 00:25:48,874 --> 00:25:53,045 Our battle cry will be: 325 00:25:53,962 --> 00:25:56,715 ... "Now the people rise up... 326 00:25:57,466 --> 00:25:59,843 ... and the storm breaks the windows!" 327 00:26:01,720 --> 00:26:05,307 "Now the people rise up, and the storm breaks the windows!" 328 00:26:06,391 --> 00:26:08,435 They were the words of 1912... 329 00:26:08,643 --> 00:26:11,563 ... appeared in the people against Napoleon. 330 00:26:13,231 --> 00:26:15,067 Now they were just no empty words. 331 00:26:29,415 --> 00:26:33,377 In 1943 it was preferable to listen to music than the news. 332 00:26:46,223 --> 00:26:49,268 It was total war, but withdrawals on all fronts. 333 00:26:49,727 --> 00:26:53,230 Total war means that women also go to work. 334 00:26:58,319 --> 00:27:00,279 Everything was beginning to taste bitter. 335 00:27:00,446 --> 00:27:02,198 There was a slogan that said: 336 00:27:02,365 --> 00:27:04,909 "Enjoy the war, the peace will be terrible!" 337 00:27:08,871 --> 00:27:11,207 A new type of equality had emerged between the boys... 338 00:27:11,374 --> 00:27:13,459 ... call them to work in mines and factories. 339 00:27:13,626 --> 00:27:16,087 The Hitler Youth was mobilized for production... 340 00:27:16,254 --> 00:27:18,047 ... but also, possibly, for the war. 341 00:27:18,714 --> 00:27:21,509 Under siege, the barriers between people they were much lower... 342 00:27:21,676 --> 00:27:24,095 ... just as it happened in the past the bombing of London. 343 00:27:25,888 --> 00:27:29,350 People wanted to be together, to sing and forget... 344 00:27:30,559 --> 00:27:32,812 ... because the next day they could be dead. 345 00:27:44,490 --> 00:27:47,827 During the day, American bombers were attacking the Reich. 346 00:27:48,369 --> 00:27:50,246 At night it was the turn of the British. 347 00:27:50,621 --> 00:27:52,790 People were waiting for the dawn in shelters... 348 00:27:52,957 --> 00:27:55,543 ... and they were amazed that the cities they are still in place. 349 00:27:57,086 --> 00:28:01,382 When I heard the first bombs, I was there. 350 00:28:01,799 --> 00:28:06,012 I saw the sky lit up by flames. 351 00:28:06,762 --> 00:28:10,641 You have a terrible and overwhelming sight. 352 00:28:12,018 --> 00:28:13,686 I was outraged... 353 00:28:13,853 --> 00:28:18,941 ... when I saw that they were destroyed so many residential areas. 354 00:28:19,859 --> 00:28:22,320 There were so few men left... 355 00:28:22,486 --> 00:28:26,824 ... to fight the fires. 356 00:28:37,960 --> 00:28:41,923 One by one, the cities were consumed by flames. 357 00:28:42,632 --> 00:28:45,009 Hamburg was destroyed by raids for ten consecutive days... 358 00:28:45,176 --> 00:28:47,470 ... which caused 40,000 victims. 359 00:28:52,850 --> 00:28:57,688 Goebbels notes: "The population of the West is losing its courage. 360 00:28:58,564 --> 00:29:01,442 It is hard to bear such hell." 361 00:29:06,030 --> 00:29:11,160 I think the bombings did not the intended effect. 362 00:29:11,327 --> 00:29:13,871 They led to the unification of the population. 363 00:29:14,747 --> 00:29:16,999 When you are under such bombs... 364 00:29:17,166 --> 00:29:21,295 ... it doesn't matter anymore that your neighbor is he a nazi or something. 365 00:29:28,219 --> 00:29:30,471 To prevent confrontation with the destruction caused by the war... 366 00:29:30,638 --> 00:29:33,099 ... few of Hitler's visits in Berlin they took place at night. 367 00:29:33,266 --> 00:29:36,644 Posters were ordered for the Fuhrer's birthday. 368 00:29:36,811 --> 00:29:39,855 On them was written: "They can destroy our walls... 