1 00:00:06,480 --> 00:00:11,920 Is it part of the human condition to dream of living in a better world? 2 00:00:12,660 --> 00:00:14,200 In a utopia? 3 00:00:16,800 --> 00:00:23,080 Ever since Thomas More coined the term, the idea of utopia has captivated us. 4 00:00:23,100 --> 00:00:28,660 It's been reimagined and reinvented by generations of writers and artists and 5 00:00:28,660 --> 00:00:32,740 dreamers, each interpreting it in their own distinctive ways. 6 00:00:33,530 --> 00:00:39,130 But why has this vision of a place somewhere between fiction and reality 7 00:00:39,130 --> 00:00:40,670 such a hold over us? 8 00:00:45,990 --> 00:00:49,590 Utopian dreams have driven popular culture. 9 00:00:52,170 --> 00:00:53,630 And high art. 10 00:00:55,190 --> 00:00:57,550 From Swift to Star Trek. 11 00:00:58,710 --> 00:01:00,290 Fargana to Wikipedia. 12 00:01:01,720 --> 00:01:06,080 Utopias have broadened the horizons of the human imagination, inspiring 13 00:01:06,080 --> 00:01:07,900 extraordinary architecture. 14 00:01:08,280 --> 00:01:09,280 Look at this. 15 00:01:10,060 --> 00:01:16,280 Whole new genres of fiction and radical experimental communities. 16 00:01:17,060 --> 00:01:21,160 We're a deviant culture. We change the relationship that the people have with 17 00:01:21,160 --> 00:01:22,160 material goods. 18 00:01:24,180 --> 00:01:29,180 In this program, I'm going to find out how utopias start as aspiration. 19 00:01:30,089 --> 00:01:32,090 as blueprints for fairer worlds. 20 00:01:33,890 --> 00:01:37,370 Could you guys come up with some rules about your own perfect world? 21 00:01:37,730 --> 00:01:42,430 I'll explore the values that utopian visions have in common and whether they 22 00:01:42,430 --> 00:01:44,070 inspire real change. 23 00:01:44,690 --> 00:01:49,630 If you can improve the world for the most marginalized population, it can get 24 00:01:49,630 --> 00:01:51,070 better for all of us. 25 00:01:52,510 --> 00:01:56,270 By finding out what you can do, it's the only way you can be the best person you 26 00:01:56,270 --> 00:01:57,259 can be. 27 00:01:57,260 --> 00:02:03,600 I want to ask what our utopian visions reveal about humanity's deepest hopes 28 00:02:03,600 --> 00:02:04,600 fears. 29 00:02:19,140 --> 00:02:20,140 Remember this? 30 00:02:20,640 --> 00:02:23,220 It seems like an age ago now, doesn't it? 31 00:02:23,600 --> 00:02:25,060 A kind of warning. 32 00:02:25,720 --> 00:02:29,160 but the route towards a better world is rarely smooth. 33 00:02:31,880 --> 00:02:37,220 This is our time to restore prosperity and promote the cause of peace and 34 00:02:37,220 --> 00:02:42,640 reaffirm that while we breathe, we hope. And where we are met with cynicism and 35 00:02:42,640 --> 00:02:47,960 doubt and those who tell us that we can't, we will respond with that 36 00:02:47,960 --> 00:02:50,640 creed that sums up the spirit of a people. 37 00:02:51,240 --> 00:02:52,240 Yes, we can. 38 00:02:55,950 --> 00:02:59,950 We all want to believe in a better world, in a utopia. 39 00:03:00,970 --> 00:03:06,270 The big puzzle, of course, and it's baffled humanity at least since Plato, 40 00:03:06,270 --> 00:03:07,530 how do we get there? 41 00:03:13,190 --> 00:03:18,170 Let's start with perhaps the most basic utopia of all, a moment of liberation 42 00:03:18,170 --> 00:03:21,290 from the humdrum of everyday life. 43 00:03:26,800 --> 00:03:30,040 Where better to begin than at the football match? 44 00:03:36,520 --> 00:03:43,000 Here, tens of thousands of people come together to share in a common passion 45 00:03:43,000 --> 00:03:44,000 a dream. 46 00:03:53,130 --> 00:03:59,390 If there's one person who understands this utopia, it's veteran commentator 47 00:03:59,390 --> 00:04:04,250 Motsen. I think for many, many people it was always a release, because when 48 00:04:04,250 --> 00:04:09,490 football crowds were huge just after the Second World War, many people worked 49 00:04:09,490 --> 00:04:13,050 not just Monday to Friday, but the men would also work Saturday morning. 50 00:04:13,490 --> 00:04:17,450 And when they left their jobs at lunchtime on Saturday, they would make 51 00:04:17,450 --> 00:04:20,209 for the football stadium, and that was their release. 52 00:04:20,839 --> 00:04:24,420 at the end of a very grueling and maybe boring working week. 53 00:04:26,940 --> 00:04:31,560 There was a utopian feel about it because this was their moment when they 54 00:04:31,560 --> 00:04:36,520 let off steam or cheer or boo or support their local club. 55 00:04:42,000 --> 00:04:46,100 I love those Lowry paintings of the football grounds and everyone processing 56 00:04:46,100 --> 00:04:48,460 as a direct equivalent of the factory. 57 00:04:48,720 --> 00:04:52,960 And of course, going to the match is one of them, isn't it? It conveys them 58 00:04:52,960 --> 00:04:54,680 descending on a football ground. 59 00:04:56,960 --> 00:05:01,540 The factory worker and the managers are all in the same place and they're all 60 00:05:01,540 --> 00:05:02,760 cheering for the same thing. 61 00:05:02,980 --> 00:05:06,220 That's right. And that's quite amazing in terms of bringing the community back 62 00:05:06,220 --> 00:05:10,260 together. Yeah, and I think that's where this feeling of belonging... 63 00:05:11,720 --> 00:05:16,660 For a football fan, it is really essential to why he's going. Because 64 00:05:16,660 --> 00:05:21,460 gets inside the ground, he is irrevocably linked to the performance of 65 00:05:21,460 --> 00:05:23,900 players and to the brains of that manager. 66 00:05:24,400 --> 00:05:26,760 You know, suddenly they're at one. 67 00:05:30,740 --> 00:05:32,180 They all want success. 68 00:05:32,700 --> 00:05:36,880 And if it's failure, they all go through that as well, together. 69 00:05:39,710 --> 00:05:44,870 Football says something to me about the resilience of humans and their ability 70 00:05:44,870 --> 00:05:48,370 to keep on hoping and keep on dreaming. Absolutely. 71 00:05:48,730 --> 00:05:52,130 Clubs have their good runs and their bad runs, and the supporters live through 72 00:05:52,130 --> 00:05:55,250 the bad runs, hoping that the good run is going to come very soon. 73 00:05:55,630 --> 00:05:59,190 I always remember reading Alan Sillitoe's book, Saturday Night and 74 00:05:59,190 --> 00:06:00,190 Morning. Oh, yeah, wonderful. 75 00:06:00,230 --> 00:06:05,010 And sort of the anti -hero of that, where he said, this chapter started, he 76 00:06:05,010 --> 00:06:08,770 always knew Notts were going to lose, because the guy was a Notts County fan, 77 00:06:08,950 --> 00:06:11,830 but he was so pessimistic when he went to the game. 78 00:06:12,210 --> 00:06:15,730 So, I mean, that makes another point. Football isn't all about, you know, 79 00:06:15,730 --> 00:06:19,830 standing there and yelling. I mean, there is a sort of a sentimental, 80 00:06:19,830 --> 00:06:22,470 side to the way people follow the game. 81 00:06:26,670 --> 00:06:28,050 John Moxon's right. 82 00:06:28,690 --> 00:06:32,210 Football is about very much more than football. 83 00:06:32,650 --> 00:06:35,830 I think it speaks to a deeper yearning. 84 00:06:38,190 --> 00:06:44,850 This shared hope for better, week in, week out, come what may. 85 00:06:45,050 --> 00:06:50,970 It seems to me that hope, that optimism, is something that runs as a current all 86 00:06:50,970 --> 00:06:52,750 the way through human history. 87 00:06:59,210 --> 00:07:04,470 The kind of hope for better that we see in football fans was given philosophical 88 00:07:04,470 --> 00:07:08,530 gravitas by the Tudor polymath Thomas More. 89 00:07:10,870 --> 00:07:16,910 More set out a blueprint for a better world, an imaginary, idealised society 90 00:07:16,910 --> 00:07:21,010 with a name which started as a knowing classical joke. 91 00:07:22,830 --> 00:07:27,710 Literally, in Latinised Greek, utopia means no play. 92 00:07:28,830 --> 00:07:32,150 a place that can't exist, or a place that doesn't exist. 93 00:07:32,770 --> 00:07:38,170 But when Thomas More published the book in 1516, he included a poet in which he 94 00:07:38,170 --> 00:07:42,450 spelt the word differently, utopia, which means a good place. 95 00:07:42,850 --> 00:07:49,050 And it's that inherent ambiguity that means that utopia's been contested for 96 00:07:49,050 --> 00:07:50,050 centuries. 