0
00:00:01,000 --> 00:00:04,000
Downloaded From www.AllSubs.org
1
00:00:05,920 --> 00:00:08,200
We know our
medieval ancestors
2
00:00:08,201 --> 00:00:10,876
from what
they left.
3
00:00:11,978 --> 00:00:14,528
The greatness of
their castles.
4
00:00:16,960 --> 00:00:19,285
The beauty of its cathedrals.
5
00:00:24,040 --> 00:00:28,590
But medieval ideas are
a lesser known area.
6
00:00:30,260 --> 00:00:32,950
Who were these people?
who lived a thousand years ago
7
00:00:32,951 --> 00:00:37,079
and built these buildings and made
these extraordinary things?
8
00:00:37,080 --> 00:00:40,159
How did you understand the world?
What did you feel?
9
00:00:40,160 --> 00:00:42,827
And, mainly,
What did you believe?
10
00:00:42,828 --> 00:00:47,448
INSIDE
MEDIEVAL MIND
11
00:00:49,584 --> 00:00:52,763
BELIEF
12
00:00:52,764 --> 00:00:56,033
MUSKETEERS
Albattroz Otoni Kakko
13
00:00:57,122 --> 00:00:59,500
Between the 10th and 15th centuries,
14
00:00:59,501 --> 00:01:03,896
the West was dominated by
religion and supernatural beliefs
15
00:01:03,897 --> 00:01:07,297
in a way that is
It's hard for us to imagine.
16
00:01:08,240 --> 00:01:12,890
People saw the world under
the prism of such beliefs.
17
00:01:14,600 --> 00:01:18,599
It was an influenced world
by divine importance.
18
00:01:18,600 --> 00:01:22,632
Delighted... uncertain...
unpredictable.
19
00:01:24,220 --> 00:01:25,659
A world in which
20
00:01:25,660 --> 00:01:28,819
some limits were less
clearer than they are today.
21
00:01:28,820 --> 00:01:33,179
The limits between the natural and the
supernatural were undefined,
22
00:01:33,180 --> 00:01:36,379
between normal
and the miraculous,
23
00:01:36,380 --> 00:01:38,879
between the living and the dead.
24
00:01:43,449 --> 00:01:45,758
Medieval records
evoke a time
25
00:01:45,759 --> 00:01:49,309
in which the dead
They were always with us.
26
00:01:51,685 --> 00:01:54,332
The abbot of the monastery
from Burton-on-Trent
27
00:01:54,333 --> 00:01:56,979
registered a series
of strange events
28
00:01:56,980 --> 00:01:59,455
occurred by
around 1090.
29
00:02:03,100 --> 00:02:08,399
"Two residents of Stapenhill
They fled to the neighboring village.
30
00:02:10,180 --> 00:02:15,839
"The next day, at 9am,
they died suddenly.
31
00:02:16,442 --> 00:02:18,860
Shortly after your
bodies are burned,
32
00:02:18,861 --> 00:02:21,268
the news emerged that
two strange beings
33
00:02:21,269 --> 00:02:23,194
wandering through the woods.
34
00:02:32,628 --> 00:02:34,892
"They appeared under the
form of two men
35
00:02:34,893 --> 00:02:38,176
"carrying coffins
wooden shoulders.
36
00:02:38,177 --> 00:02:41,577
"Now, under appearance
of bears or dogs.
37
00:02:46,532 --> 00:02:48,497
The residents
they were scared to death
38
00:02:48,498 --> 00:02:50,636
of the two ghosts
of dead men
39
00:02:50,637 --> 00:02:53,387
who walked around
field at night.
40
00:02:54,572 --> 00:02:58,897
The bishop authorized the residents
to exhume the bodies.
41
00:03:01,832 --> 00:03:03,976
"The linen cloths
upon their faces
42
00:03:03,977 --> 00:03:05,751
"were stained
of blood.
43
00:03:05,752 --> 00:03:07,822
"They cut off the
heads of men
44
00:03:07,823 --> 00:03:09,931
"and put them in the
between the legs,
45
00:03:09,932 --> 00:03:14,282
"they ripped out the hearts
of the bodies and burned them."
46
00:03:18,572 --> 00:03:20,660
When hearts
were burned,
47
00:03:20,661 --> 00:03:23,251
they broke themselves doing
a big noise.
48
00:03:23,252 --> 00:03:26,160
Everyone saw an evil spirit
in the form of a crow
49
00:03:26,161 --> 00:03:28,131
fly out of the flames.
50
00:03:28,132 --> 00:03:29,832
When it was all over,
51
00:03:29,833 --> 00:03:33,071
the dead and the ghosts
they had disappeared.
52
00:03:33,072 --> 00:03:35,840
These records show
That this story is remarkable,
53
00:03:35,841 --> 00:03:38,337
with undead and cloths
stained with blood,
54
00:03:38,338 --> 00:03:40,011
was taken very seriously.
55
00:03:40,012 --> 00:03:41,994
This was not a
ghost story
56
00:03:41,995 --> 00:03:44,584
invented to pass the
night by the bonfire,
57
00:03:44,585 --> 00:03:47,571
but a reminder of
a pressing reality.
58
00:03:47,572 --> 00:03:49,997
That the dead
they did not turn to dust,
59
00:03:49,998 --> 00:03:53,573
but they could occupy the
same world as the living.
60
00:03:53,574 --> 00:03:55,498
Countless reports
similar
61
00:03:55,499 --> 00:03:59,924
suggest that the dead were
a persistent presence.
62
00:04:00,430 --> 00:04:02,771
Herefordshire,
in the 1150s.
63
00:04:02,772 --> 00:04:06,171
The corpse of an evil man
wandered the roads at night,
64
00:04:06,172 --> 00:04:10,947
calling the names of the residents,
who got sick and died.
65
00:04:11,492 --> 00:04:15,072
In Annandale, Scotland, a
corpse roamed the villages
66
00:04:15,073 --> 00:04:18,751
spreading the plague
with your fetid breath.
67
00:04:20,652 --> 00:04:23,332
In the 1190s,
in Buckinghamshire,
68
00:04:23,333 --> 00:04:25,909
a dead person has returned
his widow's bed
69
00:04:25,910 --> 00:04:28,660
almost crushing her
with your weight.
70
00:04:31,514 --> 00:04:34,065
These horror stories
were taken as fact
71
00:04:34,066 --> 00:04:37,416
by chroniclers like
William of Newburgh.
72
00:04:39,515 --> 00:04:43,491
"It would not be easy to believe that
Corpses come out of their graves
73
00:04:43,492 --> 00:04:46,451
"and they walk around
terrorize the living,
74
00:04:46,452 --> 00:04:51,602
"if there weren't so many cases
supported by ample testimony."
75
00:04:54,114 --> 00:04:56,633
It's time like that
strange happenings,
76
00:04:56,634 --> 00:05:01,133
it was common to rebury
bodies of these lost souls.
77
00:05:01,823 --> 00:05:04,969
Cemeteries excavations
medieval buildings across the country
78
00:05:04,970 --> 00:05:08,588
revealed buried corpses
in an unusual way.
79
00:05:08,589 --> 00:05:11,895
With his head cut off and
placed between the legs,
80
00:05:11,896 --> 00:05:13,616
just like in the story,
81
00:05:13,617 --> 00:05:17,292
to prevent the
dead to walk again.
82
00:05:18,915 --> 00:05:23,240
The medieval dead divided
the world with the living.
83
00:05:25,954 --> 00:05:29,504
And they could be found
anytime.
84
00:05:31,014 --> 00:05:33,654
One of the medieval tales
most common popular
85
00:05:33,655 --> 00:05:37,955
It was the story of
"Three Living and Three Dead".
86
00:05:39,774 --> 00:05:42,748
Three rich young men were strolling
87
00:05:42,749 --> 00:05:45,874
when they came across
with three dead.
88
00:05:48,694 --> 00:05:52,413
The dead, each in different
decomposition stage,
89
00:05:52,414 --> 00:05:55,664
they had something to say
to rich young people.
90
00:05:58,374 --> 00:06:00,993
"Careful," they said.
91
00:06:01,378 --> 00:06:04,583
"Just as you are,
we went.
92
00:06:04,987 --> 00:06:08,288
"Just as I am,
you will be."
93
00:06:08,582 --> 00:06:12,350
They reproached them for their
love for material things.
94
00:06:12,351 --> 00:06:15,030
"Wealth, honor and power",
they said,
95
00:06:15,031 --> 00:06:17,981
"they have no value
at the time of death."
96
00:06:20,737 --> 00:06:23,479
Our time between
alive was described as
97
00:06:23,480 --> 00:06:25,671
"shorter than a
blink of an eye."
