1 00:00:11,000 --> 00:00:15,840 Where do we come from? When did our story begin? 2 00:00:19,600 --> 00:00:22,240 Who were the first Homo Sapiens? 3 00:00:26,240 --> 00:00:29,320 Not just people who looked like us, 4 00:00:29,400 --> 00:00:32,400 but people who thought and thought they behaved like us. 5 00:00:35,400 --> 00:00:39,920 people we would recognize as being ours. 6 00:00:44,400 --> 00:00:49,040 We Homo Sapiens have now appeared over 300 thousand years. 7 00:00:50,800 --> 00:00:53,600 We are not the first species of humans. 8 00:00:54,240 --> 00:00:56,920 We are not the biggest times the strongest 9 00:00:57,520 --> 00:01:01,080 we are just the latest in a series by other people. 10 00:01:02,160 --> 00:01:04,960 But, a few hundred thousand years later on 11 00:01:05,840 --> 00:01:08,440 we are the last ones left 12 00:01:08,520 --> 00:01:12,040 and the most dominant form of life from the planet. 13 00:01:12,920 --> 00:01:15,720 How could this happen? 14 00:01:21,360 --> 00:01:25,200 I am Ella Al-Shamahi, paleoanthropologist. 15 00:01:26,800 --> 00:01:31,720 People have spent their lives looking for it fossil as significant as this. 16 00:01:34,400 --> 00:01:37,480 You may think you know the story human evolution. 17 00:01:38,920 --> 00:01:41,320 But now we find that it is more strange and 18 00:01:41,400 --> 00:01:44,720 more dramatic than we would be ever imagined. 19 00:01:46,000 --> 00:01:50,160 Here is something he wiped off his face Earth 13 people. 20 00:01:53,720 --> 00:01:56,120 Thanks to innovative science, 21 00:01:56,200 --> 00:01:59,520 we are rewriting our story our origins. 22 00:02:00,600 --> 00:02:02,960 Footsteps of a child 23-21,000 years ago. 23 00:02:03,080 --> 00:02:05,080 From our first uncertain steps 24 00:02:08,840 --> 00:02:11,920 until the migration that took us across continents. 25 00:02:15,720 --> 00:02:20,560 And encounters with other species people I met. 26 00:02:21,560 --> 00:02:24,000 It's small, it's really tiny. 27 00:02:24,240 --> 00:02:27,040 I understand why he was called the hobbit. 28 00:02:29,040 --> 00:02:32,320 From the first marks made on the walls caves, 29 00:02:35,480 --> 00:02:37,960 when raising cities, 30 00:02:41,000 --> 00:02:44,640 these are the incredible events who formed us. 31 00:02:45,640 --> 00:02:48,480 Moments of coincidence, but also of ingenuity, 32 00:02:48,560 --> 00:02:50,440 beauty and destruction. 33 00:02:54,920 --> 00:02:57,280 this is us it's our story 34 00:02:57,960 --> 00:03:01,240 and it happened in 99% of our history, before 35 00:03:01,480 --> 00:03:05,680 the invention of writing, when the story ours was not in the books, 36 00:03:06,200 --> 00:03:09,120 but it was written in the bones and our DNA. 37 00:03:13,400 --> 00:03:16,920 This is the story of how I became... 38 00:03:20,360 --> 00:03:22,320 THE MAN 39 00:03:35,320 --> 00:03:38,800 THE FIRST OF US 40 00:03:46,320 --> 00:03:50,720 The story begins in Africa, a long time ago. 41 00:03:54,520 --> 00:03:57,560 In a world where we don't we existed anyway. 42 00:04:04,160 --> 00:04:07,520 In many ways, this world would seem familiar 43 00:04:08,560 --> 00:04:11,240 full of animals that you would recognize them. 44 00:04:17,360 --> 00:04:20,080 But there was a crucial difference. 45 00:04:26,760 --> 00:04:31,280 This world was inhabited by not one, 46 00:04:31,360 --> 00:04:33,960 but by many types of people. 47 00:04:38,960 --> 00:04:42,280 We live in a world full of other species. 48 00:04:43,560 --> 00:04:47,240 Another eight million species they share the world with us. 49 00:04:48,000 --> 00:04:51,960 There is only one, just one kind of people 50 00:04:52,520 --> 00:04:57,760 Homo sapiens. It's easy to forget that he didn't always been like that. 51 00:04:58,000 --> 00:05:02,320 The world before us was alive, with other human activities. 52 00:05:05,160 --> 00:05:09,360 6 million years before the appearance of Homo Sapiens, 53 00:05:12,760 --> 00:05:15,680 some primates came down from the trees. 54 00:05:18,240 --> 00:05:20,200 They started walking straight, 55 00:05:20,280 --> 00:05:23,840 and in time, they started to use stone tools. 56 00:05:28,000 --> 00:05:31,480 Tool makers, they have became the oldest form of man. 57 00:05:34,960 --> 00:05:38,960 Over millions of years, they continue to evolve 58 00:05:41,520 --> 00:05:43,680 forming a diverse family tree, 59 00:05:43,760 --> 00:05:45,760 with different human species. 60 00:05:50,560 --> 00:05:54,040 Who were the other people, and how are we related to them? 61 00:05:54,480 --> 00:05:59,320 I am part of the extended family, parents and grandparents 62 00:05:59,400 --> 00:06:04,480 aunts, cousins. Some are the ancestors ours, others only relatives. 63 00:06:04,960 --> 00:06:08,960 But they were all part of the line our genealogy, 64 00:06:09,400 --> 00:06:11,680 which spans millennia. 65 00:06:13,520 --> 00:06:16,240 When Homo Sapiens appeared, 66 00:06:18,080 --> 00:06:21,320 there were at least six different species of people. 67 00:06:24,440 --> 00:06:26,760 Using the latest scientific data, 68 00:06:26,880 --> 00:06:29,960 we can reconstruct their appearance. 69 00:06:31,080 --> 00:06:33,080 There were so many species of people. 70 00:06:33,160 --> 00:06:35,920 It was Home Erectus, our ancestor, 71 00:06:36,040 --> 00:06:40,280 a surprisingly prosperous species, lived about two million years. 72 00:06:45,240 --> 00:06:50,120 Homo Erectus was the first with genes who left Africa. 73 00:06:53,880 --> 00:06:57,000 We think they are the first to have it used fire. 74 00:07:00,440 --> 00:07:05,080 There is also Homo Neanderthalensis, which we know them as Neanderthals. 