369 00:29:40,022 --> 00:29:42,066 ... but they can't break our hearts". 370 00:29:43,276 --> 00:29:47,947 Hitler was more and more disconnected from reality. 371 00:29:48,864 --> 00:29:53,869 He never had the power to see with his own eyes... 372 00:29:54,161 --> 00:29:56,289 ... what war really meant. 373 00:29:59,208 --> 00:30:02,003 I never received it information from outside... 374 00:30:05,131 --> 00:30:08,718 ... we felt like we were living in a monastery... 375 00:30:11,012 --> 00:30:13,180 ... or in a concentration camp. 376 00:30:13,973 --> 00:30:17,768 One of the generals said that he felt like in a concentration camp. 377 00:30:17,935 --> 00:30:20,771 We were prisoners... 378 00:30:22,690 --> 00:30:26,068 ...we were all saying the same phrases... 379 00:30:26,360 --> 00:30:29,614 ... I was thinking the same, hearing the same. 380 00:30:29,780 --> 00:30:33,701 All thoughts... 381 00:30:34,327 --> 00:30:36,954 ... and our emotions they were ordered by Hitler. 382 00:30:38,164 --> 00:30:42,543 I was an amorphous mass... 383 00:30:42,752 --> 00:30:46,172 ... no one, taken alone, represents nothing and I think that was the goal. 384 00:30:46,881 --> 00:30:51,010 We had to watch ourselves every word... 385 00:30:51,761 --> 00:30:55,139 ... but no one wanted to to end all this. 386 00:31:00,227 --> 00:31:05,024 Not Hitler, not Goering, not Himmler were not seen in public... 387 00:31:05,191 --> 00:31:06,525 ... only Goebbels appeared. 388 00:31:08,277 --> 00:31:11,447 After a heavy bombardment... 389 00:31:11,614 --> 00:31:15,952 ... Goebbels came here, to the market, giving a speech. 390 00:31:16,786 --> 00:31:19,914 He always said: "We will continue!" 391 00:31:21,666 --> 00:31:25,127 Personally, we respect him... 392 00:31:25,294 --> 00:31:28,506 ... because only he gave us hope. 393 00:31:29,257 --> 00:31:31,550 We felt close to him. 394 00:31:43,521 --> 00:31:47,900 The nation, strained and exhausted, still he managed to find himself in music. 395 00:31:52,446 --> 00:31:57,118 Orchestras could offer something else And true, in the tradition of German art. 396 00:32:00,204 --> 00:32:02,498 You could see it in museums just a lack of ideas... 397 00:32:02,665 --> 00:32:05,209 ... specific to the painting and Nazi sculptures. 398 00:32:15,219 --> 00:32:17,471 Arian models, having an air of concentration and suffering... 399 00:32:17,638 --> 00:32:19,849 ... they portrayed with care... 400 00:32:20,016 --> 00:32:21,976 ... on the representatives of the Scandinavian race, victorious. 401 00:32:29,859 --> 00:32:32,904 Race was Himmler's empire And of the SS... 402 00:32:34,780 --> 00:32:37,116 ... and at that moment the SS itself represented an empire. 403 00:32:37,283 --> 00:32:38,993 Himmler, former owner of a chicken farm... 404 00:32:39,160 --> 00:32:42,538 ... led the "Fabricile Mor�ii" of the concentration camps. 405 00:32:43,331 --> 00:32:47,335 SS had its own schools, factories and courts. 406 00:32:47,960 --> 00:32:51,213 They ruled everything in the occupied territories in the east. 407 00:32:51,756 --> 00:32:54,842 They represented the instrument German domination in Europe. 408 00:32:55,009 --> 00:32:56,969 Moreover, it was also an army. 409 00:32:57,136 --> 00:32:58,596 The generals had very little authority... 410 00:32:58,763 --> 00:33:00,765 ... on hundreds of thousands of elite soldiers... 411 00:33:00,932 --> 00:33:02,683 ... from the "Waffen SS" divisions. 412 00:33:03,768 --> 00:33:07,813 They were attracted to the SS Academy volunteers with Aryan traits... 413 00:33:07,980 --> 00:33:09,357 ... from the occupied countries... 414 00:33:09,523 --> 00:33:12,568 ... so that the SS ceased to be formed exclusively from germans... 