1 00:00:02,040 --> 00:00:04,800 2 00:00:04,880 --> 00:00:07,840 ? 3 00:00:07,920 --> 00:00:11,480 - The 1930s is a decade of aggression. 4 00:00:11,560 --> 00:00:13,480 Italy attacks Ethiopia, 5 00:00:13,560 --> 00:00:15,720 dreaming of a modern Roman Empire. 6 00:00:15,800 --> 00:00:19,320 Hitler's Thousand-Year Reich calls for his seizure 7 00:00:19,400 --> 00:00:23,000 of Austria, Czechoslovakia, and Poland. 8 00:00:23,080 --> 00:00:25,440 The Japanese Empire expands 9 00:00:25,520 --> 00:00:28,400 with the invasion of Manchuria and China, 10 00:00:28,480 --> 00:00:31,360 but intends to dominate all of Asia. 11 00:00:31,440 --> 00:00:33,000 To accomplish that, 12 00:00:33,080 --> 00:00:36,240 the military in Japan know they must first eliminate 13 00:00:36,320 --> 00:00:40,360 the United States as a seaborne power. 14 00:00:40,440 --> 00:00:42,160 They act accordingly. 15 00:00:42,240 --> 00:00:44,640 ? 16 00:00:44,720 --> 00:00:46,480 - All wars change the world. 17 00:00:46,560 --> 00:00:48,960 But none of them change the world 18 00:00:49,040 --> 00:00:51,000 like the Second World War did. 19 00:00:51,080 --> 00:00:54,760 - Japan's on the march. Germany's on the march. 20 00:00:54,840 --> 00:00:57,200 - No one can imagine the nightmare 21 00:00:57,280 --> 00:00:59,080 they're about to unleash, 22 00:00:59,160 --> 00:01:01,800 the most destructive war in human history. 23 00:01:01,880 --> 00:01:04,640 - Suddenly, the world is turned upside down 24 00:01:04,720 --> 00:01:06,600 and all hell is let loose. 25 00:01:06,680 --> 00:01:08,440 ? 26 00:01:08,520 --> 00:01:11,960 - The West is stunned by the speed of the advance. 27 00:01:12,040 --> 00:01:15,760 - You get the Allies, led by the Big Three-- 28 00:01:15,840 --> 00:01:18,480 Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin-- 29 00:01:18,560 --> 00:01:20,360 men who are dealing with 30 00:01:20,440 --> 00:01:23,400 immensely complicated questions. 31 00:01:23,480 --> 00:01:27,920 - It's the biggest military operation of human history. 32 00:01:28,000 --> 00:01:29,440 -The Allies have to come together 33 00:01:29,520 --> 00:01:30,880 not just militarily, 34 00:01:31,000 --> 00:01:32,320 but industrial scale 35 00:01:32,480 --> 00:01:34,560 it's a global perspective. 36 00:01:34,720 --> 00:01:36,480 - They have to fight in every climate 37 00:01:36,560 --> 00:01:39,880 from the Arctic to the jungles of the Pacific 38 00:01:39,960 --> 00:01:43,560 to the deserts of Africa and the depths of the ocean. 39 00:01:43,640 --> 00:01:46,200 ? 40 00:01:46,280 --> 00:01:49,080 - But there was no certainty of victory. 41 00:01:49,160 --> 00:01:52,520 It was going to be a horrific bloodbath. 42 00:01:52,600 --> 00:01:54,520 - We see humans at their absolute worst, 43 00:01:54,600 --> 00:01:57,040 how they treat other human beings. 44 00:01:57,120 --> 00:01:58,680 And we see them at their absolute best, 45 00:01:58,760 --> 00:02:01,040 willing to give their lives that others might live. 46 00:02:01,120 --> 00:02:04,120 - World War II was a struggle in which there could be 47 00:02:04,200 --> 00:02:07,560 one victor and one vanquished. 48 00:02:07,640 --> 00:02:12,480 ? 49 00:02:12,600 --> 00:02:15,200 50 00:02:15,280 --> 00:02:22,120 ? 51 00:02:25,960 --> 00:02:32,600 ? 52 00:02:32,680 --> 00:02:34,280 - In late 1937, 53 00:02:34,360 --> 00:02:37,200 the Japanese escalate their military campaign 54 00:02:37,280 --> 00:02:39,360 in China. 55 00:02:39,440 --> 00:02:44,280 ? 56 00:02:44,360 --> 00:02:46,760 They already occupy Manchuria. 57 00:02:46,840 --> 00:02:50,840 ? 58 00:02:50,920 --> 00:02:52,840 After three months of fighting, 59 00:02:52,920 --> 00:02:54,600 they take Shanghai... 60 00:02:54,680 --> 00:02:56,440 61 00:02:56,520 --> 00:02:58,360 ? 62 00:02:58,440 --> 00:03:01,960 And move to the ancient Chinese capital of Nanking. 63 00:03:02,040 --> 00:03:09,320 ? 64 00:03:14,600 --> 00:03:16,960 The Japanese brutality that follows 65 00:03:17,040 --> 00:03:18,760 will shock the world. 66 00:03:18,840 --> 00:03:20,880 ? 67 00:03:20,960 --> 00:03:22,480 - They enter the city, 68 00:03:22,560 --> 00:03:24,320 but instead of just occupying it, 69 00:03:24,400 --> 00:03:27,720 they let the Japanese troops off the leash. 70 00:03:27,800 --> 00:03:30,560 They rape, they pillage, 71 00:03:30,640 --> 00:03:33,160 they burn, they steal. 72 00:03:33,240 --> 00:03:36,720 ? 73 00:03:36,800 --> 00:03:39,040 - The Japanese commanders 74 00:03:39,120 --> 00:03:43,360 ordered their soldiers not to take any prisoners, 75 00:03:43,440 --> 00:03:45,960 which meant executions. 76 00:03:46,040 --> 00:03:47,560 ? 77 00:03:47,640 --> 00:03:50,720 78 00:03:50,800 --> 00:03:55,200 ? 79 00:03:55,280 --> 00:03:57,000 - This was Japanese soldiers 80 00:03:57,080 --> 00:04:01,560 looking down on the Chinese as an inferior people 81 00:04:01,640 --> 00:04:03,960 and as being nonhumans. 82 00:04:04,040 --> 00:04:05,640 ? 83 00:04:05,720 --> 00:04:08,440 Japanese soldier who committed atrocities himself-- 84 00:04:08,520 --> 00:04:10,560 he described it as killing pigs. 85 00:04:10,640 --> 00:04:16,560 ? 86 00:04:16,640 --> 00:04:19,040 - Japanese officers had a competition 87 00:04:19,120 --> 00:04:21,880 to see who could be the first to kill 100 civilians 88 00:04:21,960 --> 00:04:23,360 with a sword. 89 00:04:23,440 --> 00:04:26,600 ? 90 00:04:26,680 --> 00:04:29,520 - This was printed in Japanese newspaper. 91 00:04:29,600 --> 00:04:31,880 ? 92 00:04:31,960 --> 00:04:35,480 - To show pictures of swordsmen 93 00:04:35,560 --> 00:04:38,560 decapitating bound prisoners 94 00:04:38,640 --> 00:04:41,160 in the 20th century... 95 00:04:41,240 --> 00:04:43,720 made the people doing the killing 96 00:04:43,800 --> 00:04:48,160 seem almost like they were barbarians from another era. 97 00:04:48,240 --> 00:04:50,280 ? 98 00:04:50,360 --> 00:04:53,400 And it struck Americans and people in the Western world 99 00:04:53,480 --> 00:04:55,600 in a different way 100 00:04:55,680 --> 00:04:58,240 than had they shown people being lined up against a wall 101 00:04:58,320 --> 00:04:59,840 and shot. 102 00:04:59,920 --> 00:05:02,040 ? 103 00:05:02,120 --> 00:05:04,080 - Hundreds of thousands of people 104 00:05:04,160 --> 00:05:06,320 raped and murdered by the Japanese. 105 00:05:06,400 --> 00:05:08,160 It was called the Rape of Nanking. 106 00:05:08,240 --> 00:05:11,560 ? 107 00:05:11,640 --> 00:05:14,200 - In just six weeks, the Japanese army 108 00:05:14,280 --> 00:05:17,760 killed 200,000 Chinese in Nanking. 109 00:05:17,840 --> 00:05:19,400 ? 110 00:05:19,480 --> 00:05:21,360 Most are civilians. 111 00:05:21,440 --> 00:05:23,760 ? 