75 00:07:09,240 --> 00:07:13,240 Neanderthals lived in Europe and up to Central Asia. 76 00:07:13,360 --> 00:07:15,320 They adapted to the cold. 77 00:07:18,080 --> 00:07:20,680 And they were experts in hunting. 78 00:07:24,280 --> 00:07:29,440 There were also Homo Floresiensis, you know by some people as hobbits. 79 00:07:35,280 --> 00:07:39,720 They were only one meter tall, that is 3.5 feet. 80 00:07:42,120 --> 00:07:45,960 Small, but adapted to island life. 81 00:07:49,080 --> 00:07:53,320 It seems like a fantastic world, and i can't help it 82 00:07:53,960 --> 00:07:56,200 reminds me of Lord of the Rings. 83 00:07:56,440 --> 00:07:59,760 Except in a world with elves and dwarves, 84 00:07:59,960 --> 00:08:03,520 you had a magical place, with other people. 85 00:08:10,480 --> 00:08:13,280 The human family tree has many branches. 86 00:08:17,080 --> 00:08:20,880 But from which it first appeared Homo sapiens? 87 00:08:28,880 --> 00:08:33,960 We don't know for sure, but we are closer that we may never find out. 88 00:08:47,440 --> 00:08:49,960 MOROCCO 89 00:09:00,240 --> 00:09:05,280 For a long time, we thought we knew which they are the origins of our species. 90 00:09:05,520 --> 00:09:09,600 I thought I started now 200 thousand years, in East Africa. 91 00:09:13,720 --> 00:09:18,560 But new revelations from here, from Morocco, a part of Africa, 92 00:09:18,640 --> 00:09:24,240 that people haven't thought of, us make us think again 93 00:09:24,360 --> 00:09:27,880 at our first steps on the planet. 94 00:09:32,160 --> 00:09:35,000 In an isolated cave from North West Africa, 95 00:09:35,080 --> 00:09:39,920 an unexpected discovery led to reveal mysterious human remains. 96 00:09:42,320 --> 00:09:45,080 IRHOUD SKULL 1 JEBEL IRHOUD, MOROCCO 97 00:09:45,240 --> 00:09:48,720 Someone unexpected lived here. 98 00:09:53,000 --> 00:09:55,720 350-280,000 YEARS AGO By thousands of years 99 00:09:55,800 --> 00:09:57,760 sooner than we imagined. 100 00:09:58,040 --> 00:10:01,120 - Teacher! - Hello, welcome! 101 00:10:03,400 --> 00:10:07,040 You have made many discoveries surprising lately. 102 00:10:07,120 --> 00:10:09,480 When I started work at Jebel Irhoud, 103 00:10:09,560 --> 00:10:13,000 I felt that this place was hiding something miraculous. 104 00:10:13,160 --> 00:10:15,720 Then, it was difficult to challenge the theory 105 00:10:15,800 --> 00:10:19,080 that modern man has his origin in East Africa. 106 00:10:21,440 --> 00:10:28,800 But what I found out, completely changed this dominant theory. 107 00:10:31,200 --> 00:10:36,080 This is an accidental discovery 108 00:10:36,280 --> 00:10:41,560 who instigated everything. 109 00:10:45,960 --> 00:10:49,920 This is Jebel Irhoud 1, and it was a complete mystery 110 00:10:50,000 --> 00:10:53,960 because some of its features they are like ours 111 00:10:54,120 --> 00:10:58,800 like Homo Sapiens. Some are a lot older, more primitive. 112 00:11:00,880 --> 00:11:08,480 If you look at this individual's face, it is similar to ours. 113 00:11:08,760 --> 00:11:14,960 The face of Homo sapiens is delicate, we have extremely delicate features. 114 00:11:15,080 --> 00:11:18,920 They are somehow hidden under our skulls. 115 00:11:19,160 --> 00:11:21,920 If you imagine a prehistoric man 116 00:11:22,000 --> 00:11:25,760 you imagine him to be more prominent 117 00:11:25,880 --> 00:11:28,120 much earlier. 118 00:11:28,280 --> 00:11:31,440 Its face is more deep, it is much shorter. 119 00:11:31,720 --> 00:11:34,800 But there are traits that are not ours. 120 00:11:34,960 --> 00:11:38,840 Look at these arches, at this one supraorbital structure. 121 00:11:39,360 --> 00:11:43,840 Now look at me. No see no one around to have 122 00:11:43,920 --> 00:11:47,120 this massive thing above the eyes. 123 00:11:47,240 --> 00:11:50,120 It would be horrifying to see that. 124 00:11:50,280 --> 00:11:53,480 The skull box is not ours. 125 00:11:53,760 --> 00:11:57,560 See how round my skull is? It is globular, while 126 00:11:57,720 --> 00:12:01,160 this one is elongated. It's like and as if someone had taken my skull, 127 00:12:01,240 --> 00:12:03,960 but he laid it on his back. 128 00:12:04,120 --> 00:12:09,880 In profile, face he is almost Homo Sapiens, 129 00:12:10,720 --> 00:12:14,880 but from other angles, he is not like us. 130 00:12:24,120 --> 00:12:26,480 These discoveries raise a mystery. 131 00:12:26,720 --> 00:12:29,560 They were anomalies that didn't fit in the tree 132 00:12:29,680 --> 00:12:31,760 human genealogy. 133 00:12:37,320 --> 00:12:39,880 They partially resembled Homo Sapiens, 134 00:12:43,520 --> 00:12:46,240 and partly as an early man. 135 00:12:55,320 --> 00:12:59,280 So the question was, if it is a different species 136 00:12:59,960 --> 00:13:02,680 or is it an early version of ours? 137 00:13:14,640 --> 00:13:18,720 A few decades after the discoveries initial, progress followed. 138 00:13:20,680 --> 00:13:24,480 Archaeologists have discovered yet 16 fossils, 139 00:13:26,000 --> 00:13:29,120 all with the same mixture of traits. 140 00:13:34,280 --> 00:13:36,640 It's another excavated fossil. 141 00:13:36,720 --> 00:13:39,160 It's a piece of mandible. 142 00:13:39,440 --> 00:13:41,040 From this skull? 143 00:13:41,120 --> 00:13:42,680 No, no. It's a child's. 144 00:13:42,800 --> 00:13:45,000 And this is from another adult. 145 00:13:46,040 --> 00:13:47,720 And how old was he? 146 00:13:47,920 --> 00:13:51,000 Around eight years. 147 00:13:51,160 --> 00:13:53,280 Between old and new discoveries? 148 00:13:53,440 --> 00:13:57,120 Yes, a group of young and old was found here. 149 00:14:01,680 --> 00:14:04,280 With each new discovery, the evidence is mounting. 