415 00:33:12,735 --> 00:33:14,070 ... with other Europeans also taking place here. 416 00:33:14,237 --> 00:33:18,324 They were all volunteers In active service in the Waffen SS... 417 00:33:18,491 --> 00:33:22,828 ... because they all considered it that the fight against Bolshevism... 418 00:33:23,079 --> 00:33:25,790 ... is the most important task of Europe. 419 00:33:26,374 --> 00:33:30,962 The novelty is in the idea of "European Education". 420 00:33:32,463 --> 00:33:35,758 We thought... 421 00:33:35,925 --> 00:33:41,222 ... that great contrasts can exist... 422 00:33:41,472 --> 00:33:43,474 ... only between nations... 423 00:33:44,517 --> 00:33:48,896 ... which have common origins. 424 00:33:52,775 --> 00:33:56,279 For those of different races there was no more room. 425 00:33:56,571 --> 00:33:59,657 The Jews were deported in the ghettos of the east... 426 00:33:59,824 --> 00:34:02,910 ... then in the gas chambers of the SS. 427 00:34:03,578 --> 00:34:06,122 The official word was "displacement". 428 00:34:06,289 --> 00:34:10,459 Most Germans preferred it to believe that this is what we are talking about. 429 00:34:11,168 --> 00:34:16,048 Hitler said he hated the Jews... 430 00:34:16,257 --> 00:34:18,467 ... giving many examples... 431 00:34:18,634 --> 00:34:21,554 ... and this right from the beginning. 432 00:34:22,888 --> 00:34:27,893 It had to be taken seriously... 433 00:34:28,102 --> 00:34:30,229 ... because he proved that he's not kidding... 434 00:34:30,396 --> 00:34:32,440 ... with his future plans. 435 00:34:36,569 --> 00:34:40,156 One night, it was about midnight... 436 00:34:40,364 --> 00:34:45,912 ... the bell rang. I opened the door And I saw a couple of Jews. 437 00:34:46,329 --> 00:34:50,082 It happened soon after we started to help the persecuted Jews. 438 00:34:50,416 --> 00:34:55,129 Soon I found myself surrounded by an invisible circle of people. 439 00:34:55,296 --> 00:34:57,006 It was the Jews who were hiding. 440 00:34:57,590 --> 00:35:00,259 Soon the hiding place was discovered... 441 00:35:00,426 --> 00:35:02,762 ... and they quickly moved out of the shelter. 442 00:35:02,929 --> 00:35:05,389 Everything happens at night. 443 00:35:05,556 --> 00:35:09,393 It happened so quickly that there was no time to join a group... 444 00:35:09,560 --> 00:35:12,271 ... on the run. 445 00:35:12,438 --> 00:35:16,776 I never managed to find out who I am and who sends them. 446 00:35:16,943 --> 00:35:19,028 They were definitely decent people. 447 00:35:20,029 --> 00:35:23,741 The main problem was to feed so are the Jews. 448 00:35:23,908 --> 00:35:28,079 They didn't have food ration cards, they had no money... 449 00:35:28,246 --> 00:35:32,166 ... as it should be to call friends... 450 00:35:32,333 --> 00:35:34,835 ... to change their gambling rations... 451 00:35:35,002 --> 00:35:37,421 ... on potatoes or bread. 452 00:35:43,970 --> 00:35:49,141 One day, a friend who was crying ration cards for Jews... 453 00:35:50,184 --> 00:35:51,435 ... he came to me ... 454 00:35:53,354 --> 00:35:58,067 ... with another woman with blond hair. 455 00:35:59,318 --> 00:36:03,197 I saw her sit down, He was spinning the wedding ring... 456 00:36:03,614 --> 00:36:07,410 ... and told me that, not for long... 457 00:36:08,202 --> 00:36:10,621 ... could help the Jews at my home... 458 00:36:10,788 --> 00:36:13,374 ... my husband never goes out... 459 00:36:14,166 --> 00:36:16,961 ... and Jews could live in cellars. 460 00:36:17,587 --> 00:36:20,131 It was Christabela Bielenberg's husband. 461 00:36:20,298 --> 00:36:23,092 He had been involved in an experiment to depose Hitler. 