112 00:05:23,840 --> 00:05:25,840 - The Japanese invasion does identify 113 00:05:25,920 --> 00:05:29,120 the Japanese as an aggressive power in the Pacific, 114 00:05:29,200 --> 00:05:30,640 that they are brutal 115 00:05:30,720 --> 00:05:33,120 in the way that they've treated the population. 116 00:05:33,200 --> 00:05:35,240 And this starts to change people's perceptions 117 00:05:35,320 --> 00:05:37,320 with regards to the Japanese. 118 00:05:37,400 --> 00:05:38,800 ? 119 00:05:38,880 --> 00:05:41,240 - By the end of 1939, 120 00:05:41,320 --> 00:05:43,440 Japan controls vast areas 121 00:05:43,520 --> 00:05:45,920 of north and central China, 122 00:05:46,000 --> 00:05:48,960 as well as the southern port cities. 123 00:05:49,040 --> 00:05:51,080 ? 124 00:05:51,160 --> 00:05:53,720 125 00:05:53,800 --> 00:05:57,240 ? 126 00:05:57,320 --> 00:05:59,280 The Japanese are driven by the desire 127 00:05:59,360 --> 00:06:01,880 for raw materials. 128 00:06:01,960 --> 00:06:03,840 - The luck of the historical draw 129 00:06:03,920 --> 00:06:05,200 has put the Japanese people 130 00:06:05,280 --> 00:06:07,440 on a series of beautiful islands 131 00:06:07,520 --> 00:06:10,240 which are, unfortunately, resource poor. 132 00:06:10,320 --> 00:06:12,080 ? 133 00:06:12,160 --> 00:06:13,640 Take iron ore. 134 00:06:13,720 --> 00:06:15,200 The Japanese have almost no indigenous sources 135 00:06:15,280 --> 00:06:16,880 of iron ore. 136 00:06:16,960 --> 00:06:20,160 Their steel industry is based on U.S. scrap iron. 137 00:06:20,240 --> 00:06:21,720 They need the raw materials 138 00:06:21,800 --> 00:06:25,000 and almost limitless manpower of China. 139 00:06:25,080 --> 00:06:28,920 ? 140 00:06:29,000 --> 00:06:32,640 - Japan is a modern and complex nation. 141 00:06:32,720 --> 00:06:35,640 ? 142 00:06:35,720 --> 00:06:39,560 At the pinnacle of society is the emperor Hirohito... 143 00:06:39,640 --> 00:06:41,440 ? 144 00:06:41,520 --> 00:06:44,760 The 124th emperor of Japan. 145 00:06:44,840 --> 00:06:47,240 ? 146 00:06:47,320 --> 00:06:51,520 - The constitution made the emperor of Japan 147 00:06:51,600 --> 00:06:54,880 a divine figure... 148 00:06:54,960 --> 00:06:57,200 literally a living god. 149 00:06:57,280 --> 00:07:00,880 - 150 00:07:00,960 --> 00:07:02,720 - 151 00:07:02,800 --> 00:07:05,440 - Taken literally, he's a god on Earth-- 152 00:07:05,520 --> 00:07:07,080 a mystical figure who people 153 00:07:07,160 --> 00:07:10,480 aren't really supposed to have much direct contact with. 154 00:07:10,560 --> 00:07:12,360 ? 155 00:07:12,440 --> 00:07:15,640 - Emperor Hirohito is not really a policymaker in Japan. 156 00:07:15,720 --> 00:07:17,640 He's not the wartime planner. 157 00:07:17,720 --> 00:07:20,400 He doesn't go through details of tax policy 158 00:07:20,480 --> 00:07:21,840 in the way you would think 159 00:07:21,920 --> 00:07:24,080 a president or a prime minister does. 160 00:07:24,160 --> 00:07:25,960 He's a guarantor and a protector 161 00:07:26,040 --> 00:07:27,520 of Japanese tradition. 162 00:07:27,600 --> 00:07:32,680 ? 163 00:07:32,760 --> 00:07:35,440 - Emperor Hirohito approves government policy. 164 00:07:35,520 --> 00:07:37,040 ? 165 00:07:37,120 --> 00:07:38,560 But real power lies 166 00:07:38,640 --> 00:07:40,840 with the Japanese army and navy 167 00:07:40,920 --> 00:07:43,520 and its political allies. 168 00:07:43,600 --> 00:07:47,960 They want Imperial Japan to control Asia. 169 00:07:48,040 --> 00:07:50,640 ? 170 00:07:50,720 --> 00:07:52,320 - For the last couple of decades, 171 00:07:52,400 --> 00:07:54,640 it has been a major industrial power, 172 00:07:54,720 --> 00:07:56,240 powerful economy. 173 00:07:56,320 --> 00:07:58,960 Its armed forces have been built up. 174 00:07:59,040 --> 00:08:00,560 It's in a really strong position. 175 00:08:00,640 --> 00:08:02,920 ? 176 00:08:03,000 --> 00:08:06,400 - The Japanese resent the Western colonial empires 177 00:08:06,480 --> 00:08:10,960 that dominate Southeast Asia and control resources. 178 00:08:11,040 --> 00:08:14,000 ? 179 00:08:14,080 --> 00:08:16,360 The British rule over Hong Kong, 180 00:08:16,440 --> 00:08:18,560 Burma, Malaya, and Singapore. 181 00:08:18,640 --> 00:08:20,480 ? 182 00:08:20,560 --> 00:08:24,040 There's French Indochina... 183 00:08:24,120 --> 00:08:26,520 and the Dutch East Indies. 184 00:08:26,600 --> 00:08:28,760 Even the United States has territories 185 00:08:28,840 --> 00:08:32,360 called protectorates in Guam and the Philippines. 186 00:08:32,440 --> 00:08:35,040 ? 187 00:08:35,120 --> 00:08:38,160 Japan intends to create what they term 188 00:08:38,240 --> 00:08:41,920 the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere 189 00:08:42,000 --> 00:08:43,720 under their leadership. 190 00:08:43,800 --> 00:08:46,120 ? 191 00:08:46,200 --> 00:08:48,920 - By this point, Japan is Asia's preeminent power 192 00:08:49,000 --> 00:08:51,920 by a long way, and I think because of that, 193 00:08:52,000 --> 00:08:55,120 the Japanese have a sense that they are destined 194 00:08:55,200 --> 00:08:58,960 to bring the rest of Asia with them. 195 00:08:59,040 --> 00:09:03,800 - Japan had an interest in becoming the supreme power 196 00:09:03,880 --> 00:09:07,600 of not only continental China but also Asia. 197 00:09:07,680 --> 00:09:10,800 "Asia for the Asians" was one of the propaganda slogans, 198 00:09:10,880 --> 00:09:13,760 one of the key slogans of the Japanese Empire. 199 00:09:13,840 --> 00:09:15,600 ? 200 00:09:15,680 --> 00:09:18,080 Asia for the Asians was understood 201 00:09:18,160 --> 00:09:21,880 by some Japanese politicians at the time 202 00:09:21,960 --> 00:09:25,360 as an honest interest in liberating Asia 203 00:09:25,440 --> 00:09:27,800 from the Western colonizers. 204 00:09:27,880 --> 00:09:31,640 But there were some voices in the Japanese military 205 00:09:31,720 --> 00:09:34,960 who had a different understanding 206 00:09:35,040 --> 00:09:37,120 of the phrase "Asia for the Asians," 207 00:09:37,200 --> 00:09:39,640 saying, okay, Asia for the Asians 208 00:09:39,720 --> 00:09:42,960 means actually Asia for Japan. 209 00:09:43,040 --> 00:09:44,680 ? 210 00:09:44,760 --> 00:09:46,240 - You get people 211 00:09:46,320 --> 00:09:48,600 in the Japanese government who are militarists, 212 00:09:48,680 --> 00:09:52,440 who have a very constrained view of the world. 213 00:09:52,520 --> 00:09:57,440 Their attitudes are somewhat disdainful 214 00:09:57,520 --> 00:09:59,840 of Western comfort 215 00:09:59,920 --> 00:10:02,560 and softness and all these sorts of things. 216 00:10:02,640 --> 00:10:04,640 ? 217 00:10:04,720 --> 00:10:06,720 - The Japanese believe their soldiers 218 00:10:06,800 --> 00:10:09,240 are the toughest in the world. 219 00:10:09,320 --> 00:10:11,320 They combine modern weapons 220 00:10:11,400 --> 00:10:13,480 with the traditional training and values 221 00:10:13,560 --> 00:10:15,240 of the samurai warrior, 222 00:10:15,320 --> 00:10:17,800 known as the code of Bushido. 