98
00:06:25,672 --> 00:06:28,438
What mattered
it was the hour of death,
99
00:06:28,439 --> 00:06:30,757
the passage to
the other world,
100
00:06:30,758 --> 00:06:34,323
when we could also
become like one of the three dead,
101
00:06:34,324 --> 00:06:36,458
wandering the Earth,
warning the living
102
00:06:36,459 --> 00:06:39,109
to prepare for
what was to come.
103
00:06:39,110 --> 00:06:42,520
And this traffic between the living
and the dead were two-way.
104
00:06:42,521 --> 00:06:46,464
Just as they believed that
the dead visited the living,
105
00:06:46,465 --> 00:06:51,315
also believed that the
living could visit the dead.
106
00:06:56,197 --> 00:06:59,328
In 1206, in the quiet
Essex countryside,
107
00:06:59,329 --> 00:07:02,634
a peasant called Thurkill,
from the village of Stisted,
108
00:07:02,635 --> 00:07:04,485
worked in the fields.
109
00:07:10,855 --> 00:07:14,180
An accident left him
in a deep coma.
110
00:07:17,457 --> 00:07:22,357
For two days he lay
as if he were dead.
111
00:07:23,251 --> 00:07:24,778
When he returned,
112
00:07:24,779 --> 00:07:27,251
had a story
extraordinary to tell.
113
00:07:27,252 --> 00:07:29,917
For what you imagine
was an astonished audience,
114
00:07:29,918 --> 00:07:31,998
he recounted everything
that had occurred
115
00:07:31,999 --> 00:07:34,489
while your body
he was in a deep sleep.
116
00:07:34,490 --> 00:07:36,994
What he described
it was nothing less
117
00:07:36,995 --> 00:07:40,995
what a round trip
to the other world.
118
00:07:42,238 --> 00:07:45,077
He gave his listeners
a detailed account
119
00:07:45,078 --> 00:07:47,997
of the geography of life
after death.
120
00:07:47,998 --> 00:07:52,013
Thurkill quotes that arrived
to a mysterious church,
121
00:07:52,014 --> 00:07:54,489
different from
all on Earth.
122
00:07:56,800 --> 00:08:00,507
"To the north there was a wall
approximately 2 meters high.
123
00:08:00,508 --> 00:08:03,505
"In the middle of the church
there was a fountain,
124
00:08:03,506 --> 00:08:06,481
"from which comes a
bright flame.
125
00:08:06,598 --> 00:08:11,340
Thurkill said that spirits
evil ones came to meet you,
126
00:08:11,341 --> 00:08:13,966
laughing some
with others.
127
00:08:15,509 --> 00:08:18,718
It was where the souls of the dead
came to be judged,
128
00:08:18,719 --> 00:08:23,069
some to be condemned
and taken to hell.
129
00:08:25,182 --> 00:08:27,942
"They screamed,
they cursed father and mother,
130
00:08:27,943 --> 00:08:31,063
"who led them
to eternal torment."
131
00:08:31,064 --> 00:08:34,260
The saved passed straight through
through the jeweled gates
132
00:08:34,261 --> 00:08:36,211
towards the golden church.
133
00:08:38,460 --> 00:08:39,917
As for the rest of us,
134
00:08:39,918 --> 00:08:43,566
destiny would fulfill
our sentence in purgatory,
135
00:08:43,567 --> 00:08:46,156
the harrowing room
waiting for Heaven.
136
00:08:46,157 --> 00:08:49,383
The place where our sins
they were purged, hence the name.
137
00:08:49,384 --> 00:08:52,909
And the greater the sin,
the wait is longer.
138
00:08:55,598 --> 00:08:57,973
Afterwards,
Thurkill walked through the fire
139
00:08:57,974 --> 00:09:01,424
and crossed a bridge
of nails and stakes.
140
00:09:03,911 --> 00:09:06,456
It was there, in the middle of the
pile of sinners,
141
00:09:06,457 --> 00:09:09,732
that he glimpsed
a shadowy figure.
142
00:09:10,649 --> 00:09:15,959
It was his father, terribly
thin and deformed by pain.
143
00:09:16,542 --> 00:09:19,994
The father tries hard to tell him
that was languishing there
144
00:09:19,995 --> 00:09:22,526
because of your
shady deals.
145
00:09:22,527 --> 00:09:25,163
Thurkill hears the
voice of Saint Michael.
146
00:09:25,164 --> 00:09:27,723
"Ten masses
they will free your father,
147
00:09:27,724 --> 00:09:29,910
"and then you
can accompany you
148
00:09:29,911 --> 00:09:32,936
"to the church of
Mount of Glory."
149
00:09:34,173 --> 00:09:36,615
Thurkill does not
glimpsed his mother.
150
00:09:36,616 --> 00:09:41,816
Would she have been condemned to suffer
for eternity in hell?
151
00:09:45,011 --> 00:09:46,678
For Essex residents,
152
00:09:46,679 --> 00:09:51,077
Thurkill's vision must have
looked awfully familiar.
153
00:09:51,078 --> 00:09:54,828
It was a journey that
waited for them all.
154
00:09:57,310 --> 00:10:01,597
This description of life after
death was not an isolated event.
155
00:10:01,598 --> 00:10:04,677
Such visions were frequent
in medieval England.
156
00:10:04,678 --> 00:10:07,917
And many of them followed
Thurkill's pattern,
157
00:10:07,918 --> 00:10:11,016
with torments conceived
for certain sins.
158
00:10:11,017 --> 00:10:13,858
Like forced gluttons
starving,
159
00:10:13,859 --> 00:10:17,634
or misers having gold
shoved down your throat.
160
00:10:21,578 --> 00:10:24,178
The connection between
this world and the next
161
00:10:24,179 --> 00:10:26,604
it was a reality
everyday.
162
00:10:29,485 --> 00:10:31,770
These stories
were debated
163
00:10:31,771 --> 00:10:35,371
and repeated on pulpits
everywhere.
164
00:10:36,938 --> 00:10:40,037
This vision of a
journey to the other world
165
00:10:40,038 --> 00:10:44,277
is the theme of one of the biggest
works of medieval literature...
166
00:10:44,278 --> 00:10:46,528
Dante's Divine Comedy.
167
00:10:48,042 --> 00:10:51,792
Hell is a nightmare
of eternal torment.
168
00:10:56,713 --> 00:10:58,702
Purgatory is a mountain
169
00:10:58,703 --> 00:11:01,984
where those with few sins
served their sentence
170
00:11:01,985 --> 00:11:05,135
before joining
to God in Heaven.
171
00:11:12,638 --> 00:11:14,871
The dead could
visit the living,
172
00:11:14,872 --> 00:11:17,406
the living could
help the dead.
173
00:11:17,407 --> 00:11:20,737
The boundaries between these
worlds were permeable.
174
00:11:20,738 --> 00:11:25,138
Life on Earth was just a
fraction of eternal existence.
175
00:11:25,139 --> 00:11:28,639
The real world wasn't this,
but the other.
176
00:11:35,578 --> 00:11:38,400
In constant motion
between these two worlds
177
00:11:38,401 --> 00:11:41,001
there was a breed of
spiritual beings.
178
00:11:41,002 --> 00:11:42,869
The good and the evil.
179
00:11:49,662 --> 00:11:53,886
Leading the dark forces
there was the devil, Satan.
180
00:11:53,887 --> 00:11:56,489
An ancient angel
expelled from Heaven
181
00:11:56,490 --> 00:12:01,090
who was implacably opposed
to God and His creation.
182
00:12:05,348 --> 00:12:07,346
The devil and his
battalion of demons
183
00:12:07,347 --> 00:12:08,984
they were everywhere.
184
00:12:08,985 --> 00:12:12,867
To tempt us,
deceive and destroy.
185
00:12:31,996 --> 00:12:34,924
The devil can appear under
all kinds of shapes.
186
00:12:34,925 --> 00:12:37,800
Maybe under the
shape of a frog...
187
00:12:38,659 --> 00:12:40,577
or a black dog.
188
00:12:41,108 --> 00:12:42,826
Or a crow.
189
00:12:42,827 --> 00:12:46,289
Something scary.
Something unusual.
190
00:12:46,290 --> 00:12:50,535
But something we could
meet every day.
191
00:12:55,398 --> 00:12:57,838
In the 1230s,
there was a man called
192
00:12:57,839 --> 00:13:00,317
William of Aberdeen,
a sailor,
193
00:13:00,318 --> 00:13:02,781
who walked through
Scottish moors.
194
00:13:02,782 --> 00:13:06,157
He noticed that a
little dog followed him.
195
00:13:06,501 --> 00:13:10,103
Suddenly the dog rose
quite large,
196
00:13:10,104 --> 00:13:11,794
and became a dragon.
197
00:13:11,795 --> 00:13:14,920
William was possessed
by a demon.