150 00:14:08,320 --> 00:14:11,400 They are not another species, 151 00:14:12,000 --> 00:14:16,000 with Homo Sapiens, with elements of to their ancestors. 152 00:14:20,920 --> 00:14:25,800 But only after the archaeologists succeeded to date the remains correctly, 153 00:14:26,520 --> 00:14:29,560 the last piece of the puzzle he found his place. 154 00:14:34,840 --> 00:14:38,560 Archaeologists, using new techniques and improved, 155 00:14:38,640 --> 00:14:42,280 were able to give fossil data, 156 00:14:42,920 --> 00:14:48,040 and they told us that this individual a lived 300 thousand years ago. 157 00:14:48,920 --> 00:14:52,400 And that's incredible because we thought 158 00:14:52,480 --> 00:14:55,360 that our species only has 200 thousand years. 159 00:14:56,080 --> 00:15:01,520 What these fossils tell us is that we, the Homo sapiens species, 160 00:15:01,600 --> 00:15:04,400 it's 100 thousand years ago older than I thought. 161 00:15:04,480 --> 00:15:07,320 We are a third older than we realize. 162 00:15:07,720 --> 00:15:12,440 This fossil arrived, from being an enigma, a mystery, 163 00:15:13,000 --> 00:15:18,200 to one of the most important fossils from this field. 164 00:15:23,400 --> 00:15:27,320 Thousands of kilometers from Africa, from where we thought we were starting 165 00:15:27,480 --> 00:15:30,320 and older than we expected, 166 00:15:32,800 --> 00:15:37,840 these are the earliest Homo sapiens ever found. 167 00:15:38,440 --> 00:15:42,920 And they forced us to rethink others discoveries from africa, 168 00:15:46,760 --> 00:15:50,920 which make a new image of the origins our, 169 00:15:51,440 --> 00:15:54,040 suggesting that Jebel Irhoud 170 00:15:55,320 --> 00:15:59,480 it was one of many populations 171 00:15:59,560 --> 00:16:02,240 in the process of formation. 172 00:16:03,840 --> 00:16:10,840 It's like taking a peek at behind the curtain of evolution. 173 00:16:11,360 --> 00:16:15,320 It is a stage in the process of a become "we". 174 00:16:25,680 --> 00:16:28,880 I wonder what it would be like to be face to face 175 00:16:28,960 --> 00:16:31,320 with one of the Jebel Irhoud men. 176 00:16:42,120 --> 00:16:45,480 If we were to look into their eyes, 177 00:16:45,800 --> 00:16:48,480 to those features enough delicate, 178 00:16:49,880 --> 00:16:52,440 would we see ourselves in them? 179 00:17:00,640 --> 00:17:03,880 The answer is that they were not human modern like us. 180 00:17:04,040 --> 00:17:06,240 Not yet. 181 00:17:10,480 --> 00:17:14,320 They were an early step in the journey of our evolution, 182 00:17:14,440 --> 00:17:19,080 we reduce the gap between us and our human ancestors. 183 00:17:27,600 --> 00:17:31,200 Our development was actually slow and honest, at first 184 00:17:31,600 --> 00:17:33,920 we weren't that special. 185 00:17:34,080 --> 00:17:38,200 Previous versions of Homo Sapiens, such as Jebel Irhoud, 186 00:17:38,320 --> 00:17:40,840 they were all over Africa. 187 00:17:44,720 --> 00:17:47,920 He used to believe in one single origin, 188 00:17:48,040 --> 00:17:51,360 in one of the cradles of humanity in East Africa, 189 00:17:52,240 --> 00:17:55,800 but our story is much more rich and interesting. 190 00:18:01,720 --> 00:18:05,440 The latest evidence shows that I have appeared gradually 191 00:18:05,840 --> 00:18:08,440 for thousands of kilometers, 192 00:18:08,920 --> 00:18:11,600 and in hundreds of thousands of years, 193 00:18:19,560 --> 00:18:22,600 emerging little by little 194 00:18:25,000 --> 00:18:32,360 like a series of sparks, lighting up throughout the African continent. 195 00:18:41,920 --> 00:18:46,720 Homo Sapiens could have become extinct easily, without a trace. 196 00:18:50,420 --> 00:18:53,620 Just finding our place in the world... 197 00:18:54,180 --> 00:18:56,260 280 THOUSAND YEARS AGO 198 00:18:58,420 --> 00:19:02,980 Something threatened to wipe us all out from the face of the Earth. 199 00:19:04,252 --> 00:19:07,772 THE GREAT EAST AFRICA RIFT VALLEY 200 00:19:07,947 --> 00:19:10,555 In the Great Rift Valley of East Africa 201 00:19:10,600 --> 00:19:13,880 we can find the next chapter of our story. 202 00:19:20,480 --> 00:19:23,400 This dynamic landscape holds 203 00:19:23,495 --> 00:19:26,455 some of the clearest evidence of forces 204 00:19:27,040 --> 00:19:30,680 that put our species on a new footing way, radical. 205 00:19:39,760 --> 00:19:43,800 When they said that the Great Rift Valley of Africa is a dramatic place, 206 00:19:44,920 --> 00:19:46,960 I'm not kidding. 207 00:19:47,640 --> 00:19:52,040 I mean, look. I can hear it bubbling behind me, literally. 208 00:19:52,240 --> 00:19:56,280 It is the result of a geological process that involves three tectonic plates 209 00:19:56,360 --> 00:20:01,080 separate from each other, creating a dynamic landscape. 210 00:20:06,640 --> 00:20:10,080 Although this part does not show so hospitable 211 00:20:10,200 --> 00:20:14,000 it was the people's house a long time. 212 00:20:19,800 --> 00:20:23,440 This is one of the regions Africa richest in fossils. 213 00:20:26,880 --> 00:20:30,880 Its unusual geology not only a preserved human remains, 214 00:20:32,360 --> 00:20:36,880 but provides insight into the forces that guided our evolution. 215 00:20:43,160 --> 00:20:46,360 On the lakebed, if you dig deep, 216 00:20:46,480 --> 00:20:49,240 you can extract sediment cores. 217 00:20:51,160 --> 00:20:55,640 One here from Ethiopia, it was 280 meters deep, 218 00:20:55,760 --> 00:20:59,680 that's over 600 thousand years. 219 00:21:00,120 --> 00:21:04,760 And in that sediment, it's like a time machine, 220 00:21:04,840 --> 00:21:07,840 because they are blocked small environmental fragments. 