223 00:10:17,880 --> 00:10:24,720 ? 224 00:10:25,720 --> 00:10:27,760 - Bushido was an older tradition 225 00:10:27,840 --> 00:10:29,640 that had now been inculcated 226 00:10:29,720 --> 00:10:31,520 into the manpower of the Japanese army. 227 00:10:31,600 --> 00:10:33,520 ? 228 00:10:33,600 --> 00:10:36,240 The Japanese didn't choose this aspect 229 00:10:36,320 --> 00:10:38,760 of their history randomly. 230 00:10:38,840 --> 00:10:41,280 They don't have the aircraft to compete with the West. 231 00:10:41,360 --> 00:10:43,440 They don't have the heavier tanks and artillery. 232 00:10:43,520 --> 00:10:45,600 There needs to be an equalizer. 233 00:10:45,680 --> 00:10:47,880 And they believe they found that equalizer 234 00:10:47,960 --> 00:10:51,560 in the superior fighting spirit of the Japanese soldier. 235 00:10:51,640 --> 00:10:53,800 ? 236 00:10:53,880 --> 00:10:57,920 - By 1940, Japan controls most of China. 237 00:10:58,000 --> 00:11:03,000 ? 238 00:11:03,080 --> 00:11:04,520 In Washington, 239 00:11:04,600 --> 00:11:06,760 President Franklin D. Roosevelt is alarmed 240 00:11:06,840 --> 00:11:08,920 and fears further Japanese aggression 241 00:11:09,000 --> 00:11:12,360 could threaten the entire Asian Pacific region. 242 00:11:12,440 --> 00:11:14,640 ? 243 00:11:14,720 --> 00:11:17,600 - Japan is an authoritarian power 244 00:11:17,680 --> 00:11:22,000 organized and driven by a theory of racial superiority 245 00:11:22,080 --> 00:11:26,560 on a march of aggressive conquest. 246 00:11:26,640 --> 00:11:28,120 ? 247 00:11:28,200 --> 00:11:30,000 That was what Japan was doing. 248 00:11:30,080 --> 00:11:31,880 ? 249 00:11:31,960 --> 00:11:35,040 - Now, the only problem there is that the United States 250 00:11:35,120 --> 00:11:36,800 has traditionally seen the Pacific 251 00:11:36,880 --> 00:11:39,480 as its own area of operations. 252 00:11:39,560 --> 00:11:43,240 - Roosevelt is determined to dislodge Japan from China, 253 00:11:43,320 --> 00:11:46,760 and the Japanese are determined to stay. 254 00:11:52,040 --> 00:11:59,160 ? 255 00:12:00,640 --> 00:12:04,160 - To counter continued Japanese aggression in China, 256 00:12:04,240 --> 00:12:06,040 Roosevelt orders the U.S. fleet 257 00:12:06,120 --> 00:12:09,840 to move from San Diego to Pearl Harbor-- 258 00:12:09,920 --> 00:12:12,240 a naval base on Hawaii 259 00:12:12,320 --> 00:12:15,960 2,000 miles closer to the Japanese mainland. 260 00:12:16,040 --> 00:12:17,920 ? 261 00:12:18,000 --> 00:12:21,000 - This is a land that is an extension of the United States. 262 00:12:21,080 --> 00:12:22,240 It is the United States. 263 00:12:22,320 --> 00:12:23,880 ? 264 00:12:23,960 --> 00:12:26,160 - Roosevelt is sending a clear signal 265 00:12:26,240 --> 00:12:28,200 he hopes will deter Japan: 266 00:12:28,280 --> 00:12:31,760 the Pacific is America's sphere of influence. 267 00:12:31,840 --> 00:12:33,640 ? 268 00:12:33,720 --> 00:12:36,400 - He wants the fleet to be positioned far enough forward 269 00:12:36,480 --> 00:12:38,040 that the Japanese will take it seriously, 270 00:12:38,120 --> 00:12:40,600 but at the same time not to be overtly provocative 271 00:12:40,680 --> 00:12:42,480 by moving it to a place like the Philippines 272 00:12:42,560 --> 00:12:45,360 or maybe Singapore. 273 00:12:45,440 --> 00:12:47,600 - Pearl Harbor is now the front line 274 00:12:47,680 --> 00:12:51,440 of American naval power in the Pacific. 275 00:12:51,520 --> 00:12:55,760 - The Pearl Harbor naval base is perfect... 276 00:12:55,840 --> 00:12:58,560 because it's got a narrow channel into a wide harbor 277 00:12:58,640 --> 00:13:00,600 with an island right in the middle. 278 00:13:00,680 --> 00:13:02,840 So it looks like a fortress. 279 00:13:02,920 --> 00:13:07,600 ? 280 00:13:07,680 --> 00:13:12,040 - Outside the naval base is the thriving city of Honolulu. 281 00:13:12,120 --> 00:13:14,480 - The Hawaiian islands to America 282 00:13:14,560 --> 00:13:16,680 looks like a paradise... 283 00:13:16,760 --> 00:13:19,520 beautiful beaches, relaxed culture, 284 00:13:19,600 --> 00:13:22,320 amazing weather. 285 00:13:22,400 --> 00:13:24,560 - But there are security concerns 286 00:13:24,640 --> 00:13:27,120 among top naval and army commanders. 287 00:13:27,200 --> 00:13:28,680 ? 288 00:13:28,760 --> 00:13:30,600 - Because now they are surrounded 289 00:13:30,680 --> 00:13:33,880 by a population that is disproportionately Asian 290 00:13:33,960 --> 00:13:35,680 and a population that also includes 291 00:13:35,760 --> 00:13:40,280 a very large percentage of Japanese Americans. 292 00:13:40,360 --> 00:13:44,040 - 30% of the population of the Hawaiian Islands 293 00:13:44,120 --> 00:13:46,560 has Japanese heritage. 294 00:13:46,640 --> 00:13:49,880 - One of the major fears is sabotage 295 00:13:49,960 --> 00:13:53,480 from local Japanese Americans. 296 00:13:53,560 --> 00:13:54,960 General Short, 297 00:13:55,040 --> 00:13:57,320 who is in charge of the army at Hawaii, 298 00:13:57,400 --> 00:14:00,640 is much more afraid of sabotage than air attack. 299 00:14:00,720 --> 00:14:02,600 So he takes the fighter planes 300 00:14:02,680 --> 00:14:04,640 out of their protective bunkers, 301 00:14:04,720 --> 00:14:06,360 lines 'em up on the airfield, 302 00:14:06,440 --> 00:14:09,040 where he thinks his soldiers can protect them 303 00:14:09,120 --> 00:14:11,240 from sabotage. 304 00:14:11,320 --> 00:14:15,440 Unfortunately, he's presented a line of sitting ducks. 305 00:14:15,520 --> 00:14:18,480 ? 306 00:14:18,560 --> 00:14:21,960 - The U.S. expands its profile in the Pacific 307 00:14:22,040 --> 00:14:24,840 at the same time as Germany's forces 308 00:14:24,920 --> 00:14:26,160 sweep through Europe 309 00:14:26,240 --> 00:14:28,360 and conquer nation after nation. 310 00:14:28,440 --> 00:14:29,960 ? 311 00:14:30,040 --> 00:14:31,800 - Hitler doesn't realize what he's done, 312 00:14:31,880 --> 00:14:34,000 but in toppling France, he set in motion 313 00:14:34,080 --> 00:14:36,200 a kind of ripple effect of aggression 314 00:14:36,280 --> 00:14:38,120 that is going to move far and wide. 315 00:14:38,200 --> 00:14:41,160 ? 316 00:14:41,240 --> 00:14:43,080 - Going back to the First World War, 317 00:14:43,160 --> 00:14:44,440 there's a sense in Japan 318 00:14:44,520 --> 00:14:46,200 that when things happen in Europe, 319 00:14:46,280 --> 00:14:48,720 there's an opportunity for Japan in Asia. 320 00:14:48,800 --> 00:14:50,440 If they can get their hands on something 321 00:14:50,520 --> 00:14:52,960 while the big powers are busy in Europe, then they will. 322 00:14:53,040 --> 00:14:57,120 That's exactly what happens in June 1940. 