198
00:13:15,109 --> 00:13:18,200
He tore all his clothes,
except the pants,
199
00:13:18,201 --> 00:13:20,876
and went to the city
from Dunfermline.
200
00:13:22,198 --> 00:13:24,029
"Instigated by the devil,
201
00:13:24,030 --> 00:13:26,785
"he tried to do
lots of evil there.
202
00:13:26,786 --> 00:13:28,830
"He forced to
indoors,
203
00:13:28,831 --> 00:13:31,404
"children, maidens,
the old and young,
204
00:13:31,405 --> 00:13:36,284
"and tried to overthrow their
doors with a sharp axe."
205
00:13:41,089 --> 00:13:44,325
He ended up being
unarmed, tied,
206
00:13:44,326 --> 00:13:47,723
taken to the local temple, the
Monastery of Santa Margarida.
207
00:13:47,724 --> 00:13:49,509
He stayed there for 3 days,
208
00:13:49,510 --> 00:13:52,244
howling, moaning
and without eating anything,
209
00:13:52,245 --> 00:13:55,328
until he regains consciousness.
210
00:13:55,329 --> 00:13:57,430
The monks
they gave bread and cheese,
211
00:13:57,431 --> 00:14:01,831
he confessed his sins
and the devil abandoned him.
212
00:14:10,762 --> 00:14:13,242
But the medieval man
I wasn't alone
213
00:14:13,243 --> 00:14:16,493
in your fight against
the demonic world.
214
00:14:21,413 --> 00:14:23,708
An army
heavenly of angels
215
00:14:23,709 --> 00:14:26,959
was ready for
fight on your behalf.
216
00:14:27,613 --> 00:14:31,482
Nine orders of them.
From seraphim to cherubim,
217
00:14:31,483 --> 00:14:34,184
passing by archangels
and mere angels,
218
00:14:34,185 --> 00:14:36,935
each with their own
defined role.
219
00:14:38,874 --> 00:14:40,878
The priest, Geraldo de Gales,
220
00:14:40,879 --> 00:14:45,004
described their position
in the scheme of things.
221
00:14:47,163 --> 00:14:49,898
"They have an essence
more subtle than man,
222
00:14:49,899 --> 00:14:51,422
"a higher position
223
00:14:51,423 --> 00:14:55,123
"and a familiarity
more intimate with God."
224
00:14:59,680 --> 00:15:02,466
Angels and demons
they fought constantly
225
00:15:02,467 --> 00:15:04,792
for the possession of our souls.
226
00:15:07,090 --> 00:15:11,865
"Angels show care
constant support for our well-being.
227
00:15:12,340 --> 00:15:14,954
"The demons
attack fiercely
228
00:15:14,955 --> 00:15:17,705
"to force us
to surrender."
229
00:15:24,840 --> 00:15:27,719
Around 1110,
William de Corbeil
230
00:15:27,720 --> 00:15:32,045
saw this battle directly
at his home in Dover.
231
00:15:38,888 --> 00:15:40,898
"When I fell ill,
232
00:15:40,899 --> 00:15:43,868
"a group of demons
hideous approached
233
00:15:43,869 --> 00:15:46,343
"and sat down at
around my bed,
234
00:15:46,344 --> 00:15:49,194
"discussing the
what they would do to me."
235
00:15:54,280 --> 00:15:59,236
But then William noticed a
presence at your bedside,
236
00:15:59,237 --> 00:16:00,836
the Virgin Mary.
237
00:16:02,605 --> 00:16:05,440
He was still terrified,
but the Virgin assured
238
00:16:05,441 --> 00:16:08,541
that the demons
They couldn't take him.
239
00:16:10,913 --> 00:16:12,696
"She told them that the angels
240
00:16:12,697 --> 00:16:16,697
"Miguel, Gabriel and Rafael
would fight against them.
241
00:16:16,700 --> 00:16:18,740
"The demons came out,
242
00:16:18,741 --> 00:16:21,926
"mumbling that they
they wouldn't face them."
243
00:16:21,927 --> 00:16:23,856
William was saved.
244
00:16:24,473 --> 00:16:25,986
But, at any moment,
245
00:16:25,987 --> 00:16:28,327
someone's life
could be transformed,
246
00:16:28,328 --> 00:16:32,953
for better or for worse,
by these spiritual beings.
247
00:16:33,612 --> 00:16:37,253
These ideas generated
anxiety or tranquility?
248
00:16:37,254 --> 00:16:39,794
Probably both
at different times.
249
00:16:39,795 --> 00:16:41,589
But the answer doesn't matter.
250
00:16:41,590 --> 00:16:44,262
There was nothing strange
in divine intervention.
251
00:16:44,263 --> 00:16:47,788
It was just part of
how things were.
252
00:16:59,529 --> 00:17:02,692
The most spectacular of
divine interventions
253
00:17:02,693 --> 00:17:06,218
It was Judgment Day,
the Apocalypse itself,
254
00:17:06,219 --> 00:17:11,144
when the world would be destroyed
and the dead would rise again.
255
00:17:13,045 --> 00:17:15,240
When exactly
would this happen?
256
00:17:15,241 --> 00:17:17,329
The scholars
medievals calculated
257
00:17:17,330 --> 00:17:20,679
that the man was living
the sixth and final age.
258
00:17:20,680 --> 00:17:22,703
Therefore, for the
people of the time,
259
00:17:22,704 --> 00:17:24,817
the Middle Ages
It wasn't the Middle Ages,
260
00:17:24,818 --> 00:17:26,867
it was the end of times.
261
00:17:33,380 --> 00:17:37,764
The end of the world approaching.
Visits from the living dead.
262
00:17:37,765 --> 00:17:41,279
First reports
hand of journeys to the beyond.
263
00:17:41,280 --> 00:17:44,930
Invisible battles
between angels and demons.
264
00:17:45,544 --> 00:17:48,725
The supernatural does not
it was nothing abstract.
265
00:17:48,726 --> 00:17:52,226
He was real
and it was everywhere.
266
00:17:58,204 --> 00:18:01,838
The only mediator between
this world and the next
267
00:18:01,839 --> 00:18:05,814
was one of the most powerful forces
powerful in history.
268
00:18:07,076 --> 00:18:08,979
The medieval Church.
269
00:18:23,450 --> 00:18:25,866
The rise of cathedrals
in the Middle Ages
270
00:18:25,867 --> 00:18:28,439
protected souls
of men and women
271
00:18:28,440 --> 00:18:31,865
against interventions
evil from beyond.
272
00:18:34,465 --> 00:18:37,715
The power of God
manifested in stone.
273
00:18:43,361 --> 00:18:47,386
The Church had a
fifth of the country's wealth.
274
00:18:50,720 --> 00:18:55,520
She kept a tenth of the
income of all Christians.
275
00:18:57,609 --> 00:19:02,434
In return, he threw a shield
protector around the faithful.
276
00:19:05,502 --> 00:19:07,771
Say this was
a religious time
277
00:19:07,772 --> 00:19:09,559
does not reflect
well the reality.
278
00:19:09,560 --> 00:19:11,525
In societies
modern western,
279
00:19:11,526 --> 00:19:13,361
religion is
matter of choice.
280
00:19:13,362 --> 00:19:15,225
Governments do not
must intervene
281
00:19:15,226 --> 00:19:18,601
in the name of a religion
against the other.
282
00:19:18,602 --> 00:19:21,646
In the USA, separation
between Church and State
283
00:19:21,647 --> 00:19:24,072
was written in
Constitution.
284
00:19:24,795 --> 00:19:28,519
Such ideas would be
incomprehensible in the Middle Ages.
285
00:19:28,520 --> 00:19:31,039
At the time, the Church
it was not an association
286
00:19:31,040 --> 00:19:34,559
of individuals with interest
common, together by choice.
287
00:19:34,560 --> 00:19:38,110
She was the one
framework of society.
288
00:19:49,434 --> 00:19:52,262
On the front line
defense against evil
289
00:19:52,263 --> 00:19:55,563
were the big ones
medieval monasteries.
290
00:19:59,693 --> 00:20:01,175
In the 13th century,
291
00:20:01,176 --> 00:20:03,765
there was at least
thousand religious houses
292
00:20:03,766 --> 00:20:05,616
only in England.
293
00:20:11,363 --> 00:20:13,780
Many built
in remote places,
294
00:20:13,781 --> 00:20:18,106
resounding the struggle of Christ
with Satan in the desert.
295
00:20:27,000 --> 00:20:29,625
Pluscarden Abbey,
near Inverness,
296
00:20:29,626 --> 00:20:32,145
It is the only monastery
medieval Britain
297
00:20:32,146 --> 00:20:35,696
still used for
its original objective.
298
00:20:43,460 --> 00:20:46,959
At the beginning of the 12th century,
the monk, Orderic Vital,
299
00:20:46,960 --> 00:20:51,435
described the role of
monasteries in the army of God.