97 00:07:53,390 --> 00:07:57,150 More's own dream of utopia was of a faraway land. 98 00:08:01,000 --> 00:08:06,260 His book is presented as a mariner's tale. It was written in an era of 99 00:08:06,260 --> 00:08:11,900 excitement as a new and perhaps better world was being charted across the seas. 100 00:08:18,040 --> 00:08:23,900 In Bristol, tourists take a spin in a replica of the Matthew, the small ship 101 00:08:23,900 --> 00:08:30,060 which John Cabot sailed across the Atlantic in 1497 and reached North 102 00:08:38,090 --> 00:08:41,830 During the age of exploration, there were ships like this travelling all over 103 00:08:41,830 --> 00:08:46,670 the world, packed with hardy souls, desperate to find new knowledge, new 104 00:08:46,670 --> 00:08:48,810 understanding, who knows, new land. 105 00:08:50,010 --> 00:08:53,290 To me, the sea was like the internet of its age. 106 00:08:53,530 --> 00:08:58,450 Little packets of information travelling backwards and forwards, crisscrossing 107 00:08:58,450 --> 00:08:59,450 the globe. 108 00:08:59,630 --> 00:09:04,150 And those sailors who were coming into ports were coming with pretty tall 109 00:09:04,970 --> 00:09:08,190 of lands far away that were verging on perfect. 110 00:09:08,490 --> 00:09:14,530 The promise of a utopia, of a better place, of a good place, always seemed to 111 00:09:14,530 --> 00:09:16,410 just over the horizon. 112 00:09:23,510 --> 00:09:28,830 Thomas More's utopia was partly inspired by Amerigo Vespucci's reports of his 113 00:09:28,830 --> 00:09:31,090 encounters with the natives of South America. 114 00:09:31,720 --> 00:09:35,160 innocent and uncorrupted by the European love of gold. 115 00:09:37,540 --> 00:09:43,720 The natives of Moore's utopia have democracy, religious tolerance and no 116 00:09:43,720 --> 00:09:44,720 property. 117 00:09:46,100 --> 00:09:50,340 What's fascinating, I think, is that Moore puts forward a version of 118 00:09:50,340 --> 00:09:52,940 several centuries before Marx and Lenin. 119 00:09:53,960 --> 00:09:58,420 He writes, Nobody owns anything, but everyone is rich. 120 00:09:58,990 --> 00:10:03,370 For what greater wealth can there be than cheerfulness, peace of mind and 121 00:10:03,370 --> 00:10:04,530 freedom from anxiety? 122 00:10:08,350 --> 00:10:12,990 It's a very romantic idea that back in the golden age of exploration, people 123 00:10:12,990 --> 00:10:16,090 weren't just looking for trade routes and new resources, but they were also 124 00:10:16,090 --> 00:10:20,710 looking for the answers to kind of all the big questions in life, you know, and 125 00:10:20,710 --> 00:10:22,230 therefore to utopia. 126 00:10:23,330 --> 00:10:28,970 There's amazing stories and tales about... people searching for Shangri 127 00:10:28,970 --> 00:10:35,370 Eden. And I think today we're still the same. We might have mapped the planet, 128 00:10:35,510 --> 00:10:38,350 but there's still so much to see and experience for ourselves. 129 00:10:40,670 --> 00:10:45,030 Explorer Belinda Kirk has trapped camels through China's desert of death, 130 00:10:45,670 --> 00:10:51,950 uncovered ancient rock paintings in Lesotho, and rode 131 00:10:51,950 --> 00:10:54,170 unsupported right around Britain. 132 00:10:56,490 --> 00:11:01,290 She believes that seeking out new and better worlds is more than just a 133 00:11:01,490 --> 00:11:02,970 It's an innate urge. 134 00:11:04,670 --> 00:11:08,290 There's a lot of studies about the explorer gene, which has been identified 135 00:11:08,290 --> 00:11:10,950 7R, which is also known as the wanderlust gene. 136 00:11:11,230 --> 00:11:17,570 So this idea that a fit of the population have this real 137 00:11:17,570 --> 00:11:20,310 strong feeling to explore. 138 00:11:20,630 --> 00:11:22,790 Now that exploration might be... 139 00:11:23,980 --> 00:11:28,160 physically looking for new lands or it might be that they are um our 140 00:11:28,160 --> 00:11:32,260 philosophers you know they have got new ideas and they're the people who break 141 00:11:32,260 --> 00:11:37,320 those boundaries do you think that there's you know something utopian 142 00:11:37,320 --> 00:11:43,580 about all exploration i think it's the characteristic that is largely 143 00:11:43,580 --> 00:11:49,980 is the reason for our development and evolution the groups that are innovative 144 00:11:49,980 --> 00:11:51,380 that are exploring 145 00:11:52,140 --> 00:11:54,000 they're going to come up with the solution. 146 00:11:54,360 --> 00:11:58,200 And I think that's what you need, isn't it, for any utopia. You need progress. 147 00:11:58,540 --> 00:12:01,400 And people being engaged, people being excited. 148 00:12:02,080 --> 00:12:07,060 There's that hope that this could be the trip that is really enriching. 149 00:12:09,520 --> 00:12:11,060 Is that what keeps you going back? 150 00:12:11,780 --> 00:12:14,400 I think at the time you don't always think that. 151 00:12:15,360 --> 00:12:17,780 There's a lot of Type 2 fun in exploration. 152 00:12:18,500 --> 00:12:19,860 I don't know if you've heard of that. 153 00:12:20,160 --> 00:12:21,240 No, but Type 1. 154 00:12:21,690 --> 00:12:25,930 So type one is fun at the time and fun afterwards. Type two is not fun at the 155 00:12:25,930 --> 00:12:27,130 time, but fun afterwards. 156 00:12:27,370 --> 00:12:30,130 And type three is not fun at any time. 157 00:12:31,270 --> 00:12:35,330 So a lot of what happens on expeditions is you suffer a bit. 158 00:12:36,230 --> 00:12:40,370 But you learn that through suffering, you can achieve things that you wouldn't 159 00:12:40,370 --> 00:12:41,329 otherwise achieve. 160 00:12:41,330 --> 00:12:44,370 And then I think you take that into the rest of your life. It just sounds a 161 00:12:44,370 --> 00:12:49,250 little bit utopian, this idea that you can discover a better place that doesn't 162 00:12:49,250 --> 00:12:50,250 have to be... 163 00:12:50,350 --> 00:12:53,970 an actual place. It can be a better place for yourself. 164 00:12:54,550 --> 00:12:58,130 By finding out what you can do, it's the only way you can be the best person you 165 00:12:58,130 --> 00:12:59,130 can be. 166 00:13:03,170 --> 00:13:08,370 Perhaps we don't all have the explorer gene, but that doesn't mean we can't go 167 00:13:08,370 --> 00:13:11,350 on a voyage to discover utopia vicariously. 168 00:13:12,070 --> 00:13:18,150 The exploits of the age of exploration spurred writers to imagine new and ever 169 00:13:18,150 --> 00:13:19,450 more exotic worlds. 170 00:13:23,400 --> 00:13:29,540 One 18th century author's story of an explorer enduring a lot of Type II fun 171 00:13:29,540 --> 00:13:34,960 has become one of the most influential works of literature ever written, and it 172 00:13:34,960 --> 00:13:39,400 would ultimately inspire utopian change in the real world. 173 00:13:42,480 --> 00:13:48,320 I slept sounder than I ever remember having done in my life. 174 00:13:48,580 --> 00:13:51,900 For when I awakened, it was just daylight. 175 00:13:53,260 --> 00:13:59,940 I attempted to rise, but I wasn't able to stir. I found that my arms and my 176 00:13:59,940 --> 00:14:03,060 were strongly fastened on each side to the ground. 177 00:14:03,380 --> 00:14:09,740 In a little time, I felt something alive, moving on my left leg. 178 00:14:11,160 --> 00:14:16,080 Bending my eyes downwards, I perceived there to be a human creature, not six 179 00:14:16,080 --> 00:14:17,360 inches tall. 180 00:14:18,280 --> 00:14:21,040 In the meantime, I felt at least 40. 181 00:14:21,720 --> 00:14:24,480 More of the same kind following the third. 182 00:14:25,220 --> 00:14:27,940 I was in the utmost astonishment. 183 00:14:28,200 --> 00:14:30,740 And I roared loud. 184 00:14:32,560 --> 00:14:36,200 And then they all ran away in fright. 185 00:14:39,120 --> 00:14:40,340 Where were we? 186 00:14:40,920 --> 00:14:41,920 In Lilliput. 187 00:14:42,000 --> 00:14:44,340 Exactly. What's the special thing about Lilliput? 188 00:14:44,980 --> 00:14:45,980 Yep, absolutely. 189 00:14:47,340 --> 00:14:50,980 It's seven stories. 190 00:14:51,560 --> 00:14:55,620 the National Centre for Children's Literature in Newcastle, a little utopia 191 00:14:55,620 --> 00:15:00,760 itself, Matthew Grembie's running a workshop for local schoolchildren, 192 00:15:00,760 --> 00:15:04,840 Jonathan Swift's work and our love of fantastical worlds. 193 00:15:05,620 --> 00:15:09,000 Can you think of any book that you've read where there are other made -up 194 00:15:09,220 --> 00:15:09,999 Harry Potter. 195 00:15:10,000 --> 00:15:11,040 Oh, Harry Potter, interesting. 196 00:15:11,540 --> 00:15:12,880 Hogwarts, that doesn't exist? 197 00:15:13,240 --> 00:15:14,240 No. You sure? 198 00:15:14,260 --> 00:15:15,700 Yeah. Anywhere else? 199 00:15:16,680 --> 00:15:19,400 It's in Wonderland. It's in Wonderland. That doesn't exist either. One thing 200 00:15:19,400 --> 00:15:23,260 that we thought we'd ask you to do is make up a place which is different from 201 00:15:23,260 --> 00:15:26,140 your normal life. And I'm just interested to see how it would actually 202 00:15:31,240 --> 00:15:32,940 So it's always sunny in this world, is it? 203 00:15:33,180 --> 00:15:34,180 Yeah. Uh -huh. 204 00:15:34,600 --> 00:15:37,280 That's what makes the trees grow so well. Yeah. It turns them happy. 