323 00:14:57,200 --> 00:15:00,040 - Germany's conquests present Japan 324 00:15:00,120 --> 00:15:02,400 with an opportunity. 325 00:15:02,480 --> 00:15:05,120 Germany now occupies the Netherlands-- 326 00:15:05,200 --> 00:15:09,640 colonial ruler of the oil-rich Dutch East Indies. 327 00:15:09,720 --> 00:15:12,360 Great Britain, still at war with Germany, 328 00:15:12,440 --> 00:15:15,360 controls the resources of Malaya, Singapore, 329 00:15:15,440 --> 00:15:18,000 Burma, and Hong Kong. 330 00:15:18,080 --> 00:15:21,280 And the French, who rule Indochina, 331 00:15:21,360 --> 00:15:23,560 have surrendered to the Nazis. 332 00:15:23,640 --> 00:15:25,440 ? 333 00:15:25,520 --> 00:15:27,840 - The Japanese now realize 334 00:15:27,920 --> 00:15:31,400 that opportunity is beckoning. 335 00:15:31,480 --> 00:15:34,000 The Dutch can't defend the Dutch East Indies any longer. 336 00:15:34,080 --> 00:15:36,000 The British are going to have a heck of a time 337 00:15:36,080 --> 00:15:37,880 trying to defend Singapore 338 00:15:37,960 --> 00:15:40,800 and on and on-- the French and Indochina. 339 00:15:40,880 --> 00:15:42,640 The resources await. 340 00:15:42,720 --> 00:15:44,840 And it seems to the Japanese 341 00:15:44,920 --> 00:15:47,000 that a once-in-a-century opportunity 342 00:15:47,080 --> 00:15:49,800 has arisen to seize those colonies. 343 00:15:49,880 --> 00:15:51,480 Who's going to defend them? 344 00:15:51,560 --> 00:15:54,840 ? 345 00:15:54,920 --> 00:15:57,000 - So the French are overrun by the Nazis. 346 00:15:57,080 --> 00:15:59,760 You have the Vichy regime being set up. 347 00:15:59,840 --> 00:16:02,200 The Japanese really have their eyes on Indochina 348 00:16:02,280 --> 00:16:03,960 because of the resources there, 349 00:16:04,040 --> 00:16:06,200 the sense that actually it won't put up much of a fight, 350 00:16:06,280 --> 00:16:08,080 given that the French are busy elsewhere. 351 00:16:08,160 --> 00:16:10,800 ? 352 00:16:10,880 --> 00:16:14,720 - Japan's first target is French Indochina. 353 00:16:14,800 --> 00:16:16,720 In September 1940, 354 00:16:16,800 --> 00:16:19,280 it pressures the French Vichy government 355 00:16:19,360 --> 00:16:22,840 to cede to them the northern region. 356 00:16:22,920 --> 00:16:27,880 ? 357 00:16:27,960 --> 00:16:29,240 That same month, 358 00:16:29,320 --> 00:16:31,640 Japan's leaders signed a formal alliance 359 00:16:31,720 --> 00:16:36,840 with Germany and Italy called the Tripartite Pact. 360 00:16:36,920 --> 00:16:40,800 The three nations become known as the Axis powers. 361 00:16:40,880 --> 00:16:43,000 ? 362 00:16:43,080 --> 00:16:45,320 - One of the characteristics of the Axis, of course, 363 00:16:45,400 --> 00:16:46,920 is that they were three 364 00:16:47,000 --> 00:16:50,560 hyper-aggressive militant powers eager for war. 365 00:16:50,640 --> 00:16:52,600 ? 366 00:16:52,680 --> 00:16:55,200 - Hey, America... 367 00:16:55,280 --> 00:16:56,680 368 00:16:56,760 --> 00:16:58,280 369 00:16:58,360 --> 00:17:00,000 370 00:17:00,080 --> 00:17:01,840 - They're strange bedfellows. 371 00:17:01,920 --> 00:17:05,280 There seems to be no overlap between German interests, 372 00:17:05,360 --> 00:17:07,000 which are focused on Eurasia, 373 00:17:07,080 --> 00:17:09,680 Italian interests, focused on the Mediterranean 374 00:17:09,760 --> 00:17:11,320 and north and east Africa. 375 00:17:11,400 --> 00:17:13,800 Japanese interests are in East Asia. 376 00:17:13,880 --> 00:17:16,840 And so there's no obvious overlap between the three. 377 00:17:16,920 --> 00:17:20,360 They come together because they're all kind of outcasts. 378 00:17:20,440 --> 00:17:22,160 ? 379 00:17:22,240 --> 00:17:24,640 - The Tripartite Pact is a marriage of convenience, 380 00:17:24,720 --> 00:17:27,320 to try and put the Americans off 381 00:17:27,400 --> 00:17:30,560 from entering any kind of conflict with Japan. 382 00:17:30,640 --> 00:17:32,160 ? 383 00:17:32,240 --> 00:17:34,440 There isn't a great deal of ideology there. 384 00:17:34,520 --> 00:17:35,840 It's simply a case of, 385 00:17:35,920 --> 00:17:38,640 how do we keep the Americans at bay for now 386 00:17:38,720 --> 00:17:40,800 so that we can do what we need to do in Asia? 387 00:17:40,880 --> 00:17:48,160 ? 388 00:17:51,480 --> 00:17:53,320 - In the summer of 1941, 389 00:17:53,400 --> 00:17:55,560 the American-Japanese relationship 390 00:17:55,640 --> 00:17:57,360 reaches crisis level 391 00:17:57,440 --> 00:18:01,160 when Japan takes control over all of French Indochina. 392 00:18:01,240 --> 00:18:03,640 ? 393 00:18:03,720 --> 00:18:06,200 - The French yield, and the Japanese come down, 394 00:18:06,280 --> 00:18:07,800 and they start helping themselves 395 00:18:07,880 --> 00:18:10,600 to the resources they need to keep the war going. 396 00:18:10,680 --> 00:18:13,960 And then eventually they just outright take it over. 397 00:18:14,040 --> 00:18:16,200 ? 398 00:18:16,280 --> 00:18:17,600 - It's a great source of resources. 399 00:18:17,680 --> 00:18:19,400 It's also a great staging post 400 00:18:19,480 --> 00:18:22,160 for whatever else you might want to do in Southeast Asia. 401 00:18:22,240 --> 00:18:24,120 ? 402 00:18:24,200 --> 00:18:29,320 - Japan now has access to even more raw materials. 403 00:18:29,400 --> 00:18:31,160 - The thinking in Tokyo is, 404 00:18:31,240 --> 00:18:33,280 we need to get tin and bauxite from Malaya. 405 00:18:33,360 --> 00:18:35,560 We need to get oil from the Dutch East Indies. 406 00:18:35,640 --> 00:18:37,880 We need to get rice from the Philippines. 407 00:18:37,960 --> 00:18:39,640 And everything you need is there. 408 00:18:39,720 --> 00:18:41,560 It's a no-brainer. 409 00:18:41,640 --> 00:18:43,720 ? 410 00:18:43,800 --> 00:18:46,320 - The United States has one major weapon 411 00:18:46,400 --> 00:18:50,000 to force Japan out of China and Southeast Asia, 412 00:18:50,080 --> 00:18:53,560 and President Roosevelt is about to use it. 413 00:18:53,640 --> 00:18:55,880 ? 414 00:19:00,040 --> 00:19:04,840 ? 415 00:19:04,920 --> 00:19:07,520 - In the summer of 1941, 416 00:19:07,600 --> 00:19:10,960 the United States takes its strongest stand yet 417 00:19:11,040 --> 00:19:14,960 against Japan's territorial ambitions. 418 00:19:15,040 --> 00:19:16,480 - The United States has been concerned 419 00:19:16,560 --> 00:19:18,880 about Japanese expansion and aggression in Asia 420 00:19:18,960 --> 00:19:20,760 for some time. 421 00:19:20,840 --> 00:19:23,680 Roosevelt has stopped short of a military response, 422 00:19:23,760 --> 00:19:26,440 but there's been a series of embargoes-- 423 00:19:26,520 --> 00:19:30,840 embargo on weapons, an embargo on scrap iron. 424 00:19:30,920 --> 00:19:33,640 - Japan is almost entirely dependent 425 00:19:33,720 --> 00:19:36,560 on oil imported from the U.S., 426 00:19:36,640 --> 00:19:41,680 so FDR imposes an embargo on the Japanese. 