462 00:36:23,259 --> 00:36:26,929 He asked his neighbor for advice And to his friend, Carl Langbehn... 463 00:36:27,096 --> 00:36:29,015 ... another conspirator. 464 00:36:29,181 --> 00:36:31,892 Langbehn answered with everything compassion, but also firmly... 465 00:36:32,059 --> 00:36:35,938 ... that the risk to his family, but also for the conspiracy... 466 00:36:36,105 --> 00:36:37,815 ... it was way too big. 467 00:36:37,982 --> 00:36:40,735 I was amazed... 468 00:36:41,193 --> 00:36:44,405 ... from the answer given by my neighbor. 469 00:36:44,572 --> 00:36:47,867 I said I can't leave them these people... 470 00:36:48,034 --> 00:36:50,036 ... regardless of the circumstances. 471 00:36:50,286 --> 00:36:54,123 If we fall on the Jews, I, my husband And probably my children too... 472 00:36:54,290 --> 00:36:57,668 ... we could be sent in one concentration camp. 473 00:36:59,462 --> 00:37:02,506 I remember walking down the road... 474 00:37:05,051 --> 00:37:09,180 ... and in the darkness I heard a voice, It means someone is there... 475 00:37:09,513 --> 00:37:13,809 ... and he said to me: "Doctor, Mrs. Bielenberg... 476 00:37:15,770 --> 00:37:18,022 ... do you have a hiding place?" 477 00:37:18,189 --> 00:37:20,274 I said: "It's already decided." 478 00:37:24,445 --> 00:37:26,489 I didn't tell him that it can't be... 479 00:37:26,656 --> 00:37:31,744 ... I told him that I can accommodate him for two days. 480 00:37:37,917 --> 00:37:40,336 I took them to the cellar. 481 00:37:42,463 --> 00:37:44,548 They stayed there for two days... 482 00:37:48,427 --> 00:37:50,513 ... and after these days... 483 00:37:51,806 --> 00:37:53,975 ... what can I say, I think they left at night... 484 00:37:54,308 --> 00:37:59,438 ... because in the morning there was no one left, the cellar was empty... 485 00:38:00,064 --> 00:38:03,734 ... the bed I had lent them it was meticulously arranged... 486 00:38:04,402 --> 00:38:05,945 ... and they were gone. 487 00:38:08,322 --> 00:38:13,286 Later I found out that they had been discovered when they were trying to buy tickets... 488 00:38:13,786 --> 00:38:18,708 ... to the station and were sent, all at Auschwitz. 489 00:38:20,209 --> 00:38:25,381 I told you about this terrible incident, which marked me so much... 490 00:38:26,340 --> 00:38:28,593 ... because after their departure... 491 00:38:28,759 --> 00:38:34,181 ... I realized that Hitler had succeeded to turn me into an assassin too. 492 00:38:37,476 --> 00:38:40,229 One day in 1944... 493 00:38:40,646 --> 00:38:43,941 ... Gauleiter Hanke he came to my office... 494 00:38:44,150 --> 00:38:48,195 ... and he told me that he visited... 495 00:38:48,362 --> 00:38:50,823 ... a concentration camp from Upper Silesia. 496 00:38:51,449 --> 00:38:55,953 He also told me that he doesn't want to exist a concentration camp in our area... 497 00:38:56,495 --> 00:38:59,206 ... because that's where it happens horrible things. 498 00:38:59,790 --> 00:39:03,252 This, together with other information which we had received... 499 00:39:07,798 --> 00:39:11,260 ... it should have been enough like me to look for Hitler at once... 500 00:39:11,510 --> 00:39:15,389 ... or ask Himmler what really happens... 501 00:39:15,806 --> 00:39:19,435 ... then taking the appropriate measures. 502 00:39:19,602 --> 00:39:21,020 But I didn't... 503 00:39:21,187 --> 00:39:25,066 ... and now I think that, not doing this... 504 00:39:25,608 --> 00:39:28,402 ... I made the biggest mistake of my life. 505 00:39:29,278 --> 00:39:33,699 I think people knew something from what is happening. 