300
00:20:53,800 --> 00:20:56,147
"Here, the troops of Christ
301
00:20:56,148 --> 00:20:58,706
"reject the world
and its parasites,
302
00:20:58,707 --> 00:21:01,911
"disqualifying all
your pleasures like filth,
303
00:21:01,912 --> 00:21:05,487
"to fight bravely
against the devil."
304
00:21:05,640 --> 00:21:08,886
The monks here follow
the rule of Saint Benedict,
305
00:21:08,887 --> 00:21:11,079
formulated in the 6th century.
306
00:21:16,707 --> 00:21:22,286
The essence of the Benedictine rule
It is the search for God,
307
00:21:22,287 --> 00:21:25,559
in a life
organized community
308
00:21:25,560 --> 00:21:31,517
with special emphasis on prayer,
reading and work.
309
00:21:32,042 --> 00:21:36,300
Live under a rule, live
under the authority of an abbot.
310
00:21:36,301 --> 00:21:41,748
Living a Christian life
dedicated celibate.
311
00:21:44,866 --> 00:21:47,797
The monk's day begins
At four o'clock in the morning
312
00:21:47,798 --> 00:21:52,523
and follows a pattern that little
has changed since the Middle Ages.
313
00:21:55,641 --> 00:21:57,777
For your
medieval predecessors,
314
00:21:57,778 --> 00:22:01,903
such a routine was part
of an incessant war.
315
00:22:04,732 --> 00:22:08,032
"A monastery is a castle
built against Satan,
316
00:22:08,033 --> 00:22:09,830
"where champions with armor
317
00:22:09,831 --> 00:22:13,481
"they fight incessantly
against the devil."
318
00:22:18,793 --> 00:22:22,501
The monk is
engaged in a fight
319
00:22:22,502 --> 00:22:26,950
against everything that is
selfish in himself,
320
00:22:26,951 --> 00:22:31,866
or with the forces of evil,
so to speak,
321
00:22:31,867 --> 00:22:34,124
within himself.
322
00:22:34,125 --> 00:22:36,483
So, in that sense,
yes,
323
00:22:36,484 --> 00:22:39,872
is the idea of a
spiritual combat.
324
00:22:39,873 --> 00:22:42,083
A very old fight,
325
00:22:42,084 --> 00:22:44,934
going back to
Desert Fathers.
326
00:22:53,893 --> 00:22:57,273
Beyond the walls of these
castles raised against Satan
327
00:22:57,274 --> 00:23:01,349
there were local troops,
parish churches.
328
00:23:08,711 --> 00:23:11,012
Medieval churches
stood guard
329
00:23:11,013 --> 00:23:14,963
on the soul of each
man, woman and child.
330
00:23:16,824 --> 00:23:18,633
As intermediaries
of God,
331
00:23:18,634 --> 00:23:20,862
the priests ministered
the sacraments,
332
00:23:20,863 --> 00:23:22,892
marking the phases
most important
333
00:23:22,893 --> 00:23:26,518
on the dangerous journey
from birth to death.
334
00:23:30,542 --> 00:23:32,415
First, baptism,
335
00:23:32,416 --> 00:23:36,266
a form of exorcism,
casting out the devil.
336
00:23:41,166 --> 00:23:42,944
Then, the confession.
337
00:23:44,422 --> 00:23:46,205
The communion.
338
00:23:47,291 --> 00:23:48,890
The wedding.
339
00:23:49,998 --> 00:23:52,901
And finally,
they conducted the burial,
340
00:23:52,902 --> 00:23:56,641
the rite of passage
most dramatic of all.
341
00:23:56,642 --> 00:24:00,692
The medieval dead
remained among us.
342
00:24:01,201 --> 00:24:05,076
They were our bond
with the world beyond.
343
00:24:05,970 --> 00:24:08,618
The mix of the living
and dead is uncommon.
344
00:24:08,619 --> 00:24:10,410
In ancient Greece and Rome,
345
00:24:10,411 --> 00:24:12,964
it was forbidden to bury
corpses in the city.
346
00:24:12,965 --> 00:24:15,828
Medieval Christianity
brought them close.
347
00:24:15,829 --> 00:24:19,034
Every parish church
there was a cemetery.
348
00:24:19,035 --> 00:24:21,277
If you go to a
synagogue, mosque,
349
00:24:21,278 --> 00:24:23,424
or to a Buddhist temple
or Hindu,
350
00:24:23,425 --> 00:24:26,176
you won't see
memorials or headstones.
351
00:24:26,177 --> 00:24:28,552
Every parish church
It's full of them.
352
00:24:28,553 --> 00:24:30,285
We tend to ignore it.
353
00:24:30,286 --> 00:24:35,436
But that's part of what we can
call it a cult of the dead.
354
00:24:42,500 --> 00:24:46,227
The graves of the dead remembered
to everyone, rich and poor,
355
00:24:46,228 --> 00:24:50,103
that this world was not
your true home.
356
00:24:56,220 --> 00:24:58,368
In medieval chapels,
357
00:24:58,369 --> 00:25:01,494
the rich invested
in magnificent tombs
358
00:25:01,495 --> 00:25:05,545
to help reduce
his time in purgatory.
359
00:25:06,603 --> 00:25:09,558
The tomb of Richard Beauchamp,
Earl of Warwick,
360
00:25:09,559 --> 00:25:12,727
one of the richest men
and powerful people of England.
361
00:25:12,728 --> 00:25:14,976
When he died in 1439,
left money
362
00:25:14,977 --> 00:25:18,803
so that 5 thousand masses could be
celebrated by your soul.
363
00:25:18,804 --> 00:25:20,717
But your true protection
364
00:25:20,718 --> 00:25:24,365
against the suffering of
Purgatory was this chapel.
365
00:25:24,366 --> 00:25:26,541
Built 20 years ago
after his death,
366
00:25:26,542 --> 00:25:28,236
cost thousands of pounds,
367
00:25:28,237 --> 00:25:31,075
the equivalent of
millions today,
368
00:25:31,076 --> 00:25:33,672
where he waited, in
your own words,
369
00:25:33,673 --> 00:25:37,823
that they would pray for him
"until the end of time."
370
00:25:39,898 --> 00:25:44,220
The effigy of Richard Beauchamp
preserved for eternity.
371
00:25:44,221 --> 00:25:48,500
Your hands open in prayer
and veneration of the Virgin Mary
372
00:25:48,501 --> 00:25:52,176
who looks at him
from the vaulted ceiling above.
373
00:25:57,278 --> 00:25:59,103
Around the
sides of the tomb,
374
00:25:59,104 --> 00:26:01,294
statues, known
like mourners,
375
00:26:01,295 --> 00:26:03,521
family members in
mourning his death
376
00:26:03,522 --> 00:26:07,472
and praying for your ascension
to the arms of God.
377
00:26:21,055 --> 00:26:24,647
In this world, monks and
priests pray for the dead,
378
00:26:24,648 --> 00:26:27,197
helping to reduce
your time of torment
379
00:26:27,198 --> 00:26:29,077
in the labyrinth of purgatory.
380
00:26:29,078 --> 00:26:31,699
Likewise,
the sacred dead,
381
00:26:31,700 --> 00:26:33,955
the saints of Heaven,
were busy,
382
00:26:33,956 --> 00:26:36,656
offering your
help the living.
383
00:26:42,702 --> 00:26:45,486
People venerated the saints,
men and women
384
00:26:45,487 --> 00:26:48,103
who had lived a
especially sacred life
385
00:26:48,104 --> 00:26:49,954
or performed miracles.
386
00:26:54,950 --> 00:26:59,675
They could intervene directly
in the affairs of the living.
387
00:27:00,541 --> 00:27:05,641
Thus, the cult of the saints was
at the heart of medieval life.
388
00:27:12,221 --> 00:27:14,621
Every parishioner
could see the saints
389
00:27:14,622 --> 00:27:17,683
in person at
local church paintings,
390
00:27:17,684 --> 00:27:22,584
where they were face to face
with these celestial beings.
391
00:27:38,061 --> 00:27:40,880
Some saints had
a specialty,
392
00:27:40,881 --> 00:27:44,600
perhaps associated with some
incident in their own lives.
393
00:27:44,601 --> 00:27:48,160
Prayed to Saint Margaret
of Antioquia during childbirth,
394
00:27:48,161 --> 00:27:50,251
maybe because
she came out unharmed
395
00:27:50,252 --> 00:27:54,202
from the belly of a dragon
that had swallowed her.
396
00:27:54,461 --> 00:27:58,080
Santa Apol�nia was
patron saint of toothache.
397
00:27:58,081 --> 00:28:00,640
She was a holy martyr
who was tortured
398
00:28:00,641 --> 00:28:03,040
having all
teeth pulled out.