427 00:19:41,760 --> 00:19:43,400 - In the summer of 1941, 428 00:19:43,480 --> 00:19:45,480 America essentially turns off the tap. 429 00:19:45,560 --> 00:19:47,000 ? 430 00:19:47,080 --> 00:19:49,520 - The embargo becomes a disaster 431 00:19:49,600 --> 00:19:54,280 for the Japanese economy and military. 432 00:19:54,360 --> 00:19:56,200 - By installing an oil embargo, 433 00:19:56,280 --> 00:20:01,960 we have basically said, we are going to control your future. 434 00:20:02,040 --> 00:20:03,840 - The Japanese have to find a way out, 435 00:20:03,920 --> 00:20:05,280 and there's oil nearby. 436 00:20:05,360 --> 00:20:07,600 The Dutch, for example, control huge amounts 437 00:20:07,680 --> 00:20:11,200 of oil in that region, so it becomes almost a temptation. 438 00:20:11,280 --> 00:20:12,720 Why wouldn't you take it, 439 00:20:12,800 --> 00:20:14,680 especially when you feel like the United States 440 00:20:14,760 --> 00:20:16,920 had no right to cut you off from oil in the first place? 441 00:20:17,000 --> 00:20:19,480 I mean, would a European power stand for that? 442 00:20:19,560 --> 00:20:22,480 ? 443 00:20:22,560 --> 00:20:24,320 - The moment Roosevelt turns off the tap, 444 00:20:24,400 --> 00:20:25,960 the clock is ticking. 445 00:20:26,040 --> 00:20:28,720 ? 446 00:20:28,800 --> 00:20:32,760 - In Tokyo, the Japanese make plans to strike back. 447 00:20:32,840 --> 00:20:34,240 ? 448 00:20:34,320 --> 00:20:35,720 - Japan thinks about, 449 00:20:35,800 --> 00:20:38,280 how do we get out of this straitjacket? 450 00:20:38,360 --> 00:20:40,760 Well, we have to replace those things 451 00:20:40,840 --> 00:20:44,160 by seizing the raw materials of Southeast Asia. 452 00:20:44,240 --> 00:20:47,040 And the first step would be to knock out 453 00:20:47,120 --> 00:20:49,640 the American Pacific fleet. 454 00:20:49,720 --> 00:20:53,480 - The Japanese finalize plans to attack American interests 455 00:20:53,560 --> 00:20:54,960 in the Pacific. 456 00:20:55,040 --> 00:20:57,520 ? 457 00:20:57,600 --> 00:20:59,440 - There's a sense amongst the Japanese 458 00:20:59,520 --> 00:21:03,080 that the Americans are merchants rather than warriors, 459 00:21:03,160 --> 00:21:05,400 and that if you do give them a really bloody nose, 460 00:21:05,480 --> 00:21:08,760 they'll think, actually, this isn't for us. 461 00:21:08,840 --> 00:21:10,920 ? 462 00:21:11,000 --> 00:21:14,040 So, if you really show them some proper steel, 463 00:21:14,120 --> 00:21:15,160 then they might back away. 464 00:21:15,240 --> 00:21:16,720 ? 465 00:21:16,800 --> 00:21:18,760 - But not everyone in Japan is committed 466 00:21:18,840 --> 00:21:22,040 to conflict with the United States. 467 00:21:22,120 --> 00:21:24,680 Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoe 468 00:21:24,760 --> 00:21:27,360 wants to find a peaceful solution. 469 00:21:27,440 --> 00:21:28,800 ? 470 00:21:28,880 --> 00:21:31,480 - Very much of a noble background-- 471 00:21:31,560 --> 00:21:33,440 he is an internationalist. 472 00:21:33,520 --> 00:21:37,320 He has great relationships with diplomats in the West. 473 00:21:37,400 --> 00:21:39,040 His big concern, I think, is 474 00:21:39,120 --> 00:21:41,640 how you reach some kind of a settlement 475 00:21:41,720 --> 00:21:44,600 with the United States and manage to bring 476 00:21:44,680 --> 00:21:47,040 the Japanese military along with you. 477 00:21:47,120 --> 00:21:48,920 - 478 00:21:49,000 --> 00:21:51,520 - But War Minister Hideki Tojo 479 00:21:51,600 --> 00:21:55,400 is determined to go to war against America. 480 00:21:55,480 --> 00:21:58,560 - Hideki Tojo does have a very aggressive sense 481 00:21:58,640 --> 00:22:01,080 of what Japan is going to have to do. 482 00:22:01,160 --> 00:22:04,720 The destiny of Japan is to be the preeminent power in Asia, 483 00:22:04,800 --> 00:22:07,320 is to push the Americans out, to push the British out, 484 00:22:07,400 --> 00:22:08,640 to push the Dutch out. 485 00:22:08,720 --> 00:22:10,320 Look at what's happening in Europe. 486 00:22:10,400 --> 00:22:12,240 Look at the success of the Nazis. 487 00:22:12,320 --> 00:22:14,680 That is the way a great power is going to run itself 488 00:22:14,760 --> 00:22:17,040 in the future. 489 00:22:17,120 --> 00:22:19,160 - Emperor Hirohito is caught 490 00:22:19,240 --> 00:22:22,240 between the war and peace factions in Tokyo. 491 00:22:22,320 --> 00:22:25,120 He gathers his political and military leaders 492 00:22:25,200 --> 00:22:26,800 for an imperial conference, 493 00:22:26,880 --> 00:22:30,560 where he recites a poem written by his grandfather, 494 00:22:30,640 --> 00:22:32,560 the emperor Meiji. 495 00:22:32,640 --> 00:22:34,840 ? 496 00:22:34,920 --> 00:22:39,440 "Across the four seas, all men are brothers. 497 00:22:39,520 --> 00:22:43,280 "In such a world, why do the waves rage, 498 00:22:43,360 --> 00:22:45,560 the winds roar?" 499 00:22:45,640 --> 00:22:47,240 ? 500 00:22:47,320 --> 00:22:48,920 The Japanese try to interpret 501 00:22:49,000 --> 00:22:52,320 Hirohito's feelings about the war from the poem, 502 00:22:52,400 --> 00:22:55,560 but he never states his views explicitly. 503 00:22:55,640 --> 00:22:58,600 ? 504 00:22:58,680 --> 00:23:01,840 Prime Minister Konoe still wants to find 505 00:23:01,920 --> 00:23:04,480 a diplomatic solution. 506 00:23:04,560 --> 00:23:05,880 - There's no harm done 507 00:23:05,960 --> 00:23:07,720 in keeping open channels of communication. 508 00:23:07,800 --> 00:23:09,840 There are an ambassador and a special envoy 509 00:23:09,920 --> 00:23:13,000 in Washington talking to the U.S. State Department. 510 00:23:13,080 --> 00:23:15,720 - But the Americans still demand that Japan 511 00:23:15,800 --> 00:23:18,280 withdraw from China. 512 00:23:18,360 --> 00:23:20,840 - I don't think they see any possibility 513 00:23:20,920 --> 00:23:24,280 that this problem can be negotiated away. 514 00:23:24,360 --> 00:23:27,520 I think the Japanese have made a pretty firm decision 515 00:23:27,600 --> 00:23:30,280 to go to war. 516 00:23:30,360 --> 00:23:32,480 - In mid-October 1941, 517 00:23:32,560 --> 00:23:36,320 a frustrated Prime Minister Konoe resigns. 518 00:23:36,400 --> 00:23:39,440 ? 519 00:23:39,520 --> 00:23:42,000 He tells his government secretary, 520 00:23:42,080 --> 00:23:44,720 "His Imperial Majesty is a pacifist. 521 00:23:44,800 --> 00:23:46,960 "I told him that war was a mistake. 522 00:23:47,040 --> 00:23:48,680 "He agreed, 523 00:23:48,760 --> 00:23:52,560 "but the next time I met him, he leaned more to war. 524 00:23:52,640 --> 00:23:55,360 "I felt the emperor was absorbing more and more 525 00:23:55,440 --> 00:23:59,000 the view of the army and navy high commands." 