506 00:39:35,576 --> 00:39:40,289 A good example is an accident which happened one day... 507 00:39:40,456 --> 00:39:43,876 ... when I was standing in line to buy not green or something similar. 508 00:39:44,252 --> 00:39:47,421 I told the neighbor who was sitting next to me... 509 00:39:47,588 --> 00:39:51,092 ... that they started killing the Jews... 510 00:39:51,259 --> 00:39:53,719 ... in the concentration camps... 511 00:39:53,886 --> 00:39:56,847 ... and that it is not true that they took them away from us... 512 00:39:57,181 --> 00:40:01,060 ... to take them to live On the other hand, as they said. 513 00:40:01,227 --> 00:40:04,313 They killed them and even made soap out of them. 514 00:40:05,231 --> 00:40:07,024 I said I know that for sure. 515 00:40:08,192 --> 00:40:13,447 And he said to me: If you don't stop with these horrible stories... 516 00:40:13,614 --> 00:40:15,908 ... you will end too In a concentration camp... 517 00:40:16,075 --> 00:40:19,453 ... and no one will be able to help you. Everything is a lie. 518 00:40:19,620 --> 00:40:21,080 I don't believe in such stories. 519 00:40:21,247 --> 00:40:23,749 You just hear something In foreign radio broadcasts... 520 00:40:23,916 --> 00:40:27,670 ... and they tell them just to produce new enemies of Germany. 521 00:40:28,504 --> 00:40:33,301 I said: I don't know this from the radio, I know it from people who know well what is happening. 522 00:40:33,509 --> 00:40:35,511 You can be sure that this will happen. 523 00:40:36,554 --> 00:40:39,890 When I returned home, in the evening, I told my husband... 524 00:40:40,474 --> 00:40:45,479 ... and he didn't approve of me at all. 525 00:40:45,730 --> 00:40:48,983 He told me: My dear, I'm sorry to say... 526 00:40:49,525 --> 00:40:52,987 ... but you made a big mistake. 527 00:40:53,446 --> 00:40:57,742 Please understand that the dictatorship... 528 00:40:58,117 --> 00:40:59,869 ... is like a snake... 529 00:41:00,703 --> 00:41:03,331 ... if you put your foot on the tail... 530 00:41:03,789 --> 00:41:07,126 ... as you did, will attack you... 531 00:41:07,627 --> 00:41:09,337 ... and nothing will be able to save you. 532 00:41:10,129 --> 00:41:12,548 You must crush the snake's head. 533 00:41:15,176 --> 00:41:18,804 Only the army commanders tried to crush the snake's head. 534 00:41:19,722 --> 00:41:23,267 Others tried to step on his tail And they perished, with all their courage. 535 00:41:24,060 --> 00:41:28,189 In Munich, some students, like the brothers Scholl, they protested with pamphlets... 536 00:41:28,356 --> 00:41:29,774 ... and they were assassinated. 537 00:41:29,941 --> 00:41:34,195 In Berlin, the group of communal spies led by Haro Schulzeboyssen... 538 00:41:34,362 --> 00:41:36,530 ... and by Harnacks, was annihilated. 539 00:41:37,907 --> 00:41:40,993 Communists, socialists, Christians, anonymous - men and women... 540 00:41:41,160 --> 00:41:43,746 ... they challenged the dictator, in small groups. 541 00:41:44,247 --> 00:41:47,917 150,000 Germans suffered convictions and punishments... 542 00:41:48,084 --> 00:41:49,543 ... as political opponents. 543 00:41:50,628 --> 00:41:52,338 The conspiracy against the head of the snake... 544 00:41:52,505 --> 00:41:54,048 ... was actually an amalgam of conspiracies. 545 00:41:54,215 --> 00:41:55,591 They existed among the conspirators conservatives like Goerdeler... 546 00:41:55,758 --> 00:41:59,095 ... aristocrats, such as Moltke, clergymen like Bonhoeffer... 547 00:41:59,262 --> 00:42:01,305 ... and diplomats, like Trott. 548 00:42:02,056 --> 00:42:05,559 Sensing defeat, they joined them and some members of the regime. 