399
00:28:03,041 --> 00:28:05,360
And what about Santa
Wilgefortis,
400
00:28:05,361 --> 00:28:07,841
your specialty
was helping wives
401
00:28:07,842 --> 00:28:10,160
to get rid of
undesirable husbands.
402
00:28:10,161 --> 00:28:13,380
She is also called
Santa Uncumber.
403
00:28:17,121 --> 00:28:19,486
The intervention of a
saint could represent
404
00:28:19,487 --> 00:28:21,480
the difference between
life and death,
405
00:28:21,481 --> 00:28:25,256
making even God
review His judgment.
406
00:28:28,381 --> 00:28:30,960
On trial
medieval by ordeal,
407
00:28:30,961 --> 00:28:34,191
God revealed the guilt or
innocence of a suspect
408
00:28:34,192 --> 00:28:38,092
through your reaction to
an excruciating test.
409
00:28:39,697 --> 00:28:43,515
In the water test,
if the accused floated,
410
00:28:43,516 --> 00:28:45,160
was guilty.
411
00:28:45,161 --> 00:28:47,652
If he sank, he was innocent
412
00:28:47,653 --> 00:28:49,928
and was quickly removed.
413
00:28:52,041 --> 00:28:53,840
In the test of fire,
414
00:28:53,841 --> 00:28:57,760
was guilty if your skin
swelled with bubbles,
415
00:28:57,761 --> 00:29:00,111
innocent she recovered.
416
00:29:02,446 --> 00:29:04,392
Around 1200,
417
00:29:04,393 --> 00:29:08,218
a woman in York was
accused of murder.
418
00:29:09,927 --> 00:29:12,819
"After the woman had carried
a hot iron,
419
00:29:12,820 --> 00:29:14,968
"a discovery was made
swelling in the hand
420
00:29:14,969 --> 00:29:19,119
"As big as a walnut,
so she was condemned to death."
421
00:29:19,120 --> 00:29:21,372
God had revealed his guilt.
422
00:29:21,647 --> 00:29:24,198
But the accused asked
permission to pray
423
00:29:24,199 --> 00:29:26,374
at the tomb of Saint William.
424
00:29:28,674 --> 00:29:30,800
"As soon as the woman
entered the chapel,
425
00:29:30,801 --> 00:29:33,926
"the swelling is gone
without leaving a trace."
426
00:29:35,300 --> 00:29:37,902
"The judges declared
your innocence,
427
00:29:37,903 --> 00:29:41,067
"saying that if God and
Saint William had acquitted her,
428
00:29:41,068 --> 00:29:43,843
"they did not wish
condemn her."
429
00:29:44,680 --> 00:29:48,762
The saints were companions,
guiding and protecting us.
430
00:29:48,763 --> 00:29:51,492
His incredible power was
especially present
431
00:29:51,493 --> 00:29:53,359
in their physical remains.
432
00:29:53,360 --> 00:29:57,139
Small portions of bones,
hair or clothes
433
00:29:57,140 --> 00:30:00,041
were vigorously
collected and stored
434
00:30:00,042 --> 00:30:02,299
in the years and centuries
after their deaths
435
00:30:02,300 --> 00:30:05,715
by people who believed
that these tangible objects
436
00:30:05,716 --> 00:30:08,166
contained power
supernatural.
437
00:30:10,960 --> 00:30:13,119
Such remains were
called "relics".
438
00:30:13,120 --> 00:30:18,545
The word literally means
that which is left behind.
439
00:30:18,640 --> 00:30:21,179
Objects of power
supernatural,
440
00:30:21,180 --> 00:30:25,105
approached them
with respect, even terror.
441
00:30:28,358 --> 00:30:32,091
The monk, Jocelim of Brakelond,
in 1198,
442
00:30:32,092 --> 00:30:34,249
describes how he
helped to remove
443
00:30:34,250 --> 00:30:36,132
the body of the martyr
Saint Edmund
444
00:30:36,133 --> 00:30:39,433
to the main altar
from the abbey church.
445
00:30:41,258 --> 00:30:43,164
"Approaching
with reverence,
446
00:30:43,165 --> 00:30:45,343
"we hurried
to open the coffin.
447
00:30:45,344 --> 00:30:48,901
"The abbot said he wished
contemplate your patron saint."
448
00:30:48,902 --> 00:30:50,888
But the abbot approached
449
00:30:50,889 --> 00:30:54,464
from the 300-year-old bones of the saint
scared.
450
00:30:55,741 --> 00:30:58,461
Another abbot had
became paralyzed
451
00:30:58,462 --> 00:31:00,987
when touching the
remains of the saint.
452
00:31:04,352 --> 00:31:06,772
"While the rest
of the abbey slept,
453
00:31:06,773 --> 00:31:08,705
"he carefully removed
454
00:31:08,706 --> 00:31:13,081
"the layers of the cloth
silk that wrapped the body."
455
00:31:21,472 --> 00:31:24,053
"Holding the
head in your hands,
456
00:31:24,054 --> 00:31:25,729
"He said a prayer.
457
00:31:26,389 --> 00:31:30,012
"Oh, glorious martyr,
Don't curse me,
458
00:31:30,013 --> 00:31:32,131
"a wretched sinner,
459
00:31:32,132 --> 00:31:35,542
"It's lost for if
dare to touch you.
460
00:31:35,924 --> 00:31:39,822
"Do you understand my
devotion and purpose."
461
00:31:40,956 --> 00:31:44,551
This time the abbot was
spared the wrath of the saint.
462
00:31:44,552 --> 00:31:48,077
The corpse remained
completely immobile.
463
00:31:50,258 --> 00:31:52,679
That was the closest
that we could reach
464
00:31:52,680 --> 00:31:54,737
to touch the sacred.
465
00:31:54,738 --> 00:31:58,713
It wasn't something to be
viewed lightly.
466
00:32:07,178 --> 00:32:10,897
Getting closer to dead saints
it was a medieval passion.
467
00:32:10,898 --> 00:32:13,051
Pilgrims traveled
great distances
468
00:32:13,052 --> 00:32:14,797
in the hope of
so do it.
469
00:32:14,798 --> 00:32:17,638
To Rome, to
Santiago in Spain...
470
00:32:17,639 --> 00:32:19,839
and of course to Canterbury.
471
00:32:24,058 --> 00:32:26,558
As Chaucer wrote
about pilgrims:
472
00:32:26,559 --> 00:32:28,003
"When spring comes,
473
00:32:28,004 --> 00:32:30,133
"They want to leave
on pilgrimage.
474
00:32:30,134 --> 00:32:31,715
"They want to leave."
475
00:32:31,716 --> 00:32:33,642
The roads of
Medieval Britain
476
00:32:33,643 --> 00:32:35,081
were full of pilgrims.
477
00:32:35,082 --> 00:32:37,932
Men and women traveling
hundreds of kilometers,
478
00:32:37,933 --> 00:32:40,037
usually on foot,
to get closer
479
00:32:40,038 --> 00:32:43,413
of a relic or
pray in a temple.
480
00:32:49,930 --> 00:32:52,703
Along the path of
pilgrims to Canterbury
481
00:32:52,704 --> 00:32:54,528
was the Priory
from Aylesford,
482
00:32:54,529 --> 00:32:59,104
favorite resting place
of medieval travelers.
483
00:32:59,744 --> 00:33:02,428
The priory, which dates back
to the 13th century,
484
00:33:02,429 --> 00:33:06,254
it was a house of the Order
of the Carmelite Friars.
485
00:33:09,442 --> 00:33:13,435
Today, Aylesford is home to a
of rare medieval relics
486
00:33:13,436 --> 00:33:15,053
from Great Britain...
487
00:33:15,618 --> 00:33:18,809
the skull of
São Simão Estoque.
488
00:33:26,218 --> 00:33:28,718
A revered
Carmelite friar,
489
00:33:28,719 --> 00:33:32,969
who was blessed with
a vision of the Virgin Mary.
490
00:33:38,858 --> 00:33:41,937
Medieval Europe was
full of relics.
491
00:33:41,938 --> 00:33:45,997
The mortal remains of the saints,
the sacred dead.
492
00:33:45,998 --> 00:33:49,273
The saints could be in heaven,
but they were also here,
493
00:33:49,274 --> 00:33:51,557
in your bones,
in his relics.
494
00:33:51,558 --> 00:33:53,448
We came to them,
prayed,
495
00:33:53,449 --> 00:33:56,197
tried to reach
as close as possible.
496
00:33:56,198 --> 00:34:00,023
One could even wait
for a miraculous cure.
497
00:34:08,121 --> 00:34:10,186
The Canterbury Way
took thousands
498
00:34:10,187 --> 00:34:14,887
to the pilgrimage site
most revered in Britain.
