1
00:00:14,223 --> 00:00:18,495
Tell the two at the back
to pick up their pace.

2
00:00:18,519 --> 00:00:22,332
At age 44, George Washington
has command of an army

3
00:00:22,356 --> 00:00:26,002
and some success as a general.

4
00:00:26,026 --> 00:00:28,713
He managed to outlast
the British in Boston,

5
00:00:28,737 --> 00:00:33,343
but the standoff ended
without a headtohead battle.

6
00:00:33,367 --> 00:00:36,221
Now, more than a year
into the war,

7
00:00:36,245 --> 00:00:39,098
he's preparing
his stilluntested army

8
00:00:39,122 --> 00:00:41,832
to take on the enemy
in New York.

9
00:00:42,376 --> 00:00:44,521
"I'm obliged to confess

10
00:00:44,545 --> 00:00:47,190
"my want of confidence
in the troops.

11
00:00:47,214 --> 00:00:49,701
"Till of late,
I had no doubt in my own mind

12
00:00:49,725 --> 00:00:51,945
"of defending this place,

13
00:00:51,969 --> 00:00:54,989
nor should I have yet
if the men would do their duty."

14
00:00:55,013 --> 00:00:56,699
One.

15
00:00:58,225 --> 00:00:59,725
Two.

16
00:01:00,894 --> 00:01:03,081
Washington is pretty determined

17
00:01:03,105 --> 00:01:08,044
that what he wants
is a disciplined army

18
00:01:08,068 --> 00:01:10,425
that can compete
with British regulars.

19
00:01:10,449 --> 00:01:13,341
He wants men
that are disciplined enough

20
00:01:13,365 --> 00:01:17,053
that they fear their officers
more than they fear the enemy.

21
00:01:17,077 --> 00:01:19,389
So Washington will have to
inflict the kind of discipline

22
00:01:19,413 --> 00:01:21,474
that he thinks is necessary.

23
00:01:21,498 --> 00:01:23,101
Five.

24
00:01:23,125 --> 00:01:24,894
Six.

25
00:01:24,918 --> 00:01:27,730
You can paint his harshness
in harsh colors

26
00:01:27,754 --> 00:01:30,069
and make him look
to be almost tyrannical,

27
00:01:30,093 --> 00:01:31,447
but that's not quite there.

28
00:01:31,471 --> 00:01:34,612
Six.

29
00:01:34,636 --> 00:01:38,074
- Seven.
-

30
00:01:38,098 --> 00:01:40,245
But his commitment to discipline

31
00:01:40,269 --> 00:01:43,413
and to almost merciless
enforcement of that discipline

32
00:01:43,437 --> 00:01:45,937
is justified, necessary.

33
00:01:48,275 --> 00:01:50,420
These guys are no match

34
00:01:50,444 --> 00:01:52,954
for a real professional
British force.

35
00:02:00,704 --> 00:02:03,021
Let's take a step back here
and understand

36
00:02:03,045 --> 00:02:06,936
how insane the notion of a war
against the British was.

37
00:02:06,960 --> 00:02:10,982
They were one of the most
powerful military forces

38
00:02:11,006 --> 00:02:13,943
and naval forces in the world.

39
00:02:13,967 --> 00:02:15,862
America didn't have a Navy.

40
00:02:15,886 --> 00:02:18,197
It had a military
as of yesterday.

41
00:02:18,221 --> 00:02:21,909
<i>They were underfunded.
They were undermilitarized,</i>

42
00:02:21,933 --> 00:02:25,455
and Washington is just trying
to catch up.

43
00:02:25,479 --> 00:02:29,459
The fundamental weakness
of the American government

44
00:02:29,483 --> 00:02:31,339
during
the American Revolutionary War

45
00:02:31,363 --> 00:02:33,796
is that there is
no real federal government.

46
00:02:33,820 --> 00:02:35,385
Continental Congress
does not have

47
00:02:35,409 --> 00:02:37,175
a lot of power to get money.

48
00:02:37,199 --> 00:02:39,469
They could request funds
from the different colonies,

49
00:02:39,493 --> 00:02:42,347
but couldn't really demand.

50
00:02:42,371 --> 00:02:44,974
Washington doesn't have funds

51
00:02:44,998 --> 00:02:47,644
for weapons, food, and uniforms.

52
00:02:47,668 --> 00:02:49,998
And he's running out of time.

53
00:02:53,173 --> 00:02:56,152
A massive armada
of British warships

54
00:02:56,176 --> 00:02:58,863
under orders
from King George III

55
00:02:58,887 --> 00:03:00,823
is on its way to the colonies

56
00:03:00,847 --> 00:03:04,347
to intimidate the rebels
into backing down.

57
00:03:09,356 --> 00:03:12,168
Commanding the British forces

58
00:03:12,192 --> 00:03:14,152
is General William Howe.

59
00:03:17,531 --> 00:03:20,638
An empty glass is a terrible,
poor sight, is it not?

60
00:03:20,662 --> 00:03:23,012
Yeah.

61
00:03:23,036 --> 00:03:27,016
In any case, we shall arrive
in New York soon enough.

62
00:03:27,040 --> 00:03:30,019
There, we shall see
how deep these waters go.

63
00:03:30,043 --> 00:03:32,690
The rebels have already had
a year to come to their senses.

64
00:03:32,714 --> 00:03:35,358
All children go astray
from time to time.

65
00:03:35,382 --> 00:03:36,737
They always come back home.

66
00:03:36,761 --> 00:03:38,365
Surely disloyalty to the crown

67
00:03:38,389 --> 00:03:40,905
cannot go unpunished?

68
00:03:40,929 --> 00:03:43,929
A line has been crossed,
most certainly.

69
00:03:45,434 --> 00:03:47,251
But I'm of the mind that it is

70
00:03:47,275 --> 00:03:50,081
preferable to educate
rather than punish.

71
00:03:50,105 --> 00:03:51,541
A little more, please?

72
00:03:51,565 --> 00:03:54,710
William Howe
is a career military man

73
00:03:54,734 --> 00:03:57,922
with proAmerican sympathies.

74
00:03:57,946 --> 00:04:00,550
He actually had proclaimed
he would never go

75
00:04:00,574 --> 00:04:02,971
to command British troops
in America

76
00:04:02,995 --> 00:04:06,230
because he thought that
this war was wrongheaded.

77
00:04:06,254 --> 00:04:08,516
He changes his mind because

78
00:04:08,540 --> 00:04:10,810
he's given the opportunity
to be a peace commissioner

79
00:04:10,834 --> 00:04:12,821
as well as
the commanding general.

80
00:04:12,845 --> 00:04:16,566
You will go and you will fight
and deliver a few blows.

81
00:04:16,590 --> 00:04:19,277
You will be the person
to negotiate a diplomatic end

82
00:04:19,301 --> 00:04:22,196
to this unnecessary war.

83
00:04:22,220 --> 00:04:24,577
That's what Howe thinks
he's going to do.

84
00:04:24,601 --> 00:04:28,619
Once the full force of the
empire has been brought to bear,

85
00:04:28,643 --> 00:04:30,750
they will see how hopeless
their position.

86
00:04:30,774 --> 00:04:33,249
This Washington
is out of his depth,

87
00:04:33,273 --> 00:04:35,752
but I like to think
he is no fool.

88
00:04:35,776 --> 00:04:37,146
So...

89
00:04:40,447 --> 00:04:42,425
To Mr. Washington

90
00:04:42,449 --> 00:04:45,803
and choosing reason
of a revolution.

91
00:04:45,827 --> 00:04:47,096
Mr. Washington.

92
00:04:47,120 --> 00:04:48,790
Mr. Washington.

93
00:04:51,792 --> 00:04:54,312
The British
had this large empire,

94
00:04:54,336 --> 00:04:56,939
and to some degree
from the British perspective,

95
00:04:56,963 --> 00:04:59,110
there was a principle
that had to be upheld.

96
00:04:59,134 --> 00:05:02,111
If we let the Americans flout
the authority

97
00:05:02,135 --> 00:05:04,113
of the British government,

98
00:05:04,137 --> 00:05:06,365
then who's to prevent
other colonies

99
00:05:06,389 --> 00:05:07,950
from doing the same thing?

100
00:05:07,974 --> 00:05:10,371
And so, an example has
to be made of them.

101
00:05:10,395 --> 00:05:14,165
By the summer of 1776,

102
00:05:14,189 --> 00:05:18,169
the two armies are poised for
a showdown over New York.

103
00:05:18,193 --> 00:05:20,963
A critical post
on the Hudson Corridor

104
00:05:20,987 --> 00:05:23,049
that connects the colonies.

105
00:05:23,073 --> 00:05:25,929
New York was really the key
to North America.

106
00:05:25,953 --> 00:05:29,726
And whoever had control
of New York and the Hudson River

107
00:05:29,750 --> 00:05:32,809
had the potential to control
whatever would happened next.

108
00:05:32,833 --> 00:05:36,145
Washington's been ordered
by Congress

109
00:05:36,169 --> 00:05:39,315
to defend in New York
at all costs,

110
00:05:39,339 --> 00:05:44,153
but the Continental Army
only has 121 cannons.

111
00:05:44,177 --> 00:05:46,697
That's fewer than
the arsenal on board

112
00:05:46,721 --> 00:05:50,521
just two of the British warships
heading their way.

113
00:05:52,561 --> 00:05:55,623
While he doesn't have
the firepower,

114
00:05:55,647 --> 00:05:59,502
Washington does have a team
of eager patriot officers

115
00:05:59,526 --> 00:06:02,171
fighting by his side.

116
00:06:02,195 --> 00:06:05,633
Washington was great
at spotting talent.

117
00:06:05,657 --> 00:06:07,760
He had no qualms about
going after young people

118
00:06:07,784 --> 00:06:10,311
who had not necessarily
established a reputation

119
00:06:10,335 --> 00:06:12,056
if they showed promise.

120
00:06:12,080 --> 00:06:14,517
He learned the most important
thing you do as a leader

121
00:06:14,541 --> 00:06:18,396
is develop followers
and subordinate leaders

122
00:06:18,420 --> 00:06:20,527
who you can trust
and who trust you.

123
00:06:20,551 --> 00:06:26,821
Among his advisers,
34yearold Nathanael Greene.

124
00:06:26,845 --> 00:06:29,574
Nathanael Greene was one
of his very, very favorites.

125
00:06:29,598 --> 00:06:32,785
He was actually a Quaker
from Rhode Island,

126
00:06:32,809 --> 00:06:35,580
but he was brilliant
and super ambitious

127
00:06:35,604 --> 00:06:38,444
and really understood
how Washington thought.

128
00:06:40,483 --> 00:06:42,628
And alongside Greene,

129
00:06:42,652 --> 00:06:47,341
a 25yearold bookseller
turnedcolonel, Henry Knox.

130
00:06:47,365 --> 00:06:48,885
Henry Knox, very quickly,

131
00:06:48,909 --> 00:06:50,886
he became his head
of the artillery.

132
00:06:50,910 --> 00:06:53,517
He learned all about
cannons and ammunition,

133
00:06:53,541 --> 00:06:55,391
everything from reading

134
00:06:55,415 --> 00:06:57,059
and then talking
to British officers about them.

135
00:06:57,083 --> 00:07:00,026
<i>He was a bookseller by trade.
When Washington met him,</i>

136
00:07:00,050 --> 00:07:03,024
he recognized someone
who was organized, intelligent,

137
00:07:03,048 --> 00:07:07,278
and affable in that way
you need to get things done.

138
00:07:07,302 --> 00:07:11,824
With the British fleet
bearing down on New York...

139
00:07:11,848 --> 00:07:14,243
The map, Billy.

140
00:07:14,267 --> 00:07:17,330
Washington consults
the Council of War,

141
00:07:17,354 --> 00:07:21,459
his most trusted officers,
including Knox and Greene,

142
00:07:21,483 --> 00:07:24,193
to devise a defensive strategy.

143
00:07:26,112 --> 00:07:27,965
Time is not on our side.

144
00:07:27,989 --> 00:07:30,304
Yet we're faced
with the same issues.

145
00:07:30,328 --> 00:07:32,803
No matter how thin
we stretch our artillery,

146
00:07:32,827 --> 00:07:36,349
there is simply not enough
to cover all the shoreline...

147
00:07:36,373 --> 00:07:38,770
and our insufficient crews
to man what we do have.

148
00:07:38,794 --> 00:07:42,355
Do I have permission
to speak freely, sir?

149
00:07:42,379 --> 00:07:43,814
Of course.

150
00:07:43,838 --> 00:07:46,468
The wise counsel
will be to withdraw.

151
00:07:49,719 --> 00:07:53,949
I have often held
there is no honor in retreat.

152
00:07:53,973 --> 00:07:57,787
But even if that would not sell,
the world is watching.

153
00:07:57,811 --> 00:07:59,918
If we are to fight
for our independence,

154
00:07:59,942 --> 00:08:02,375
we must show them we are worthy.

155
00:08:02,399 --> 00:08:04,126
Then I suggest

156
00:08:04,150 --> 00:08:06,650
we aim to inflict
as much damage as possible.

157
00:08:08,697 --> 00:08:10,633
Artillery...

158
00:08:10,657 --> 00:08:13,094
on either side
of the East River,

159
00:08:13,118 --> 00:08:15,179
creating a gauntlet
that they must travel through

160
00:08:15,203 --> 00:08:17,515
if they are to land.

161
00:08:17,539 --> 00:08:20,685
It is doubtful that
we will stop them completely.

162
00:08:20,709 --> 00:08:22,189
But we will certainly see them
bloody.

163
00:08:25,797 --> 00:08:27,337
Are you all in agreement?

164
00:08:31,886 --> 00:08:34,073
Then begin preparations
and report back

165
00:08:34,097 --> 00:08:38,387
once the batteries are ready
to be inspected.

166
00:08:44,691 --> 00:08:47,861
By July, the British
are no longer coming.

167
00:08:49,904 --> 00:08:52,008
They're here.

168
00:08:52,032 --> 00:08:53,259
What is the count now?

169
00:08:53,283 --> 00:08:54,927
It's 130.

170
00:08:54,951 --> 00:08:56,551
We're already dropping anchor
in the bay.

171
00:09:12,177 --> 00:09:15,034
George Washington's finally
getting the attention

172
00:09:15,058 --> 00:09:17,867
he's long sought
from the British Empire.

173
00:09:17,891 --> 00:09:19,391
My spyglass, Billy.

174
00:09:23,521 --> 00:09:27,877
More than 100 warships
sent by King George III

175
00:09:27,901 --> 00:09:31,547
have arrived to stamp out
the colonist rebellion.

176
00:09:31,571 --> 00:09:35,009
This is <i>the</i> largest naval
and military force

177
00:09:35,033 --> 00:09:37,428
ever assembled in the Americas.

178
00:09:37,452 --> 00:09:39,558
For any sensible person
looking out at that,

179
00:09:39,582 --> 00:09:42,349
you'd have to think,
"We're in a lot trouble here."

180
00:09:42,373 --> 00:09:44,229
The next time anything
like that will happen

181
00:09:44,253 --> 00:09:47,357
is the American force going
the other way in World War I.

182
00:09:47,381 --> 00:09:49,356
Huge.

183
00:09:49,380 --> 00:09:51,067
General Howe
certainly wishes us to know

184
00:09:51,091 --> 00:09:53,903
he has arrived.

185
00:09:53,927 --> 00:09:55,446
Inform the generals.

186
00:09:55,470 --> 00:09:57,367
We will meet at top of the hour.

187
00:09:57,391 --> 00:09:59,718
Yes, sir.

188
00:10:00,934 --> 00:10:05,039
"Our cruel and unrelenting
enemy leaves us no choice

189
00:10:05,063 --> 00:10:07,750
"but a brave resistance.