221 00:21:10,160 --> 00:21:15,960 Analyzing these layers of sediments, they found a window 222 00:21:17,480 --> 00:21:22,560 of the world in which Homo Sapiens lived. 223 00:21:24,240 --> 00:21:28,000 The information from these sediments were compiled into the chart, 224 00:21:28,080 --> 00:21:31,480 and when you remove, you actually get an interesting picture 225 00:21:31,560 --> 00:21:36,800 because in the first 300 thousand years you observe a climatic stability. 226 00:21:37,200 --> 00:21:42,480 But, 270 thousand years ago, something changes 227 00:21:42,720 --> 00:21:46,920 and we have a period of fluctuations, volatility, 228 00:21:47,360 --> 00:21:52,280 between wet and dry periods which simply did not exist before. 229 00:21:52,720 --> 00:21:55,320 East and West Africa are connected 230 00:21:55,400 --> 00:21:58,960 in a kind of climatic see-saw. When one is wet, 231 00:21:59,040 --> 00:22:01,240 the other is dry and vice versa. 232 00:22:06,200 --> 00:22:11,280 For thousands of years, Africa has been hit of violent climate change 233 00:22:15,960 --> 00:22:19,360 which pushed the new populations originated by Homo Sapiens 234 00:22:26,440 --> 00:22:29,640 in a world of extremes. 235 00:22:43,240 --> 00:22:46,080 Ecosystems were being destroyed. 236 00:22:52,920 --> 00:22:56,120 Rivers and lakes swelled 237 00:23:00,680 --> 00:23:03,400 separating people from each other. 238 00:23:06,960 --> 00:23:10,640 In other places, the pastures became desert. 239 00:23:18,800 --> 00:23:23,880 Survival was a struggle against inexorable change. 240 00:23:33,600 --> 00:23:36,560 I think when we look these graphs, 241 00:23:36,760 --> 00:23:40,760 we are making a vital mistake. Let's take a closer look. 242 00:23:40,960 --> 00:23:43,840 Human evolution is about people. 243 00:23:43,920 --> 00:23:47,240 There are people, like me, like you, who experience 244 00:23:47,360 --> 00:23:50,040 the ups and downs this graph. 245 00:23:54,120 --> 00:23:56,040 People who had to face 246 00:23:56,120 --> 00:24:00,080 droughts or floods, or extinction a food source. 247 00:24:07,640 --> 00:24:10,200 Entire communities 248 00:24:12,960 --> 00:24:15,680 they found themselves isolated. 249 00:24:24,080 --> 00:24:26,720 Some populations were disappearing. 250 00:24:37,000 --> 00:24:40,440 Those who could not adapt, they perished. 251 00:25:03,640 --> 00:25:08,520 This fight for survival could completely destroy Homo Sapiens. 252 00:25:14,360 --> 00:25:18,040 But he didn't. He had an opposite effect. 253 00:25:19,120 --> 00:25:21,560 He led us on. 254 00:25:29,040 --> 00:25:31,480 Under pressure, isolated populations 255 00:25:31,560 --> 00:25:33,200 they learned new skills. 256 00:25:43,520 --> 00:25:46,040 Those who could adapt 257 00:25:46,120 --> 00:25:49,360 they had a better chance to survive. 258 00:25:54,000 --> 00:25:58,400 Then, with climate change, the groups joined again. 259 00:25:58,600 --> 00:26:02,640 They exchanged skills and, most importantly, they multiplied, 260 00:26:07,760 --> 00:26:11,280 transmitting benefits to children. 261 00:26:13,520 --> 00:26:17,560 It was a process that began to it changes us permanently. 262 00:26:25,680 --> 00:26:29,560 The people who survived were stronger than ever. 263 00:26:46,120 --> 00:26:50,120 NOMAD CAMP OUTSIDE ETHIOPIA 264 00:26:58,200 --> 00:27:01,520 Today, most of us live in cities, 265 00:27:03,520 --> 00:27:07,720 and therefore it is difficult for us to understand what it's like to be directly affected 266 00:27:07,800 --> 00:27:11,040 of climate change, as a nomadic people. 267 00:27:11,120 --> 00:27:14,560 We have a very good example here, with the Afar tribe. 268 00:27:17,560 --> 00:27:21,560 They are nomads, being pulled and pushed of nature. 269 00:27:22,560 --> 00:27:27,760 It was very similar to the ancestors ours, but in an extreme way. 270 00:27:31,200 --> 00:27:35,280 These groups, as they moved around, met occasionally, 271 00:27:35,400 --> 00:27:40,840 and then, of course, sharing skills, knowledge and DNA. 272 00:27:44,440 --> 00:27:48,560 The mixture of these groups brought us closer, 273 00:27:48,640 --> 00:27:51,320 becoming today's Homo Sapiens. 274 00:27:58,680 --> 00:28:02,800 The origin of species is more complicated and more dynamic, 275 00:28:02,920 --> 00:28:05,360 involving not only East Africa, 276 00:28:05,440 --> 00:28:08,040 but the entire African continent. 277 00:28:09,480 --> 00:28:12,680 Africa was a rich continent in diversity, 278 00:28:12,760 --> 00:28:16,280 and the climate acted as a kind of catalyst, 279 00:28:16,360 --> 00:28:19,280 mixing these groups together. 280 00:28:20,640 --> 00:28:24,200 So we formed as one resulting mosaic 281 00:28:24,280 --> 00:28:27,160 from these different populations African. 282 00:28:29,600 --> 00:28:33,480 There were diversity and resistance in the face of climate change 283 00:28:35,120 --> 00:28:38,760 what carved our mind and body and transformed us 284 00:28:38,840 --> 00:28:41,880 in a new and evolved man. 285 00:28:50,360 --> 00:28:53,880 We all carry that echo of what it happened in africa 286 00:28:53,960 --> 00:28:55,960 at this crucial moment. 287 00:29:01,560 --> 00:29:05,360 what happened then it changed us forever. 288 00:29:12,920 --> 00:29:15,520 162-147 THOUSAND YEARS AGO 289 00:29:16,640 --> 00:29:19,960 Once diverse populations and scattered, 290 00:29:25,360 --> 00:29:28,560 they came together when they faced each other with adversity. 291 00:29:33,640 --> 00:29:39,000 Encouraging us to become a species stronger and smarter. 292 00:29:54,560 --> 00:29:59,960 NATIONAL MUSEUM, ETHIOPIA, ADDIS ADABA 293 00:30:00,320 --> 00:30:04,360 This museum houses some of those more important fossils 294 00:30:04,440 --> 00:30:06,080 from the history of humanity. 