526 00:23:59,080 --> 00:24:00,960 - Hirohito heard plans 527 00:24:01,040 --> 00:24:03,480 being discussed in detail constantly. 528 00:24:03,560 --> 00:24:06,920 He never really said yes. 529 00:24:07,000 --> 00:24:09,920 But the crucial factor is that he never said no. 530 00:24:10,000 --> 00:24:12,760 ? 531 00:24:12,840 --> 00:24:16,240 - War Minister Tojo becomes the new prime minister. 532 00:24:16,320 --> 00:24:18,040 ? 533 00:24:18,120 --> 00:24:22,960 Japan's destiny is now in the hands of the military. 534 00:24:28,040 --> 00:24:34,080 ? 535 00:24:34,160 --> 00:24:36,440 - In Honolulu, there's a new employee 536 00:24:36,520 --> 00:24:39,600 at the Japanese consulate... 537 00:24:39,680 --> 00:24:41,760 Takeo Yoshikawa. 538 00:24:41,840 --> 00:24:43,480 ? 539 00:24:43,560 --> 00:24:46,200 - Takeo Yoshikawa was a member of the Japanese navy 540 00:24:46,280 --> 00:24:50,440 and was sent to Hawaii as a spy. 541 00:24:50,520 --> 00:24:52,760 ? 542 00:24:52,840 --> 00:24:55,800 - Yoshikawa is hoping that he's going to find 543 00:24:55,880 --> 00:24:58,480 some sympathizers within the Japanese population 544 00:24:58,560 --> 00:25:00,960 that will give him additional information. 545 00:25:01,040 --> 00:25:03,880 ? 546 00:25:03,960 --> 00:25:06,120 But what he quickly discovers is 547 00:25:06,200 --> 00:25:10,120 that the vast majority of the Japanese Americans on Oahu 548 00:25:10,200 --> 00:25:12,520 are loyal to the United States. 549 00:25:12,600 --> 00:25:14,400 ? 550 00:25:14,480 --> 00:25:18,480 So he's renting planes to take sightseeing tours 551 00:25:18,560 --> 00:25:21,320 around the harbor. 552 00:25:21,400 --> 00:25:23,920 He's driving around town. He's taking pictures. 553 00:25:24,000 --> 00:25:25,720 "I'm a tourist." 554 00:25:25,800 --> 00:25:27,720 He's renting boats to go around 555 00:25:27,800 --> 00:25:30,360 and actually measure the depth of the harbor and so forth. 556 00:25:30,440 --> 00:25:32,360 So he gathers a lot of intelligence 557 00:25:32,440 --> 00:25:35,960 about the daily activities on the Pacific Fleet. 558 00:25:36,040 --> 00:25:42,920 ? 559 00:25:43,000 --> 00:25:45,680 Yoshikawa is the one who comes up with the insight 560 00:25:45,760 --> 00:25:48,320 that Sunday morning really is the best time 561 00:25:48,400 --> 00:25:51,200 to launch an attack against the Americans. 562 00:25:51,280 --> 00:25:53,800 ? 563 00:25:53,880 --> 00:25:56,520 - Although meant to deter Japan, 564 00:25:56,600 --> 00:25:59,600 FDR's order to move the Pacific Fleet base 565 00:25:59,680 --> 00:26:01,920 from California to Pearl Harbor 566 00:26:02,000 --> 00:26:05,360 means it's now within striking distance. 567 00:26:05,440 --> 00:26:08,080 ? 568 00:26:08,160 --> 00:26:10,040 - Roosevelt doesn't really understand 569 00:26:10,120 --> 00:26:12,520 that by moving the fleet this far forward, 570 00:26:12,600 --> 00:26:15,040 it now becomes a potential target for the Japanese, 571 00:26:15,120 --> 00:26:18,720 because the Americans, in general, don't understand 572 00:26:18,800 --> 00:26:22,200 the sophistication and level of capability 573 00:26:22,280 --> 00:26:24,120 that the Japanese now have. 574 00:26:24,200 --> 00:26:28,600 ? 575 00:26:28,680 --> 00:26:31,000 - On a cold Wednesday morning, 576 00:26:31,080 --> 00:26:33,640 a fleet of the Japanese Imperial Navy 577 00:26:33,720 --> 00:26:36,560 heads out into the Pacific. 578 00:26:36,640 --> 00:26:37,880 In overall command 579 00:26:37,960 --> 00:26:41,600 is Grand Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto. 580 00:26:41,680 --> 00:26:44,280 It was his plan to launch a surprise attack 581 00:26:44,360 --> 00:26:48,120 against the U.S. fleet at Pearl Harbor. 582 00:26:48,200 --> 00:26:50,720 - Yamamoto has a really good appreciation 583 00:26:50,800 --> 00:26:53,320 for just how powerful the United States is. 584 00:26:53,400 --> 00:26:56,160 He's lived in the U.S. He was a naval attach�. 585 00:26:56,240 --> 00:26:57,640 He speaks some English. 586 00:26:57,720 --> 00:27:00,000 And so he understands 587 00:27:00,080 --> 00:27:02,640 that any war with the United States 588 00:27:02,720 --> 00:27:05,200 is going to have to be a very fast affair, 589 00:27:05,280 --> 00:27:06,800 that they've got to get this thing over 590 00:27:06,880 --> 00:27:09,000 as rapidly as possible. 591 00:27:09,080 --> 00:27:11,000 Hit them hard at the outset 592 00:27:11,080 --> 00:27:13,920 and try to go after American morale. 593 00:27:14,000 --> 00:27:15,720 ? 594 00:27:15,800 --> 00:27:18,520 The way he thinks he can do that is by sinking 595 00:27:18,600 --> 00:27:21,960 as many of our battleships as possible. 596 00:27:22,040 --> 00:27:24,760 Maybe then the Americans will come to the bargaining table, 597 00:27:24,840 --> 00:27:26,480 and we can get this war over with 598 00:27:26,560 --> 00:27:28,960 in six months or something like that. 599 00:27:29,040 --> 00:27:32,000 ? 600 00:27:32,080 --> 00:27:34,280 - Key to the operation is grouping 601 00:27:34,360 --> 00:27:37,640 six modern aircraft carriers together 602 00:27:37,720 --> 00:27:38,960 for the attack. 603 00:27:39,040 --> 00:27:41,520 ? 604 00:27:41,600 --> 00:27:45,560 - Yamamoto is an air-power advocate. 605 00:27:45,640 --> 00:27:48,000 He has been consistently pushing 606 00:27:48,080 --> 00:27:51,560 to beef up Japan's aircraft carriers. 607 00:27:51,640 --> 00:27:54,160 And they create this organization-- 608 00:27:54,240 --> 00:27:56,560 Kido Butai, the Mobile Force. 609 00:27:56,640 --> 00:27:58,840 ? 610 00:27:58,920 --> 00:28:01,440 - Aircraft carriers are usually deployed 611 00:28:01,520 --> 00:28:02,840 one at a time, 612 00:28:02,920 --> 00:28:04,520 and their aircraft are tasked 613 00:28:04,600 --> 00:28:07,160 with defending heavy battleships. 614 00:28:07,240 --> 00:28:09,840 ? 615 00:28:09,920 --> 00:28:11,280 - The Japanese are like, 616 00:28:11,360 --> 00:28:13,120 we're going to take all of our carriers. 617 00:28:13,200 --> 00:28:15,080 We're going to put them into a carrier fleet 618 00:28:15,160 --> 00:28:16,960 of six big flight decks... 619 00:28:17,040 --> 00:28:18,880 ? 620 00:28:18,960 --> 00:28:23,560 That can now bring 350 aircraft across the ocean. 621 00:28:23,640 --> 00:28:28,120 ? 622 00:28:28,200 --> 00:28:29,920 That is going to allow the Japanese 623 00:28:30,000 --> 00:28:34,040 to deliver these enormous pulses of firepower 624 00:28:34,120 --> 00:28:35,680 over the battlefield, 625 00:28:35,760 --> 00:28:38,520 which has never been seen before in naval warfare. 626 00:28:38,600 --> 00:28:41,480 ? 627 00:28:41,560 --> 00:28:44,800 - The Japanese have another challenge. 628 00:28:44,880 --> 00:28:46,840 How do you get this enormous armada 629 00:28:46,920 --> 00:28:51,560 across 3,500 miles of ocean without being detected? 