205 00:15:37,500 --> 00:15:38,479 There's no cars. 206 00:15:38,480 --> 00:15:39,840 You've just got to walk everywhere. 207 00:15:40,240 --> 00:15:41,580 Ah. What's this here? 208 00:15:41,900 --> 00:15:43,620 It's a town on a flower. 209 00:15:44,320 --> 00:15:45,320 A cow and a flower? 210 00:15:45,580 --> 00:15:48,240 Wow. So all the celebrities live on the petal. 211 00:15:48,780 --> 00:15:50,160 Right, and who lives in the middle? 212 00:15:50,500 --> 00:15:51,500 Just normal people. 213 00:15:51,520 --> 00:15:53,440 So is it better to be a celebrity or a normal person? 214 00:15:54,120 --> 00:15:55,140 Um, celebrity. 215 00:15:56,480 --> 00:16:01,300 While Thomas More wrote the utopia for a narrow audience, the erudite Tudor 216 00:16:01,300 --> 00:16:06,600 ruling class, what made Gulliver's travel so enduring is that Swift aimed 217 00:16:06,600 --> 00:16:10,320 a much broader readership, empowering them to dream. 218 00:16:14,120 --> 00:16:18,280 He is doing something really remarkable with it. He is making it a much more 219 00:16:18,280 --> 00:16:20,860 approachable kind of utopia than there has been before. 220 00:16:21,080 --> 00:16:24,320 He's putting in these little people, the Lilliputians, he's putting in the big 221 00:16:24,320 --> 00:16:28,040 people, all of the strange fantasy inventions, which give it a new kind of 222 00:16:28,160 --> 00:16:31,820 I think, and make it available for a much bigger audience. So as soon as 223 00:16:31,820 --> 00:16:35,020 Gulliver's Travels comes out, everybody's reading it, whether they're 224 00:16:35,020 --> 00:16:38,780 aristocrats at court or, we're told, children in schools. 225 00:16:39,140 --> 00:16:41,640 It's obviously written by a man who has an agenda. 226 00:16:42,510 --> 00:16:43,650 What are his politics? 227 00:16:44,110 --> 00:16:48,330 By this age, Swift has been on a bit of a political journey, and he's now a 228 00:16:48,330 --> 00:16:52,330 Tory, not in the modern sense of Tory, maybe. He's someone who has a real 229 00:16:52,330 --> 00:16:54,670 sympathy for those who are left out of power. 230 00:16:55,510 --> 00:17:00,210 To me, it's a defining element of utopian fiction that it has an agenda. 231 00:17:01,270 --> 00:17:05,970 Jonathan Swift made his principles clear in the preface to his story, where he 232 00:17:05,970 --> 00:17:09,839 claimed that the bulk of the people were... forced to live miserably by 233 00:17:09,839 --> 00:17:14,040 labouring every day for small wages to make a few live plentifully. 234 00:17:15,099 --> 00:17:19,540 In utopias, there are often a lot of rules to make sure that everybody 235 00:17:19,540 --> 00:17:23,760 in the right way so that the whole society functions really well. So could 236 00:17:23,760 --> 00:17:26,579 guys come up with some rules about your own perfect world? 237 00:17:29,160 --> 00:17:34,780 With his idea of escaping into extraordinary worlds, Jonathan Swift 238 00:17:34,780 --> 00:17:36,420 invented children's literature. 239 00:17:37,260 --> 00:17:42,280 And, just as importantly, he put utopian dreams into the heart of it. 240 00:17:43,820 --> 00:17:47,520 Some of the very first children's books that are published in the 1740s and the 241 00:17:47,520 --> 00:17:52,060 1750s, so just a couple of decades after Gulliver's Travels, they pick up on 242 00:17:52,060 --> 00:17:56,240 this idea of big and small, which is embodied in the word Lilliput. And you 243 00:17:56,240 --> 00:18:00,740 the Lilliputian magazine, the first magazine written for children, 1751 to 244 00:18:00,920 --> 00:18:02,360 which has taken that word from Swift. 245 00:18:02,640 --> 00:18:04,120 It's a really interesting publication. 246 00:18:04,540 --> 00:18:09,540 It has poetry in it, it has riddles, it has all sorts of miscellaneous content, 247 00:18:09,720 --> 00:18:12,520 including, and this is what I find so fascinating, 248 00:18:13,340 --> 00:18:17,880 Three or four utopian stories, little travel narratives, which are rather like 249 00:18:17,880 --> 00:18:21,180 what's happened in Gulliver's Travels, and which are going to take these young 250 00:18:21,180 --> 00:18:24,640 readers to some really extraordinary places, governed by extraordinary rules. 251 00:18:25,040 --> 00:18:28,140 In your perfect world, are there any rules that people have to obey? 252 00:18:28,580 --> 00:18:31,260 Yeah, um, don't argue, Gus. 253 00:18:31,920 --> 00:18:34,040 And if you're sad, be happy. 254 00:18:34,300 --> 00:18:37,520 What about this one I can see there? No one's allowed not to like football. 255 00:18:37,940 --> 00:18:38,940 Yeah. 256 00:18:39,040 --> 00:18:41,100 If anyone tries to be... 257 00:18:41,470 --> 00:18:43,150 more important than other people. 258 00:18:43,650 --> 00:18:47,130 They're not allowed to be more important than other people. 259 00:18:47,610 --> 00:18:52,970 The Lilliputian magazine's utopian stories are each about how a child takes 260 00:18:52,970 --> 00:18:58,170 an island kingdom and rules it according to their own edicts to make it a better 261 00:18:58,170 --> 00:18:59,170 place. 262 00:19:00,250 --> 00:19:05,310 One of them was the history of the Macaulayans about a little boy who 263 00:19:05,310 --> 00:19:07,550 save a corrupt society by... 264 00:19:07,900 --> 00:19:12,000 leading his people to a new island and putting in his own rules to make it a 265 00:19:12,000 --> 00:19:13,180 much more virtuous country. 266 00:19:13,500 --> 00:19:17,780 And the remarkable thing about that is that in this new country, there's a 267 00:19:17,780 --> 00:19:19,340 radical redistribution of property. 268 00:19:19,620 --> 00:19:24,280 All inhabitants, every four years, are to bring their money into the public 269 00:19:24,280 --> 00:19:29,560 treasury, from which an equal distribution was made again. 270 00:19:30,340 --> 00:19:35,760 That sounds a bit like some of your ideas about everybody being equal. Don't 271 00:19:35,760 --> 00:19:36,760 think? Yeah. 272 00:19:38,190 --> 00:19:43,390 Stories like this in the Lilliputian magazine had real impact, seeding 273 00:19:43,390 --> 00:19:48,290 revolutionary ideas among a new generation of thinkers living at a time 274 00:19:48,290 --> 00:19:50,650 intellectual and political ferment. 275 00:19:51,190 --> 00:19:56,310 In the late 18th century, the shock of the French Revolution reverberated 276 00:19:56,310 --> 00:19:58,150 through Britain's stratified society. 277 00:20:00,290 --> 00:20:05,490 This was a time when industrialisation was creating dark satanic mills, and 278 00:20:05,490 --> 00:20:11,170 William Blake dreamed of a spiritual utopia, a Jerusalem in England's green 279 00:20:11,170 --> 00:20:12,170 pleasant land. 280 00:20:14,170 --> 00:20:18,530 One young reader of the Lilliputian magazine, perhaps more influenced by its 281 00:20:18,530 --> 00:20:20,930 writings than any other, was Thomas Spence. 282 00:20:21,270 --> 00:20:27,150 This radical political firebrand was born into a poor family in Newcastle. He 283 00:20:27,150 --> 00:20:32,070 had 18 brothers and sisters, and he actually lifted whole sections of the 284 00:20:32,070 --> 00:20:33,070 Lilliputian magazine. 285 00:20:33,630 --> 00:20:37,250 and used them directly in his own radical political writings. 286 00:20:37,810 --> 00:20:44,250 For Spence, the route to utopia on earth lay, perhaps unsurprisingly for a kid 287 00:20:44,250 --> 00:20:49,110 from such a big family, in gathering resources and sharing them. 288 00:20:49,530 --> 00:20:52,250 For him, it was all about commencing. 289 00:20:54,850 --> 00:21:00,450 The concept of the commons, the ideal of shared ownership by a community, is, I 290 00:21:00,450 --> 00:21:01,730 think, a vital... 291 00:21:02,080 --> 00:21:04,500 but often overlook strand of utopian thought. 292 00:21:05,980 --> 00:21:11,860 We take it for granted today, but common land, like much public space, has had 293 00:21:11,860 --> 00:21:13,540 to be fought for tooth and nail. 294 00:21:18,040 --> 00:21:24,480 This is Newcastle's Town Moor, 1 ,000 acres of rural space slam in the middle 295 00:21:24,480 --> 00:21:25,480 urban Newcastle. 296 00:21:27,000 --> 00:21:33,340 It might look peaceful nowadays, but in 1771, This was the battleground that 297 00:21:33,340 --> 00:21:35,560 fired Thomas Spence's utopian politics. 