549 00:42:06,644 --> 00:42:09,855 They delayed the action, understanding that an effective attack... 550 00:42:10,022 --> 00:42:12,483 ... required the assassination of Hitler. 551 00:42:13,526 --> 00:42:17,071 That's how it appeared, in 1944, man of action: 552 00:42:17,321 --> 00:42:20,283 ... Count Klaus von Stauffenberg, colonel in the Wehrmacht. 553 00:42:21,242 --> 00:42:25,705 Stauffenberg's arrival in Berlin made the difference. 554 00:42:26,080 --> 00:42:28,874 And he had lost his left eye... 555 00:42:29,083 --> 00:42:32,837 ... three fingers from the left hand... 556 00:42:33,129 --> 00:42:35,631 ... and all the right hand. 557 00:42:36,173 --> 00:42:39,594 At first he was just the coup strategist... 558 00:42:39,760 --> 00:42:42,680 ... but he frequently went to Hitler's Headquarters... 559 00:42:42,847 --> 00:42:47,685 ... participating in various conferences, so could get very close to Hitler... 560 00:42:47,852 --> 00:42:51,314 ... and could carry out the attack. This was done in July 1944. 561 00:42:54,817 --> 00:42:59,822 Suddenly there was a powerful explosion. 562 00:43:00,781 --> 00:43:04,160 I heard voices calling for a doctor... 563 00:43:04,327 --> 00:43:08,956 ... and I saw some generals with uniforms full of blood. 564 00:43:10,374 --> 00:43:14,670 Later an officer told us that it was a bomb... 565 00:43:15,087 --> 00:43:18,382 ... but that the Fuhrer is not injured And he is alive. 566 00:43:19,467 --> 00:43:22,678 I went to Hitler's bunker... 567 00:43:22,845 --> 00:43:24,805 ... and I talked to him. 568 00:43:25,181 --> 00:43:28,517 I think about an hour had passed since the explosion. 569 00:43:29,977 --> 00:43:33,940 He had a grumpy look... 570 00:43:34,357 --> 00:43:39,737 ... because her hair was wavy... 571 00:43:41,822 --> 00:43:46,160 ... and his pants were torn. 572 00:43:46,786 --> 00:43:48,287 He told me: Do you see? 573 00:43:48,788 --> 00:43:52,875 ... Fate saved me, to fulfill my mission. 574 00:43:52,959 --> 00:43:55,670 I did the right thing. 575 00:43:58,422 --> 00:44:00,049 At the Ministry of War, in Berlin... 576 00:44:00,216 --> 00:44:04,095 ... the generals in the conspiracy believed that Hitler is dead. 577 00:44:05,554 --> 00:44:07,682 When I arrived at Headquarters... 578 00:44:07,932 --> 00:44:11,978 ... Stauffenberg was on the phone with Haffner... 579 00:44:12,353 --> 00:44:16,816 ... and Haffner told me that the bomb detonated. 580 00:44:17,149 --> 00:44:22,280 Finally he told us that Hitler had died, and we believed him... 581 00:44:22,446 --> 00:44:25,533 ... because when he appeared, Stauffenberg was talking very fast... 582 00:44:25,700 --> 00:44:27,910 ... wanting to give us as many details as possible in the shortest possible time. 583 00:44:28,077 --> 00:44:31,914 He said, "Hitler is dead. Leave everything And let's solve the rest!" 584 00:44:33,583 --> 00:44:37,003 The conspirators went to Major Otto Remer asking him to occupy the city with troops. 585 00:44:37,169 --> 00:44:38,504 He was a fanatical soldier... 586 00:44:38,671 --> 00:44:41,465 ... programmed to listen strictly the origins of any superior. 587 00:44:41,632 --> 00:44:43,551 At first he listened to them conspirators... 588 00:44:43,718 --> 00:44:45,595 ... but then Goebbels entered the scene. 589 00:44:53,936 --> 00:44:56,314 Goebbels was very happy when he saw me 590 00:44:56,856 --> 00:45:01,485 He said to me: "Remer, what do you know about all this? 591 00:45:02,278 --> 00:45:05,656 ... What happened around here And what order did you receive?" 592 00:45:06,407 --> 00:45:10,745 I told him: "Mr. Minister, I came to you to clarify the situation!" 593 00:45:12,580 --> 00:45:17,585 Goebbels retorted: "They tried to kill you use. Hitler is alive... 