295 00:30:09,600 --> 00:30:13,160 One of these fossils is Herto 1, one of 296 00:30:13,720 --> 00:30:16,520 the most significant fossils Homo sapiens 297 00:30:16,600 --> 00:30:18,000 ever found. 298 00:30:18,440 --> 00:30:23,800 That's because this individual is one among the first in our line 299 00:30:23,920 --> 00:30:27,480 which we can describe, anatomically, like a modern man. 300 00:30:27,880 --> 00:30:33,600 His physical features are incredibly similar to ours. 301 00:30:34,800 --> 00:30:38,480 If you look at it compared to Jebel Irhoud, 302 00:30:38,760 --> 00:30:41,240 look how round it is. 303 00:30:41,840 --> 00:30:45,480 Some people came up with this interesting idea 304 00:30:46,160 --> 00:30:50,920 that can form the scalp 305 00:30:51,120 --> 00:30:54,560 represents a change in organization the brain. 306 00:30:55,320 --> 00:30:58,640 This rounding process is linked 307 00:30:58,720 --> 00:31:01,400 the ability to speak and coordinate. 308 00:31:02,360 --> 00:31:05,800 It's exciting to consider 309 00:31:06,200 --> 00:31:11,920 this change in shape constitutes a change 310 00:31:12,640 --> 00:31:16,080 in the way Homo Sapiens they were starting to think. 311 00:31:22,480 --> 00:31:27,760 These bigger brains and reorganized opened a chasm 312 00:31:27,920 --> 00:31:30,960 between Homo Sapiens and our ancestors. 313 00:31:32,880 --> 00:31:37,560 But only the size and shape of the brain they differentiated us. 314 00:31:40,160 --> 00:31:43,240 One of the proofs of this is actually the teeth. 315 00:31:43,520 --> 00:31:46,680 It was found that if you look carefully at the teeth, 316 00:31:46,760 --> 00:31:49,720 you will find very thin lines called perikymata, 317 00:31:49,800 --> 00:31:53,280 which represents about o week in an individual's life. 318 00:31:53,360 --> 00:31:57,960 I mean, you can calculate how long it was living individual 319 00:31:58,480 --> 00:32:00,320 as with tree rings. 320 00:32:00,520 --> 00:32:04,440 If you look at an individual homo erectus, 321 00:32:04,520 --> 00:32:08,920 and compare with a Homo Sapiens what lives today 322 00:32:09,800 --> 00:32:14,920 it takes a long time for our species to reach sexual maturity. 323 00:32:17,040 --> 00:32:21,040 By the lines of the teeth, we know that the children of Homo Sapiens 324 00:32:21,120 --> 00:32:24,920 grow slower than primitive people. 325 00:32:30,960 --> 00:32:36,000 Supposedly it took us a long time 326 00:32:36,080 --> 00:32:39,480 let's learn how to use ourselves the brains. 327 00:32:43,560 --> 00:32:48,400 The longer you stay in childhood, you need to learn more. 328 00:32:52,840 --> 00:32:57,360 This thing that gives them headaches parents today, 329 00:32:58,400 --> 00:33:02,000 children take so long to be fully formed 330 00:33:03,200 --> 00:33:07,000 can be a huge key to success. 331 00:33:13,600 --> 00:33:17,200 We organize our minds in long childhood, 332 00:33:17,400 --> 00:33:20,520 our brains and bodies have evolved. 333 00:33:25,440 --> 00:33:30,240 Finally, there were Homo Sapiens who physically, he looked like us. 334 00:33:35,520 --> 00:33:39,920 What can be called a nine version of Sapiens. 335 00:33:44,320 --> 00:33:46,480 147,000 YEARS AGO 336 00:33:47,720 --> 00:33:50,720 125,000 YEARS AGO It is about some of the 337 00:33:50,800 --> 00:33:55,200 these Homo sapiens with anatomy modern that has entered the wider world. 338 00:33:57,160 --> 00:34:01,600 But outside of Africa, there was already one home for other people. 339 00:34:05,080 --> 00:34:08,680 Neanderthals spread into Central Asia and Europe, 340 00:34:11,960 --> 00:34:16,040 other parts of Asia were populated of many other species, 341 00:34:16,560 --> 00:34:19,360 including Homo Erectus. 342 00:34:26,000 --> 00:34:31,520 And there is evidence in the Middle East of early groups of Homo Sapiens, 343 00:34:36,200 --> 00:34:41,440 that have followed in the footsteps of other species human. 344 00:34:48,160 --> 00:34:52,160 I like to think about these moments in our history, 345 00:34:52,240 --> 00:34:55,640 such as the one in which Homo Sapiens he left Africa. 346 00:34:55,720 --> 00:34:58,000 It was a huge success. 347 00:34:58,080 --> 00:35:02,520 even if they had no idea of its meaning. 348 00:35:03,000 --> 00:35:06,560 It's amazing to think that it did happened early in history. 349 00:35:07,320 --> 00:35:11,240 But in the Levant, things become really interesting. 350 00:35:15,360 --> 00:35:19,640 Evidence of a community was found by Homo Sapiens 351 00:35:20,040 --> 00:35:23,520 who lived in caves on the territory Israel today. 352 00:35:26,040 --> 00:35:28,520 NEANDERTHAL SKULL, ISRAEL 353 00:35:28,600 --> 00:35:33,240 And in this place it would be found something unexpected. 354 00:35:36,080 --> 00:35:38,960 There is a mountain called Mount Carmel, 355 00:35:39,040 --> 00:35:44,520 a cave was discovered in which there were specimens of Homo sapiens. 356 00:35:45,160 --> 00:35:49,680 And in another cave, in the same one mountain, Tabun cave, 357 00:35:50,120 --> 00:35:53,240 Neanderthal individuals have been found. 358 00:35:54,400 --> 00:35:57,760 These two types of people they lived at the same time. 359 00:35:58,760 --> 00:36:01,680 It's wonderful to think about it. 360 00:36:08,040 --> 00:36:11,320 Of course, the Neanderthal was not an African species. 361 00:36:11,400 --> 00:36:13,680 They lived outside of Africa. 362 00:36:14,120 --> 00:36:16,960 As for us, this was something new. 363 00:36:23,960 --> 00:36:27,400 Two species, sharing the same mountain. 364 00:36:28,480 --> 00:36:31,080 We don't know if they interacted. 