190
00:10:07,774 --> 00:10:10,744
We have therefore to resolve
to conquer..."

191
00:10:12,445 --> 00:10:13,735
"or die."

192
00:10:17,617 --> 00:10:21,138
Washington and the Americans
are outgunned,

193
00:10:21,162 --> 00:10:24,016
but they have a weapon
the British don't

194
00:10:24,040 --> 00:10:25,726
a cause.

195
00:10:25,750 --> 00:10:29,063
It's an amazing coincidence
that at the same time

196
00:10:29,087 --> 00:10:31,734
as the British are coming
into the New York Harbor,

197
00:10:31,758 --> 00:10:37,279
The Declaration of Independence
is passed by Congress.

198
00:10:37,303 --> 00:10:38,868
It had taken just three weeks

199
00:10:38,892 --> 00:10:41,285
for a historic committee
of founding fathers,

200
00:10:41,309 --> 00:10:44,328
including Thomas Jefferson,
John Adams,

201
00:10:44,352 --> 00:10:47,456
and Benjamin Franklin,
to draft the document,

202
00:10:47,480 --> 00:10:50,751
which they hope will unite
all colonists

203
00:10:50,775 --> 00:10:53,129
behind a common cause.

204
00:10:53,153 --> 00:10:55,140
When we learn about
the revolution in school,

205
00:10:55,164 --> 00:10:58,300
it's presented
as a rather cleancut story.

206
00:10:58,324 --> 00:11:00,636
All of America wanted to rebel.

207
00:11:00,660 --> 00:11:02,179
The British were the oppressor.

208
00:11:02,203 --> 00:11:03,850
But it was by no means unanimous

209
00:11:03,874 --> 00:11:05,432
that Americans thought,

210
00:11:05,456 --> 00:11:06,642
<i>"Okay. Independence
is this great thing."</i>

211
00:11:06,666 --> 00:11:10,479
Within the colonies,
within families,

212
00:11:10,503 --> 00:11:11,772
there was division.

213
00:11:11,796 --> 00:11:13,524
There were loyalists
and patriots

214
00:11:13,548 --> 00:11:15,155
living in the same house.

215
00:11:15,179 --> 00:11:18,654
This was a civil war.

216
00:11:18,678 --> 00:11:22,658
So in towns, in cities
around the colonies,

217
00:11:22,682 --> 00:11:24,497
people were meeting in groups

218
00:11:24,521 --> 00:11:26,829
and debating what they thought
about independence.

219
00:11:26,853 --> 00:11:29,733
Declaring independence
was a process, not an act.

220
00:11:31,191 --> 00:11:33,669
The declaration made a case

221
00:11:33,693 --> 00:11:36,505
to the people on the fence
in America

222
00:11:36,529 --> 00:11:40,676
that this was a cause
worth betting on.

223
00:11:40,700 --> 00:11:43,888
And it gave the colonials,
the Yankees

224
00:11:43,912 --> 00:11:47,141
something to fight for
besides real estate.

225
00:11:47,165 --> 00:11:49,518
It was almost a letter
to investors.

226
00:11:49,542 --> 00:11:51,520
"Do you wanna invest
in this experiment?

227
00:11:51,544 --> 00:11:54,528
<i>This is what we're about.
This is why we're doing it."</i>

228
00:11:54,552 --> 00:11:57,234
"And for the support
of this declaration..."

229
00:11:57,258 --> 00:11:58,865
And so they were
very intentional

230
00:11:58,889 --> 00:12:01,280
about how they got out word.

231
00:12:01,304 --> 00:12:04,241
They sent it on ships
to all major ports.

232
00:12:04,265 --> 00:12:05,993
They printed copies of it.

233
00:12:06,017 --> 00:12:08,913
<i>They published it.
They wanted it to spread.</i>

234
00:12:08,937 --> 00:12:10,206
And it's the kind of thing

235
00:12:10,230 --> 00:12:11,876
that would be a rallying
cry to people.

236
00:12:11,900 --> 00:12:13,500
And it was meant
to be read aloud.

237
00:12:13,524 --> 00:12:16,614
It has the ring of a
of a song in a way.

238
00:12:22,075 --> 00:12:25,012
"When in the course
of human events,

239
00:12:25,036 --> 00:12:26,889
"it becomes necessary
for one people

240
00:12:26,913 --> 00:12:28,891
"to dissolve political bands

241
00:12:28,915 --> 00:12:32,228
"which have connected them
with another

242
00:12:32,252 --> 00:12:35,212
and to assume among the powers
of the earth..."

243
00:12:38,424 --> 00:12:41,570
"We hold these truths
to be selfevident."

244
00:12:41,594 --> 00:12:44,198
"That all men
are created equal."

245
00:12:44,222 --> 00:12:45,999
"They are endowed
by their creator

246
00:12:46,023 --> 00:12:48,410
with certain
unalienable rights."

247
00:12:48,434 --> 00:12:53,916
"But among these
are life, liberty,

248
00:12:53,940 --> 00:12:56,085
and the pursuit of happiness."

249
00:12:56,109 --> 00:12:57,755
"That whenever
any form of government

250
00:12:57,779 --> 00:12:59,924
becomes destructive
of these ends..."

251
00:12:59,948 --> 00:13:04,468
"It is the right of the people
to alter or to abolish it."

252
00:13:04,492 --> 00:13:08,430
"And for the support
of this declaration,

253
00:13:08,454 --> 00:13:10,271
"with the firm reliance
on the protection

254
00:13:10,295 --> 00:13:12,393
"of divine providence,

255
00:13:12,417 --> 00:13:16,772
"we mutually pledge
to each other our lives,

256
00:13:16,796 --> 00:13:21,756
<i>our fortunes...
and our sacred honor."</i>

257
00:13:24,929 --> 00:13:26,615
When you read the declaration,

258
00:13:26,639 --> 00:13:30,577
most people only remember
the first few paragraphs.

259
00:13:30,601 --> 00:13:33,789
No one else remembers that
it's really a list of charges

260
00:13:33,813 --> 00:13:35,624
against the British king.

261
00:13:35,648 --> 00:13:39,253
"The history of the present
king of Great Britain

262
00:13:39,277 --> 00:13:42,923
"is a history of repeated
injuries and usurpations,

263
00:13:42,947 --> 00:13:47,678
"all having indirect object
the establishment

264
00:13:47,702 --> 00:13:52,832
of an absolute tyranny
over these states."

265
00:13:55,626 --> 00:13:58,522
Are you certain
this is authentic?

266
00:13:58,546 --> 00:14:01,006
It has already been
distributed across the colonies.

267
00:14:03,342 --> 00:14:05,946
Bloody fools.

268
00:14:05,970 --> 00:14:08,449
The declaration
was an act of treason.

269
00:14:08,473 --> 00:14:10,826
It was primarily a document

270
00:14:10,850 --> 00:14:13,620
that was stating that
the United States of America

271
00:14:13,644 --> 00:14:15,000
was gonna be a new country.

272
00:14:15,024 --> 00:14:17,499
Jefferson lists
all of the grievances

273
00:14:17,523 --> 00:14:20,466
that have been collected
from the various colonies.

274
00:14:20,490 --> 00:14:22,129
So everybody is a part of it.

275
00:14:22,153 --> 00:14:24,840
These people could have been
tried for that

276
00:14:24,864 --> 00:14:27,009
and killed for that.

277
00:14:27,033 --> 00:14:28,302
Time after time,

278
00:14:28,326 --> 00:14:29,678
I have given them
the opportunity

279
00:14:29,702 --> 00:14:32,292
to abandon this foolish cause.

280
00:14:35,208 --> 00:14:37,418
And now this.

281
00:14:42,381 --> 00:14:43,631
Your orders, sir?

282
00:14:45,551 --> 00:14:47,368
The American colonists
and the British Government

283
00:14:47,392 --> 00:14:50,741
could've met halfway
before July of 1776.

284
00:14:50,765 --> 00:14:53,035
But once independence
is declared,

285
00:14:53,059 --> 00:14:56,649
there is a kind of Rubicon
that has passed.

286
00:14:57,897 --> 00:14:59,897
Sir, your orders?

287
00:15:13,454 --> 00:15:15,924
The colonies have declared
their independence...

288
00:15:20,837 --> 00:15:23,565
But if the Americans want
their freedom,

289
00:15:23,589 --> 00:15:25,759
they'll have to bleed for it.

290
00:15:32,265 --> 00:15:34,910
When the colonies
declare independence,

291
00:15:34,934 --> 00:15:37,564
Britain responds
with cannon fire.

292
00:15:40,606 --> 00:15:42,626
But these first shots
on New York

293
00:15:42,650 --> 00:15:45,610
are just a warning
of what's to come.

294
00:15:50,658 --> 00:15:54,221
This is not the full fleet. No.

295
00:15:54,245 --> 00:15:56,431
They remain anchored
in the harbor as of now.

296
00:15:56,455 --> 00:15:58,642
Then what are we facing?

297
00:15:58,666 --> 00:16:02,062
It is two ships
moving north up the Hudson.

298
00:16:02,086 --> 00:16:03,897
And our batteries?

299
00:16:03,921 --> 00:16:06,942
They have opened fire but...

300
00:16:06,966 --> 00:16:09,611
we have so few cannons as it is.

301
00:16:09,635 --> 00:16:13,198
And those that we do have are
failing to reach the warships.

302
00:16:13,222 --> 00:16:16,201
So essentially,
we are defenseless.

303
00:16:16,225 --> 00:16:18,537
And not only have we been
made aware of that fact,

304
00:16:18,561 --> 00:16:20,611
but General Howe has as well.

305
00:16:21,731 --> 00:16:23,500
Casualties?

306
00:16:23,524 --> 00:16:25,794
Confirmed so far.

307
00:16:25,818 --> 00:16:28,589
One of our cannons misfired
and exploded.

308
00:16:28,613 --> 00:16:29,882
We are still awaiting word

309
00:16:29,906 --> 00:16:31,306
from the other areas
of bombardment.

310
00:16:35,661 --> 00:16:37,435
Send men to sweep the streets.

311
00:16:37,459 --> 00:16:38,932
Check on the civilians.

312
00:16:38,956 --> 00:16:41,852
Make sure they steer clear
of the river.

313
00:16:41,876 --> 00:16:43,270
And, Colonel Knox...

314
00:16:43,294 --> 00:16:44,897
Yes, sir?

315
00:16:44,921 --> 00:16:47,028
I want to know where
those ships are heading.

316
00:16:47,052 --> 00:16:48,218
Of course, sir.

317
00:16:50,009 --> 00:16:52,049
Dismissed. Follow.

318
00:17:03,981 --> 00:17:06,627
Howe doesn't want to destroy
Washington

319
00:17:06,651 --> 00:17:08,337
or the Continental Army.

320
00:17:08,361 --> 00:17:10,881
Howe wants to rough them up.

321
00:17:10,905 --> 00:17:14,259
Make them realize
they can't win.

322
00:17:14,283 --> 00:17:16,703
Make them decide on their own.

323
00:17:18,329 --> 00:17:21,016
This was a misguided venture.

324
00:17:21,040 --> 00:17:24,228
In the days following
his show of force,

325
00:17:24,252 --> 00:17:26,029
General Howe makes two attempts

326
00:17:26,053 --> 00:17:28,857
to get Washington
to lay down arms,

327
00:17:28,881 --> 00:17:30,948
offering him a pardon
for his role

328
00:17:30,972 --> 00:17:34,571
in leading the rebellion
against the king.

329
00:17:34,595 --> 00:17:36,573
Both fail.

330
00:17:36,597 --> 00:17:38,408
General Howe sends an emissary.

331
00:17:38,432 --> 00:17:40,702
And he sends one letter.

332
00:17:40,726 --> 00:17:43,455
It's addressed informally
"Mr. Washington."

333
00:17:43,479 --> 00:17:45,999
He sends another letter,
again informally,

334
00:17:46,023 --> 00:17:49,044
"George Washington, Esquire,
et cetera."

335
00:17:49,068 --> 00:17:50,965
Washington won't accept
the letter

336
00:17:50,989 --> 00:17:52,424
because he's <i>General</i> Washington.

337
00:17:52,448 --> 00:17:54,341
<i>That's his title.
You want to address him,</i>

338
00:17:54,365 --> 00:17:55,801
you address him
as General Washington.

339
00:17:55,825 --> 00:17:58,053
And if you're not gonna
address him that way,

340
00:17:58,077 --> 00:17:59,757
he's not gonna engage
in that conversation.

341
00:18:03,624 --> 00:18:06,228
Despite Washington's
two refuses,

342
00:18:06,252 --> 00:18:08,772
Howe reaches out again,

343
00:18:08,796 --> 00:18:11,525
this time,
sending his own adjutant

344
00:18:11,549 --> 00:18:15,362
with a third offer
for the rebel commander.

345
00:18:15,386 --> 00:18:17,806
Welcome,
Lieutenant Colonel Patterson.

346
00:18:19,974 --> 00:18:21,994
Mr. Washington.

347
00:18:22,018 --> 00:18:24,204
General.

348
00:18:24,228 --> 00:18:26,835
I bring another message
from General Howe.

349
00:18:26,859 --> 00:18:30,294
And we are eager to hear
what he has to say.

350
00:18:30,318 --> 00:18:32,796
But I understand you've walked
here from the harbor.

351
00:18:32,820 --> 00:18:34,967
<i>Perhaps you are thirsty.
We can offer water, ale?</i>

352
00:18:34,991 --> 00:18:38,385
I should prefer to deliver
this message and be on my way.

353
00:18:38,409 --> 00:18:39,909
Of course.

354
00:18:53,466 --> 00:18:56,737
Your words will suffice.

355
00:18:56,761 --> 00:19:01,199
Well, the king has granted
General Howe considerable powers

356
00:19:01,223 --> 00:19:03,813
to come to some understanding
in this matter.

357
00:19:05,353 --> 00:19:07,539
Perhaps you have
a particular request

358
00:19:07,563 --> 00:19:11,376
you would like me to relay
to General Howe?

359
00:19:11,400 --> 00:19:13,587
None.

360
00:19:13,611 --> 00:19:16,911
But please do feel free
to offer him my compliments.

361
00:19:22,411 --> 00:19:25,307
Sir, if you will not even
have a discussion,

362
00:19:25,331 --> 00:19:28,477
it leaves us with little choice
on how to proceed.

363
00:19:28,501 --> 00:19:31,772
If I understand
your implications,

364
00:19:31,796 --> 00:19:34,399
the crown has bestowed
upon General Howe

365
00:19:34,423 --> 00:19:37,027
the authority to grant pardons.

366
00:19:37,051 --> 00:19:39,071
That is very good.

367
00:19:39,095 --> 00:19:42,157
But those who have committed
no fault...

368
00:19:42,181 --> 00:19:44,431
want no pardon.

369
00:19:51,649 --> 00:19:55,128
And it seems we have
nothing further to discuss.

370
00:19:55,152 --> 00:19:58,131
I wish you a pleasant return.

371
00:19:58,155 --> 00:20:01,025
And please, do give
General Howe my regards.

372
00:20:02,451 --> 00:20:03,451
Good day.

373
00:20:14,004 --> 00:20:17,359
Washington was very aware
of the fact

374
00:20:17,383 --> 00:20:19,740
that respect for him
was respect for the army,

375
00:20:19,764 --> 00:20:21,530
was respect for America.

376
00:20:21,554 --> 00:20:24,747
He was establishing protocols
not just for himself,

377
00:20:24,771 --> 00:20:27,119
but for his army
and for his nation.

378
00:20:27,143 --> 00:20:30,163
In this situation,
he is beyond brave.

379
00:20:30,187 --> 00:20:32,290
He's resonant.