594 00:45:17,793 --> 00:45:19,670 ... just now I spoke to him". 595 00:45:20,630 --> 00:45:24,800 I was so scared that I said: "Please put me in touch with the Fuhrer!" 596 00:45:25,426 --> 00:45:26,969 And he did it. 597 00:45:28,387 --> 00:45:30,473 From the other side of the wire Hitler said: 598 00:45:30,640 --> 00:45:33,643 "Mr. Remer, as you see, I am alive. 599 00:45:33,851 --> 00:45:37,647 I'm Adolf Hitler, you just know my voice. 600 00:45:38,272 --> 00:45:40,650 Now do you think I'm alive?" 601 00:45:52,870 --> 00:45:55,206 Remer turned the page. 602 00:45:55,373 --> 00:45:59,210 He returned to the Ministry of War And he arrested all those found there. 603 00:45:59,377 --> 00:46:00,628 The conspiracy fell... 604 00:46:00,795 --> 00:46:04,006 ... and the army, which had hesitated, he returned to the sworn oath. 605 00:46:07,635 --> 00:46:10,846 many conspirators, after arrest and torture... 606 00:46:11,097 --> 00:46:13,349 ... they came before the crooked judgment... 607 00:46:13,516 --> 00:46:15,559 ... of Roland Freisler... 608 00:46:15,726 --> 00:46:18,020 ... the most important judge of Nazi Germany. 609 00:46:18,980 --> 00:46:20,773 Their families were arrested... 610 00:46:20,940 --> 00:46:23,442 ... and the children were sent to orphanages. 611 00:46:23,943 --> 00:46:27,071 The most important conspirators, including Stauffenberg... 612 00:46:27,238 --> 00:46:29,907 ... they were shot in the interior courtyard of the ministry. 613 00:46:30,074 --> 00:46:33,035 Some tried to express their motivations In front of the Court of Justice. 614 00:46:33,202 --> 00:46:36,706 Count von Schwerin had fought in Poland. 615 00:46:37,081 --> 00:46:42,503 My thoughts have changed, it was very difficult for me. 616 00:46:43,045 --> 00:46:46,799 I worked in Poland for Germany. 617 00:46:48,926 --> 00:46:54,473 Our policy alarmed me. 618 00:46:57,727 --> 00:47:02,189 Our policy alarmed you National Socialist? 619 00:47:03,107 --> 00:47:06,861 I thought there were too many crimes. 620 00:47:07,320 --> 00:47:09,488 CRIME? 621 00:47:10,573 --> 00:47:15,202 Wretched! Flow! 622 00:47:21,083 --> 00:47:23,878 The convict was slowly hanged... 623 00:47:24,045 --> 00:47:25,630 ... by a butcher's hook. 624 00:47:25,838 --> 00:47:29,258 They filmed the agony he went through And they sent the film to Hitler... 625 00:47:31,260 --> 00:47:35,056 ... but the conspiracy it terrified Hitler. 626 00:47:35,097 --> 00:47:39,310 Repression after July 20 broke the power of the aristocracy... 627 00:47:39,352 --> 00:47:41,938 ... and of Prussian traditions forever... 628 00:47:41,979 --> 00:47:45,149 ... but nothing was put in their place. 629 00:47:47,985 --> 00:47:52,156 From now on, Hitler suspected them all the generals. 630 00:47:52,365 --> 00:47:56,786 Only Goebbels, Bormann and Himmler could to reach him. 631 00:48:03,626 --> 00:48:08,130 slowly but steadily he started to lose weight. 632 00:48:08,673 --> 00:48:10,800 The doctors came in and out in one... 633 00:48:11,300 --> 00:48:14,595 ... but he remained completely apathetic. 634 00:48:14,971 --> 00:48:17,431 He was no longer interested in anything... 635 00:48:17,598 --> 00:48:20,559 ... which he did to make the situation more complicated... 636 00:48:20,893 --> 00:48:24,397 ... as much on the western front as well as the eastern one. 637 00:48:27,942 --> 00:48:31,988 There were days when it seemed that Hitler doesn't even exist anymore. 