298 00:21:36,840 --> 00:21:41,420 When landowners threatened to enclose the moor, Spence rallied the local 299 00:21:41,420 --> 00:21:44,280 to campaign for common ownership of the land. 300 00:21:47,700 --> 00:21:53,580 The freemen wished to see the people of Newcastle enjoy sole and several grazing 301 00:21:53,580 --> 00:21:59,400 rights in perpetuity by able to lead their animals up the hill and onto the 302 00:21:59,400 --> 00:22:00,460 for the summer season. 303 00:22:01,600 --> 00:22:07,180 Spence clearly did ignite the debate, was provocative, and he did generate the 304 00:22:07,180 --> 00:22:10,680 thinking behind a common. And they actually succeeded. 305 00:22:11,000 --> 00:22:15,780 It took a week in Parliament, and they came back with the Town Moor Act 1774. 306 00:22:16,660 --> 00:22:22,140 They were hailed as heroes, and it's led to where we are today. 307 00:22:22,480 --> 00:22:27,800 But today, a quarter of a millennium later, and there are still cows being 308 00:22:27,800 --> 00:22:29,780 grazed on the moor by freemen. 309 00:22:30,300 --> 00:22:31,900 I mean, that's quite a victory. 310 00:22:32,220 --> 00:22:36,320 It's tremendous, but it is part of the culture in this city. 311 00:22:36,760 --> 00:22:39,700 The town moor is the prized asset. 312 00:22:39,940 --> 00:22:41,220 It's the city lung. 313 00:22:44,500 --> 00:22:49,460 After helping to create a little utopia in Newcastle, Spence scaled up his 314 00:22:49,460 --> 00:22:54,880 campaign, thumbing his nose at the grandest landowner in Britain, His 315 00:22:54,880 --> 00:22:57,080 King George III himself. 316 00:23:00,780 --> 00:23:06,700 The trumpet sound proclaims the land 317 00:23:06,700 --> 00:23:10,940 around that you... 318 00:23:44,080 --> 00:23:46,480 That's Thomas Spence's alternative national anthem. 319 00:23:47,600 --> 00:23:52,700 In his championing of the poor, Spence dreamed of commencing not just land, but 320 00:23:52,700 --> 00:23:54,320 education and money. 321 00:23:56,980 --> 00:24:01,760 This is a really, really important historical object. 322 00:24:03,160 --> 00:24:04,920 1797 cartwheel penny. 323 00:24:05,140 --> 00:24:11,200 And with this object, Spence saw an incredible opportunity to get his 324 00:24:11,420 --> 00:24:12,680 his utopian vision. 325 00:24:13,310 --> 00:24:14,310 out to the masses. 326 00:24:14,610 --> 00:24:19,750 200 million of these were issued in the 1790s by the Crown. 327 00:24:20,030 --> 00:24:26,090 First time Britons owned an identical image of Britannia and, of course, of 328 00:24:26,090 --> 00:24:31,810 George. So what Spence did was he took them and he counter -stamped them with 329 00:24:31,810 --> 00:24:32,810 his message. 330 00:24:35,130 --> 00:24:38,670 It read, No landlords, you fools. 331 00:24:39,070 --> 00:24:40,490 Spence's plan forever. 332 00:24:42,250 --> 00:24:45,190 He sent thousands of these coins back into circulation. 333 00:24:48,210 --> 00:24:55,010 His plan was utterly visionary, and for having it, conceiving of it, he 334 00:24:55,010 --> 00:25:01,250 found himself repeatedly in prison, and repeatedly he defended the principles he 335 00:25:01,250 --> 00:25:02,590 dedicated his life to. 336 00:25:03,390 --> 00:25:07,910 The king thought he'd issued a propagandist message to the people. 337 00:25:08,590 --> 00:25:10,650 Spence took it and issued. 338 00:25:11,130 --> 00:25:13,070 a utopian vision for the people. 339 00:25:20,070 --> 00:25:24,830 Thomas Spence died in 1814 in the same poverty into which he'd been born. 340 00:25:26,250 --> 00:25:30,670 If he was alive today, I'd like to imagine that he'd be a digital rights 341 00:25:30,670 --> 00:25:31,670 campaigner. 342 00:25:32,710 --> 00:25:38,230 Because in cyberspace, his idea of the commons remains a powerful, if 343 00:25:38,230 --> 00:25:39,230 concept. 344 00:25:40,740 --> 00:25:45,620 Here, the Commons is no longer about shared land, of course, but about shared 345 00:25:45,620 --> 00:25:46,620 ideas. 346 00:25:47,640 --> 00:25:51,980 I'm going to try to explain how it is that the internet takes Thomas Spence's 347 00:25:51,980 --> 00:25:54,740 thinking about the Commons onto a whole new level. 348 00:25:55,140 --> 00:26:00,100 In the words of George Bernard Shaw, that great Irish playwright, you can 349 00:26:00,100 --> 00:26:01,100 of it like this. 350 00:26:01,600 --> 00:26:07,100 If I've got an apple and you've got an apple, and we exchange our apples, we 351 00:26:07,100 --> 00:26:09,520 both end up with one apple. 352 00:26:10,250 --> 00:26:15,970 But if I have an idea and you have an idea and we exchange ideas, we both end 353 00:26:15,970 --> 00:26:17,270 with two ideas. 354 00:26:21,050 --> 00:26:26,130 The concept of a commons of ideas and knowledge on the internet is championed 355 00:26:26,130 --> 00:26:27,270 today by Wikipedia. 356 00:26:31,450 --> 00:26:36,550 In Berlin, hundreds of Wikipedia editors from across the world are holding a 357 00:26:36,550 --> 00:26:37,550 convention. 358 00:26:37,960 --> 00:26:40,540 I think of this as a kind of UN of knowledge. 359 00:26:40,800 --> 00:26:46,120 They're sharing ideas and bravely fighting for free speech in their time, 360 00:26:46,120 --> 00:26:47,700 as Spence did in his. 361 00:26:49,480 --> 00:26:54,540 I think my contribution to Wikipedia is a way to disseminate more freedom and 362 00:26:54,540 --> 00:26:57,640 democracy for more people in my country and in the world maybe. 363 00:26:57,920 --> 00:27:01,100 We share the same beliefs, we share the same goals. 364 00:27:01,340 --> 00:27:05,580 If I would describe it in words, it's like a second life. 365 00:27:05,840 --> 00:27:06,980 It's really... 366 00:27:07,320 --> 00:27:12,300 just thousands of people trying to get things right so that what's being 367 00:27:12,300 --> 00:27:14,580 presented on Wikipedia is the truth. 368 00:27:16,240 --> 00:27:21,940 The crowd -made online encyclopedia is nothing if not ambitious in its utopian 369 00:27:21,940 --> 00:27:27,100 dream for every human to freely share in the sum of all knowledge. 370 00:27:28,240 --> 00:27:34,980 With 18 billion visits every month, 40 million articles in almost 300 371 00:27:36,590 --> 00:27:43,390 and around 120 ,000 regular volunteer editors, Wikipedia is arguably one of 372 00:27:43,390 --> 00:27:45,550 humanity's greatest collective efforts. 373 00:27:47,230 --> 00:27:49,370 So, are you ready to edit? 374 00:27:49,690 --> 00:27:50,730 I'm ready. You're ready. 375 00:27:50,970 --> 00:27:52,710 So you're going to click the edit. 376 00:27:53,330 --> 00:27:58,490 Executive Director of the Wikimedia Foundation, Catherine Marr, is helping 377 00:27:58,490 --> 00:27:59,570 become a Wikipedian. 378 00:28:00,830 --> 00:28:03,110 I'm going to go for something I know a bit about. 379 00:28:03,670 --> 00:28:04,790 The French Revolution. 380 00:28:07,210 --> 00:28:11,250 I was hoping there might be missing references, but I'm seeing... There are 381 00:28:11,250 --> 00:28:12,710 missing references in this section. 382 00:28:13,010 --> 00:28:14,830 That looks like something that we could do. 383 00:28:15,430 --> 00:28:17,050 I want the Mission Impossible music. 384 00:28:20,030 --> 00:28:21,810 Oh, what have I done? I've made a shambles of this. 385 00:28:22,630 --> 00:28:25,110 I really have made a shambles of this. 386 00:28:26,470 --> 00:28:28,690 There's an important lesson here, which is concentrate. 387 00:28:30,330 --> 00:28:31,610 Here we have a commons. 388 00:28:31,830 --> 00:28:34,270 But is this commons a virtual utopia? 389 00:28:34,910 --> 00:28:39,090 Is it really as smooth -running, democratic and idealistic as it appears 390 00:28:41,750 --> 00:28:46,250 In practice, it would seem impossible for such a model to work. You could ask 391 00:28:46,250 --> 00:28:50,670 people to write some sort of common sense of knowledge, come to consensus on 392 00:28:50,670 --> 00:28:52,770 difficult issues, and that it... 393 00:28:52,970 --> 00:28:56,010 Anybody could edit it, right? And that wouldn't fall prey to sort of vandalism 394 00:28:56,010 --> 00:28:57,009 or other problems. 395 00:28:57,010 --> 00:29:00,950 But the reality is that Wikipedia works, and it works remarkably well, and it 396 00:29:00,950 --> 00:29:05,030 works in 300 different languages with all of these people from all over the 397 00:29:05,030 --> 00:29:09,230 globe. So I think there is something in there that is about sort of an optimism 398 00:29:09,230 --> 00:29:11,730 and a generosity of spirit that speaks to our better nature. 