499
00:34:27,578 --> 00:34:29,500
It was here in the cathedral,
500
00:34:29,501 --> 00:34:34,401
that Saint Thomas Becket was
murdered by the king's soldiers.
501
00:34:38,298 --> 00:34:41,105
As they arrived,
offered themselves to pilgrims
502
00:34:41,106 --> 00:34:45,156
bottles with blood
of the martyr as a remembrance.
503
00:34:45,398 --> 00:34:49,023
And there was so much more
here to impress.
504
00:34:49,798 --> 00:34:53,917
The list of relics of the Cathedral
of Canterbury, in the year 1316,
505
00:34:53,918 --> 00:34:57,083
include 12 bodies
whole of saints,
506
00:34:57,084 --> 00:35:00,217
3 heads, 12 arms,
507
00:35:00,218 --> 00:35:05,324
pieces of Jesus' cross,
foreskin, cradle and tomb,
508
00:35:05,325 --> 00:35:09,875
as well as numerous samples
of bones, hair and blood.
509
00:35:13,579 --> 00:35:16,827
As a pilgrim, you
they would cross the cathedral,
510
00:35:16,828 --> 00:35:21,703
and climb the steps to the
Most sacred area of the church.
511
00:35:35,637 --> 00:35:37,887
This was the ultimate goal.
512
00:35:37,924 --> 00:35:40,775
Saint's reliquary
Thomas of Canterbury.
513
00:35:40,776 --> 00:35:44,377
He stayed here,
inlaid with gold and jewels,
514
00:35:44,378 --> 00:35:47,670
containing the remains of the saint
most famous in England.
515
00:35:47,671 --> 00:35:49,188
A place of miracle.
516
00:35:49,189 --> 00:35:51,964
A center of
supernatural power.
517
00:35:53,524 --> 00:35:57,089
The reliquary of St. Thomas was
created to awaken fear
518
00:35:57,090 --> 00:36:00,165
in the hearts of
medieval pilgrims.
519
00:36:05,301 --> 00:36:08,589
Like many reliquaries,
it had side openings
520
00:36:08,590 --> 00:36:11,245
to allow the
faithful could play
521
00:36:11,246 --> 00:36:14,571
and reach even more
near the relic.
522
00:36:21,897 --> 00:36:24,080
Like a huge
picture book,
523
00:36:24,081 --> 00:36:26,777
the colorful stained glass windows
around the tabernacle
524
00:36:26,778 --> 00:36:30,603
tell the story of
miracles of St. Thomas.
525
00:36:33,193 --> 00:36:34,811
A terrifying reminder
526
00:36:34,812 --> 00:36:38,248
that saints could be
both vengeful and benign
527
00:36:38,249 --> 00:36:42,949
It is shown in the history of
knight Jordan Fitz-Eisulf.
528
00:36:45,601 --> 00:36:48,599
Your family was affected
by a terrible disease.
529
00:36:48,600 --> 00:36:52,575
Among those who died
was his youngest son.
530
00:36:54,073 --> 00:36:56,331
At that moment,
he received the visit
531
00:36:56,332 --> 00:36:58,505
of pilgrims
coming from Canterbury,
532
00:36:58,506 --> 00:37:03,406
who brought with them holy water
from the reliquary of Saint Thomas.
533
00:37:04,213 --> 00:37:06,088
He thought about using it.
534
00:37:06,483 --> 00:37:09,512
He spilled some of the
Holy water in the boy's mouth.
535
00:37:09,513 --> 00:37:12,538
The boy miraculously
resurrected.
536
00:37:13,988 --> 00:37:17,521
Naturally, he promised to go in
pilgrimage of gratitude
537
00:37:17,522 --> 00:37:19,755
to the reliquary of
St. Thomas in Canterbury.
538
00:37:19,756 --> 00:37:24,056
But one thing and another
made the pilgrimage postpone,
539
00:37:24,601 --> 00:37:28,068
even though Tom�s appeared
in a vision to remind you.
540
00:37:28,069 --> 00:37:30,942
One day, patience
of S�o Tom�s is over.
541
00:37:30,943 --> 00:37:35,477
He came back and killed his son
eldest of the knight.
542
00:37:39,285 --> 00:37:44,560
This time, of course, Jordan and his
family made the pilgrimage.
543
00:37:48,714 --> 00:37:52,614
Thousands came here,
Waiting for a miracle.
544
00:37:52,968 --> 00:37:55,843
And miracle was the
which was not missing.
545
00:37:58,834 --> 00:38:01,894
What do we find today?
coincidence,
546
00:38:01,895 --> 00:38:05,079
in the Middle Ages it was considered
like something miraculous.
547
00:38:05,080 --> 00:38:08,054
If you had a problem with
leg or a toothache,
548
00:38:08,055 --> 00:38:12,319
it was enough to go on a pilgrimage to
pray for healing, which would improve.
549
00:38:12,320 --> 00:38:16,645
And this was seen as
proof of divine intervention.
550
00:38:19,172 --> 00:38:22,424
The medieval pilgrimage
it has become a huge industry.
551
00:38:22,425 --> 00:38:26,098
The money came from the sale
of badges, souvenirs
552
00:38:26,099 --> 00:38:29,999
and the offerings left
on the site of the sanctuary.
553
00:38:34,241 --> 00:38:36,435
With the money
corruption came.
554
00:38:36,436 --> 00:38:38,369
Even forgery.
555
00:38:40,714 --> 00:38:42,327
Around 1270,
556
00:38:42,328 --> 00:38:45,086
the revered friar,
Walter de São Edmundo,
557
00:38:45,087 --> 00:38:47,962
had been buried
recently.
558
00:38:51,122 --> 00:38:53,440
One day a man said
to one of the friars
559
00:38:53,441 --> 00:38:55,732
that could make them rich
if they wanted.
560
00:38:55,733 --> 00:38:58,279
When asked how,
the man explained
561
00:38:58,280 --> 00:39:00,383
that Friar Walter
had a reputation as a saint
562
00:39:00,384 --> 00:39:02,985
and if there were some
miracles at his tomb,
563
00:39:02,986 --> 00:39:06,260
this would generate a good
income for the friars.
564
00:39:06,261 --> 00:39:09,253
When the friar asked
how miracles would happen,
565
00:39:09,254 --> 00:39:10,925
except by order of God,
566
00:39:10,926 --> 00:39:14,051
the man had a
immediate response.
567
00:39:15,717 --> 00:39:17,857
"He had 24 men
under your command
568
00:39:17,858 --> 00:39:20,393
"who produced the
miracles as you wish.
569
00:39:20,394 --> 00:39:23,336
"He had sent them to
many locations in England
570
00:39:23,337 --> 00:39:26,562
"to produce
miracles for money."
571
00:39:38,554 --> 00:39:42,093
Despite cases of
corruption and fraud,
572
00:39:42,094 --> 00:39:44,930
the influence of the Church
about the medieval mind
573
00:39:44,931 --> 00:39:46,641
remained strong.
574
00:39:50,118 --> 00:39:53,843
The word of the Church
it was the word of God.
575
00:39:56,944 --> 00:39:59,994
She could absolve
your sins.
576
00:40:00,296 --> 00:40:03,250
Protect you against Satan.
577
00:40:03,622 --> 00:40:06,996
Even send it
for war.
578
00:40:16,270 --> 00:40:20,067
If you did not accept the
Church beliefs and rituals
579
00:40:20,068 --> 00:40:23,424
was considered a stranger,
and possibly an enemy.
580
00:40:23,425 --> 00:40:25,486
In the Middle Ages,
the Church has become
581
00:40:25,487 --> 00:40:28,706
increasingly belligerent
in relation to strangers,
582
00:40:28,707 --> 00:40:31,804
people of different beliefs,
inside and outside the country,
583
00:40:31,805 --> 00:40:34,053
and anyone who
disagreed with the Church,
584
00:40:34,054 --> 00:40:36,716
the heretics,
the enemy within.
585
00:40:42,099 --> 00:40:45,774
Christianity did not begin
as a warlike religion.
586
00:40:45,775 --> 00:40:48,600
"Turn the other cheek",
Christ said.
587
00:40:48,866 --> 00:40:53,416
The Christians of the 11th century
they had a different opinion.
588
00:41:00,494 --> 00:41:04,429
The focus of your anger
It was the rise of Islam.
589
00:41:11,291 --> 00:41:14,621
In a few centuries, their
teachings had spread
590
00:41:14,622 --> 00:41:19,147
to places so far away,
such as China and Spain.
591
00:41:19,814 --> 00:41:24,313
His armies had captured
the holy city of Jerusalem.
592
00:41:24,314 --> 00:41:28,514
It was a thorn in the side
of medieval Christianity.
593
00:41:31,528 --> 00:41:34,204
On November 27, 1095,
594
00:41:34,205 --> 00:41:37,699
Pope Urban II gave a sermon
that would change history.