638 00:48:33,072 --> 00:48:37,577 I knew that his health was going bad... 639 00:48:37,785 --> 00:48:40,204 ... but I didn't get there how can i say... 640 00:48:40,371 --> 00:48:43,416 ... that he is no longer responsible for what he does. 641 00:48:46,043 --> 00:48:48,296 It was... 642 00:48:48,462 --> 00:48:51,090 I was held for 20 years And I know very well how it is. 643 00:48:51,257 --> 00:48:53,801 It felt exactly like a possession. 644 00:49:03,894 --> 00:49:07,732 Through the devastation that surrounded them the Germans found ways to survive. 645 00:49:10,651 --> 00:49:14,405 On the streets in ruins, the workers they were going to the destroyed factories... 646 00:49:14,572 --> 00:49:17,074 ... where they only worked some machinery. 647 00:49:29,795 --> 00:49:32,381 Life had been limited to cellars. 648 00:49:34,050 --> 00:49:37,094 People had learned that if they counted eight bomb blasts nearby... 649 00:49:37,261 --> 00:49:38,888 ... it means that, for the moment, they were saved. 650 00:49:39,055 --> 00:49:41,641 They learn to live every moment of the day. 651 00:49:56,030 --> 00:49:59,242 It was terribly difficult to bear all this. 652 00:50:00,117 --> 00:50:04,956 I was so tired And yet I was just running. 653 00:50:06,082 --> 00:50:08,626 All the railways were destroyed... 654 00:50:08,793 --> 00:50:10,795 ... and there was no fuel for the trucks. 655 00:50:10,962 --> 00:50:13,965 I have lived with the rays since the beginning... 656 00:50:14,715 --> 00:50:18,094 ... but, step by step, everything was becoming worse and worse. 657 00:50:20,263 --> 00:50:23,933 Basically, Germany had reached the limit�. 658 00:50:24,725 --> 00:50:28,229 seven million foreign workers they had not been enough. 659 00:50:28,479 --> 00:50:32,400 Oil, metals, food, everything was over. 660 00:50:33,150 --> 00:50:37,613 Everything that was around, from the planes for clothes, it was reused. 661 00:50:38,531 --> 00:50:40,074 The people were also reused. 662 00:50:43,536 --> 00:50:46,747 Those fit for war they were reused in factories. 663 00:50:47,331 --> 00:50:50,793 Soldiers with mental disorders they were relearning to speak. 664 00:50:52,169 --> 00:50:56,674 Please, say it again, in letters! 665 00:51:22,033 --> 00:51:25,661 The enemies had come close the borders of the Reich. 666 00:51:26,537 --> 00:51:31,292 "Volksturm", National Guard composed from old people, teenagers and children... 667 00:51:31,459 --> 00:51:32,919 ... was mobilized�. 668 00:51:33,377 --> 00:51:36,380 National Guard men from Berlin... 669 00:51:36,714 --> 00:51:39,592 ... raise your right hand... 670 00:51:40,259 --> 00:51:42,136 ... and swear after me! 671 00:51:43,679 --> 00:51:47,183 in the name of God I make this sacred oath... 672 00:51:52,230 --> 00:51:55,441 ... To the Leader of the German Empire... 673 00:51:59,820 --> 00:52:01,572 ... Adolf Hitler ... 674 00:52:03,908 --> 00:52:07,912 ... to be absolutely faithful to him And fully obedient. 675 00:52:17,546 --> 00:52:19,882 They listened with facial expressions as serious as can be... 676 00:52:20,132 --> 00:52:23,177 ... Goebbels' speech, to fight until the end. 677 00:52:37,066 --> 00:52:40,778 Millions of people are unshakable. 678 00:52:43,864 --> 00:52:47,493 We will not lower the flag... 679 00:52:47,827 --> 00:52:51,163 ... and we will not capitulate as cowards. 680 00:53:08,139 --> 00:53:12,059 The Volkssturm troops marched through the Brandenburg Gate... 681 00:53:12,226 --> 00:53:16,397 ... where they had returned last time with four years the victorious soldiers, from Paris. 682 00:53:23,404 --> 00:53:25,489 But they were going to fight the Russians... 683 00:53:25,656 --> 00:53:28,534 ... keeping his fears for them �i�i. 684 00:53:34,707 --> 00:53:56,646 Translation and adaptation: Mihai Dumitra�cu - Klaxxy