399 00:29:11,950 --> 00:29:16,830 Are there any topics that you could imagine that would not be worthy of 400 00:29:16,830 --> 00:29:20,630 coverage? Oh, Wikipedians decide that sort of thing every single day. 401 00:29:21,130 --> 00:29:24,770 Wikipedians determine what's notable and what's not. And it's not necessarily 402 00:29:24,770 --> 00:29:28,690 the same thing as what's famous and what's not. You can have notable things 403 00:29:28,690 --> 00:29:33,050 Wikipedia that only five people have ever heard of, but it's important in 404 00:29:33,050 --> 00:29:34,050 way to human knowledge. 405 00:29:34,310 --> 00:29:37,610 And then you could have things that are essentially ephemera, that are here 406 00:29:37,610 --> 00:29:38,630 today and gone tomorrow. 407 00:29:39,130 --> 00:29:43,950 Is that in any way pointing towards the tension within the organization between 408 00:29:43,950 --> 00:29:45,250 those who want to include more? 409 00:29:45,570 --> 00:29:47,390 Yeah, we actually call them inclusionists. 410 00:29:47,640 --> 00:29:48,640 and deletionist. 411 00:29:48,760 --> 00:29:50,180 And there is a strong tendency. 412 00:29:50,760 --> 00:29:54,140 Most Wikipedians have a tendency one way or another. I'm an inclusionist. I 413 00:29:54,140 --> 00:29:57,640 believe that the more things that we have that are available for people to 414 00:29:57,640 --> 00:30:01,520 from, the more we represent sort of the truth of the world around us. I can kind 415 00:30:01,520 --> 00:30:08,080 of imagine Wikipedia as being a utopian community, which is to say it has no 416 00:30:08,080 --> 00:30:09,400 physical place. 417 00:30:09,980 --> 00:30:13,780 but it's definitely part of a drive to make the world better. 418 00:30:14,040 --> 00:30:18,320 I think there's a utopian aspect to what we believe, that free knowledge should 419 00:30:18,320 --> 00:30:21,720 be available for all, that everyone should be able to participate in it, not 420 00:30:21,720 --> 00:30:25,440 just consume it, and that we should reach every single person on the planet. 421 00:30:26,900 --> 00:30:31,540 What really strikes me about Catherine Marr's vision for Wikipedia is the 422 00:30:31,540 --> 00:30:34,780 of equal access and equal rights for everyone on the planet. 423 00:30:39,470 --> 00:30:41,010 In other words, equality. 424 00:30:42,990 --> 00:30:48,270 Alongside the commons, the ideal of equality is a vital pillar of much 425 00:30:48,270 --> 00:30:49,270 thinking. 426 00:30:51,590 --> 00:30:56,450 People often assume that equality is something humanity has come up with 427 00:30:56,450 --> 00:31:01,350 recently. But in fact, the struggle for equality takes us deeper still into 428 00:31:01,350 --> 00:31:02,350 utopian dreams. 429 00:31:07,230 --> 00:31:12,420 Let us make this... This conference, the beginning of a stage in our quest for 430 00:31:12,420 --> 00:31:16,760 making democracy the thing it should be and should have been 200 years ago. 431 00:31:17,300 --> 00:31:22,040 This is a time that we will make women and men share equally. 432 00:31:22,320 --> 00:31:23,920 Thank you very, very much. 433 00:31:27,500 --> 00:31:32,400 Imagined world, where different peoples and sexes enjoy equal rights, have a 434 00:31:32,400 --> 00:31:33,800 long and rich history. 435 00:31:36,520 --> 00:31:42,760 In 1405, a century before Thomas More, and more than 500 years before Germaine 436 00:31:42,760 --> 00:31:47,500 Gris as the female eunuch, Christine de Pizan wrote the Book of the City of 437 00:31:47,500 --> 00:31:48,500 Ladies. 438 00:31:49,420 --> 00:31:52,040 De Pizan extolled women's accomplishments. 439 00:31:52,580 --> 00:31:57,900 Her allegorical city is a refuge from patriarchy and male dominance, 440 00:31:57,900 --> 00:32:04,160 she writes, by all women who have loved and do love and will love virtue and 441 00:32:04,160 --> 00:32:05,160 morality. 442 00:32:11,500 --> 00:32:14,420 From the city of ladies to the city of angels. 443 00:32:14,820 --> 00:32:19,580 In Los Angeles, the home of Hollywood's Dream Factory, which has pushed out 444 00:32:19,580 --> 00:32:24,240 countless visions of alternative better worlds, there's a project that fits 445 00:32:24,240 --> 00:32:27,180 squarely into the feminist utopian tradition. 446 00:32:29,640 --> 00:32:34,780 This is a rehearsal of a play that continues the fight for gender equality 447 00:32:34,780 --> 00:32:37,500 exploring how pregnant women are marginalised. 448 00:32:44,140 --> 00:32:49,360 The Bumps is a play that's written specifically for a cast of three 449 00:32:49,360 --> 00:32:51,960 actors at three different stages of pregnancy. 450 00:32:52,780 --> 00:32:58,300 The piece is a way to create a small economy for pregnant performers in the 451 00:32:58,300 --> 00:32:59,300 absence of one. 452 00:32:59,520 --> 00:33:01,200 It felt really good for me. 453 00:33:01,420 --> 00:33:04,760 It's very moving to watch you guys work together because I feel like... 454 00:33:04,760 --> 00:33:09,240 Playwright Rachel Cowden -Nailbuff's avant -garde play is about more than 455 00:33:09,240 --> 00:33:11,140 an opportunity to pregnant actors. 456 00:33:11,710 --> 00:33:16,470 It's also a provocative feminist critique of why that opportunity doesn't 457 00:33:16,470 --> 00:33:17,470 usually exist. 458 00:33:17,770 --> 00:33:23,410 The hope is that watching pregnant actors on stage makes everyone start to 459 00:33:23,410 --> 00:33:26,030 wonder, why have I never seen this before? 460 00:33:26,350 --> 00:33:31,270 And not just in the theatre, but what else is broken about our current world 461 00:33:31,270 --> 00:33:35,470 that I'm now suddenly realising is broken because I've just assumed that 462 00:33:35,470 --> 00:33:38,850 pregnant women are invisible and don't participate in society. 463 00:33:41,900 --> 00:33:44,740 Almost everything I know I've taught myself. 464 00:33:45,080 --> 00:33:48,340 Yeah, discover it. How to walk down the street. 465 00:33:49,480 --> 00:33:50,840 How to bleed. 466 00:33:52,420 --> 00:33:57,760 There's a bell hooks quote that I really love, which is that art should do more 467 00:33:57,760 --> 00:34:01,480 than show us the world as is. It should show us what the world could be. 468 00:34:01,720 --> 00:34:07,760 And so something that I really love about utopian art is that it 469 00:34:07,760 --> 00:34:08,760 the reality. 470 00:34:09,150 --> 00:34:14,050 You know, it's not dreamy, la -la, oblivious to what's going on because by 471 00:34:14,050 --> 00:34:20,670 creating a solution or an experimental solution, you're also reflecting on 472 00:34:20,670 --> 00:34:22,449 something you're dissatisfied with. 473 00:34:24,889 --> 00:34:31,650 I just want someone in my life, you know? 474 00:34:33,469 --> 00:34:36,570 And this feels so different from needing. 475 00:34:37,310 --> 00:34:42,409 Why do you think there's a really urgent need to be thinking about talking about 476 00:34:42,409 --> 00:34:43,909 feminist utopias now? 477 00:34:44,150 --> 00:34:49,909 The feminist approach to utopia is really crucial because what it does is 478 00:34:49,909 --> 00:34:56,030 rejects the idea that utopia is the product of one man's genius or 479 00:34:56,030 --> 00:35:02,530 anybody's genius and that actually utopia requires a 480 00:35:02,530 --> 00:35:03,830 multiplicity of minds. 481 00:35:04,360 --> 00:35:08,760 And the theater, to me, is the natural place to explore utopian thinking in a 482 00:35:08,760 --> 00:35:11,220 feminist way because it's so collaborative. 483 00:35:11,580 --> 00:35:15,580 Let's play through again. And what if you use more space within the space? 484 00:35:15,800 --> 00:35:21,320 And you can also allow yourself... It's about realizing the patriarchy is 485 00:35:21,320 --> 00:35:28,280 limiting for all of us. It traps everyone. And that if you have fair pay, 486 00:35:28,280 --> 00:35:32,660 have affordable child care, if you have sane labor practices, these are things 487 00:35:32,660 --> 00:35:38,500 that... make the world a better place for everybody if you can improve the 488 00:35:38,500 --> 00:35:44,600 for the most marginalized population it's the key to how it can get better 489 00:35:44,600 --> 00:35:51,060 all of us the more i explore it the more i'm struck by how disruptive 490 00:35:51,060 --> 00:35:56,520 utopian art like bumps can be helping us re -engage with the problems of the 491 00:35:56,520 --> 00:36:00,920 real world giving us a glimpse of a way towards a better future 492 00:36:05,550 --> 00:36:10,370 This has never been more so than in the 1960s, the time of utopian optimism, 493 00:36:10,490 --> 00:36:11,770 perhaps like no other. 494 00:36:14,030 --> 00:36:20,010 Alongside experiments with values and chemical stimulants, the 1960s was also 495 00:36:20,010 --> 00:36:25,770 the moment when explorers started to look for utopia, not on the other side 496 00:36:25,770 --> 00:36:27,790 the world, but in space. 