630 00:28:51,640 --> 00:28:53,320 ? 631 00:28:53,400 --> 00:28:56,440 First, they shut down all radio communications 632 00:28:56,520 --> 00:28:58,360 and travel in silence. 633 00:28:58,440 --> 00:29:02,280 ? 634 00:29:02,360 --> 00:29:07,120 Then eight oil tankers sail alongside the fleet. 635 00:29:07,200 --> 00:29:13,080 ? 636 00:29:13,160 --> 00:29:15,840 - The ability to refuel at sea 637 00:29:15,920 --> 00:29:18,840 is one of the masterstrokes of Pearl Harbor, 638 00:29:18,920 --> 00:29:23,320 because your fleet didn't have to stop at any bases. 639 00:29:23,400 --> 00:29:27,680 This is how the Japanese fleet could stay radio silent. 640 00:29:27,760 --> 00:29:31,120 Refueling at sea literally allowed the Japanese fleet 641 00:29:31,200 --> 00:29:33,320 to vanish like a ghost. 642 00:29:33,400 --> 00:29:38,840 ? 643 00:29:38,920 --> 00:29:42,000 - As the Japanese fleet steams towards Hawaii... 644 00:29:42,080 --> 00:29:43,920 ? 645 00:29:44,000 --> 00:29:46,960 In Washington D.C., the Japanese and the Americans 646 00:29:47,040 --> 00:29:48,520 continue to negotiate. 647 00:29:48,600 --> 00:29:55,880 ? 648 00:29:57,120 --> 00:29:58,920 On December 6th, 649 00:29:59,000 --> 00:30:02,840 President Roosevelt writes to Emperor Hirohito directly. 650 00:30:02,920 --> 00:30:04,920 ? 651 00:30:05,000 --> 00:30:07,200 "It is clear that a continuance 652 00:30:07,280 --> 00:30:09,960 "of such a situation is unthinkable. 653 00:30:10,040 --> 00:30:13,240 "We have a sacred duty to restore traditional amity 654 00:30:13,320 --> 00:30:17,360 and prevent further death and destruction in the world." 655 00:30:17,440 --> 00:30:19,200 ? 656 00:30:19,280 --> 00:30:21,520 - Roosevelt's saying, look, war would be a horror, 657 00:30:21,600 --> 00:30:23,120 this war that none of us want. 658 00:30:23,200 --> 00:30:26,360 But at this point, Hirohito has embarked on war. 659 00:30:26,440 --> 00:30:30,520 ? 660 00:30:30,600 --> 00:30:32,760 - The Japanese fleet... 661 00:30:32,840 --> 00:30:36,120 has reached the point of no return. 662 00:30:36,200 --> 00:30:40,880 ? 663 00:30:45,040 --> 00:30:50,520 ? 664 00:30:50,600 --> 00:30:53,360 - December 7, 1941... 665 00:30:53,440 --> 00:30:55,040 ? 666 00:30:55,120 --> 00:30:56,520 Just before 4:00 a.m., 667 00:30:56,600 --> 00:30:58,840 a patrol ship, the U.S.S. "Ward," 668 00:30:58,920 --> 00:31:00,560 receives a message. 669 00:31:00,640 --> 00:31:02,400 ? 670 00:31:02,480 --> 00:31:04,640 A small submarine has been spotted 671 00:31:04,720 --> 00:31:07,040 in the area near Pearl Harbor. 672 00:31:07,120 --> 00:31:09,440 ? 673 00:31:09,520 --> 00:31:11,080 At 6:40 a.m., 674 00:31:11,160 --> 00:31:16,280 the "Ward" drops depth charges on the submarine. 675 00:31:16,360 --> 00:31:18,560 - They send a sighting report upstairs. 676 00:31:18,640 --> 00:31:21,040 ? 677 00:31:21,120 --> 00:31:23,160 The people at Pearl Harbor look at it, 678 00:31:23,240 --> 00:31:25,200 and they're like, this is a brand-new captain. 679 00:31:25,280 --> 00:31:27,840 He's only been on duty for a day at this point. 680 00:31:27,920 --> 00:31:29,360 He probably doesn't know what he's doing. 681 00:31:29,440 --> 00:31:31,160 Eh, don't worry about it. 682 00:31:31,240 --> 00:31:33,720 ? 683 00:31:33,800 --> 00:31:36,480 Even though the "Ward" has successfully fired 684 00:31:36,560 --> 00:31:38,120 the first shot in this war, 685 00:31:38,200 --> 00:31:40,400 her report is completely ignored. 686 00:31:40,480 --> 00:31:42,680 ? 687 00:31:42,760 --> 00:31:44,520 - 20 minutes later, 688 00:31:44,600 --> 00:31:48,800 two young radar operators spot a huge formation of planes 689 00:31:48,880 --> 00:31:51,240 approaching the area. 690 00:31:51,320 --> 00:31:54,960 They report it to their senior officer. 691 00:31:55,040 --> 00:31:57,880 - He knows that there's a group of American B-17s 692 00:31:57,960 --> 00:31:59,680 that are due in this morning 693 00:31:59,760 --> 00:32:02,160 that should be coming from roughly that direction. 694 00:32:02,240 --> 00:32:05,880 And the result is that he tells those two radar operators, 695 00:32:05,960 --> 00:32:07,080 don't worry about it. 696 00:32:07,160 --> 00:32:13,360 ? 697 00:32:13,440 --> 00:32:17,160 - 183 Japanese planes descend on Pearl Harbor 698 00:32:17,240 --> 00:32:19,880 in the first wave of the attack. 699 00:32:19,960 --> 00:32:21,840 Their target... 700 00:32:21,920 --> 00:32:23,760 the airfields. 701 00:32:23,840 --> 00:32:25,280 - The result is going to be 702 00:32:25,360 --> 00:32:27,000 this concentrated bombing attack 703 00:32:27,080 --> 00:32:29,480 to try to put as many American planes out of business 704 00:32:29,560 --> 00:32:31,920 at the outset of the attack. 705 00:32:32,000 --> 00:32:34,200 ? 706 00:32:34,280 --> 00:32:36,560 - At 7:55 a.m.... 707 00:32:36,640 --> 00:32:41,640 ? 708 00:32:41,720 --> 00:32:43,560 The first bombs hit. 709 00:32:43,640 --> 00:32:48,200 ? 710 00:32:48,280 --> 00:32:50,200 - When you hear the airplanes overhead, you're like, 711 00:32:50,280 --> 00:32:52,000 oh, boy, they sure are doing training early today. 712 00:32:52,080 --> 00:32:55,760 ? 713 00:32:55,840 --> 00:32:57,240 And then when all of a sudden 714 00:32:57,320 --> 00:32:58,640 things start to explode, you're like, oh, man, 715 00:32:58,720 --> 00:33:00,240 somebody's really going to get in trouble 716 00:33:00,320 --> 00:33:02,280 because this training event is way out of hand. 717 00:33:02,360 --> 00:33:05,640 718 00:33:05,720 --> 00:33:07,240 ? 719 00:33:07,320 --> 00:33:09,360 - At 8:00 a.m. on Honolulu, 720 00:33:09,440 --> 00:33:11,920 the Japanese spy Takeo Yoshikawa 721 00:33:12,000 --> 00:33:16,360 tunes his radio in to a Japanese weather forecast. 722 00:33:16,440 --> 00:33:21,040 The announcer uses the phrase "higashi no kaze ame" 723 00:33:21,120 --> 00:33:23,640 "east wind, rain." 724 00:33:23,720 --> 00:33:25,480 It's code. 725 00:33:25,560 --> 00:33:28,760 The attack on America is underway. 726 00:33:28,840 --> 00:33:32,720 ? 727 00:33:32,800 --> 00:33:35,320 - Another formation of Japanese aircraft 728 00:33:35,400 --> 00:33:38,840 dive on the ships anchored along Battleship Row. 729 00:33:38,920 --> 00:33:41,240 - Torpedo planes at low level... 730 00:33:41,320 --> 00:33:43,040 ? 731 00:33:43,120 --> 00:33:45,480 And overhead bombers. 732 00:33:45,560 --> 00:33:51,360 ? 733 00:33:51,440 --> 00:33:56,240 - It's not until ships actually start exploding... 734 00:33:56,320 --> 00:33:58,120 bullets start ripping through the decks 735 00:33:58,200 --> 00:34:01,200 that they realize, oh, my God, this is really real. 736 00:34:01,280 --> 00:34:07,440 ? 737 00:34:07,520 --> 00:34:10,640 - Torpedo attacks are very, very successful. 738 00:34:10,720 --> 00:34:14,920 ? 