380
00:20:32,314 --> 00:20:34,171
Within weeks, the king's fleet

381
00:20:34,195 --> 00:20:36,420
more than doubles in strength.

382
00:20:36,444 --> 00:20:41,299
400 warships,
carrying 32,000 soldiers,

383
00:20:41,323 --> 00:20:44,010
outnumbered more than 2 to 1.

384
00:20:44,034 --> 00:20:46,351
Washington's challenge
is to figure out

385
00:20:46,375 --> 00:20:48,210
where Howe will strike.

386
00:20:49,498 --> 00:20:51,059
His solution

387
00:20:51,083 --> 00:20:53,400
split his forces
to meet the British,

388
00:20:53,424 --> 00:20:55,397
wherever they may land.

389
00:20:55,421 --> 00:20:59,317
Washington needs to maintain
significant forces on Manhattan

390
00:20:59,341 --> 00:21:02,279
as well to establish
a defensive line

391
00:21:02,303 --> 00:21:06,074
on Gowanus Heights
on Long Island.

392
00:21:06,098 --> 00:21:08,660
All reports continue to indicate.

393
00:21:08,684 --> 00:21:10,984
Howe is preparing
a major assault on Long Island.

394
00:21:12,646 --> 00:21:13,999
And what is your general opinion

395
00:21:14,023 --> 00:21:16,376
of our defenses, Colonel Knox?

396
00:21:16,400 --> 00:21:19,004
I wish I could say
they were stronger.

397
00:21:19,028 --> 00:21:22,007
The New England men
have a few small cannons.

398
00:21:22,031 --> 00:21:24,509
We are lacking in heavy guns.

399
00:21:24,533 --> 00:21:26,845
Though I have had not much time

400
00:21:26,869 --> 00:21:30,098
to study our fort position
at Gowanus Heights.

401
00:21:30,122 --> 00:21:32,269
Frankly, I'm concerned
we are ill prepared.

402
00:21:32,293 --> 00:21:34,227
And our works?

403
00:21:34,251 --> 00:21:36,028
We have made adjustments
on the river.

404
00:21:36,052 --> 00:21:39,983
But further inland,
it is a large area,

405
00:21:40,007 --> 00:21:41,217
hard to defend.

406
00:21:45,971 --> 00:21:49,993
We will send General Greene
an additional 1,500 men.

407
00:21:50,017 --> 00:21:51,137
1,500?

408
00:21:53,062 --> 00:21:55,540
Yes, sir.

409
00:21:55,564 --> 00:21:58,694
Would you be so kind
to give us a few moments?

410
00:22:05,866 --> 00:22:07,969
What is your concern,
Colonel Knox?

411
00:22:07,993 --> 00:22:10,764
Speak your mind.

412
00:22:10,788 --> 00:22:14,309
I do not mean
to question your judgment, sir.

413
00:22:14,333 --> 00:22:17,979
But Howe could put 20,000 men
on Long Island, more.

414
00:22:18,003 --> 00:22:19,860
He could easily double
our numbers.

415
00:22:19,884 --> 00:22:22,234
And yet, it appears
he still holds

416
00:22:22,258 --> 00:22:25,570
many thousands
of their army in reserve, why?

417
00:22:25,594 --> 00:22:28,782
To draw us
from our position here.

418
00:22:28,806 --> 00:22:31,660
And if you are wrong?

419
00:22:31,684 --> 00:22:33,354
Providence will see us through.

420
00:22:34,728 --> 00:22:36,706
I have no doubt it will, sir.

421
00:22:36,730 --> 00:22:38,667
Good. Then go and tell

422
00:22:38,691 --> 00:22:40,531
the other officers
they may return.

423
00:22:49,451 --> 00:22:51,057
Washington's
a little overconfident,

424
00:22:51,081 --> 00:22:52,597
given what he's up against.

425
00:22:52,621 --> 00:22:54,018
He's not looking out there
and saying,

426
00:22:54,042 --> 00:22:56,560
"I'm about to lose,
and this is suicide."

427
00:22:56,584 --> 00:22:59,563
He's thinking,
"I'll think of something.

428
00:22:59,587 --> 00:23:02,107
We'll work this out."

429
00:23:02,131 --> 00:23:04,988
Washington's wanted
to prove his American army

430
00:23:05,012 --> 00:23:08,864
equal to the British
since the start of the war.

431
00:23:08,888 --> 00:23:11,268
Now he'll get his chance.

432
00:23:24,278 --> 00:23:27,382
In the first major battle
of the revolution,

433
00:23:27,406 --> 00:23:30,576
George Washington's army
is getting leveled.

434
00:23:32,912 --> 00:23:34,767
Washington
was completely outgeneraled

435
00:23:34,791 --> 00:23:36,394
in the battle of Long Island.

436
00:23:36,418 --> 00:23:39,102
He did not organize
his armies efficiently.

437
00:23:39,126 --> 00:23:41,104
He divided it.

438
00:23:41,128 --> 00:23:42,522
The name of the game

439
00:23:42,546 --> 00:23:44,566
is to never fight
unless you have

440
00:23:44,590 --> 00:23:46,470
superior numbers
or superior terrain.

441
00:23:48,552 --> 00:23:51,156
And here,
in the first major battle,

442
00:23:51,180 --> 00:23:53,680
he's making a blunder.

443
00:23:56,810 --> 00:24:00,123
Washington loses nearly
onefifth of his army

444
00:24:00,147 --> 00:24:03,335
in two days of fighting.

445
00:24:03,359 --> 00:24:07,964
Now, what's left of his army
has been pushed west,

446
00:24:07,988 --> 00:24:11,345
flanked, and is now trapped
between the East River

447
00:24:11,369 --> 00:24:14,262
and the advancing enemy.

448
00:24:14,286 --> 00:24:17,474
As the sun sets
on the second day of battle,

449
00:24:17,498 --> 00:24:21,561
Washington is hours away
from annihilation.

450
00:24:21,585 --> 00:24:23,188
If they captured him,

451
00:24:23,212 --> 00:24:24,737
they would have carried him,
back to England,

452
00:24:24,761 --> 00:24:26,441
they would have tried to
they would've hung him,

453
00:24:26,465 --> 00:24:27,651
and they would've corded him,

454
00:24:27,675 --> 00:24:29,277
and they put his head on
and spit

455
00:24:29,301 --> 00:24:32,113
that would've been there
for years.

456
00:24:32,137 --> 00:24:33,534
And that's all
you would remember

457
00:24:33,558 --> 00:24:36,225
about George Washington.

458
00:24:40,896 --> 00:24:42,666
How far?

459
00:24:42,690 --> 00:24:44,980
600 yards,
perhaps a little less.

460
00:24:47,069 --> 00:24:49,409
Scouts say the British trenches
could reach us by morning.

461
00:24:54,159 --> 00:24:56,805
His army could have been
destroyed relatively early

462
00:24:56,829 --> 00:24:58,789
when it was stranded
on Long Island.

463
00:25:00,582 --> 00:25:02,894
He knew...

464
00:25:02,918 --> 00:25:05,315
that he always had
to have a plan "B."

465
00:25:05,339 --> 00:25:08,024
And I think the, um...

466
00:25:08,048 --> 00:25:10,652
the early defeats he suffered

467
00:25:10,676 --> 00:25:13,363
in the French and Indian War...

468
00:25:13,387 --> 00:25:15,007
contributed to that.

469
00:25:18,517 --> 00:25:21,347
It's time. Yes, sir.

470
00:25:25,274 --> 00:25:28,378
Washington sets in motion
in audacious escape

471
00:25:28,402 --> 00:25:31,840
from the western edge
of Long Island.

472
00:25:31,864 --> 00:25:35,343
His plan employs
a revolving fleet of row boats

473
00:25:35,367 --> 00:25:37,429
to ferry thousands of troops

474
00:25:37,453 --> 00:25:41,373
nonstop across
the milewide East River.

475
00:25:44,084 --> 00:25:46,321
This is
an extraordinary challenge.

476
00:25:46,345 --> 00:25:48,565
How do you move an army

477
00:25:48,589 --> 00:25:51,568
across the river
in the middle of the night

478
00:25:51,592 --> 00:25:55,989
under the threat
of British guns the entire time?

479
00:25:56,013 --> 00:25:59,247
<i>Everything has to work.
The weather has to be right.</i>

480
00:25:59,271 --> 00:26:01,703
The fog has to come in
at the right time.

481
00:26:01,727 --> 00:26:04,372
The river currents
have to be right.

482
00:26:04,396 --> 00:26:07,125
He's got to muffle
all the wheels.

483
00:26:07,149 --> 00:26:09,377
He's got to keep the men quiet.

484
00:26:09,401 --> 00:26:13,111
You've got to pack up silently
and move out.

485
00:26:17,034 --> 00:26:20,597
To deceive the enemy
and conceal his retreat,

486
00:26:20,621 --> 00:26:24,225
Washington uses
some clever trickery.

487
00:26:24,249 --> 00:26:26,269
They manage to fool the British

488
00:26:26,293 --> 00:26:29,022
by creating an impression

489
00:26:29,046 --> 00:26:32,126
that they have not evacuated
from their encampment.

490
00:26:39,098 --> 00:26:41,409
Washington
keeps the campfires burning

491
00:26:41,433 --> 00:26:43,620
along the edges
of his parameter.

492
00:26:43,644 --> 00:26:46,331
He orders troops
from time to time

493
00:26:46,355 --> 00:26:48,015
to fire off their muskets.

494
00:26:49,983 --> 00:26:52,545
All the while,
small numbers of boats

495
00:26:52,569 --> 00:26:53,989
are rowing back and forth.

496
00:26:57,032 --> 00:27:00,095
Washington was
an unconventional commander.

497
00:27:00,119 --> 00:27:03,181
He enjoyed
the sneaky parts of war,

498
00:27:03,205 --> 00:27:05,683
of surprising the enemy,

499
00:27:05,707 --> 00:27:08,436
convincing the enemy
you're going to do one thing

500
00:27:08,460 --> 00:27:11,481
when you're actually
doing the other.

501
00:27:11,505 --> 00:27:14,984
And as the last man
steps on board the boat,

502
00:27:15,008 --> 00:27:17,008
Washington
can hardly believe his luck.

503
00:27:18,929 --> 00:27:21,286
The British haven't detected
what's happening.

504
00:27:21,310 --> 00:27:24,452
<i>This way, sir.
He's made his escape.</i>

505
00:27:24,476 --> 00:27:26,454
It's one of the most
brilliant withdrawals

506
00:27:26,478 --> 00:27:28,228
in the history of warfare.

507
00:27:30,482 --> 00:27:32,259
It wasn't so much
running away in fear

508
00:27:32,283 --> 00:27:35,713
as it was surviving
to fight another day.

509
00:27:35,737 --> 00:27:39,968
So I think he really
was using retreat as a strategy.

510
00:27:39,992 --> 00:27:42,019
But I kind of think of this
as the American Dunkirk.

511
00:27:42,043 --> 00:27:45,348
It's this moment
where you save the army

512
00:27:45,372 --> 00:27:48,059
to fight again, and it really is
one of Washington's

513
00:27:48,083 --> 00:27:50,753
great tactical victories
early on in the war.

514
00:27:52,588 --> 00:27:55,445
But Washington's army
has escaped one island,

515
00:27:55,469 --> 00:27:58,695
only to be vulnerable
on another.

516
00:27:58,719 --> 00:28:01,489
As his troops
eventually make their way north

517
00:28:01,513 --> 00:28:03,366
to get off Manhattan,

518
00:28:03,390 --> 00:28:05,869
13,000 enemy fighters invade,

519
00:28:05,893 --> 00:28:10,523
overwhelming the men
guarding Washington's retreat.

520
00:28:12,024 --> 00:28:14,404
They flee and panic.

521
00:28:23,201 --> 00:28:25,054
When Washington gets word,

522
00:28:25,078 --> 00:28:28,208
he pivots
and moves toward the battle.

523
00:28:34,463 --> 00:28:37,700
Washington thinks that
if somebody decides to attack,

524
00:28:37,724 --> 00:28:40,486
it's like a challenge to do.

525
00:28:40,510 --> 00:28:42,780
You cannot say no.

526
00:28:42,804 --> 00:28:44,791
You cannot say,
"I don't wanna do that"

527
00:28:44,815 --> 00:28:46,596
without losing honor.

528
00:28:48,769 --> 00:28:50,599
Halt!

529
00:28:58,487 --> 00:28:59,964
Stay back!

530
00:28:59,988 --> 00:29:01,633
Turn them around!

531
00:29:01,657 --> 00:29:03,384
Stop the running!

532
00:29:03,408 --> 00:29:05,470
Washington
saw his worst nightmare

533
00:29:05,494 --> 00:29:07,472
being enacted in front of him.

534
00:29:07,496 --> 00:29:09,223
Stay back!

535
00:29:09,247 --> 00:29:11,142
His men fleeing

536
00:29:11,166 --> 00:29:14,562
there's not even
a sign of resistance.

537
00:29:14,586 --> 00:29:16,439
Get back, you coward!

538
00:29:18,924 --> 00:29:20,780
He had lost control of his men.

539
00:29:20,804 --> 00:29:22,487
He lost control of himself.

540
00:29:22,511 --> 00:29:25,448
About face! Turn around!

541
00:29:25,472 --> 00:29:27,784
Turn around, you coward!

542
00:29:27,808 --> 00:29:28,993
Just stay!

543
00:29:29,017 --> 00:29:30,662
Stay, you coward!

544
00:29:32,104 --> 00:29:33,748
Stay back!

545
00:29:33,772 --> 00:29:35,124
Hold on!

546
00:29:35,148 --> 00:29:36,709
Stay where you are!

547
00:29:36,733 --> 00:29:39,045
He had a volcanic temper

548
00:29:39,069 --> 00:29:42,256
and worked mightily
to constrain it.

549
00:29:42,280 --> 00:29:43,886
It would occasionally come out,

550
00:29:43,910 --> 00:29:46,427
and by all accounts,
it was a terrible thing

551
00:29:46,451 --> 00:29:48,268
to be on the receiving end
of it.

552
00:29:48,292 --> 00:29:49,639
Damn you!

553
00:29:49,663 --> 00:29:51,849
Sir! Sir, sir!

554
00:29:51,873 --> 00:29:53,935
Stop that running! Sir!

555
00:29:53,959 --> 00:29:55,603
Let go. Sir.

556
00:29:55,627 --> 00:29:56,938
Please, sir. Let go of me!

557
00:29:56,962 --> 00:29:59,972
Sir, please! Let go!

558
00:30:02,634 --> 00:30:05,054
Are these the men
we command to defend America?

559
00:30:11,810 --> 00:30:13,875
Gilbert Stuart,
the painter, said,

560
00:30:13,899 --> 00:30:16,290
"If you looked at
George Washington's eyes,

561
00:30:16,314 --> 00:30:18,171
"you realized
that he could have been

562
00:30:18,195 --> 00:30:21,045
the fiercest savage
in the forest."

563
00:30:23,822 --> 00:30:25,675
Sir.

564
00:30:25,699 --> 00:30:28,619
Very well!

565
00:30:30,704 --> 00:30:31,834
Fall back.

566
00:30:33,915 --> 00:30:35,184
Fall back!

567
00:30:35,208 --> 00:30:36,978
Fall back!

568
00:30:37,002 --> 00:30:39,462
Fall back! Fall back!

569
00:30:42,257 --> 00:30:44,257
Fall back!

570
00:30:46,595 --> 00:30:50,385
Within weeks, the British
will take New York City.

571
00:30:52,517 --> 00:30:55,705
The loss of New York
was catastrophic.

572
00:30:55,729 --> 00:30:57,457
This is rockbottom
for Washington.

573
00:30:57,481 --> 00:30:59,709
This is rockbottom
for the country.