365 00:36:36,440 --> 00:36:40,000 But we know that as long as Neanderthals remained in the area, 366 00:36:41,880 --> 00:36:45,680 all traces of this group of Homo Sapiens are extinct. 367 00:36:49,560 --> 00:36:52,120 Their bloodline is completely dead. 368 00:36:57,480 --> 00:37:01,480 What is the most fascinating about these Homo Sapiens, 369 00:37:01,560 --> 00:37:05,240 it's not who they met or what they got 370 00:37:05,560 --> 00:37:10,080 but that all previous expansions they failed. 371 00:37:10,320 --> 00:37:15,280 We know with genetic evidence that these Homo sapiens 372 00:37:15,560 --> 00:37:20,400 they are not the ones who have arrived to populate the planet. 373 00:37:28,000 --> 00:37:29,880 This migration failed 374 00:37:29,960 --> 00:37:32,400 reminds us of our fragility. 375 00:37:41,400 --> 00:37:46,400 These people looked like us, but they were missing something. 376 00:37:53,960 --> 00:37:58,240 What defines us as a species, it's not what we look like. 377 00:37:59,720 --> 00:38:02,600 It's not even the size our brain. 378 00:38:04,000 --> 00:38:06,760 This is something else entirely. 379 00:38:09,800 --> 00:38:11,400 125,000 YEARS AGO 380 00:38:13,600 --> 00:38:15,320 100-70,000 YEARS AGO 381 00:38:15,520 --> 00:38:18,320 Like these early migrants they disappeared 382 00:38:22,720 --> 00:38:25,480 African populations flourished, 383 00:38:27,560 --> 00:38:31,360 highlighting what defines us really new 384 00:38:43,320 --> 00:38:49,040 TSODILO HILLS BOTSWANA 385 00:38:54,040 --> 00:38:58,440 A way of thinking and behaving what differentiated Homo Sapiens. 386 00:39:07,440 --> 00:39:10,800 Some of the first traces can be found 387 00:39:10,880 --> 00:39:13,040 in an isolated cave in Botswana. 388 00:39:24,000 --> 00:39:27,680 This is an outgrowth very large natural. 389 00:39:28,760 --> 00:39:32,720 As you can see, it stretches to endless. It is seven meters. 390 00:39:34,840 --> 00:39:38,080 The front has an opening natural mouth 391 00:39:38,640 --> 00:39:41,200 and a natural orbit. 392 00:39:41,320 --> 00:39:45,680 - and even for the front nostril. - Sure. 393 00:39:45,760 --> 00:39:48,040 Head up, 394 00:39:48,120 --> 00:39:51,880 to modern eyes, it really does like a snake. 395 00:39:58,760 --> 00:40:04,080 The form has been altered to a it looked even more like a snake. 396 00:40:07,400 --> 00:40:13,280 There are over 300 excavated depressions on the surface 397 00:40:13,800 --> 00:40:16,600 over a longer period of time. 398 00:40:17,880 --> 00:40:20,680 When they were driven initial excavations, 399 00:40:21,200 --> 00:40:24,680 they answered a series of questions. 400 00:40:27,760 --> 00:40:33,200 One of the things found was a large number of tools 401 00:40:33,320 --> 00:40:35,040 what seemed to be manufactured, 402 00:40:35,120 --> 00:40:38,000 left in a state simply flawless. 403 00:40:38,080 --> 00:40:40,880 They are wonderful, absolutely amazing. 404 00:40:40,960 --> 00:40:44,240 Once they were made, you used them in three ways. 405 00:40:44,680 --> 00:40:49,160 You did them perfectly and simply you left them there. 406 00:40:50,240 --> 00:40:52,960 Or, more interestingly, you burned them. 407 00:40:57,880 --> 00:41:02,240 But don't burn like you have them throw into a fire. 408 00:41:05,840 --> 00:41:08,120 It's a controlled burn. 409 00:41:10,920 --> 00:41:14,520 The third, and the strangest thing which they were doing 410 00:41:15,240 --> 00:41:20,120 it's that they were doing it, giving it to him a perfect shape 411 00:41:21,240 --> 00:41:25,040 and when it was ready, they crushed it in the middle. 412 00:41:25,200 --> 00:41:27,480 - Were there offerings? - Yes. 413 00:41:27,600 --> 00:41:30,680 The only logical thing to do fits, 414 00:41:31,360 --> 00:41:33,920 is that they made sacrifices, offerings. 415 00:41:34,000 --> 00:41:35,480 Not for fun. 416 00:41:35,560 --> 00:41:42,640 They believed that by this act would satisfy certain needs, 417 00:41:42,720 --> 00:41:46,040 or even desires. 418 00:41:51,280 --> 00:41:54,160 Although it is really wonderful in time of day, 419 00:41:56,000 --> 00:41:58,600 the night comes alive. 420 00:42:07,200 --> 00:42:10,320 We can't talk to these people, but this... 421 00:42:11,600 --> 00:42:16,600 this whole place takes you so close 422 00:42:16,680 --> 00:42:20,160 - of what they thought. - I always had the impression that 423 00:42:20,520 --> 00:42:24,480 this kind of abstract thinking 424 00:42:24,560 --> 00:42:28,720 was out of range a our ancestors at that time, 425 00:42:28,800 --> 00:42:32,160 and now we have evidence that this was wrong 426 00:42:32,760 --> 00:42:36,800 they had the ability to think abstract. 427 00:42:37,920 --> 00:42:41,360 Bring an offering and hope for something back 428 00:42:41,600 --> 00:42:44,680 They were asking for things that we are asking for and us. 429 00:42:44,760 --> 00:42:48,840 Food, health, children and others. 430 00:42:48,920 --> 00:42:56,520 And then you think, God, there's one from the oldest behaviors, 431 00:42:56,600 --> 00:42:58,760 which we know so well. 432 00:43:06,400 --> 00:43:09,560 Some believe that people who they did these rituals, 433 00:43:09,640 --> 00:43:12,600 they had abstract ideas in mind. 434 00:43:14,080 --> 00:43:16,920 They imagined things that they could not see them. 435 00:43:17,960 --> 00:43:22,480 A hint that their minds were sparking, making connections in a new way. 436 00:43:29,320 --> 00:43:33,040 When I see this, it moves me, 437 00:43:33,760 --> 00:43:41,720 because that's who we are, in one way we feel ourselves. 438 00:43:47,560 --> 00:43:53,360 We are so familiar, we know this behavior. This ritual. 