497 00:36:38,630 --> 00:36:43,290 The exploration of space is one of the great adventures of all time. 498 00:36:43,730 --> 00:36:45,670 We choose to go to the moon. 499 00:36:46,070 --> 00:36:51,530 We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things. Not 500 00:36:51,530 --> 00:36:54,170 they are easy, but because they are hard. 501 00:36:59,180 --> 00:37:04,640 launched a new wave of utopian storytelling, nowhere more powerfully 502 00:37:04,640 --> 00:37:05,960 the new medium of television. 503 00:37:06,740 --> 00:37:11,700 Setting their stories in space, television writers could smuggle daring 504 00:37:11,700 --> 00:37:16,240 subversive futures under the radar and see them broadcast into millions of 505 00:37:16,240 --> 00:37:17,240 living rooms. 506 00:37:17,860 --> 00:37:24,120 One series in particular was hugely influential in tackling the issue of 507 00:37:24,120 --> 00:37:25,120 equality. 508 00:37:33,859 --> 00:37:40,640 This one I like the most. They caught the essence of who I am 509 00:37:40,640 --> 00:37:42,040 in this picture. 510 00:37:42,620 --> 00:37:44,280 Lieutenant Uhura. 511 00:37:44,840 --> 00:37:47,300 These are original publicity shots? 512 00:37:47,580 --> 00:37:51,720 Yes. Michelle Nichols played Lieutenant Uhura in Star Trek. 513 00:37:52,280 --> 00:37:57,480 Her role on the bridge of the USS Enterprise, inherently utopian, as she 514 00:37:57,480 --> 00:38:00,040 to communicate in hundreds of alien languages. 515 00:38:01,900 --> 00:38:03,100 A signal, Captain. 516 00:38:04,160 --> 00:38:05,620 Very weak. It's Balak. 517 00:38:06,720 --> 00:38:08,700 It's a distress signal to the Fasarius. 518 00:38:08,960 --> 00:38:13,660 We might smile today at the cardboard sets and primitive special effects, but 519 00:38:13,660 --> 00:38:17,220 Star Trek we see a coming together of so many utopian elements. 520 00:38:17,780 --> 00:38:18,780 Any reply? 521 00:38:18,980 --> 00:38:20,780 Negative. The signal is growing weak. 522 00:38:21,960 --> 00:38:24,060 Sir, I doubt if the mothership could have heard it. 523 00:38:24,520 --> 00:38:29,060 What's intriguing is that it's an escapist entertainment, like Gulliver's 524 00:38:29,060 --> 00:38:33,700 Travels. There's a crew in which men and women are equal, and they strive for 525 00:38:33,700 --> 00:38:35,520 peace in a galactic commons. 526 00:38:36,080 --> 00:38:37,320 This is the captain speaking. 527 00:38:38,300 --> 00:38:40,080 First Federation vessel is in distress. 528 00:38:40,280 --> 00:38:41,280 We're preparing to board it. 529 00:38:42,040 --> 00:38:43,200 There are lives at stake. 530 00:38:43,640 --> 00:38:45,200 By our standards, alien life. 531 00:38:45,860 --> 00:38:47,040 But lives, nevertheless. 532 00:38:47,400 --> 00:38:48,400 Captain up. 533 00:38:48,540 --> 00:38:52,620 This was also an imagined utopia that set out to change reality. 534 00:38:53,320 --> 00:38:58,260 Star Trek's creator, Gene Roddenberry, was making a statement on the struggle 535 00:38:58,260 --> 00:39:03,860 for civil rights in America by writing a black officer onto the bridge of the 536 00:39:03,860 --> 00:39:04,860 Enterprise. 537 00:39:06,380 --> 00:39:11,980 He was one of the most brilliant men on the planet. And then somebody came up 538 00:39:11,980 --> 00:39:14,660 and said, that doesn't make sense. 539 00:39:15,040 --> 00:39:21,060 He'd hold a conference with them, and he said, that comes from your limited 540 00:39:21,060 --> 00:39:22,420 point of view. 541 00:39:23,620 --> 00:39:27,020 I'm talking about the big picture. 542 00:39:27,520 --> 00:39:29,000 What were his ideals like? 543 00:39:29,460 --> 00:39:31,440 In a word, we are one. 544 00:39:31,820 --> 00:39:36,040 Your performances are so strong, partly because you really feel the message that 545 00:39:36,040 --> 00:39:37,800 Gene Roddenberry's sharing. 546 00:39:38,040 --> 00:39:43,700 Absolutely. Because we were doing something that we really believed in. 547 00:39:44,170 --> 00:39:50,990 and you have something to hold on to, to hold up, this is 548 00:39:50,990 --> 00:39:52,190 where I'm coming from. 549 00:39:54,630 --> 00:39:59,730 In an episode called Plato's Stepchildren, the series boldly went 550 00:39:59,730 --> 00:40:04,790 television had so far feared to go, with the first interracial kiss on screen. 551 00:40:08,270 --> 00:40:09,890 I'm so frightened, Captain. 552 00:40:10,810 --> 00:40:12,230 I'm so very frightened. 553 00:40:13,420 --> 00:40:14,860 That's the way they want you to feel. 554 00:40:15,340 --> 00:40:17,460 Makes them think that they're alive. 555 00:40:17,880 --> 00:40:22,860 Kirk and Uhura's dialogue, ostensibly about telekinetic aliens, can be 556 00:40:22,860 --> 00:40:25,700 interpreted as a commentary on white supremacists. 557 00:40:33,480 --> 00:40:35,420 Kirk, as I recall, 558 00:40:36,160 --> 00:40:40,980 he's like, you know, like this, and he said... 559 00:40:41,360 --> 00:40:44,000 I told you I'd get you sooner or later. 560 00:40:46,360 --> 00:40:51,240 Did you realize when you shot that kiss, how long it would be remembered for? 561 00:40:51,520 --> 00:40:55,460 It's an enormously important historical TV kiss. Oh, yes. 562 00:40:55,820 --> 00:40:57,080 Yes, yes. 563 00:40:57,480 --> 00:41:00,100 And interracial. Yeah, exactly. 564 00:41:00,840 --> 00:41:06,160 And they said when the kiss went on, you know, this was an interracial thing. 565 00:41:06,300 --> 00:41:08,080 And I simply said... 566 00:41:09,210 --> 00:41:14,690 Yeah, cos that's what my whole family is. They wrote my life. 567 00:41:16,670 --> 00:41:20,950 Michelle considered quitting the show early on because she worried Uhura 568 00:41:20,950 --> 00:41:21,888 have enough to do. 569 00:41:21,890 --> 00:41:26,330 But she was convinced to continue by Dr Martin Luther King, who saw the 570 00:41:26,330 --> 00:41:30,890 significance of a black female role model being beamed into American living 571 00:41:30,890 --> 00:41:31,890 rooms. 572 00:41:32,110 --> 00:41:38,450 I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, 573 00:41:40,110 --> 00:41:44,090 Sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners. 574 00:41:44,670 --> 00:41:49,990 Will they be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood? I have a 575 00:41:49,990 --> 00:41:50,990 dream. 576 00:41:53,230 --> 00:41:57,550 Do I gather that you recognize me? I recognize what you appear to be. 577 00:41:58,190 --> 00:42:02,870 Martin Luther King's utopian dream shines through a Star Trek episode in 578 00:42:02,870 --> 00:42:05,230 the crew beam Abraham Lincoln onto the ship. 579 00:42:06,270 --> 00:42:08,670 And there's a telling exchange with Uhura. 580 00:42:10,910 --> 00:42:12,190 Excuse me, Captain Kirk. 581 00:42:12,550 --> 00:42:14,150 Yes, Johnson. Mr. Scott. 582 00:42:14,390 --> 00:42:15,390 What a charming negress. 583 00:42:17,470 --> 00:42:19,330 Oh, forgive me, my dear. 584 00:42:19,830 --> 00:42:23,610 I know that in my time, some use that term as a description of property. 585 00:42:23,930 --> 00:42:25,950 But why should I object to that term, sir? 586 00:42:27,170 --> 00:42:30,530 You see, in our century, we've learned not to fear words. 587 00:42:32,050 --> 00:42:34,430 May I present our communications officer, Lieutenant Uhura. 588 00:42:35,370 --> 00:42:39,830 The foolishness of my century had me apologizing where no offense was given. 589 00:42:40,170 --> 00:42:42,550 We've each learned to be delighted with what we are. 590 00:42:43,590 --> 00:42:49,250 Dr. King was a man who preached that we should not see differences between 591 00:42:49,250 --> 00:42:53,210 races. That's right. And that we should love one another. 592 00:42:53,450 --> 00:42:58,650 Yes. Do you feel that Dr. King's message was really quite like Star Trek's 593 00:42:58,650 --> 00:43:00,530 message? Yes, very much. 594 00:43:01,590 --> 00:43:04,050 That's why he was the trekker. 595 00:43:05,450 --> 00:43:08,910 He rides, you know, and he made no bones about it. 596 00:43:09,280 --> 00:43:14,500 He was so pleased that we were getting what he meant. 597 00:43:17,000 --> 00:43:20,120 Utopian visions like Star Trek act as a beacon. 598 00:43:20,400 --> 00:43:25,060 They're crucial in criticizing the present so as to mark the way towards a 599 00:43:25,060 --> 00:43:26,060 better future. 600 00:43:26,180 --> 00:43:28,920 But there's a flip side to utopian thinking. 601 00:43:30,100 --> 00:43:31,100 Dystopia. 