574
00:30:59,733 --> 00:31:02,086
This rebellion is threatening

575
00:31:02,110 --> 00:31:05,740
to turn into a total defeat
for the Americans.

576
00:31:22,130 --> 00:31:25,026
After losing New York City
to the British,

577
00:31:25,050 --> 00:31:27,945
George Washington
and the Continental Army

578
00:31:27,969 --> 00:31:29,549
are on the run.

579
00:31:32,057 --> 00:31:34,410
"I am wearied almost to death

580
00:31:34,434 --> 00:31:37,538
"with the retrograde motion
of things.

581
00:31:37,562 --> 00:31:39,709
"It is impossible
to conduct matters

582
00:31:39,733 --> 00:31:42,361
agreeably
to public expectation."

583
00:31:43,902 --> 00:31:46,214
After the New York campaign,

584
00:31:46,238 --> 00:31:49,135
Washington fell
into a pretty deep depression.

585
00:31:49,159 --> 00:31:52,595
He was deeply insecure
that this was going to work

586
00:31:52,619 --> 00:31:54,597
and that he was going
to be able to win.

587
00:31:54,621 --> 00:31:55,791
Water, sir?

588
00:32:00,085 --> 00:32:02,730
Sir?

589
00:32:02,754 --> 00:32:04,023
No, Billy.

590
00:32:04,047 --> 00:32:05,650
Sir.

591
00:32:05,674 --> 00:32:09,121
Washington basically said,
"I would quit if I could,

592
00:32:09,145 --> 00:32:12,448
but people say there's no one
to take my place."

593
00:32:12,472 --> 00:32:16,244
So we know Washington
was at rockbottom.

594
00:32:16,268 --> 00:32:18,598
Did he really have it
to continue on?

595
00:32:20,772 --> 00:32:22,416
Fearing the worst,

596
00:32:22,440 --> 00:32:25,253
Washington writes home
to Mount Vernon

597
00:32:25,277 --> 00:32:28,756
with instructions and a warning.

598
00:32:28,780 --> 00:32:30,800
"I say in confidence to you

599
00:32:30,824 --> 00:32:33,639
"that I would look forward
to unfavorable events

600
00:32:33,663 --> 00:32:35,596
"and prepare accordingly
in such a manner

601
00:32:35,620 --> 00:32:38,933
"as to give no alarm
or suspicion to anyone.

602
00:32:38,957 --> 00:32:40,977
"Have my papers
in such a situation

603
00:32:41,001 --> 00:32:43,278
"that has to remove
at a short notice

604
00:32:43,302 --> 00:32:46,795
in case an enemy's fleet
shall come up the river."

605
00:32:58,768 --> 00:33:02,206
Almost everyone is in despair.

606
00:33:02,230 --> 00:33:04,836
The morale of the soldiers
was pretty bad.

607
00:33:04,860 --> 00:33:06,836
The morale
of the civilian population

608
00:33:06,860 --> 00:33:09,130
even worse.

609
00:33:09,154 --> 00:33:10,641
They're trying to figure out,

610
00:33:10,665 --> 00:33:14,218
"How can I get myself
out of harm's way?

611
00:33:14,242 --> 00:33:17,430
How can I surrender
to the British?"

612
00:33:17,454 --> 00:33:20,224
With the revolution
hanging by a thread,

613
00:33:20,248 --> 00:33:23,227
General Howe
offers a pardon to any patriot

614
00:33:23,251 --> 00:33:24,687
who will abandon the cause

615
00:33:24,711 --> 00:33:26,501
and swear allegiance
to the king.

616
00:33:28,715 --> 00:33:30,651
A thousand people
signed a petition

617
00:33:30,675 --> 00:33:32,445
repudiating
the Declaration of Independence,

618
00:33:32,469 --> 00:33:33,779
including one guy
that was a signer

619
00:33:33,803 --> 00:33:35,330
on the Declaration
of Independence.

620
00:33:35,354 --> 00:33:38,659
So you could see the will
of the American public

621
00:33:38,683 --> 00:33:40,023
beginning to break here.

622
00:33:43,563 --> 00:33:46,500
Washington was also beginning
to lose his army.

623
00:33:46,524 --> 00:33:49,337
His army
was evaporating around him.

624
00:33:49,361 --> 00:33:51,178
And it's about half of the size

625
00:33:51,202 --> 00:33:55,009
of what it had been
in the summer.

626
00:33:55,033 --> 00:33:57,430
So many men
have either been captured,

627
00:33:57,454 --> 00:34:01,015
or they have just left
to go home.

628
00:34:01,039 --> 00:34:03,351
This was
the ultimate humiliation,

629
00:34:03,375 --> 00:34:06,520
his army abandoning him.

630
00:34:06,544 --> 00:34:08,856
Tricky thing
about a citizen army

631
00:34:08,880 --> 00:34:11,108
is that these soldiers,
continental soldiers,

632
00:34:11,132 --> 00:34:12,909
some of them signed on
for a limited term.

633
00:34:12,933 --> 00:34:15,696
"I will be here for a year,
maybe two.

634
00:34:15,720 --> 00:34:17,240
"And then my term will be up
and I'll go home,

635
00:34:17,264 --> 00:34:18,894
go back to my farm."

636
00:34:20,600 --> 00:34:22,703
By December, Washington's army

637
00:34:22,727 --> 00:34:25,206
is just weeks away
from total collapse.

638
00:34:25,230 --> 00:34:27,625
At midnight on January 1st,

639
00:34:27,649 --> 00:34:30,216
enlistments
for nearly all of his roughly

640
00:34:30,240 --> 00:34:34,048
6,000 remaining soldiers
will expire.

641
00:34:34,072 --> 00:34:36,259
Washington believes General Howe

642
00:34:36,283 --> 00:34:40,623
is waiting until then
to make his move.

643
00:34:42,080 --> 00:34:44,558
"We have been pushed
through the Jerseys.

644
00:34:44,582 --> 00:34:46,143
"General Howe is now

645
00:34:46,167 --> 00:34:48,813
"on the other side
of the Delaware,

646
00:34:48,837 --> 00:34:50,731
"and beyond all question,

647
00:34:50,755 --> 00:34:55,528
"means, if possible, to possess
himself of Philadelphia.

648
00:34:55,552 --> 00:34:57,409
"You know the fatal consequences

649
00:34:57,433 --> 00:35:00,074
that must attend its loss."

650
00:35:00,098 --> 00:35:03,661
As the British begin to move
in December 1776

651
00:35:03,685 --> 00:35:05,621
toward the Delaware River,

652
00:35:05,645 --> 00:35:08,249
he knows he's going to need
to find some way

653
00:35:08,273 --> 00:35:09,959
to convince
these few thousand troops

654
00:35:09,983 --> 00:35:13,421
that he has left
to stay in the field.

655
00:35:13,445 --> 00:35:15,798
But words are not
going to be enough

656
00:35:15,822 --> 00:35:17,300
to make that happen.

657
00:35:17,324 --> 00:35:21,596
It's quite amazing how
he just kept going.

658
00:35:21,620 --> 00:35:23,437
And he was very good at
figuring out,

659
00:35:23,461 --> 00:35:26,309
after early defeats,

660
00:35:26,333 --> 00:35:28,816
what would produce
the most positive result.

661
00:35:28,840 --> 00:35:30,688
If we can do something
that's very visible

662
00:35:30,712 --> 00:35:32,148
and very symbolic,

663
00:35:32,172 --> 00:35:34,279
we might change
the mood of the people

664
00:35:34,303 --> 00:35:39,530
and we might find young men
returning to our ranks,

665
00:35:39,554 --> 00:35:40,814
but time is short.

666
00:35:45,310 --> 00:35:47,127
If we settle down for winter
in our current position,

667
00:35:47,151 --> 00:35:48,789
the cause is lost.

668
00:35:48,813 --> 00:35:50,630
And these are not ideal
conditions for fighting.

669
00:35:50,654 --> 00:35:53,919
What other alternative
do we have?

670
00:35:53,943 --> 00:35:56,720
We cannot expect men
to enlist in an army

671
00:35:56,744 --> 00:36:01,385
that is constantly on the run,
that has been beaten.

672
00:36:01,409 --> 00:36:02,928
If we are to have any hope,

673
00:36:02,952 --> 00:36:05,139
we must give them something
to fight for,

674
00:36:05,163 --> 00:36:07,308
something inspiring.

675
00:36:07,332 --> 00:36:08,582
You have the right of it, sir.

676
00:36:10,835 --> 00:36:12,980
Then we are left
with no other option,

677
00:36:13,004 --> 00:36:14,464
we must go on the offensive.

678
00:36:16,341 --> 00:36:19,195
I, too, have grown weary
of retreat.

679
00:36:19,219 --> 00:36:22,657
There are a great many risks.

680
00:36:22,681 --> 00:36:25,701
And we will plan for them...

681
00:36:25,725 --> 00:36:28,412
overcome them.

682
00:36:28,436 --> 00:36:31,040
The men have great faith
in you, sir,

683
00:36:31,064 --> 00:36:32,958
as do I.

684
00:36:32,982 --> 00:36:35,461
Thank you, Colonel Knox.

685
00:36:35,485 --> 00:36:38,339
Henry.

686
00:36:38,363 --> 00:36:41,203
Then,
the only question is where?

687
00:36:44,703 --> 00:36:48,599
Just X miles from Washington's
Bucks County headquarters,

688
00:36:48,623 --> 00:36:50,360
Trenton, New Jersey, is now.

689
00:36:50,384 --> 00:36:53,270
General Howe's
southernmost outpost,

690
00:36:53,294 --> 00:36:58,859
a garrison manned by some
15,000 Hessian mercenaries.

691
00:36:58,883 --> 00:37:00,657
The Hessians
were professional soldiers

692
00:37:00,681 --> 00:37:02,573
from Germany
that the British government

693
00:37:02,597 --> 00:37:04,573
had hired to augment their army.

694
00:37:04,597 --> 00:37:06,409
They were pros.

695
00:37:06,433 --> 00:37:08,710
They're some of the most feared
warriors on earth.

696
00:37:08,734 --> 00:37:12,039
Washington prepares
a daring attack plan,

697
00:37:12,063 --> 00:37:15,376
a nighttime crossing
of the Delaware.

698
00:37:15,400 --> 00:37:18,212
The army is to move in
three columns,

699
00:37:18,236 --> 00:37:19,922
one is a diversion,

700
00:37:19,946 --> 00:37:22,883
another to block
the enemies' escape route,

701
00:37:22,907 --> 00:37:24,719
and finally, a third,

702
00:37:24,743 --> 00:37:29,348
under Washington's command
to march on Trenton.

703
00:37:29,372 --> 00:37:31,267
Did they get the map?

704
00:37:31,291 --> 00:37:33,251
Some of the generals.

705
00:37:34,794 --> 00:37:36,731
He wasn't ready

706
00:37:36,755 --> 00:37:39,942
to surrender the cause
at that point.

707
00:37:39,966 --> 00:37:42,987
It might have been
the rational thing to do,

708
00:37:43,011 --> 00:37:47,491
but history is made
by people occasionally

709
00:37:47,515 --> 00:37:51,954
making irrational decisions
in the pressure

710
00:37:51,978 --> 00:37:54,457
and amid the perils
of the given moment.

711
00:37:54,481 --> 00:37:56,709
"Christmas day at night.

712
00:37:56,733 --> 00:37:59,590
"One hour before day
is the time fixed upon

713
00:37:59,614 --> 00:38:02,006
"for our attempt on Trenton.

714
00:38:02,030 --> 00:38:04,467
"For heaven's sake,
keep this to yourself,

715
00:38:04,491 --> 00:38:08,637
as the discovery of it
may prove fatal to us."

716
00:38:08,661 --> 00:38:11,599
You really have two choices

717
00:38:11,623 --> 00:38:14,435
you either proceed,

718
00:38:14,459 --> 00:38:17,129
or the entire enterprise
collapses.

719
00:38:48,952 --> 00:38:50,721
General George Washington

720
00:38:50,745 --> 00:38:53,140
and his battered
Continental Army

721
00:38:53,164 --> 00:38:57,812
are attempting the most
audacious operation of the war.

722
00:38:57,836 --> 00:39:00,231
If Washington's mission fails,

723
00:39:00,255 --> 00:39:03,795
this could be the last night
of the revolution.

724
00:39:12,267 --> 00:39:15,037
The weather is the worst
it can possibly be.

725
00:39:15,061 --> 00:39:17,111
It's a hurricane in December.

726
00:39:24,529 --> 00:39:28,717
The troops are still wearing
their summer uniforms.

727
00:39:28,741 --> 00:39:31,598
Many of them are barefoot
literally barefoot,

728
00:39:31,622 --> 00:39:33,579
their clothes in rags.

729
00:39:37,542 --> 00:39:39,103
A lot of the soldiers

730
00:39:39,127 --> 00:39:41,230
didn't actually know
how to swim,

731
00:39:41,254 --> 00:39:43,304
and the water
was incredibly cold.

732
00:39:45,967 --> 00:39:48,195
<i>This is a nation.
This is the people</i>

733
00:39:48,219 --> 00:39:50,281
at their worst possible point,

734
00:39:50,305 --> 00:39:52,867
pushing on in the desperate hope

735
00:39:52,891 --> 00:39:54,431
that they can turn
this thing around.

736
00:40:26,299 --> 00:40:30,154
These are the times
that tried men's souls.

737
00:40:30,178 --> 00:40:33,741
To rally his man
for the treacherous crossing,

738
00:40:33,765 --> 00:40:35,951
Washington ordered his officers

739
00:40:35,975 --> 00:40:38,537
to read aloud
their revolutionary words

740
00:40:38,561 --> 00:40:43,751
of Thomas Paine
published just days before.

741
00:40:43,775 --> 00:40:46,837
"The summer soldier
and the sunshine patriot

742
00:40:46,861 --> 00:40:48,756
"will, in this crisis,

743
00:40:48,780 --> 00:40:52,051
"shrink from the service
of his country.

744
00:40:52,075 --> 00:40:54,970
"But he that stands it now

745
00:40:54,994 --> 00:41:01,101
deserves the love and thanks
of man and woman."

746
00:41:01,125 --> 00:41:02,978
It was really
a smart thing to do

747
00:41:03,002 --> 00:41:05,439
because he knew he had
to get to the other side.

748
00:41:05,463 --> 00:41:08,070
He was secure enough
to know that Thomas Paine

749
00:41:08,094 --> 00:41:11,946
was a better speaker
and a more passionate crafter

750
00:41:11,970 --> 00:41:13,489
of the English language.

751
00:41:13,513 --> 00:41:15,282
Paine will get 'em so fired up,

752
00:41:15,306 --> 00:41:16,617
they'll walk across
the Delaware.

753
00:41:16,641 --> 00:41:18,141
They won't even need a boat.

754
00:41:20,269 --> 00:41:22,399
Men, prepare to unload!

755
00:41:24,482 --> 00:41:26,669
Once they get across the river,

756
00:41:26,693 --> 00:41:28,533
the clock is ticking.

757
00:41:36,202 --> 00:41:38,517
It took us longer
than we expected.

758
00:41:38,541 --> 00:41:41,016
This will be a miracle
none of our boats capsized.

759
00:41:41,040 --> 00:41:44,395
Have we lost any cannons? None.

760
00:41:44,419 --> 00:41:46,480
Washington
has coordinated an effort

761
00:41:46,504 --> 00:41:48,983
where this will all happen
at dawn,

762
00:41:49,007 --> 00:41:51,068
but they're late.

763
00:41:51,092 --> 00:41:55,531
When Washington's forces
land in New Jersey, it's 3 a. m.

764
00:41:55,555 --> 00:41:57,992
They're hours behind schedule

765
00:41:58,016 --> 00:42:02,538
and still facing a 9mile march
to Trenton.