595
00:41:37,700 --> 00:41:40,055
He urged the knights
who heard him
596
00:41:40,056 --> 00:41:42,410
marching east,
to Jerusalem
597
00:41:42,411 --> 00:41:44,134
� Church of the Holy Sepulchre,
598
00:41:44,135 --> 00:41:47,064
supposedly the location of
resurrection of Jesus,
599
00:41:47,065 --> 00:41:49,074
and free her from
Muslim rule.
600
00:41:49,075 --> 00:41:51,583
The reaction was impressive.
601
00:41:55,835 --> 00:41:58,293
Thousands responded
to the call of war.
602
00:41:58,294 --> 00:42:00,844
They marched
� Holy Land.
603
00:42:04,690 --> 00:42:08,590
In less than 4 years,
they retook Jerusalem.
604
00:42:11,908 --> 00:42:14,034
This extraordinary
campaign
605
00:42:14,035 --> 00:42:17,585
Today it is known as
the First Crusade.
606
00:42:18,301 --> 00:42:21,126
Many others
followed her.
607
00:42:22,594 --> 00:42:25,639
Fight, until you die
in the Crusades,
608
00:42:25,640 --> 00:42:29,515
was one of the tallest
ideals of the Middle Ages.
609
00:42:30,609 --> 00:42:32,374
The Temple Church,
in London,
610
00:42:32,375 --> 00:42:35,219
symbolizes the
aspirations of the crusaders.
611
00:42:35,220 --> 00:42:39,620
It imitates the Church of the Holy
Tomb in Jerusalem.
612
00:42:41,049 --> 00:42:43,911
She went to the house
Knights Templar,
613
00:42:43,912 --> 00:42:46,750
an elite group
of warrior monks
614
00:42:46,751 --> 00:42:51,526
who formed one of the units
most feared of the Crusades.
615
00:42:53,221 --> 00:42:56,362
The Crusades were different
of other wars,
616
00:42:56,363 --> 00:42:59,667
for they were holy wars.
Christian holy wars.
617
00:42:59,668 --> 00:43:01,674
were authorized
by the Pope,
618
00:43:01,675 --> 00:43:04,683
and brought spiritual benefits
for those who fought in them.
619
00:43:04,684 --> 00:43:06,674
If I died on a crusade,
620
00:43:06,675 --> 00:43:10,100
all your sins
they were forgiven.
621
00:43:12,230 --> 00:43:14,960
The fight on Earth
between good and evil,
622
00:43:14,961 --> 00:43:17,586
had reached
another level.
623
00:43:22,994 --> 00:43:24,822
Saint Bernard of Clairvaux
624
00:43:24,823 --> 00:43:28,048
appealed to his
fellow Christians.
625
00:43:30,834 --> 00:43:33,483
"A new
type of cavalry.
626
00:43:33,484 --> 00:43:35,654
"The knight of Christ,
I say,
627
00:43:35,655 --> 00:43:37,726
"kill with mind
carefree.
628
00:43:37,727 --> 00:43:40,957
"A Christian should glorify himself
with the death of a pagan,
629
00:43:40,958 --> 00:43:43,684
"for Christ has been glorified."
630
00:43:49,529 --> 00:43:51,218
The Crusades, without a doubt,
631
00:43:51,219 --> 00:43:54,532
deepened hostility
between Christians and Muslims,
632
00:43:54,533 --> 00:43:56,979
doing both worlds
come into collision
633
00:43:56,980 --> 00:43:59,741
so that it has
consequences to this day.
634
00:43:59,742 --> 00:44:03,160
The very word "crusade"
have opposite meanings
635
00:44:03,161 --> 00:44:05,387
in the West and in
Muslim world.
636
00:44:05,388 --> 00:44:09,427
In the West, it means
a fight for a good cause.
637
00:44:09,428 --> 00:44:12,475
In the Muslim world,
it conjures up images
638
00:44:12,476 --> 00:44:15,476
of westerners
brutal and aggressive.
639
00:44:15,477 --> 00:44:20,354
Hostile Muslims in the presence
American in the Middle East
640
00:44:20,355 --> 00:44:25,055
insult American soldiers
as "the crusaders".
641
00:44:38,454 --> 00:44:42,004
The Christian world now
was on the offensive.
642
00:44:42,734 --> 00:44:46,357
If Muslims were seen
like the enemy near,
643
00:44:46,358 --> 00:44:49,983
there was another enemy
even closer.
644
00:44:50,826 --> 00:44:52,603
The Jews.
645
00:44:59,820 --> 00:45:01,720
In most of the
medieval Europe,
646
00:45:01,721 --> 00:45:04,383
Judaism was the only
non-Christian religion
647
00:45:04,384 --> 00:45:05,959
officially tolerated.
648
00:45:05,960 --> 00:45:09,599
His position was precarious
and sometimes dangerous.
649
00:45:09,600 --> 00:45:11,200
Jews were insulted,
650
00:45:11,201 --> 00:45:14,039
but they were also considered
as financiers.
651
00:45:14,040 --> 00:45:16,519
They were, technically,
king's property,
652
00:45:16,520 --> 00:45:21,245
an uncomfortable relationship that
allowed exploration and protection.
653
00:45:24,400 --> 00:45:25,960
In medieval Britain,
654
00:45:25,961 --> 00:45:29,159
Jews were treated
with growing intolerance.
655
00:45:29,160 --> 00:45:33,474
There were rumors of practices
strangers in synagogues.
656
00:45:34,540 --> 00:45:37,392
In 1144,
Jews in Norwich
657
00:45:37,393 --> 00:45:39,729
were accused of a
ritual murder,
658
00:45:39,730 --> 00:45:42,027
to kidnap and kill
a Christian boy
659
00:45:42,028 --> 00:45:44,628
ridiculing
the crucifixion.
660
00:45:46,893 --> 00:45:48,565
But it was in York
661
00:45:48,566 --> 00:45:52,766
that hostility to Jews
ended in violence.
662
00:45:56,200 --> 00:45:58,045
In March 1190,
663
00:45:58,046 --> 00:46:01,139
the people of York turned
against local Jews.
664
00:46:01,140 --> 00:46:04,508
"Neither law nor reason,
not even humanity stopped them,"
665
00:46:04,509 --> 00:46:08,084
in the words of one
contemporary chronicler.
666
00:46:09,260 --> 00:46:11,257
The attack was
led by nobles
667
00:46:11,258 --> 00:46:13,039
that they should
money to the Jews,
668
00:46:13,040 --> 00:46:15,639
and they asked,
during the riots,
669
00:46:15,640 --> 00:46:20,915
to confiscate and burn the papers
who recorded their doubts.
670
00:46:24,532 --> 00:46:28,247
In despair, the Jews
took refuge in the royal castle,
671
00:46:28,248 --> 00:46:31,523
today known as
Clifford's Tower.
672
00:46:33,620 --> 00:46:36,870
Outside, the crowd
Christian gathered,
673
00:46:36,911 --> 00:46:39,639
the indebted nobles,
local apprentices,
674
00:46:39,640 --> 00:46:41,656
a hermit who said:
675
00:46:41,657 --> 00:46:44,407
"They are doing
the work of God."
676
00:46:49,260 --> 00:46:51,519
The Jews resisted
how could they,
677
00:46:51,520 --> 00:46:53,648
throwing stones
over the besiegers,
678
00:46:53,649 --> 00:46:55,519
one of which
killed the hermit.
679
00:46:55,520 --> 00:46:57,759
But your situation
it was desperate.
680
00:46:57,760 --> 00:46:59,837
Christians
brought catapults,
681
00:46:59,838 --> 00:47:02,342
immense machines that
threw stones
682
00:47:02,343 --> 00:47:04,239
and demolished the walls.
683
00:47:04,240 --> 00:47:07,139
The Jews knew it was
impossible to resist any longer.
684
00:47:07,140 --> 00:47:10,842
They turned to their member
older and wiser, the rabbi,
685
00:47:10,843 --> 00:47:14,170
who gave them advice
simple but terrifying.
686
00:47:14,171 --> 00:47:15,899
Mass suicide.
687
00:47:18,380 --> 00:47:21,079
Each of the Jewish men
you should get your knife
688
00:47:21,080 --> 00:47:25,832
kill your own wife
and children, and kill themselves.
689
00:47:26,623 --> 00:47:28,405
They set it off
fire in the castle,
690
00:47:28,406 --> 00:47:30,367
which at that time was
made of wood,
691
00:47:30,368 --> 00:47:34,418
and in the middle of the flames
started this atrocity.
692
00:47:35,240 --> 00:47:38,480
Jews who do not
chose suicide
693
00:47:38,481 --> 00:47:41,497
They begged the Christians there
unless they let them go.