439 00:43:53,640 --> 00:43:56,240 Even if it's religion or spirituality, 440 00:43:56,320 --> 00:43:59,280 or a handshake, birthdays, 441 00:43:59,360 --> 00:44:03,160 graduation ceremonies, festivals, new year's night 442 00:44:03,320 --> 00:44:07,120 we are, as a species, obsessed of rituals. 443 00:44:07,360 --> 00:44:12,200 It's deep behavior and fundamental to Homo Sapiens. 444 00:44:12,720 --> 00:44:14,880 It's us. We know it. 445 00:44:21,920 --> 00:44:27,240 It was as if they were able to see beyond the tangible. 446 00:44:27,480 --> 00:44:31,520 They thought more than what was in front of them. 447 00:44:32,840 --> 00:44:37,880 They were venturing into the unknown and unseen. 448 00:44:49,760 --> 00:44:53,960 Such behavior marked a new chapter for our species. 449 00:44:57,600 --> 00:44:59,920 Our minds were awakening. 450 00:45:01,080 --> 00:45:03,920 They were opening up to a world of possibilities. 451 00:45:09,840 --> 00:45:12,200 This was not limited to rituals. 452 00:45:13,000 --> 00:45:15,840 It touched every part of our life. 453 00:45:27,440 --> 00:45:29,000 100-70,000 YEARS AGO 454 00:45:30,880 --> 00:45:33,480 80-70,000 YEARS AGO 455 00:45:33,720 --> 00:45:35,880 About 70,000 years ago, 456 00:45:36,960 --> 00:45:40,400 new weapons began to appear in southern Africa. 457 00:45:47,720 --> 00:45:49,440 Homo Sapiens used 458 00:45:49,520 --> 00:45:51,760 abstract thoughts to innovate. 459 00:45:52,720 --> 00:45:55,520 ARROWHEAD, AFRICA DE SOUTH, 62,000 YEARS AGO 460 00:45:56,520 --> 00:46:00,600 They designed complex weapons like the bow and arrow. 461 00:46:06,600 --> 00:46:09,520 I saw the world, not just as it was, 462 00:46:09,600 --> 00:46:12,080 but also how it could be. 463 00:46:13,320 --> 00:46:16,880 It takes a long time to see the potential in a piece of wood. 464 00:46:16,960 --> 00:46:21,080 Designing our weapons was something revolutionary for people, 465 00:46:21,280 --> 00:46:25,080 because until then I was using close hunting strategies 466 00:46:25,440 --> 00:46:28,840 which were less effective, less lethal, 467 00:46:28,920 --> 00:46:31,720 and more dangerous for the what was holding the weapon. 468 00:46:37,640 --> 00:46:39,680 For over two million years, 469 00:46:39,760 --> 00:46:43,360 early humans relied mainly on on axes and spears. 470 00:46:49,000 --> 00:46:52,800 But Homo Sapiens his imagined unseen forces, 471 00:46:52,880 --> 00:46:56,160 in things like wood and rope, 472 00:47:03,640 --> 00:47:06,440 creating something completely new. 473 00:47:10,720 --> 00:47:15,520 If you look at this bow with an arrow, see how much knowledge it requires. 474 00:47:15,600 --> 00:47:19,080 You have to know where to get it the wood for the bow, 475 00:47:19,160 --> 00:47:23,440 you need to know about glue, how much tight should be the tendon. 476 00:47:23,840 --> 00:47:26,520 So many elements are required, not just knowledge 477 00:47:26,600 --> 00:47:28,960 but also the ability to care for it further. 478 00:47:29,160 --> 00:47:32,680 Such a thing is not the result of genius to a single person. 479 00:47:32,960 --> 00:47:37,920 It is the result of many people, over several generations 480 00:47:38,000 --> 00:47:41,560 inventing reinventing perfecting, improving. 481 00:47:48,440 --> 00:47:50,360 We weren't just making it up. 482 00:47:51,720 --> 00:47:55,000 We were adapting and broadening our knowledge. 483 00:48:02,160 --> 00:48:04,920 Human culture was becoming more and more complex 484 00:48:05,000 --> 00:48:07,400 and technology is developing rapidly. 485 00:48:07,680 --> 00:48:11,680 Many believe that this is the result of something called cumulative culture, 486 00:48:12,080 --> 00:48:17,520 that is, you accumulate culture, each one generation builds having the bases, 487 00:48:17,600 --> 00:48:20,440 the science and technology of the generation previous. 488 00:48:25,720 --> 00:48:29,080 With cumulative culture, Homo Sapiens were getting smarter 489 00:48:29,160 --> 00:48:32,160 with each generation. 490 00:48:35,520 --> 00:48:38,120 As they grew in number, 491 00:48:38,200 --> 00:48:41,120 that was stronger than any other weapon. 492 00:48:42,880 --> 00:48:47,400 A giant leap in becoming the species we are today. 493 00:49:01,280 --> 00:49:04,600 When he was really born our species? 494 00:49:07,120 --> 00:49:10,200 Was it when I first appeared? 495 00:49:12,480 --> 00:49:15,480 Or when we started showing like modern people? 496 00:49:22,120 --> 00:49:24,720 Or when our minds were enlightened? 497 00:49:27,080 --> 00:49:31,720 Creating, inventing and building with our knowledge. 498 00:49:36,440 --> 00:49:39,520 Each was a crucial step in our evolution. 499 00:49:46,000 --> 00:49:50,320 But that would not be possible without a special ingredient. 500 00:50:00,000 --> 00:50:03,720 The glue that binds it all our achievements. 501 00:50:05,680 --> 00:50:11,400 They don't leave direct fossils, but we can find traces 502 00:50:11,680 --> 00:50:14,400 in unexpected places. 503 00:50:16,480 --> 00:50:24,440 In archaeology, the smallest discoveries tell great stories. 504 00:50:25,440 --> 00:50:30,160 These are tiny clams, 505 00:50:30,240 --> 00:50:33,440 such shells were found in African caves. 506 00:50:33,840 --> 00:50:37,760 They are too small to have been squeezed for meat. 507 00:50:38,200 --> 00:50:43,560 If you look closely, you will see that they have holes in them. 508 00:50:44,000 --> 00:50:46,800 Some were tight because they had holes, 509 00:50:46,880 --> 00:50:51,280 but others were perforated by Homo Sapiens. 