766
00:42:02,562 --> 00:42:05,457
The plan is to divide
into two columns

767
00:42:05,481 --> 00:42:08,002
4 miles outside of town

768
00:42:08,026 --> 00:42:11,046
and circle the garrison
and barrage the Hessians

769
00:42:11,070 --> 00:42:14,258
with cannon fire
before they have time to react.

770
00:42:14,282 --> 00:42:17,428
Keep pushing, men!

771
00:42:17,452 --> 00:42:19,930
Bring it forward, men,
bring it forward!

772
00:42:19,954 --> 00:42:22,558
Commanding
a critical artillery unit

773
00:42:22,582 --> 00:42:25,436
is one
of the country's rising stars,

774
00:42:25,460 --> 00:42:28,772
a young captain
named Alexander Hamilton.

775
00:42:28,796 --> 00:42:32,234
Alexander Hamilton
comes to the United States

776
00:42:32,258 --> 00:42:34,820
as an immigrant,
functionally an orphan,

777
00:42:34,844 --> 00:42:36,947
attends King's College.

778
00:42:36,971 --> 00:42:38,866
He is ambitious.

779
00:42:38,890 --> 00:42:40,701
In some ways,

780
00:42:40,725 --> 00:42:43,370
has a lot of similarities
to a young Washington.

781
00:42:43,394 --> 00:42:45,421
What Hamilton wants from the war
more than anything else

782
00:42:45,445 --> 00:42:47,249
is a moment to shine
on the battlefield

783
00:42:47,273 --> 00:42:48,760
so he can earn reputation
and honor.

784
00:42:48,784 --> 00:42:52,046
Quickly, on the shore,
form a line!

785
00:42:52,070 --> 00:42:53,320
We leave in 30 minutes!

786
00:42:58,242 --> 00:43:00,059
We're ready, General Washington.

787
00:43:00,083 --> 00:43:01,722
You have done it, sir.

788
00:43:01,746 --> 00:43:03,807
The job is not yet done.

789
00:43:03,831 --> 00:43:06,381
The battle is still before us.

790
00:43:09,378 --> 00:43:11,440
Washington doesn't know it yet,

791
00:43:11,464 --> 00:43:15,194
but the two columns of soldiers
due to cross upstream

792
00:43:15,218 --> 00:43:19,406
were stopped in their tracks
by the brutal conditions.

793
00:43:19,430 --> 00:43:23,869
He and his 2,400 men
are now on their own.

794
00:43:23,893 --> 00:43:26,955
If they do not win this battle,

795
00:43:26,979 --> 00:43:28,749
it's over.

796
00:43:28,773 --> 00:43:33,193
So he rallies his men
for one last toss of the dice.

797
00:43:34,779 --> 00:43:37,508
The stakes
are unimaginably high.

798
00:43:37,532 --> 00:43:39,343
The snow is coming down.

799
00:43:39,367 --> 00:43:40,761
The wind is whipping.

800
00:43:40,785 --> 00:43:43,695
They're freezing,
but they have nothing else left.

801
00:43:46,124 --> 00:43:48,844
They will either prevail,
or they will die.

802
00:44:12,692 --> 00:44:16,255
"Tyranny, like hell,

803
00:44:16,279 --> 00:44:17,989
is not easily conquered."

804
00:44:21,367 --> 00:44:24,680
"Yet we have this consolation
with us,

805
00:44:24,704 --> 00:44:27,641
"that the harder the conflict,

806
00:44:27,665 --> 00:44:30,075
the more glorious the triumph."

807
00:44:41,637 --> 00:44:45,534
General George Washington's
daring Delaware River gambit

808
00:44:45,558 --> 00:44:48,996
pays off...

809
00:44:49,020 --> 00:44:51,540
with his first
great battlefield victory

810
00:44:51,564 --> 00:44:54,459
of the revolution.

811
00:44:54,483 --> 00:44:58,380
In less than an hour,
22 enemy soldiers were killed,

812
00:44:58,404 --> 00:45:01,175
some 900 taken prisoner,

813
00:45:01,199 --> 00:45:05,053
not a single American is lost
in the fight.

814
00:45:05,077 --> 00:45:08,390
Trenton was like
turning the page.

815
00:45:08,414 --> 00:45:11,185
He had made his mistakes
in the past,

816
00:45:11,209 --> 00:45:13,669
but now,
this was a whole new game.

817
00:45:19,508 --> 00:45:20,944
General orders!

818
00:45:20,968 --> 00:45:24,615
General orders! Gather around.

819
00:45:24,639 --> 00:45:30,370
"General orders
27th December, 1776.

820
00:45:30,394 --> 00:45:35,167
"The general, with the utmost
sincerity and affection,

821
00:45:35,191 --> 00:45:37,711
"thanks the officers
and soldiers

822
00:45:37,735 --> 00:45:39,775
for their spirited and gallant
behavior at Trenton."

823
00:45:44,283 --> 00:45:46,807
With Washington
crossing the Delaware,

824
00:45:46,831 --> 00:45:49,848
the history of the world
was one way before that,

825
00:45:49,872 --> 00:45:53,101
and it turned out to be
another way after that.

826
00:45:53,125 --> 00:45:57,773
Washington's decision
to do that on that cold night

827
00:45:57,797 --> 00:45:59,858
has warmed the rest of us
ever since.

828
00:45:59,882 --> 00:46:02,778
"The commissary
is strictly ordered

829
00:46:02,802 --> 00:46:05,239
to provide rum to the troops."

830
00:46:09,392 --> 00:46:11,419
So, what had looked to be
a lost cause

831
00:46:11,443 --> 00:46:15,707
just a few weeks before
suddenly looks a lot better,

832
00:46:15,731 --> 00:46:19,378
and the principal person who
pulls this off is Washington.

833
00:46:19,402 --> 00:46:21,672
But he's got a shrinking army,

834
00:46:21,696 --> 00:46:24,593
and most of his soldiers
will be going home

835
00:46:24,617 --> 00:46:27,285
at the end of the year.

836
00:46:28,619 --> 00:46:31,431
As we have begun

837
00:46:31,455 --> 00:46:35,915
the glorious work
of driving the enemy...

838
00:46:37,628 --> 00:46:39,564
I hope you will not now

839
00:46:39,588 --> 00:46:42,192
turn your backs upon them

840
00:46:42,216 --> 00:46:46,613
and leave the business
halffinished

841
00:46:46,637 --> 00:46:50,575
at this important crisis,

842
00:46:50,599 --> 00:46:55,163
a crisis which may,
more than probably,

843
00:46:55,187 --> 00:46:58,709
determine the fate of America.

844
00:46:58,733 --> 00:47:00,711
People join armies,

845
00:47:00,735 --> 00:47:03,297
and they stay in armies
for a variety of reasons.

846
00:47:03,321 --> 00:47:06,174
In the case of Washington,

847
00:47:06,198 --> 00:47:09,928
he presents the cause
as the cause of freedom.

848
00:47:09,952 --> 00:47:11,598
Washington knew
that you have to give

849
00:47:11,622 --> 00:47:14,349
any group of human beings
that you wanna lead effectively

850
00:47:14,373 --> 00:47:17,060
<i>a sense of purpose.
"Why are we doing this?</i>

851
00:47:17,084 --> 00:47:18,981
Why am I putting my life
on the line?"

852
00:47:19,005 --> 00:47:21,900
My mission is to close with
and destroy the enemy

853
00:47:21,924 --> 00:47:23,567
by firing maneuver.

854
00:47:23,591 --> 00:47:25,736
But the purpose of doing this

855
00:47:25,760 --> 00:47:28,864
is to protect
the United States of America.

856
00:47:28,888 --> 00:47:34,202
I therefore not only invite
you to a longer continuance,

857
00:47:34,226 --> 00:47:38,874
but earnestly exhort
the officers and soldiers

858
00:47:38,898 --> 00:47:43,295
of all those regiments
whose term of service

859
00:47:43,319 --> 00:47:46,279
is due to expire
in a few days...

860
00:47:49,784 --> 00:47:52,512
to remain.

861
00:47:52,536 --> 00:47:54,139
He doesn't force them to stay.

862
00:47:54,163 --> 00:47:56,099
He doesn't order them to stay.

863
00:47:56,123 --> 00:47:58,860
He pleads with their sense
of loyalty and duty,

864
00:47:58,884 --> 00:48:00,854
and he asked them to stay.

865
00:48:00,878 --> 00:48:03,190
Many of them will reenlist
'cause now there's some hope,

866
00:48:03,214 --> 00:48:05,650
and they'll be able to recruit
new soldiers

867
00:48:05,674 --> 00:48:07,778
because there seems like

868
00:48:07,802 --> 00:48:10,119
this is actually something
worth fighting for,

869
00:48:10,143 --> 00:48:12,491
and hope keeps an army going.

870
00:48:12,515 --> 00:48:15,869
The greatness of
Washington's victory at Trenton

871
00:48:15,893 --> 00:48:18,960
wasn't so much in what happened
on the battlefield,

872
00:48:18,984 --> 00:48:22,000
But the huge impact that it has

873
00:48:22,024 --> 00:48:24,753
on the feelings
of the American people.

874
00:48:24,777 --> 00:48:27,589
Word of mouth would have
traveled to people

875
00:48:27,613 --> 00:48:30,888
about what had happened,
and it would buoy people spirits

876
00:48:30,912 --> 00:48:33,136
and make people think
that it was possible

877
00:48:33,160 --> 00:48:35,267
that the country could
actually pull this off.

878
00:48:35,291 --> 00:48:37,432
Trenton changed everything,

879
00:48:37,456 --> 00:48:40,166
and we owe it
to Washington's audacity.

880
00:48:42,878 --> 00:48:44,815
The British are frustrated
at this point.

881
00:48:44,839 --> 00:48:47,025
Certainly Howe is frustrated.

882
00:48:47,049 --> 00:48:49,277
He had hoped that this thing
would be over by now

883
00:48:49,301 --> 00:48:52,280
and that the American army
would just kinda drift away,

884
00:48:52,304 --> 00:48:54,394
and the revolution would die
a peaceful death.

885
00:48:55,808 --> 00:48:59,454
In response to
Washington's surprise victory,

886
00:48:59,478 --> 00:49:01,665
the British throw
their military might

887
00:49:01,689 --> 00:49:05,419
at finally winning control
of the Hudson.

888
00:49:05,443 --> 00:49:08,380
In July, they captured
the key American post

889
00:49:08,404 --> 00:49:10,465
at Fort Ticonderoga,

890
00:49:10,489 --> 00:49:13,739
forcing the Northern Army
into retreat.

891
00:49:15,953 --> 00:49:18,390
The Continental Army
was a complicated beast.

892
00:49:18,414 --> 00:49:21,648
Washington had his own army
he was in charge of,

893
00:49:21,672 --> 00:49:23,728
but there was also
the Northern Army

894
00:49:23,752 --> 00:49:25,564
and the Southern Army.

895
00:49:25,588 --> 00:49:28,483
Unsure where the British
will strike next,

896
00:49:28,507 --> 00:49:31,194
Washington sends
reinforcements north

897
00:49:31,218 --> 00:49:33,029
to protect the Hudson.

898
00:49:33,053 --> 00:49:36,616
He then spends the summer
of 1777,

899
00:49:36,640 --> 00:49:39,744
marching his own forces
between Philadelphia

900
00:49:39,768 --> 00:49:43,331
and New York
in an effort to protect both.

901
00:49:43,355 --> 00:49:45,333
Washington is
a true commander in chief.

902
00:49:45,357 --> 00:49:48,044
He's not just looking
at what's good for me

903
00:49:48,068 --> 00:49:49,963
down here with my main army.

904
00:49:49,987 --> 00:49:52,549
He's giving strategic
and operational guidance

905
00:49:52,573 --> 00:49:54,679
to the commanders
up in the Northern Army

906
00:49:54,703 --> 00:49:56,556
while he's fighting
his own fight

907
00:49:56,580 --> 00:49:59,347
down in New York,
New Jersey, and Pennsylvania.

908
00:49:59,371 --> 00:50:03,560
By August, the British,
under General John Burgoyne,

909
00:50:03,584 --> 00:50:06,062
are poised to strike Albany,

910
00:50:06,086 --> 00:50:09,399
a strategic outpost
on the lower Hudson.

911
00:50:09,423 --> 00:50:11,401
As for General Howe,

912
00:50:11,425 --> 00:50:14,279
his fleet has departed New York.

913
00:50:14,303 --> 00:50:16,643
Destination unknown.

914
00:50:17,765 --> 00:50:19,345
A message from London.

915
00:50:24,855 --> 00:50:26,666
Do we sail for the Hudson?

916
00:50:26,690 --> 00:50:30,337
It seems our northern armies
do not require our assistance.

917
00:50:30,361 --> 00:50:32,968
Burgoyne desires the glory
for himself.

918
00:50:32,992 --> 00:50:37,135
<i>Perhaps.
Let others focus on the north.</i>

919
00:50:37,159 --> 00:50:40,138
A far bigger prize lies
right in front of us.

920
00:50:40,162 --> 00:50:42,042
Philadelphia?

921
00:50:43,624 --> 00:50:45,060
Not even Washington can survive

922
00:50:45,084 --> 00:50:47,187
the fall of his capital.

923
00:50:47,211 --> 00:50:49,898
And if we are not needed
to support others elsewhere,

924
00:50:49,922 --> 00:50:53,882
it means our full force
is finally at our disposal.

925
00:50:55,511 --> 00:50:56,721
Get the map.

926
00:51:00,099 --> 00:51:03,286
Washington is still
between us and the city.

927
00:51:03,310 --> 00:51:04,770
On land...

928
00:51:07,106 --> 00:51:10,043
And even if he recognizes
our target,

929
00:51:10,067 --> 00:51:12,277
he cannot check our ships.

930
00:51:13,946 --> 00:51:16,591
He has no way of knowing

931
00:51:16,615 --> 00:51:20,155
from which direction
we will come.

932
00:51:23,789 --> 00:51:26,106
I have given him opportunities
to see reason.

933
00:51:26,130 --> 00:51:29,271
Still he persists.

934
00:51:29,295 --> 00:51:33,483
<i>Mr. Washington thinks
he is making headway.</i>

935
00:51:33,507 --> 00:51:36,403
Well, let's show him

936
00:51:36,427 --> 00:51:39,656
how terribly mistaken he is.

937
00:51:39,680 --> 00:51:41,199
Ready the fleet.

938
00:51:41,223 --> 00:51:42,353
Straightaway, my Lord.

939
00:51:43,892 --> 00:51:46,708
Howe is no longer
underestimating Washington.

940
00:51:46,732 --> 00:51:49,040
Washington is the revolution
at this point,

941
00:51:49,064 --> 00:51:51,461
and if he can defeat and perhaps
even destroy Washington,

942
00:51:51,485 --> 00:51:54,903
that's the revolution
right there.

943
00:52:15,299 --> 00:52:18,366
By late summer, General Howe
is making good on his promise

944
00:52:18,390 --> 00:52:19,965
to come for Washington.

945
00:52:22,056 --> 00:52:24,159
He beats the Continental Army
in a battle

946
00:52:24,183 --> 00:52:27,787
just outside of Philadelphia.

947
00:52:27,811 --> 00:52:31,374
The patriot capital
is now exposed.

948
00:52:31,398 --> 00:52:33,418
Philadelphia is a great prize.

949
00:52:33,442 --> 00:52:36,152
It's the rebel capital,
a lot of propaganda value.

950
00:52:37,696 --> 00:52:39,174
The British think

951
00:52:39,198 --> 00:52:42,510
in a very traditional,
military kind of a way,

952
00:52:42,534 --> 00:52:44,846
"We need to capture
a major city."