694
00:47:41,498 --> 00:47:44,031
Christians agreed.
The Jews left.
695
00:47:44,032 --> 00:47:45,908
They were all massacred.
696
00:47:45,909 --> 00:47:49,859
There was not a Jew left alive
in York that day.
697
00:47:59,220 --> 00:48:02,420
The hostility against
the Jews were fed
698
00:48:02,421 --> 00:48:06,148
for one Church and State
increasingly intolerant.
699
00:48:06,149 --> 00:48:09,408
They were forced to
use identifying signs.
700
00:48:09,409 --> 00:48:11,776
And, in 1290,
Edward I of England
701
00:48:11,777 --> 00:48:14,998
announced that all
Jews should convert
702
00:48:14,999 --> 00:48:17,674
or leave the
kingdom forever.
703
00:48:17,801 --> 00:48:21,926
They would only come back
government of Oliver Cromwell.
704
00:48:32,180 --> 00:48:33,866
With the Jews banished,
705
00:48:33,867 --> 00:48:36,500
the offensive against
the infidels continued,
706
00:48:36,501 --> 00:48:39,795
As the Church
concentrated on a new target...
707
00:48:39,796 --> 00:48:44,246
the religious reformers
in their own ranks.
708
00:48:47,580 --> 00:48:49,524
These reformers
were dangerous,
709
00:48:49,525 --> 00:48:52,193
"the enemy within",
and needed to be eliminated.
710
00:48:52,194 --> 00:48:54,689
Your opponents
they called them lollardos,
711
00:48:54,690 --> 00:48:56,357
which means "mumbles".
712
00:48:56,358 --> 00:48:58,107
Much of what
they "grumbled"
713
00:48:58,108 --> 00:49:00,880
attacked the very essence
of the medieval Church.
714
00:49:00,881 --> 00:49:05,306
From the belief in pilgrimage,
It is the intervention of the saints.
715
00:49:13,140 --> 00:49:16,474
Lollards were inspired
by the Oxford theologian,
716
00:49:16,475 --> 00:49:20,279
John Wycliffe. For 10 years
he was rector of this church,
717
00:49:20,280 --> 00:49:23,119
St Mary of Lutterworth,
in Leicestershire.
718
00:49:23,120 --> 00:49:28,119
He attacked the wealth of the Church
and his involvement in politics,
719
00:49:28,120 --> 00:49:31,207
and wanted the
Bible was translated
720
00:49:31,208 --> 00:49:33,191
from Latin to English,
721
00:49:33,192 --> 00:49:36,923
so that the people
could hear and understand
722
00:49:36,924 --> 00:49:40,974
the words of Scripture
in your own language.
723
00:49:42,755 --> 00:49:46,022
This measure threatened the
intermediaries of God,
724
00:49:46,023 --> 00:49:50,998
the priests who interpreted
the Latin Bible for the faithful.
725
00:49:52,400 --> 00:49:55,818
And worse, Wycliffe
attacked the central belief
726
00:49:55,819 --> 00:49:58,119
that, during the
Holy Communion,
727
00:49:58,120 --> 00:50:03,470
the bread and wine were transformed
in the blood and body of Christ.
728
00:50:06,140 --> 00:50:08,356
Your contempt
for this doctrine
729
00:50:08,357 --> 00:50:12,807
ended the mystery and
the magic of Christian ritual.
730
00:50:17,136 --> 00:50:19,363
As the support
Wycliffe grew,
731
00:50:19,364 --> 00:50:22,559
at Lambeth Palace, headquarters
of the Archbishopric of Canterbury,
732
00:50:22,560 --> 00:50:26,235
ecclesiastical authorities
decided to act.
733
00:50:30,427 --> 00:50:34,208
In 1378, Wycliffe was brought
Lambeth Palace chapel
734
00:50:34,209 --> 00:50:36,412
to be judged
for your beliefs.
735
00:50:36,413 --> 00:50:38,221
It was a turbulent event.
736
00:50:38,222 --> 00:50:41,149
Londoners came
express your support.
737
00:50:41,150 --> 00:50:45,439
Wycliffe defended his views,
with calm and conviction.
738
00:50:45,440 --> 00:50:50,490
But in the end, the bishops
condemned to perpetual silence.
739
00:50:54,404 --> 00:50:56,505
Wycliffe is back
to Lutterworth,
740
00:50:56,506 --> 00:51:00,256
prohibited from returning
speak against the Church.
741
00:51:03,603 --> 00:51:06,042
He died there in 1384.
742
00:51:08,100 --> 00:51:11,039
The Pope has not forgotten
John Wycliffe.
743
00:51:11,040 --> 00:51:14,300
Years later, he ordered that
their bones were burned
744
00:51:14,301 --> 00:51:17,401
and its ashes
thrown into the local river.
745
00:51:20,560 --> 00:51:24,399
Despite this, followers of
Wycliffe were not silenced.
746
00:51:24,400 --> 00:51:28,406
In 1395 they posted a
stinging attack on the Church
747
00:51:28,407 --> 00:51:31,032
at the door of
Westminster Hall.
748
00:51:35,428 --> 00:51:38,466
"We, poor men,
we demand reform
749
00:51:38,467 --> 00:51:41,167
"of the Holy Church
from England,
750
00:51:41,306 --> 00:51:44,599
"that many years ago
is blind and leprous,
751
00:51:44,600 --> 00:51:48,595
"and it's a great burden
for the English people."
752
00:51:51,856 --> 00:51:57,199
Reformation was not a word that
the medieval Church wanted to listen.
753
00:51:57,200 --> 00:52:02,015
Various followers of Wycliffe
were arrested and interrogated.
754
00:52:02,016 --> 00:52:06,941
Some, they say, were arrested
in Lambeth Palace itself.
755
00:52:16,480 --> 00:52:20,605
The traditional name of this
place is Torre Lollarda.
756
00:52:30,960 --> 00:52:33,785
It's a dark place
and scary.
757
00:52:36,477 --> 00:52:39,099
We can still see the
shackles on the walls
758
00:52:39,100 --> 00:52:42,825
which the prisoners
they were chained.
759
00:52:45,506 --> 00:52:47,583
It's a reminder
so scary
760
00:52:47,584 --> 00:52:51,784
the dangers of being a heretic
in medieval England.
761
00:53:01,280 --> 00:53:05,980
In 1401, a Lollard preacher
was burned at the stake.
762
00:53:09,139 --> 00:53:12,511
He was the first of many
burned by your belief
763
00:53:12,512 --> 00:53:14,437
in medieval England.
764
00:53:29,960 --> 00:53:31,412
All over Europe,
765
00:53:31,413 --> 00:53:35,338
the Church aimed
eradicate all opposition.
766
00:53:39,400 --> 00:53:44,275
Men and women were taken
to ecclesiastical courts.
767
00:53:45,994 --> 00:53:49,044
All heresy
should be destroyed.
768
00:53:51,727 --> 00:53:55,052
Thousands were killed
in the name of God.
769
00:54:01,805 --> 00:54:04,039
To a number
growing number of people,
770
00:54:04,040 --> 00:54:06,294
the intransigence
brutality of the Church
771
00:54:06,295 --> 00:54:08,145
became intolerable.
772
00:54:16,100 --> 00:54:17,907
One hundred years after lollardos
773
00:54:17,908 --> 00:54:20,474
attack the idea of
pray for the dead,
774
00:54:20,475 --> 00:54:23,601
the pilgrimage, the wealth
and power of bishops
775
00:54:23,602 --> 00:54:26,239
and what they called
"false miracle of the mass",
776
00:54:26,240 --> 00:54:28,016
another attack was launched
777
00:54:28,017 --> 00:54:30,470
to reach the heart
of the medieval Church.
778
00:54:30,471 --> 00:54:34,113
And what followed was a war
of large-scale ideas,
779
00:54:34,114 --> 00:54:36,919
that marked the beginning
of the Protestant Reformation.
780
00:54:36,920 --> 00:54:39,685
The medieval Church was
about to face
781
00:54:39,686 --> 00:54:41,611
your own judgement.
782
00:54:48,400 --> 00:54:50,488
The religious setting
from Great Britain
783
00:54:50,489 --> 00:54:52,385
it would never be the same.
784
00:54:56,709 --> 00:54:58,839
The fear of Armageddon.
785
00:55:05,700 --> 00:55:08,722
The fascination with
supernatural.
786
00:55:14,165 --> 00:55:16,258
The cult of the saints.
787
00:55:25,054 --> 00:55:27,249
The great trips
pilgrimage...
788
00:55:27,250 --> 00:55:32,100
were destined to become
relics of the medieval era.
789
00:55:43,888 --> 00:55:48,347
MUSKETEERS
Captions For Life!
790
00:55:49,347 --> 00:55:59,347
Downloaded From www.AllSubs.org