602 00:43:31,980 --> 00:43:36,040 Dystopian literature reminds us that hard -won gains can be lost. 603 00:43:36,680 --> 00:43:40,300 Dreams like equality and shared ownership can go out of the window. 604 00:43:41,420 --> 00:43:48,060 Dystopias warn us we must beware humanity's darker, authoritarian side if 605 00:43:48,060 --> 00:43:49,620 ever to reach a better place. 606 00:43:55,760 --> 00:44:01,620 Just outside Vilnius in Lithuania, I'm being interrogated by the KGB in an 607 00:44:01,620 --> 00:44:04,740 immersive and very disorientating theatre experience. 608 00:44:06,280 --> 00:44:11,820 They call it 1984 the survival drama after George Orwell's classic dystopian 609 00:44:11,820 --> 00:44:13,520 novel about the Big Brother state. 610 00:44:16,400 --> 00:44:22,080 This three -hour performance, set 20 feet underground in a disused nuclear 611 00:44:22,080 --> 00:44:27,700 bunker, distills the Soviet experience into a grim, unremitting dystopia. 612 00:44:37,070 --> 00:44:41,950 The creators, for whom the Soviet experience is recent memory, believe you 613 00:44:41,950 --> 00:44:45,090 just read about dystopia, you have to feel it. 614 00:44:46,410 --> 00:44:48,750 Why do you put people through this? 615 00:44:49,150 --> 00:44:54,290 Just to make people understand how living in Soviet Union was like. 616 00:44:54,680 --> 00:44:59,340 This experience of working here is very important for me because I love free 617 00:44:59,340 --> 00:45:04,400 Lithuania, I love freedom, and I want to show our society that freedom is much 618 00:45:04,400 --> 00:45:07,260 more better than totalitarian. 619 00:45:12,500 --> 00:45:17,560 Always bleak vision of life under a totalitarian state, still a bestseller 620 00:45:17,560 --> 00:45:23,880 today. It's a recurring metaphor. The book even has a cameo as a prop. 621 00:45:24,480 --> 00:45:26,480 Or rather, a blunt weapon. 622 00:45:29,080 --> 00:45:34,780 You imagine George Orwell might have approved, as his sinister interrogator O 623 00:45:34,780 --> 00:45:37,060 'Brien warns hero Winston Smith. 624 00:45:37,480 --> 00:45:42,980 If you want a picture of the future, imagine a boot stamping on a human face 625 00:45:42,980 --> 00:45:43,980 forever. 626 00:45:45,800 --> 00:45:50,040 Astonishingly, it's popular with tourists and school parties who play the 627 00:45:50,040 --> 00:45:51,740 of participant and victim. 628 00:45:54,060 --> 00:45:58,120 We have a lot of students from schools, so we call it live history lessons. 629 00:45:58,340 --> 00:46:03,740 So three hours they are here just facing the Soviet Union, the discipline there 630 00:46:03,740 --> 00:46:05,020 and all the reality. 631 00:46:06,640 --> 00:46:11,120 So how do the school kids respond? I mean, it's quite an immersive, a very 632 00:46:11,120 --> 00:46:13,500 immersive and quite a daunting experience. 633 00:46:15,200 --> 00:46:18,960 So usually, you know, they come here and they are thinking that this is the 634 00:46:18,960 --> 00:46:24,140 game, you know. Like guys who are 17, 16 years old, they are coming here and 635 00:46:24,140 --> 00:46:28,160 just behaving like, what can you do for me, you know. 636 00:46:28,360 --> 00:46:34,660 So it takes about 10 minutes and we've got the silence there, you know, and 637 00:46:34,660 --> 00:46:35,660 are kind of scared. 638 00:46:39,480 --> 00:46:43,680 Perhaps they walk out realising quite how lucky they are to have been born 639 00:46:43,680 --> 00:46:48,840 they were born. Yes, yes, they go out usually through this door and they're 640 00:46:48,840 --> 00:46:52,940 shouting freedom, you know, and just like going out of the jail. 641 00:46:56,320 --> 00:47:03,160 It might seem extreme, but the 1984 experience is 642 00:47:03,160 --> 00:47:05,140 hardly outlandish in our culture. 643 00:47:11,470 --> 00:47:14,010 Where George Orwell led, others have followed. 644 00:47:15,330 --> 00:47:19,830 In the 18th century, young people read the utopian stories of the Lilliputian 645 00:47:19,830 --> 00:47:20,830 magazine. 646 00:47:21,250 --> 00:47:25,030 Now it's dystopian comics that help them understand their world. 647 00:47:29,450 --> 00:47:34,570 The 1990s cult Marvel series Transmetropolitan is a classic example. 648 00:47:35,210 --> 00:47:38,330 It imagined a near future of information overload. 649 00:47:38,920 --> 00:47:44,200 in which truth is lost in a morally bankrupt society, binging on a diet of 650 00:47:44,200 --> 00:47:45,260 and violence. 651 00:47:47,920 --> 00:47:53,280 Transmetropolitan, the whole hook was when truth is lies, who do you look to 652 00:47:53,280 --> 00:47:56,700 bring you what's actually happening? Who's your guide through that world? A 653 00:47:56,700 --> 00:47:57,700 journalist. 654 00:47:59,120 --> 00:48:02,740 Transmetropolitan's author, Warren Ellis, is one of Britain's most prolific 655 00:48:02,740 --> 00:48:04,480 comic book and sci -fi writers. 656 00:48:05,210 --> 00:48:10,190 For him, the warning about a dark, authoritarian future is about helping 657 00:48:10,190 --> 00:48:14,770 generally young readership to navigate issues of politics and control. 658 00:48:16,790 --> 00:48:23,610 Reading dystopic fiction in comics can give kids tools to understand how the 659 00:48:23,610 --> 00:48:27,390 the world is run and letting them know that they're not alone in their lack of 660 00:48:27,390 --> 00:48:29,750 understanding and general horror of the way the world is. 661 00:48:29,990 --> 00:48:34,200 So there's this one passage that I just... I think it's really staggeringly 662 00:48:34,200 --> 00:48:36,980 prescient. So he's broadcasting to the city. 663 00:48:37,400 --> 00:48:42,200 You bought us what he likes, the papers and feed sites that lie to you for the 664 00:48:42,200 --> 00:48:46,560 hell of it. They do what they like. And what do you do? You pay them. 665 00:48:47,380 --> 00:48:52,560 You must like it when people in authority they never earned lie to you. 666 00:48:53,060 --> 00:48:55,960 These things are always true in dystopian fiction. 667 00:48:56,540 --> 00:48:57,540 unearned privilege. 668 00:48:57,700 --> 00:49:03,600 One of the many little shocks that Winston Smith gets in 1984 is 669 00:49:03,600 --> 00:49:05,860 that O 'Brien can turn off the telescreens. 670 00:49:06,840 --> 00:49:09,220 Sudden unearned secret privilege. 671 00:49:10,640 --> 00:49:14,860 The 0 .1 % were present in 1984 just as they're present today. 672 00:49:15,370 --> 00:49:20,650 I was wondering about this work in relation to 1984, of a world where the 673 00:49:20,650 --> 00:49:25,470 gets lost and you don't bother to question it or challenge it. This is why 674 00:49:25,470 --> 00:49:30,370 was such an important book, because it was only two steps away from life at the 675 00:49:30,370 --> 00:49:35,310 time. It was Anthony Burgess who actually revealed that at one time the 676 00:49:35,310 --> 00:49:37,290 title for 1984 was 1948. 677 00:49:39,850 --> 00:49:46,050 OK. It was really very, very close to the way Orwell saw the word at the time. 678 00:49:46,550 --> 00:49:51,850 1984 is one of those books that every generation can find a reflection in or 679 00:49:51,850 --> 00:49:54,390 to prevent that or something like that happening. 680 00:49:55,530 --> 00:49:57,310 I agree with Warren Ellis. 681 00:49:57,530 --> 00:50:02,070 I think of dystopian stories as the warning lights of our time. 682 00:50:08,880 --> 00:50:13,200 And it's striking how those warning lights are flashing everywhere these 683 00:50:15,460 --> 00:50:20,420 They're our favourite big -budget movie franchises and glossy box -set dramas. 684 00:50:23,940 --> 00:50:28,640 From a sadistic regime forcing teen gladiators to fight for the death in The 685 00:50:28,640 --> 00:50:29,640 Hunger Games. 686 00:50:32,640 --> 00:50:35,260 If I'm going to die, I want to still be me. 687 00:50:35,640 --> 00:50:37,500 I just can't afford to think like that. 688 00:50:38,000 --> 00:50:43,080 to a Christian fundamentalist state where the few remaining fertile women 689 00:50:43,080 --> 00:50:47,780 subject to ritualized rape to bear children for their male masters in The 690 00:50:47,780 --> 00:50:48,780 Handmaid's Tale. 691 00:50:49,940 --> 00:50:54,980 You girls will serve the leaders and their barren wives. 692 00:50:55,200 --> 00:50:58,020 You will bear children for them. 693 00:51:04,040 --> 00:51:10,160 Today's utopian fiction pits a heroic protagonist against a world that's 694 00:51:10,160 --> 00:51:13,600 inhumane, full of torture and brutality. 695 00:51:13,980 --> 00:51:18,560 It asks us how do we hold on to our values in this kind of a space? 