953
00:52:44,870 --> 00:52:47,895
The capture of New York
that doesn't fix things.

954
00:52:47,919 --> 00:52:50,352
And if we take the city
where Congress is sitting,

955
00:52:50,376 --> 00:52:52,520
maybe that will be
so emotionally crippling

956
00:52:52,544 --> 00:52:54,230
that they will surrender.

957
00:52:54,254 --> 00:52:56,110
This is one of the big crises

958
00:52:56,134 --> 00:52:58,721
in Washington's entire time
as commander in chief.

959
00:53:15,693 --> 00:53:19,005
"Howe was about
15 miles from us.

960
00:53:19,029 --> 00:53:21,569
The prospect is chilling
on every side."

961
00:53:26,829 --> 00:53:30,225
"Is Philadelphia to be lost?

962
00:53:30,249 --> 00:53:33,089
If lost, is the cause lost?"

963
00:53:35,170 --> 00:53:37,737
Within days, John Adams
and his fellow congressmen

964
00:53:37,761 --> 00:53:40,360
are evacuating the city,

965
00:53:40,384 --> 00:53:44,104
and so is a future symbol
of American freedom.

966
00:53:53,397 --> 00:53:58,211
The Liberty Bell is secreted
in a church 60 miles away

967
00:53:58,235 --> 00:54:00,672
to keep the British
from melting it down

968
00:54:00,696 --> 00:54:02,606
into musket balls.

969
00:54:12,082 --> 00:54:17,397
"The enemy gained possession
of Philadelphia.

970
00:54:17,421 --> 00:54:21,067
"This will be attended
with several ill consequences.

971
00:54:21,091 --> 00:54:24,988
"But I hope that a little time
and perseverance

972
00:54:25,012 --> 00:54:28,241
"will give us an opportunity
of making amends

973
00:54:28,265 --> 00:54:31,745
for our late ill fortune."

974
00:54:31,769 --> 00:54:34,456
Washington had been
on a losing streak.

975
00:54:34,480 --> 00:54:38,126
He had had the absolutely
terrible year in New York.

976
00:54:38,150 --> 00:54:40,086
He had redeemed himself
a little bit

977
00:54:40,110 --> 00:54:44,716
with the Battle of Trenton,
but then had lost Philadelphia.

978
00:54:44,740 --> 00:54:47,302
And there really begins
to be kind of a whisper campaign

979
00:54:47,326 --> 00:54:49,406
about, "Should Washington be
in command of the army?"

980
00:54:50,871 --> 00:54:53,266
There's rumblings in Congress

981
00:54:53,290 --> 00:54:55,894
and other places,
even in the army,

982
00:54:55,918 --> 00:54:57,645
"Who should really be
the commander in chief?"

983
00:54:57,669 --> 00:54:59,689
And there's a lot of those folks
who were talking

984
00:54:59,713 --> 00:55:02,692
about Gates being
the logical successor

985
00:55:02,716 --> 00:55:03,966
to George Washington.

986
00:55:05,844 --> 00:55:08,656
Horatio Gates
is a veteran soldier,

987
00:55:08,680 --> 00:55:10,700
and one
of the original contenders

988
00:55:10,724 --> 00:55:12,952
for Washington's job.

989
00:55:12,976 --> 00:55:14,621
He's now commanding

990
00:55:14,645 --> 00:55:17,207
the Continental Army's
northern wing

991
00:55:17,231 --> 00:55:19,292
currently in upstate New York,

992
00:55:19,316 --> 00:55:21,878
holding firm
against the British,

993
00:55:21,902 --> 00:55:25,882
who are angling
to seize control of the Hudson.

994
00:55:25,906 --> 00:55:30,470
The two armies clashed north
of Albany near Saratoga

995
00:55:30,494 --> 00:55:33,473
a week before Philadelphia fell.

996
00:55:33,497 --> 00:55:37,060
Though British General
John Burgoyne claimed victory,

997
00:55:37,084 --> 00:55:40,396
the Americans inflicted
heavy casualties,

998
00:55:40,420 --> 00:55:44,025
thanks in part
to the bold battlefield tactics

999
00:55:44,049 --> 00:55:48,029
of one
of Washington's rising stars,

1000
00:55:48,053 --> 00:55:51,491
36yearold former merchant
from Connecticut,

1001
00:55:51,515 --> 00:55:52,805
Benedict Arnold.

1002
00:55:53,767 --> 00:55:55,203
You have been broken.

1003
00:55:55,227 --> 00:55:58,397
Do not give quarter.

1004
00:56:05,320 --> 00:56:07,173
Now in October,

1005
00:56:07,197 --> 00:56:10,009
after nearly a month
of stalemate,

1006
00:56:10,033 --> 00:56:12,679
Arnold is on the field
once again

1007
00:56:12,703 --> 00:56:15,913
to stop Britain's advance
on the Hudson.

1008
00:56:18,709 --> 00:56:21,315
Arnold was one
of Washington's best officers.

1009
00:56:21,339 --> 00:56:23,398
He was brilliant
on the battlefield,

1010
00:56:23,422 --> 00:56:26,568
decisive, great strategic sense.

1011
00:56:26,592 --> 00:56:29,116
Kind of a daredevil
in his willingness

1012
00:56:29,140 --> 00:56:30,697
to put his body at risk.

1013
00:56:30,721 --> 00:56:34,659
He's totally dedicated
to the cause of the revolution,

1014
00:56:34,683 --> 00:56:37,120
and he's willing
to sacrifice for it.

1015
00:56:37,144 --> 00:56:39,421
I do not care
if their backs are turned!

1016
00:56:39,445 --> 00:56:41,874
Put them in their graves!

1017
00:56:41,898 --> 00:56:43,876
Send them to hell!

1018
00:56:43,900 --> 00:56:45,900
Send them all to hell!

1019
00:56:58,081 --> 00:57:00,184
Charge!

1020
00:57:01,627 --> 00:57:02,747
Everyone!

1021
00:57:38,872 --> 00:57:40,266
Fall back!

1022
00:57:40,290 --> 00:57:41,290
Fall back!

1023
00:57:54,846 --> 00:57:56,449
Fall back!

1024
00:57:56,473 --> 00:57:57,473
Fall back!

1025
00:58:12,823 --> 00:58:16,552
The Battle of Saratoga
was a punch to the gut

1026
00:58:16,576 --> 00:58:18,805
for the British Army.

1027
00:58:18,829 --> 00:58:20,935
They had assumed
this was going to give them

1028
00:58:20,959 --> 00:58:23,353
the victory, that that would
shut down the revolution,

1029
00:58:23,377 --> 00:58:25,335
but it was just the opposite.

1030
00:58:27,796 --> 00:58:29,899
There's a wonderful letter
from a British officer

1031
00:58:29,923 --> 00:58:33,029
who describes how Burgoyne
was so full of emotion

1032
00:58:33,053 --> 00:58:35,697
and disbelieving
that they had lost this battle

1033
00:58:35,721 --> 00:58:37,511
that he really couldn't speak.

1034
00:58:39,224 --> 00:58:41,371
So it was a stunning,
stunning victory

1035
00:58:41,395 --> 00:58:43,126
that ends up having
a huge impact

1036
00:58:43,150 --> 00:58:44,622
for the American cause,

1037
00:58:44,646 --> 00:58:49,210
and Arnold is a great hero
in that moment.

1038
00:58:49,234 --> 00:58:53,089
But Arnold's heroics
at Saratoga come at a price.

1039
00:58:53,113 --> 00:58:57,051
In the final push of battle,
his left leg is shot

1040
00:58:57,075 --> 00:59:00,388
and then crushed
by his fallen horse.

1041
00:59:00,412 --> 00:59:03,391
He's taken to a hospital
in Albany.

1042
00:59:03,415 --> 00:59:07,395
And meanwhile, back in
the center of the action,

1043
00:59:07,419 --> 00:59:11,733
Horatio Gates, who did not leave
his tent during Saratoga,

1044
00:59:11,757 --> 00:59:14,467
takes credit for the victory.

1045
00:59:16,678 --> 00:59:20,324
Gates is not just looking
to steal Arnold's thunder.

1046
00:59:20,348 --> 00:59:24,328
His real intention is to use
his victory at Saratoga

1047
00:59:24,352 --> 00:59:27,709
to make a play for the job
of his commanding officer,

1048
00:59:27,733 --> 00:59:29,959
George Washington.

1049
00:59:29,983 --> 00:59:34,255
Gates is very careful
not to put himself on paper

1050
00:59:34,279 --> 00:59:37,675
and saying,
"I want to take charge."

1051
00:59:37,699 --> 00:59:41,137
But he speaks
with Washington's opponents,

1052
00:59:41,161 --> 00:59:45,391
and he encourages them
to begin lobbying in Congress

1053
00:59:45,415 --> 00:59:49,437
and elsewhere
for Washington's deposition.

1054
00:59:49,461 --> 00:59:53,274
And when criticisms
of Washington arise,

1055
00:59:53,298 --> 00:59:56,903
certain young men
in what Washington calls

1056
00:59:56,927 --> 00:59:59,822
his military family
stepped to the fore,

1057
00:59:59,846 --> 01:00:01,949
identify Washington's critics

1058
01:00:01,973 --> 01:00:04,285
and do their best
to destroy them.

1059
01:00:04,309 --> 01:00:07,288
And nobody steps forward
with more aggressiveness

1060
01:00:07,312 --> 01:00:08,692
than Alexander Hamilton.

1061
01:00:10,857 --> 01:00:13,964
"All the true and sensible
friends to their country

1062
01:00:13,988 --> 01:00:16,756
"and, of course,
to a certain great man

1063
01:00:16,780 --> 01:00:18,426
"ought to be upon the watch

1064
01:00:18,450 --> 01:00:20,845
"to counterplot
the secret machinations

1065
01:00:20,869 --> 01:00:23,497
of his enemies."

1066
01:00:25,330 --> 01:00:28,810
The 21yearold captain
who commanded an artillery unit

1067
01:00:28,834 --> 01:00:31,020
at the Battle of Trenton

1068
01:00:31,044 --> 01:00:33,611
is now one
of the commander in chief's

1069
01:00:33,635 --> 01:00:36,108
most trusted aidesdecamp.

1070
01:00:36,132 --> 01:00:38,110
In an aide,
what Washington needs

1071
01:00:38,134 --> 01:00:39,451
is someone
who can write for him,

1072
01:00:39,475 --> 01:00:41,823
can speak for him,
can act for him

1073
01:00:41,847 --> 01:00:44,951
in a way that's true to <i>him.</i>

1074
01:00:44,975 --> 01:00:47,829
Another of
Washington's staunchest allies

1075
01:00:47,853 --> 01:00:51,153
is the 19yearold
Marquis de Lafayette.

1076
01:00:53,275 --> 01:00:56,045
The Marquis de Lafayette
is a young French nobleman

1077
01:00:56,069 --> 01:01:00,633
who is inspired by the cause
of what's going on in America.

1078
01:01:00,657 --> 01:01:04,178
So he comes to the United States

1079
01:01:04,202 --> 01:01:06,556
and commits himself
to the effort.

1080
01:01:06,580 --> 01:01:09,147
Lafayette has joined
Washington's army

1081
01:01:09,171 --> 01:01:10,768
as a volunteer.

1082
01:01:10,792 --> 01:01:13,020
He was wounded
at the Battle of Brandywine,

1083
01:01:13,044 --> 01:01:14,901
and he's now been appointed
a general

1084
01:01:14,925 --> 01:01:16,774
in the Continental Army.

1085
01:01:16,798 --> 01:01:19,193
He's very young and very eager,

1086
01:01:19,217 --> 01:01:20,987
and you certainly get a sense

1087
01:01:21,011 --> 01:01:24,431
that Washington and Lafayette
become very close very quickly.

1088
01:01:29,644 --> 01:01:33,165
As Washington begins
winter camp at Valley Forge,

1089
01:01:33,189 --> 01:01:36,377
his critics
are still plotting against him,

1090
01:01:36,401 --> 01:01:40,882
but his military family
is standing by his side.

1091
01:01:43,617 --> 01:01:47,305
To old friends and new allies.

1092
01:01:47,329 --> 01:01:49,098
And to our fearless commander.

1093
01:01:49,122 --> 01:01:53,792
The only general
who could lead this army.

1094
01:01:57,505 --> 01:01:59,358
I must say,

1095
01:01:59,382 --> 01:02:02,409
we are all well aware
on the fools in Congress

1096
01:02:02,433 --> 01:02:05,323
who do not know a single thing
about war.

1097
01:02:05,347 --> 01:02:09,368
But every man at this table,
every man in this camp

1098
01:02:09,392 --> 01:02:11,457
knows that if you are lost
to America,

1099
01:02:11,481 --> 01:02:13,998
there is nobody
who could keep the army

1100
01:02:14,022 --> 01:02:16,292
and the revolution going.

1101
01:02:16,316 --> 01:02:20,254
I appreciate your confidence,
my dear Marquis.

1102
01:02:20,278 --> 01:02:23,799
But for one night,
let's not discuss the war.

1103
01:02:23,823 --> 01:02:25,801
Hear, hear.

1104
01:02:25,825 --> 01:02:26,969
To Christmas. To Christmas.

1105
01:02:26,993 --> 01:02:27,993
To Christmas.

1106
01:02:29,621 --> 01:02:32,475
Despite attempts
to quiet the cabal,

1107
01:02:32,499 --> 01:02:35,686
calls for Washington's ouster
aren't going away.

1108
01:02:35,710 --> 01:02:38,773
In January 1778,

1109
01:02:38,797 --> 01:02:41,817
an anonymous letter
circulated in the Congress

1110
01:02:41,841 --> 01:02:44,362
makes the case for his removal

1111
01:02:44,386 --> 01:02:48,282
with a scathing list
of Washington's failures.

1112
01:02:48,306 --> 01:02:50,284
"That the enemies,
taking possession

1113
01:02:50,308 --> 01:02:52,078
"of the city of Philadelphia,

1114
01:02:52,102 --> 01:02:54,747
"with so little loss
in opposition,

1115
01:02:54,771 --> 01:02:56,418
"has been very discouraging

1116
01:02:56,442 --> 01:03:00,127
"to many of the true friends
of America,

1117
01:03:00,151 --> 01:03:02,425
"that more men will die
this winter

1118
01:03:02,449 --> 01:03:04,840
"than it would've cost lives
to have conquered the enemy

1119
01:03:04,864 --> 01:03:07,843
"last summer and fall,

1120
01:03:07,867 --> 01:03:11,180
"that it is a very great
reproach to America

1121
01:03:11,204 --> 01:03:14,624
to say there is
only one general in it."

1122
01:03:18,545 --> 01:03:20,356
Washington worried
the American people

1123
01:03:20,380 --> 01:03:22,984
were going to believe
this criticism.

1124
01:03:23,008 --> 01:03:25,338
He worried he was going
to lose their support.

1125
01:03:29,556 --> 01:03:33,016
There's a sense that he really
doesn't have what it takes.

1126
01:03:55,040 --> 01:03:58,227
Nearly three years into the war,

1127
01:03:58,251 --> 01:04:02,690
George Washington is facing
escalating personal attacks

1128
01:04:02,714 --> 01:04:05,693
and a new enemy...

1129
01:04:05,717 --> 01:04:08,654
winter.

1130
01:04:08,678 --> 01:04:11,534
Plagued with disease
and desperately hungry,

1131
01:04:11,558 --> 01:04:14,160
the men of Washington's main
fighting force

1132
01:04:14,184 --> 01:04:17,288
are battling to stay alive.

1133
01:04:17,312 --> 01:04:19,373
Follow me.

1134
01:04:19,397 --> 01:04:21,083
If we are to set rations,

1135
01:04:21,107 --> 01:04:23,687
we must have accurate account
of our provisions.