510 00:51:11,280 --> 00:51:16,200 On a detailed examination of the shells from the cave 511 00:51:16,760 --> 00:51:19,120 they showed that there were signs of wear on them 512 00:51:19,200 --> 00:51:22,040 as if they were worn on the body. 513 00:51:31,480 --> 00:51:34,920 That, and the holes in them, 514 00:51:35,640 --> 00:51:38,720 it's easy to imagine 515 00:51:39,880 --> 00:51:42,080 how they were bound together 516 00:51:43,640 --> 00:51:46,040 and turned into jewelry. 517 00:51:56,760 --> 00:52:00,000 They weren't just beads, they were emblems. 518 00:52:01,400 --> 00:52:04,000 Symbol of value and significance, 519 00:52:05,040 --> 00:52:08,520 shared and understood by all. 520 00:52:21,080 --> 00:52:27,080 Pigment was found on them, and it is always the same color of pigment. 521 00:52:27,160 --> 00:52:33,240 Although ocher is available in yellow, black and red, it's always red. 522 00:52:36,480 --> 00:52:41,200 Maybe he was traded for food, for goods, 523 00:52:41,360 --> 00:52:44,640 maybe it was a wedding gift 524 00:52:44,760 --> 00:52:47,600 maybe they were a sign of friendship. 525 00:52:47,840 --> 00:52:52,240 You can imagine that people wore them to beautify 526 00:52:52,680 --> 00:52:55,000 a sign of prestige. 527 00:53:04,960 --> 00:53:08,440 Manufacturing and providing these pearls is another sign 528 00:53:08,520 --> 00:53:12,600 that our species made another revolutionary leap. 529 00:53:14,160 --> 00:53:17,080 The ability to pass knowledge and technology, 530 00:53:17,400 --> 00:53:19,960 sharing rituals and traditions. 531 00:53:23,080 --> 00:53:27,280 All this suggests that Homo sapiens grazed 532 00:53:27,360 --> 00:53:31,400 sophisticated ideas from a mind to another. 533 00:53:33,160 --> 00:53:38,160 Our species opened the lock complex speech. 534 00:53:41,720 --> 00:53:44,880 The most remarkable thing to these shells 535 00:53:45,800 --> 00:53:50,440 is that they were not only found in the south, but throughout Africa, 536 00:53:50,520 --> 00:53:54,920 from south to north in Morocco and Algeria. 537 00:53:55,480 --> 00:53:58,760 Not only on the coast, but also inside the continent. 538 00:54:01,720 --> 00:54:06,080 And that, to me, is delightful, 539 00:54:07,480 --> 00:54:12,280 because looking at it, you you say, my god, isn't that amazing? 540 00:54:12,400 --> 00:54:15,440 People have a cultural expression on which 541 00:54:15,560 --> 00:54:17,720 they no longer had it. 542 00:54:23,560 --> 00:54:27,080 While early humans had a basic language, 543 00:54:31,040 --> 00:54:34,320 it is believed that Homo Sapiens communicated between them in one 544 00:54:34,400 --> 00:54:35,960 way more complex. 545 00:54:40,120 --> 00:54:42,840 Building a common culture, 546 00:54:45,120 --> 00:54:49,880 and conceiving an invisible bond what united us as a species 547 00:54:49,960 --> 00:54:53,200 across the continent. 548 00:54:58,600 --> 00:55:06,040 All over Africa, I understand cultural symbolism of beads. 549 00:55:06,160 --> 00:55:10,960 Someone said: This is the clam important, not that. 550 00:55:11,400 --> 00:55:14,680 red is important not the other colors. 551 00:55:14,760 --> 00:55:17,720 We have an understanding, I wasn't just you and me 552 00:55:17,800 --> 00:55:22,440 and the three families, you and me and the village next to us. 553 00:55:22,560 --> 00:55:25,360 I had a kind of symbolism, of understanding 554 00:55:25,440 --> 00:55:30,320 and interconnection that stretched across the continent. 555 00:55:31,560 --> 00:55:34,560 Such a thing had never happened before until then. 556 00:55:35,080 --> 00:55:39,200 For me, it's birth our species. 557 00:55:46,600 --> 00:55:50,040 The birth of our species did not it was a singular moment. 558 00:55:50,200 --> 00:55:52,720 It spanned millennia. 559 00:55:55,360 --> 00:55:58,760 Complex language and a culture strong shared 560 00:55:59,320 --> 00:56:03,360 it distances us from people before us. 561 00:56:06,520 --> 00:56:11,280 We have become one connected species and cooperative. 562 00:56:14,440 --> 00:56:17,680 I became Homo Sapiens, 563 00:56:18,400 --> 00:56:21,240 our ancestors, everyone's. 564 00:56:30,360 --> 00:56:33,400 Sometimes in life, things put together 565 00:56:33,560 --> 00:56:36,600 and this also happened with our species. 566 00:56:38,560 --> 00:56:41,440 It was a perfect storm. 567 00:56:41,520 --> 00:56:44,360 You had a brain change, language, 568 00:56:44,440 --> 00:56:47,120 numerical increase, increased connection, 569 00:56:47,240 --> 00:56:50,440 cumulative culture, technology and better weaponry, 570 00:56:50,520 --> 00:56:52,760 and the right climate. 571 00:56:52,880 --> 00:56:57,440 But underneath it all, there was a hidden threat. 572 00:56:58,040 --> 00:57:03,480 Our secret weapon is that we are a social and cooperative species. 573 00:57:04,040 --> 00:57:07,600 Friendship is our superpower. 574 00:57:07,680 --> 00:57:11,920 We are more than the sum our parts. 575 00:57:12,200 --> 00:57:16,520 Even if it's a ritual, technology, language, everything, 576 00:57:16,800 --> 00:57:19,760 it comes down to cooperation, in my opinion. 577 00:57:19,920 --> 00:57:27,320 That's how you start from the beginning she seemed to be weak, unremarkable, 578 00:57:28,400 --> 00:57:32,720 to one that has become so extraordinary, 579 00:57:32,800 --> 00:57:36,320 one ready to explore the planet. 580 00:57:59,240 --> 00:58:00,520 Next time... 581 00:58:00,720 --> 00:58:05,320 We trace our ancestors how spread beyond Africa, 582 00:58:05,760 --> 00:58:10,080 facing extreme living environments on which others could not master. 583 00:58:11,520 --> 00:58:16,720 A journey beyond the realm of one other extraordinary human species, 584 00:58:17,480 --> 00:58:19,280 the hobbit 585 00:58:19,760 --> 00:58:24,680 And finally, reaching up in remote Australia.