696 00:51:18,780 --> 00:51:24,600 Whereas in the 1960s, such literature and filmmaking was optimistic, 697 00:51:25,420 --> 00:51:29,660 nowadays it's full of profound fear. 698 00:51:32,140 --> 00:51:35,520 For me, there can be no bigger fear than the horror of Nazism. 699 00:51:38,020 --> 00:51:42,560 Continuing to haunt us, the Nazi nightmare is being reworked again in the 700 00:51:42,560 --> 00:51:48,160 The Man in the High Castle, which asks us not to assume our future is set. 701 00:51:52,240 --> 00:51:57,520 Amazon's adaptation of Philip K. Dick's sci -fi novel imagines a 1960s America 702 00:51:57,520 --> 00:52:02,660 carved up by Germany and Japan, which in this counterfactual world have won 703 00:52:02,660 --> 00:52:03,660 World War II. 704 00:52:04,560 --> 00:52:06,640 It was Heydrich who gave the order. 705 00:52:08,340 --> 00:52:09,660 He was following orders. 706 00:52:11,600 --> 00:52:14,580 You probably don't even know why he wanted me and Lutz out of the way. 707 00:52:17,460 --> 00:52:18,460 No, sir. 708 00:52:19,210 --> 00:52:20,210 I don't? 709 00:52:20,950 --> 00:52:22,250 I didn't think so. 710 00:52:26,110 --> 00:52:33,030 This balcony really reminds me of the scene where 711 00:52:33,030 --> 00:52:39,110 the Oba Group and Fuhrer throw the adjutant over the edge. A horrifying 712 00:52:39,610 --> 00:52:42,450 Frank Spotnitz developed and produced the series. 713 00:52:42,990 --> 00:52:46,510 Why does he think dystopias are so popular today? 714 00:52:47,130 --> 00:52:50,030 My feeling is that we're living in a period of heightened fear. 715 00:52:51,110 --> 00:52:55,550 Really, since 9 -11, people are very fearful. 716 00:52:56,250 --> 00:53:01,790 And dystopian storytelling allows them to work through those fears in a safe 717 00:53:01,790 --> 00:53:03,150 space, an entertaining space. 718 00:53:03,550 --> 00:53:10,170 Do you think that dystopian fiction and filmmaking is almost cathartic then? 719 00:53:10,430 --> 00:53:13,650 I do think in my small way, I try to tell stories. 720 00:53:14,640 --> 00:53:17,960 that help us think about ourselves, that make us think about ourselves. And Man 721 00:53:17,960 --> 00:53:20,880 in the High Castle, I think, is a story that really invites you to look at 722 00:53:20,880 --> 00:53:21,799 yourself. 723 00:53:21,800 --> 00:53:24,820 It's really more about us than about Nazis. 724 00:53:25,440 --> 00:53:29,620 And that's why, especially in the first season, there were hardly any Nazis with 725 00:53:29,620 --> 00:53:30,620 German accents. 726 00:53:30,860 --> 00:53:35,200 They were all American Nazis. What I was trying to say was, look, you have this 727 00:53:35,200 --> 00:53:36,200 in you, too. 728 00:53:37,060 --> 00:53:38,060 Joe! 729 00:53:40,540 --> 00:53:41,339 Say hi. 730 00:53:41,340 --> 00:53:41,859 Say hi. 731 00:53:41,860 --> 00:53:42,860 Glad you could make it. 732 00:53:43,920 --> 00:53:45,160 I saw you in the parade on TV. 733 00:53:45,380 --> 00:53:46,380 It was really comforting. 734 00:53:46,460 --> 00:53:47,460 I had to watch. 735 00:53:48,100 --> 00:53:49,100 Hey, Harry. 736 00:53:49,920 --> 00:53:51,620 Nick Hale. Nick Hale. 737 00:53:51,980 --> 00:53:55,800 The Victory in America Day celebration at the Smith household. 738 00:53:56,120 --> 00:53:57,360 Nick Hale. Yeah. 739 00:53:57,820 --> 00:54:02,440 It was like Americana. That was like Thanksgiving. And, you know, saying 740 00:54:02,440 --> 00:54:06,320 to the neighbor. And it was pretty nice. And, you know, John Smith has a really 741 00:54:06,320 --> 00:54:08,040 lovely wife and children. 742 00:54:09,180 --> 00:54:12,000 Joe, this is Thomas and Amy and Jennifer. 743 00:54:12,650 --> 00:54:17,830 Hi, guys. Say hi. Say hi. I think you've got to admit that attraction to parts 744 00:54:17,830 --> 00:54:18,609 of it. 745 00:54:18,610 --> 00:54:22,330 You could argue that National Socialism was a utopian movement. 746 00:54:22,670 --> 00:54:25,150 In their mind, they thought they were perfecting man. 747 00:54:25,490 --> 00:54:27,270 In my mind, that's what makes it evil. 748 00:54:29,990 --> 00:54:35,150 Hitler's vision of utopia was of a genetically pure master race dominating 749 00:54:35,150 --> 00:54:36,790 Europe for a thousand years. 750 00:54:40,470 --> 00:54:41,670 Please, take a seat. 751 00:54:42,170 --> 00:54:46,570 One storyline in The Man in the High Castle interrogates this utopia by 752 00:54:46,570 --> 00:54:51,090 confronting its main Nazi protagonist with a terrible personal dilemma. 753 00:54:55,450 --> 00:55:02,450 He discovers his son has a 754 00:55:02,450 --> 00:55:08,310 rare degenerative disease and must, according to Nazi protocols, be 755 00:55:10,920 --> 00:55:13,180 My son, the picture is tough. 756 00:55:13,680 --> 00:55:14,960 I'm afraid he isn't. 757 00:55:15,660 --> 00:55:21,180 Within months, perhaps a year, there will be paralysis. 758 00:55:21,520 --> 00:55:22,520 That's a mistake. 759 00:55:22,800 --> 00:55:25,860 Doctor, you're making a mistake. 760 00:55:26,120 --> 00:55:28,100 I would never tell you this were I not certain. 761 00:55:30,080 --> 00:55:36,720 The look on his face of realization as he suddenly comes to wrestle with the 762 00:55:36,720 --> 00:55:38,820 inner human emotional life. 763 00:55:39,320 --> 00:55:43,260 that he's supposed to entirely suppress in the name of the regime is really 764 00:55:43,260 --> 00:55:49,800 striking that character played brilliantly by rufus sewell was an 765 00:55:49,800 --> 00:55:56,680 to say there can be good people who embrace evil ideologies that that 766 00:55:56,680 --> 00:56:02,080 actually happens all the time and that storyline of confronting the terminal 767 00:56:02,080 --> 00:56:08,140 illness of his own son to me was a perfect way to force him to face 768 00:56:09,010 --> 00:56:11,230 the evil of the ideology he'd embraced. 769 00:56:11,850 --> 00:56:18,710 As for medical assistance, a syringe and an 770 00:56:18,710 --> 00:56:21,970 ampoule of an effective combination, absolutely painless. 771 00:56:24,530 --> 00:56:27,470 A good dystopian drama is a warning. 772 00:56:27,890 --> 00:56:33,210 It's a critique of who we are now, saying these are the impulses that we 773 00:56:33,210 --> 00:56:37,070 exercising. This is who we will become unless we change path. 774 00:56:41,420 --> 00:56:45,980 Frank Spotnitz is right, I think, that dystopian stories are there to keep us 775 00:56:45,980 --> 00:56:50,200 the righteous path, in check, on the way towards a better future. 776 00:56:51,040 --> 00:56:56,480 That future might seem uncertain in the current climate of fear, but it's within 777 00:56:56,480 --> 00:57:00,440 our seemingly undaunted search for utopia that I find some optimism. 778 00:57:03,020 --> 00:57:07,540 Utopias spur the human imagination and keep us asking the big questions. 779 00:57:08,490 --> 00:57:13,770 whether as dreams of escape and exploration, as campaigns, or as 780 00:57:16,550 --> 00:57:21,690 What links these very different visions, it seems to me, is our almost innate 781 00:57:21,690 --> 00:57:23,750 drive to make the world a better place. 782 00:57:24,070 --> 00:57:28,850 We imagine utopias through fiction, I think, because they encourage it. They 783 00:57:28,850 --> 00:57:34,170 speak of the good in us and around us, of utopian acts of everyday life and of 784 00:57:34,170 --> 00:57:35,850 extraordinary kindness. 785 00:57:36,940 --> 00:57:42,200 If someone falls in the street, just watch as others rush up to help. 786 00:57:42,900 --> 00:57:47,700 If we're attacked by terrorists, witness our resilience. 787 00:57:48,940 --> 00:57:54,100 Our desires for utopias is, I think, an important part of human condition. 788 00:57:54,460 --> 00:58:00,040 The thing that inspires us to keep trying to improve our world. 789 00:58:03,380 --> 00:58:05,240 In the next episode... 790 00:58:05,450 --> 00:58:07,810 From imagination to implementation. 791 00:58:10,870 --> 00:58:12,230 Radical communities. 792 00:58:12,670 --> 00:58:13,670 Hi, can I join you? 793 00:58:14,190 --> 00:58:16,170 Utopian ideologies. 794 00:58:17,530 --> 00:58:19,690 Grand architectural visions. 795 00:58:20,190 --> 00:58:23,570 We're declaring war on the flum. 796 00:58:24,190 --> 00:58:27,350 But is humanity ever really up to the job? 797 00:58:32,810 --> 00:58:37,190 And Utopia in Search of the Dream continues, same time, 9 o 'clock next 798 00:58:37,790 --> 00:58:41,950 Tomorrow night, Eunina Ramirez is on the Thames to find the heart of the English 799 00:58:41,950 --> 00:58:44,930 landscape movement in search of Arcadia at 9. 800 00:58:45,210 --> 00:58:49,530 Then the one -woman army against modernist architecture swamping New 801 00:58:49,650 --> 00:58:52,430 Citizen Jane, Battle for the City at 10.