1136
01:04:32,994 --> 01:04:35,056
Food supplies are running low,

1137
01:04:35,080 --> 01:04:36,557
and what little they do have

1138
01:04:36,581 --> 01:04:39,852
is growing more rancid
by the day.

1139
01:04:39,876 --> 01:04:40,996
Wow.

1140
01:04:43,630 --> 01:04:45,470
Check every crate and barrel.

1141
01:04:47,926 --> 01:04:50,546
Inform me as soon as the count
is completed.

1142
01:04:52,931 --> 01:04:54,825
Washington and his troops

1143
01:04:54,849 --> 01:04:57,870
are hunkered down for
the winter at Valley Forge,

1144
01:04:57,894 --> 01:05:01,582
just 20 miles outside of
Britishoccupied Philadelphia.

1145
01:05:01,606 --> 01:05:03,793
The two armies are
camped so close

1146
01:05:03,817 --> 01:05:05,920
that to survive the winter,

1147
01:05:05,944 --> 01:05:10,758
they're forced to draw on
the same farms for supplies.

1148
01:05:10,782 --> 01:05:13,636
There's a battle
going on for food,

1149
01:05:13,660 --> 01:05:15,304
and the British are winning.

1150
01:05:15,328 --> 01:05:16,847
The Americans don't
have gold and silver,

1151
01:05:16,871 --> 01:05:20,142
and so they're offering payment
in paper money.

1152
01:05:20,166 --> 01:05:23,145
Farmers don't like having
bushels of paper money

1153
01:05:23,169 --> 01:05:24,605
of diminishing value

1154
01:05:24,629 --> 01:05:26,357
when they could be offered
gold and silver

1155
01:05:26,381 --> 01:05:28,109
if they will trade it
with the British.

1156
01:05:28,133 --> 01:05:30,407
And a lot of states
really hoarded their resources

1157
01:05:30,431 --> 01:05:32,655
in the event
that Britain decided

1158
01:05:32,679 --> 01:05:35,246
to make its next campaign
in their state.

1159
01:05:35,270 --> 01:05:37,201
For Washington, it meant

1160
01:05:37,225 --> 01:05:40,996
that there was no end
to the shortages.

1161
01:05:41,020 --> 01:05:43,082
<i>He's begging the states.
He's begging Congress.</i>

1162
01:05:43,106 --> 01:05:44,125
"I need you to raise more money

1163
01:05:44,149 --> 01:05:46,210
"so that I can feed my soldiers,

1164
01:05:46,234 --> 01:05:48,170
"so that I can give them shoes,

1165
01:05:48,194 --> 01:05:50,221
"so that I can have
the proper amount of gunpowder

1166
01:05:50,245 --> 01:05:52,967
to actually be able to
fire my cannons."

1167
01:05:52,991 --> 01:05:55,928
Many another person
in Washington's position

1168
01:05:55,952 --> 01:05:58,058
would have said,
"I can't do this.

1169
01:05:58,082 --> 01:06:00,349
"If you're not gonna give me
the resources to win,

1170
01:06:00,373 --> 01:06:02,229
then I'm not gonna take this."

1171
01:06:02,253 --> 01:06:04,979
But Washington had committed
himself personally to this,

1172
01:06:05,003 --> 01:06:06,713
and he was gonna see it
through to the end.

1173
01:06:08,173 --> 01:06:10,276
And so, too, will Martha,

1174
01:06:10,300 --> 01:06:13,867
who arrives in Valley Forge
two months into winter quarters

1175
01:06:13,891 --> 01:06:17,658
to support her husband
and the cause.

1176
01:06:17,682 --> 01:06:19,660
Martha Washington visits
George Washington

1177
01:06:19,684 --> 01:06:21,458
in every encampment
during the war.

1178
01:06:21,482 --> 01:06:24,165
And she joins him for some
of the roughest campaigns,

1179
01:06:24,189 --> 01:06:26,500
and for long winters,
she's there.

1180
01:06:26,524 --> 01:06:29,086
Martha is
no chimney corner wife.

1181
01:06:29,110 --> 01:06:33,716
She's not going to go
and sit and knit for him.

1182
01:06:33,740 --> 01:06:36,468
She assists on taking
a visible role in camp.

1183
01:06:36,492 --> 01:06:38,512
Martha leads by example.

1184
01:06:38,536 --> 01:06:42,808
She's tending to the sick,
and she's receiving people,

1185
01:06:42,832 --> 01:06:44,939
so she's also sort of working
the diplomatic relations

1186
01:06:44,963 --> 01:06:46,395
for Washington.

1187
01:06:46,419 --> 01:06:48,526
They both shared
that powerful sense

1188
01:06:48,550 --> 01:06:50,441
that the people needed them,

1189
01:06:50,465 --> 01:06:52,735
and it was this duty
and the sacrifice

1190
01:06:52,759 --> 01:06:55,070
and service
that was part of the cause.

1191
01:06:55,094 --> 01:06:57,948
She had an impact
on headquarters

1192
01:06:57,972 --> 01:07:00,659
and on the general morale
of people who were there,

1193
01:07:00,683 --> 01:07:02,453
and I think was important

1194
01:07:02,477 --> 01:07:04,788
as a figure that Washington
could trust

1195
01:07:04,812 --> 01:07:07,442
in a way that possibly
he couldn't trust anyone else.

1196
01:07:11,236 --> 01:07:12,922
Is it any better?

1197
01:07:12,946 --> 01:07:17,176
<i>Worse.
And still Congress does nothing.</i>

1198
01:07:17,200 --> 01:07:18,719
Perhaps they do not understand

1199
01:07:18,743 --> 01:07:20,721
the severity of the situation.

1200
01:07:20,745 --> 01:07:22,890
I have written
letter after letter.

1201
01:07:22,914 --> 01:07:26,143
They understand well enough.

1202
01:07:26,167 --> 01:07:30,189
Then they think an army can
survive without food.

1203
01:07:30,213 --> 01:07:33,692
Their failure
is not malice, my dear.

1204
01:07:33,716 --> 01:07:37,947
It is a deeper matter,
a fault in their constitution.

1205
01:07:37,971 --> 01:07:41,075
You must take care
that their failure

1206
01:07:41,099 --> 01:07:43,702
does not become yours.

1207
01:07:43,726 --> 01:07:46,872
Yes.

1208
01:07:46,896 --> 01:07:49,436
My reputation may well not
survive this.

1209
01:07:51,359 --> 01:07:54,046
That cannot be my concern now.

1210
01:07:54,070 --> 01:07:56,465
It is the men,

1211
01:07:56,489 --> 01:07:58,801
this starving army.

1212
01:07:58,825 --> 01:08:02,096
I'm at my wits' end
about what to do for them.

1213
01:08:02,120 --> 01:08:04,306
Well...

1214
01:08:04,330 --> 01:08:08,560
if there's one thing
I know about you,

1215
01:08:08,584 --> 01:08:11,071
it is that you are
simply too determined

1216
01:08:11,095 --> 01:08:14,400
to concede defeat.

1217
01:08:14,424 --> 01:08:17,344
You will find another way.

1218
01:08:22,807 --> 01:08:26,537
"Friends, countrymen,
and fellow citizens,

1219
01:08:26,561 --> 01:08:29,039
"it is to be feared
that so large an army

1220
01:08:29,063 --> 01:08:31,170
may suffer for the want
of provisions."

1221
01:08:31,194 --> 01:08:32,835
After having written

1222
01:08:32,859 --> 01:08:35,379
hundreds of pages of letters
to Congress,

1223
01:08:35,403 --> 01:08:38,048
Washington flexes
his political muscle

1224
01:08:38,072 --> 01:08:41,010
and makes a direct appeal
to the people.

1225
01:08:41,034 --> 01:08:43,762
His open letters
are printed in papers

1226
01:08:43,786 --> 01:08:46,515
across the states.

1227
01:08:46,539 --> 01:08:48,976
"It is therefore recommended

1228
01:08:49,000 --> 01:08:50,019
"to the inhabitants
of those states

1229
01:08:50,043 --> 01:08:52,187
"to put up and feed immediately

1230
01:08:52,211 --> 01:08:55,941
as many of their stock cattle
as they can spare."

1231
01:08:55,965 --> 01:08:58,902
He then invites the
congressional delegates to camp

1232
01:08:58,926 --> 01:09:02,256
so they can witness the misery
of his army firsthand.

1233
01:09:04,098 --> 01:09:07,328
Delegates to Congress
they recognize now

1234
01:09:07,352 --> 01:09:09,458
that things really are
just as desperate

1235
01:09:09,482 --> 01:09:11,665
as Washington
has portrayed them.

1236
01:09:11,689 --> 01:09:15,169
They also discover
something else

1237
01:09:15,193 --> 01:09:17,546
an army being held together

1238
01:09:17,570 --> 01:09:22,593
against tremendous odds
by one man.

1239
01:09:22,617 --> 01:09:26,597
He can win this war if he can
keep his army together.

1240
01:09:26,621 --> 01:09:28,891
Valley Forge was all about

1241
01:09:28,915 --> 01:09:32,061
preventing his soldiers
from saying, "I quit."

1242
01:09:32,085 --> 01:09:35,314
The impact of Washington's
dedication at Valley Forge

1243
01:09:35,338 --> 01:09:37,274
is huge.

1244
01:09:37,298 --> 01:09:40,027
<i>He was there with them.
He shared their hardship.</i>

1245
01:09:40,051 --> 01:09:42,907
And he showed them that
they could get through this.

1246
01:09:42,931 --> 01:09:45,536
When soldiers see
their officers with them,

1247
01:09:45,560 --> 01:09:47,618
eating the same lousy food,

1248
01:09:47,642 --> 01:09:49,707
getting the same
lousy amount of sleep,

1249
01:09:49,731 --> 01:09:51,663
living in the same
awful conditions,

1250
01:09:51,687 --> 01:09:53,707
"then my officers can do it,
I can do it."

1251
01:09:53,731 --> 01:09:55,758
That's what leadership's
all about.

1252
01:09:55,782 --> 01:09:59,088
Valley Forge was the light
in the darkness

1253
01:09:59,112 --> 01:10:05,177
because Washington
had the courage to endure.

1254
01:10:05,201 --> 01:10:10,641
This is Washingtonian
"Survive and you shall succeed."

1255
01:10:10,665 --> 01:10:12,643
They survived.

1256
01:10:12,667 --> 01:10:14,978
As does Washington's command.

1257
01:10:15,002 --> 01:10:18,359
After months of whispers,
the talk of General Gates

1258
01:10:18,383 --> 01:10:21,985
replacing Washington is no more.

1259
01:10:22,009 --> 01:10:24,116
The great majority
of the officers in the army

1260
01:10:24,140 --> 01:10:27,074
stand by Washington.

1261
01:10:27,098 --> 01:10:28,617
And they make it clear
to Congress

1262
01:10:28,641 --> 01:10:30,918
that if they wanna keep
an army together,

1263
01:10:30,942 --> 01:10:33,975
it has to be kept together
under Washington.

1264
01:10:36,441 --> 01:10:42,464
An estimated 2,000 men
ultimately die at Valley Forge.

1265
01:10:42,488 --> 01:10:44,508
But when spring arrives,

1266
01:10:44,532 --> 01:10:50,055
Washington has some
10,000 soldiers fit to fight,

1267
01:10:50,079 --> 01:10:54,129
and he's received word
that help is on the way.

1268
01:10:57,462 --> 01:10:59,356
You summoned me, General.

1269
01:10:59,380 --> 01:11:02,260
I have something here
you may find of interest.

1270
01:11:07,764 --> 01:11:09,783
Is it true?

1271
01:11:09,807 --> 01:11:11,201
It would appear

1272
01:11:11,225 --> 01:11:13,435
<i>that Mr. Franklin has
finally done it.</i>

1273
01:11:16,647 --> 01:11:19,042
King Louis has seen reason.

1274
01:11:19,066 --> 01:11:20,961
Yes.

1275
01:11:20,985 --> 01:11:22,921
An alliance.

1276
01:11:22,945 --> 01:11:25,215
For years, the colonies
have sought an ally

1277
01:11:25,239 --> 01:11:27,634
with the power to rival Britain.

1278
01:11:27,658 --> 01:11:31,305
In the spring of 1778,
they get one

1279
01:11:31,329 --> 01:11:35,184
when Benjamin Franklin brokers
a treaty between America

1280
01:11:35,208 --> 01:11:39,271
and England's greatest rival,
France.

1281
01:11:39,295 --> 01:11:41,523
With luck, your countrymen
will soon be fighting

1282
01:11:41,547 --> 01:11:43,817
<i>by our side.
This is certainly welcome news.</i>

1283
01:11:43,841 --> 01:11:46,528
<i>Oh, oui. And to see
King George's face</i>

1284
01:11:46,552 --> 01:11:48,280
when he hears.

1285
01:11:48,304 --> 01:11:49,990
But a toast...

1286
01:11:50,014 --> 01:11:51,911
We must have a toast. Of course.

1287
01:11:51,935 --> 01:11:55,412
France is impressed
by Washington's ability

1288
01:11:55,436 --> 01:11:56,872
to keep his army going.

1289
01:11:56,896 --> 01:11:58,123
For the Americans,
it's a huge moment

1290
01:11:58,147 --> 01:12:01,543
because now
they have this major empire

1291
01:12:01,567 --> 01:12:04,755
giving vital support
and supplies and funds.

1292
01:12:04,779 --> 01:12:07,090
Washington finally sees hope.

1293
01:12:07,114 --> 01:12:11,845
He begins now to think
of a final campaign

1294
01:12:11,869 --> 01:12:14,556
in ending the war
in one fell swoop.

1295
01:12:36,644 --> 01:12:37,788
Sir.

1296
01:12:37,812 --> 01:12:41,041
Thank you, Billy.

1297
01:12:41,065 --> 01:12:43,252
In May of 1778,

1298
01:12:43,276 --> 01:12:45,379
with the desperate winter
behind him

1299
01:12:45,403 --> 01:12:47,631
and the French now on his side,

1300
01:12:47,655 --> 01:12:49,925
General George Washington
is looking ahead

1301
01:12:49,949 --> 01:12:52,261
to the next phase of the war.

1302
01:12:52,285 --> 01:12:54,346
Major General Arnold
is here, sir.

1303
01:12:54,370 --> 01:12:56,223
Send him in.

1304
01:12:56,247 --> 01:12:59,309
But first, he has
a thank you to bestow

1305
01:12:59,333 --> 01:13:02,883
on the hero of Saratoga.

1306
01:13:06,257 --> 01:13:08,443
I traveled here
as soon as I could.

1307
01:13:08,467 --> 01:13:10,737
It is certainly good
to see you doing so well.

1308
01:13:10,761 --> 01:13:13,198
For the past seven months,

1309
01:13:13,222 --> 01:13:15,329
Benedict Arnold has been
working his way back

1310
01:13:15,353 --> 01:13:18,620
from the injury he suffered
at Saratoga

1311
01:13:18,644 --> 01:13:20,314
when his horse fell on him
in battle.

1312
01:13:22,023 --> 01:13:26,712
His left leg is now 2 inches
shorter than the right.

1313
01:13:26,736 --> 01:13:30,340
My, uh, recovery took longer
than I would have hoped.

1314
01:13:30,364 --> 01:13:32,141
And there is still some
difficulty atop a horse,

1315
01:13:32,165 --> 01:13:34,636
but I'm eager to return
to the field.

1316
01:13:34,660 --> 01:13:36,972
As we are to have you.

1317
01:13:36,996 --> 01:13:39,308
Did you receive the epaulets
and sword that I sent you?

1318
01:13:39,332 --> 01:13:42,019
<i>I did. They were,
uh, very much appreciated.</i>

1319
01:13:42,043 --> 01:13:43,770
A gentleman from France
recently sent me

1320
01:13:43,794 --> 01:13:45,314
three sets of them.

1321
01:13:45,338 --> 01:13:47,065
I was instructed to keep one
for myself

1322
01:13:47,089 --> 01:13:49,906
and impart the others on men
of deserving character.

1323
01:13:49,930 --> 01:13:51,320
Thank you, sir.

1324
01:13:51,344 --> 01:13:54,531
You have deserved them
twice over.

1325
01:13:54,555 --> 01:13:55,925
Thank you.

1326
01:13:58,351 --> 01:14:00,441
Something seems
to trouble you, Major General.

1327
01:14:03,105 --> 01:14:05,417
I do not wish you to think me
ungrateful.

1328
01:14:05,441 --> 01:14:08,962
The epaulets were
a fine gesture.

1329
01:14:08,986 --> 01:14:11,965
But I've sacrificed my fortune,

1330
01:14:11,989 --> 01:14:16,094
my blood. I have...

1331
01:14:16,118 --> 01:14:19,475
I've become a cripple
in the service of my country.

1332
01:14:19,499 --> 01:14:22,207
I believe I have earned more.

1333
01:14:25,086 --> 01:14:28,315
Washington clearly felt
that Arnold was worthy,

1334
01:14:28,339 --> 01:14:30,400
but Congress
in its wisdom decided

1335
01:14:30,424 --> 01:14:32,778
not to give Arnold a promotion.

1336
01:14:32,802 --> 01:14:35,199
He's getting passed over
for all these other people

1337
01:14:35,223 --> 01:14:37,495
with political connections
to Congress.

1338
01:14:37,519 --> 01:14:38,909
And even when he gets
promotions,

1339
01:14:38,933 --> 01:14:41,787
he doesn't get the commands
he wants.

1340
01:14:41,811 --> 01:14:46,124
I understand your frustrations.

1341
01:14:46,148 --> 01:14:48,585
But Congress moves slowly,

1342
01:14:48,609 --> 01:14:52,381
and politics have a way
of complicating things.

1343
01:14:52,405 --> 01:14:56,718
Know that I do not
question your value,

1344
01:14:56,742 --> 01:15:00,555
and I learned as a young man,

1345
01:15:00,579 --> 01:15:03,058
patience is a virtue.

1346
01:15:03,082 --> 01:15:04,332
Patience?

1347
01:15:08,963 --> 01:15:11,066
I will take my leave then, sir.

1348
01:15:11,090 --> 01:15:12,090
Of course.

1349
01:15:25,896 --> 01:15:28,083
Arnold is stewing.

1350
01:15:28,107 --> 01:15:30,585
He's getting over his injury.

1351
01:15:30,609 --> 01:15:33,630
Congress still hasn't repaid him
for money that he fronted

1352
01:15:33,654 --> 01:15:36,124
<i>at the beginning of the war.
He's in debt.</i>

1353
01:15:38,242 --> 01:15:43,015
So, Arnold began to wonder,
"Why am I doing this?

1354
01:15:43,039 --> 01:15:44,725
"Is this country living up

1355
01:15:44,749 --> 01:15:46,919
to the commitments
it's made to me?"

1356
01:15:48,753 --> 01:15:51,690
In June of 1778,

1357
01:15:51,714 --> 01:15:55,360
Washington offers
a new opportunity

1358
01:15:55,384 --> 01:15:59,531
that has the potential
to advance Arnold's career.

1359
01:15:59,555 --> 01:16:03,827
With the French and their navy
now on America's side,

1360
01:16:03,851 --> 01:16:06,788
the redcoats have
abandoned Philadelphia

1361
01:16:06,812 --> 01:16:10,459
to reinforce their troops
in New York.

1362
01:16:10,483 --> 01:16:13,670
After the British evacuate,

1363
01:16:13,694 --> 01:16:17,966
Washington puts Arnold
in command of Philadelphia.

1364
01:16:19,658 --> 01:16:21,636
Washington saw Arnold
as a kind of project,

1365
01:16:21,660 --> 01:16:24,598
someone, uh, that if nurtured,

1366
01:16:24,622 --> 01:16:28,977
could become a truly spectacular
balanced leader.

1367
01:16:29,001 --> 01:16:34,691
<i>Ah, William.
Welcome to Philadelphia.</i>

1368
01:16:34,715 --> 01:16:37,069
But once military governor
of Philadelphia,

1369
01:16:37,093 --> 01:16:39,529
Arnold decided
it was time for him

1370
01:16:39,553 --> 01:16:41,740
to begin to profit
from this war.

1371
01:16:41,764 --> 01:16:43,161
And so he began to launch

1372
01:16:43,185 --> 01:16:46,036
into a series
of investment schemes.

1373
01:16:46,060 --> 01:16:49,539
This is what we spoke about?

1374
01:16:49,563 --> 01:16:53,403
He is accused of corruption.

1375
01:16:55,027 --> 01:16:57,506
He has to go
through a courtmartial

1376
01:16:57,530 --> 01:17:00,300
which largely finds him innocent

1377
01:17:00,324 --> 01:17:03,470
but also gives him a slap
on the wrist.

1378
01:17:03,494 --> 01:17:06,431
Arnold can't stand it.

1379
01:17:06,455 --> 01:17:08,600
And so he became embittered
over time,

1380
01:17:08,624 --> 01:17:11,770
much in the way we saw a young
Washington become embittered,

1381
01:17:11,794 --> 01:17:13,480
but Washington he didn't hold on

1382
01:17:13,504 --> 01:17:14,991
to the vestiges of the past,

1383
01:17:15,015 --> 01:17:18,965
whereas Arnold tended
to his grudges like a garden.

1384
01:17:20,511 --> 01:17:23,782
In spring 1779,

1385
01:17:23,806 --> 01:17:27,077
Arnold sows the seeds
of betrayal

1386
01:17:27,101 --> 01:17:30,580
by making contact
with British intelligence.

1387
01:17:30,604 --> 01:17:33,542
Arnold had sent a letter
to John André,

1388
01:17:33,566 --> 01:17:37,462
who was a British officer,
offered some information.

1389
01:17:37,486 --> 01:17:40,026
He was kind of ignored.

1390
01:17:42,032 --> 01:17:43,952
This just arrived for you.

1391
01:17:46,120 --> 01:17:48,890
His wife, Peggy Shippen,
had been in Philadelphia

1392
01:17:48,914 --> 01:17:50,600
during the British occupation

1393
01:17:50,624 --> 01:17:53,384
and had been good friends
with John André.

1394
01:17:55,421 --> 01:17:57,190
What does it say?

1395
01:17:57,214 --> 01:17:59,776
Instructions.

1396
01:17:59,800 --> 01:18:03,280
A list of things I would
have interest in,

1397
01:18:03,304 --> 01:18:05,371
and he wishes to meet in person.

1398
01:18:05,395 --> 01:18:07,993
Well, that is good, is it not?

1399
01:18:08,017 --> 01:18:10,245
Major André is a good man.

1400
01:18:10,269 --> 01:18:12,956
<i>You can trust him.
That is not what worries me.</i>

1401
01:18:12,980 --> 01:18:14,749
Then what?

1402
01:18:14,773 --> 01:18:16,918
Dispatches, troop orders,

1403
01:18:16,942 --> 01:18:19,588
officer assignments,
and battle plans,

1404
01:18:19,612 --> 01:18:22,757
insights into Washington himself

1405
01:18:22,781 --> 01:18:26,303
all these things I can provide
with certainty.

1406
01:18:26,327 --> 01:18:29,434
These are things other men
could provide as well.

1407
01:18:29,458 --> 01:18:32,142
If I'm to make this leak,

1408
01:18:32,166 --> 01:18:33,560
I must have assurances
of my position,

1409
01:18:33,584 --> 01:18:35,440
and that can only be guaranteed

1410
01:18:35,464 --> 01:18:38,736
by bringing with me something
no one else could deliver.

1411
01:18:38,760 --> 01:18:41,359
And so Arnold started
navigating his way

1412
01:18:41,383 --> 01:18:43,737
to getting command
of West Point.

1413
01:18:47,932 --> 01:18:50,459
Located 50 miles north
of New York City,

1414
01:18:50,483 --> 01:18:54,164
West Point is a massive
fortification project.

1415
01:18:54,188 --> 01:18:56,499
Washington believes its defenses

1416
01:18:56,523 --> 01:18:59,220
are the most important piece
of strategic real estate

1417
01:18:59,244 --> 01:19:02,130
in the patriot arsenal.

1418
01:19:02,154 --> 01:19:03,887
The key to keeping the British

1419
01:19:03,911 --> 01:19:06,468
from the goal they've been
unable to achieve

1420
01:19:06,492 --> 01:19:08,678
in three years of the war

1421
01:19:08,702 --> 01:19:11,806
total domination of the Hudson.

1422
01:19:11,830 --> 01:19:14,059
If the British capture
West Point,

1423
01:19:14,083 --> 01:19:17,650
they may well be able to capture
the entire Hudson River

1424
01:19:17,674 --> 01:19:20,273
and decapitate the revolution.

1425
01:19:20,297 --> 01:19:24,194
West Point is also key
to Washington's strategy

1426
01:19:24,218 --> 01:19:27,948
for an assault on
Britishoccupied New York City.

1427
01:19:27,972 --> 01:19:30,369
The battle plan includes
a field command

1428
01:19:30,393 --> 01:19:32,786
for Benedict Arnold.

1429
01:19:32,810 --> 01:19:34,375
And there's
an interesting moment

1430
01:19:34,399 --> 01:19:37,707
where he's finally offered
something of a promotion,

1431
01:19:37,731 --> 01:19:39,876
and he says,

1432
01:19:39,900 --> 01:19:42,675
"No, actually, I'd rather be
given command of West Point,"

1433
01:19:42,699 --> 01:19:45,382
which ultimately baffles
Washington like, "What?"

1434
01:19:45,406 --> 01:19:47,300
"Like, if you're all
of this ambition,

1435
01:19:47,324 --> 01:19:49,057
"I'm giving you
a better position,

1436
01:19:49,081 --> 01:19:51,096
and you just wanna be
in charge of West Point?"

1437
01:19:51,120 --> 01:19:53,767
Now, of course, no one has
any reason to know

1438
01:19:53,791 --> 01:19:55,642
<i>why</i> he's doing that.

1439
01:19:55,666 --> 01:19:58,103
By the time Washington agrees,

1440
01:19:58,127 --> 01:20:01,024
Arnold's already been sharing
secrets with the British

1441
01:20:01,048 --> 01:20:03,024
for more than a year.

1442
01:20:03,048 --> 01:20:05,902
But he stands to earn
20,000 pounds,

1443
01:20:05,926 --> 01:20:07,988
a lifetime pension,

1444
01:20:08,012 --> 01:20:09,909
and a British officer's
commission

1445
01:20:09,933 --> 01:20:13,702
if he can deliver West Point
which he plans to do

1446
01:20:13,726 --> 01:20:18,915
by sabotaging
the fort's defenses from within.

1447
01:20:18,939 --> 01:20:23,044
And just as Arnold
is about to close the deal,

1448
01:20:23,068 --> 01:20:24,587
the plot is revealed.

1449
01:20:24,611 --> 01:20:26,467
André has made his way
up the Hudson

1450
01:20:26,491 --> 01:20:28,595
for a secret meeting
with Arnold.

1451
01:20:28,619 --> 01:20:30,844
However, André on his way back

1452
01:20:30,868 --> 01:20:32,929
is captured by some militia.

1453
01:20:32,953 --> 01:20:35,682
People begin to realize
something is up.

1454
01:20:35,706 --> 01:20:39,185
When Arnold's betrayal
is discovered,

1455
01:20:39,209 --> 01:20:42,736
Washington and his immediate
staff are headed to Arnold

1456
01:20:42,760 --> 01:20:43,815
to his home.

1457
01:20:43,839 --> 01:20:46,151
So, Arnold flees.

1458
01:20:46,175 --> 01:20:48,903
And little by little,
these letters are coming in

1459
01:20:48,927 --> 01:20:51,865
that are revealing
to Washington and his staff

1460
01:20:51,889 --> 01:20:53,825
that Arnold has betrayed
the nation.

1461
01:20:53,849 --> 01:20:55,889
<i>He's committed treason.
He's turned to the British.</i>

1462
01:20:59,772 --> 01:21:02,208
You are going to want
to see this.

1463
01:21:02,232 --> 01:21:04,419
A British intelligence officer
was captured this morning.

1464
01:21:04,443 --> 01:21:07,964
This was found hidden
in his boot.

1465
01:21:07,988 --> 01:21:09,424
Traitorous bastard.

1466
01:21:09,448 --> 01:21:11,384
Much as the action sickens
as we are

1467
01:21:11,408 --> 01:21:15,347
fortunate to have discovered all
the plot now and not later.

1468
01:21:15,371 --> 01:21:18,767
Another week, and we would
have lost West Point.

1469
01:21:18,791 --> 01:21:21,269
<i>We will make him pay.
Believe me.</i>

1470
01:21:21,293 --> 01:21:23,355
He could not have gotten far.

1471
01:21:23,379 --> 01:21:25,276
I will take our best trackers.

1472
01:21:25,300 --> 01:21:27,877
You need only say the word.

1473
01:21:28,759 --> 01:21:30,389
Sir?

1474
01:21:32,554 --> 01:21:34,014
Sir?

1475
01:21:36,100 --> 01:21:38,578
Go.

1476
01:21:38,602 --> 01:21:41,539
Get him.

1477
01:21:41,563 --> 01:21:43,193
Now.

1478
01:21:49,988 --> 01:21:52,092
On the next "Washington"...

1479
01:21:52,116 --> 01:21:56,596
The treason of Arnold is
a lightning bolt for Americans.

1480
01:21:56,620 --> 01:21:59,290
<i>Burn it all.
Everybody wants him dead.</i>

1481
01:22:00,916 --> 01:22:03,353
We expected to risk
our lives for free?

1482
01:22:03,377 --> 01:22:04,729
No. No.

1483
01:22:04,753 --> 01:22:06,439
Mutiny is like a virus.

1484
01:22:06,463 --> 01:22:08,450
It will infect
the whole organization.

1485
01:22:11,593 --> 01:22:14,950
Force the soldiers back
into line. Execute the leader.

1486
01:22:14,974 --> 01:22:16,352
Fire!

1487
01:22:18,976 --> 01:22:21,454
History is written
by the winners.

1488
01:22:21,478 --> 01:22:23,498
Increase our bombardment.

1489
01:22:23,522 --> 01:22:25,879
We can't allow the British
to rebuild their fortifications.

1490
01:22:27,192 --> 01:22:29,259
Yorktown is really
the culmination

1491
01:22:29,283 --> 01:22:31,297
of Washington as a leader.

1492
01:22:31,321 --> 01:22:33,925
I do solemnly swear...

1493
01:22:33,949 --> 01:22:35,927
When he assumes the presidency,

1494
01:22:35,951 --> 01:22:37,887
he has everything to lose.

1495
01:22:37,911 --> 01:22:41,641
I did not want this.

1496
01:22:41,665 --> 01:22:44,018
The really critical editors
would deliver three copies

1497
01:22:44,042 --> 01:22:46,896
of their paper
just to piss him off.

1498
01:22:46,920 --> 01:22:48,817
<i>Good! I should rather be
in my grave</i>

1499
01:22:48,841 --> 01:22:50,695
than be made emperor
of this world!

1500
01:22:50,719 --> 01:22:52,819
He decided to step down
after two terms

1501
01:22:52,843 --> 01:22:55,326
because that's not
what dictators do.

1502
01:22:55,350 --> 01:22:57,715
It's just as revolutionary
as the war itself.