739 00:34:15,000 --> 00:34:17,240 The "Oklahoma" and the "West Virginia" 740 00:34:17,320 --> 00:34:18,960 are very heavily hit. 741 00:34:19,040 --> 00:34:20,760 ? 742 00:34:20,840 --> 00:34:23,880 "Oklahoma" ends up capsizing, 743 00:34:23,960 --> 00:34:27,440 trapping hundreds of men in this overturned ship. 744 00:34:27,520 --> 00:34:33,040 ? 745 00:34:33,120 --> 00:34:35,640 - Over 400 sailors and marines 746 00:34:35,720 --> 00:34:38,320 die on the U.S.S. "Oklahoma." 747 00:34:38,400 --> 00:34:40,640 ? 748 00:34:40,720 --> 00:34:44,040 - At the same time, the level bombers are coming in overhead 749 00:34:44,120 --> 00:34:45,600 and dropping their bombs. 750 00:34:45,680 --> 00:34:50,480 ? 751 00:34:50,560 --> 00:34:53,280 And one of them lands a devastating hit 752 00:34:53,360 --> 00:34:54,920 on the battleship "Arizona"... 753 00:34:55,000 --> 00:35:00,040 ? 754 00:35:00,120 --> 00:35:02,920 And destroys her... 755 00:35:03,000 --> 00:35:05,080 in just the blink of an eye. 756 00:35:05,160 --> 00:35:07,080 ? 757 00:35:07,160 --> 00:35:09,880 - The explosion on the U.S.S. "Arizona" 758 00:35:09,960 --> 00:35:13,840 kills 1,117 men. 759 00:35:13,920 --> 00:35:19,320 ? 760 00:35:19,400 --> 00:35:21,160 - So, if you think about every, 761 00:35:21,240 --> 00:35:23,200 you know, soldier, sailor, marine, 762 00:35:23,280 --> 00:35:26,560 they cannot connect the idea of what is happening. 763 00:35:26,640 --> 00:35:28,280 ? 764 00:35:28,360 --> 00:35:30,440 Bombs exploding. There are ships sinking. 765 00:35:30,520 --> 00:35:31,800 There are men on fire. 766 00:35:31,880 --> 00:35:33,920 There are body parts flying around. 767 00:35:34,000 --> 00:35:36,240 And you can imagine just trying to wrap your mind 768 00:35:36,320 --> 00:35:38,240 around all that. 769 00:35:38,320 --> 00:35:40,360 - After two waves of attack... 770 00:35:40,440 --> 00:35:42,040 ? 771 00:35:42,120 --> 00:35:44,720 The Japanese withdraw. 772 00:35:44,800 --> 00:35:47,640 773 00:35:47,720 --> 00:35:51,320 ? 774 00:35:51,400 --> 00:35:54,560 188 U.S. aircraft are destroyed. 775 00:35:54,640 --> 00:35:57,000 ? 776 00:35:57,080 --> 00:36:03,480 1,178 servicemen and civilians are wounded. 777 00:36:03,560 --> 00:36:08,240 2,403 are dead. 778 00:36:08,320 --> 00:36:13,560 ? 779 00:36:13,640 --> 00:36:17,120 But the United States Navy's aircraft carriers are at sea 780 00:36:17,200 --> 00:36:19,880 and escape the devastation. 781 00:36:19,960 --> 00:36:22,320 ? 782 00:36:35,920 --> 00:36:39,080 ? 783 00:36:39,160 --> 00:36:41,120 - If we want to talk about the grand inflection point 784 00:36:41,200 --> 00:36:45,680 in World War II, it's December 7, 1941. 785 00:36:45,760 --> 00:36:49,200 At 7:55, it's the world as we've always known it. 786 00:36:49,280 --> 00:36:53,520 15 minutes later, at 8:10, the world is different. 787 00:36:53,600 --> 00:36:55,160 We are now at war. 788 00:36:55,240 --> 00:36:58,040 789 00:36:58,120 --> 00:37:01,760 ? 790 00:37:05,920 --> 00:37:07,760 ? 791 00:37:07,840 --> 00:37:10,760 792 00:37:10,840 --> 00:37:17,000 ? 793 00:37:17,080 --> 00:37:22,440 - The America that wakes up on December 8, 1941 794 00:37:22,520 --> 00:37:25,640 is a different country. 795 00:37:25,720 --> 00:37:27,840 - The country's being tested. 796 00:37:27,920 --> 00:37:29,240 Are we up to this? 797 00:37:29,320 --> 00:37:30,920 ? 798 00:37:31,000 --> 00:37:33,480 Can we meet this challenge? 799 00:37:33,560 --> 00:37:36,760 We are being put in the balance, 800 00:37:36,840 --> 00:37:39,640 and would we be found wanting or not? 801 00:37:39,720 --> 00:37:41,960 ? 802 00:37:42,040 --> 00:37:45,200 - 803 00:37:45,280 --> 00:37:48,040 - Prime Minister Tojo tells the Japanese people 804 00:37:48,120 --> 00:37:51,280 about the victory of its navy at Pearl Harbor. 805 00:37:51,360 --> 00:37:54,360 [Tojo continues speaking Japanese] 806 00:37:54,440 --> 00:37:56,440 He also tells them that Japan has attacked 807 00:37:56,520 --> 00:38:00,040 Singapore, Hong Kong, Malaya, Wake Island, 808 00:38:00,120 --> 00:38:02,560 Guam, and the Philippines. 809 00:38:02,640 --> 00:38:05,960 ? 810 00:38:06,040 --> 00:38:08,280 811 00:38:08,360 --> 00:38:11,720 ? 812 00:38:11,800 --> 00:38:13,480 - While American attention is focused 813 00:38:13,560 --> 00:38:14,880 on the surprise attack... 814 00:38:14,960 --> 00:38:17,120 815 00:38:17,200 --> 00:38:20,400 The Japanese are bombing and launching invasions all around. 816 00:38:20,480 --> 00:38:23,240 ? 817 00:38:23,320 --> 00:38:25,640 They're bombing Malaya, they're bombing the Philippines. 818 00:38:25,720 --> 00:38:33,000 ? 819 00:38:35,720 --> 00:38:40,280 - At 12:30 p.m., Congress assembles. 820 00:38:40,360 --> 00:38:42,520 ? 821 00:38:42,600 --> 00:38:44,040 - Yesterday, 822 00:38:44,120 --> 00:38:49,200 December 7, 1941... 823 00:38:50,160 --> 00:38:54,800 A date which will live in infamy... 824 00:38:55,840 --> 00:38:58,520 The United States of America 825 00:38:58,600 --> 00:39:02,360 was suddenly and deliberately attacked 826 00:39:02,440 --> 00:39:04,760 by naval and air forces 827 00:39:04,840 --> 00:39:07,600 of the Empire of Japan. 828 00:39:07,680 --> 00:39:10,040 - He dictated a good part of the speech 829 00:39:10,120 --> 00:39:12,880 to his secretary, Grace Tully. 830 00:39:12,960 --> 00:39:16,720 And the initial formulation was, 831 00:39:16,800 --> 00:39:19,280 "Yesterday, December 7, 1941, 832 00:39:19,360 --> 00:39:22,400 a date which will live in world history." 833 00:39:22,480 --> 00:39:26,800 And at some point, before he gets to Capitol Hill, 834 00:39:26,880 --> 00:39:30,480 he writes in that wonderful handwriting of his... 835 00:39:30,560 --> 00:39:33,120 "date which will live in infamy." 836 00:39:33,200 --> 00:39:37,200 So it was his edit of his own dictation 837 00:39:37,280 --> 00:39:40,680 that created an indelible phrase. 838 00:39:40,760 --> 00:39:45,800 - I ask that the Congress declare 839 00:39:45,880 --> 00:39:49,360 that since the unprovoked 840 00:39:49,440 --> 00:39:53,760 and dastardly attack by Japan 841 00:39:53,840 --> 00:39:59,760 on Sunday, December 7, 1941, 842 00:39:59,840 --> 00:40:03,200 a state of war 843 00:40:03,280 --> 00:40:05,800 has existed 844 00:40:05,880 --> 00:40:08,400 between the United States 845 00:40:08,480 --> 00:40:10,960 and the Japanese Empire. 846 00:40:11,040 --> 00:40:13,840 847 00:40:13,920 --> 00:40:21,200 ? 848 00:40:29,080 --> 00:40:32,040 - Look very carefully at what Franklin Roosevelt 849 00:40:32,120 --> 00:40:34,200 said on the 8th of December. 850 00:40:34,280 --> 00:40:38,280 "We are declaring war against the Empire of Japan." 851 00:40:38,360 --> 00:40:40,200 ? 852 00:40:40,280 --> 00:40:43,680 He does not mention Germany. 853 00:40:43,760 --> 00:40:45,600 The 8th goes by. 854 00:40:45,680 --> 00:40:48,800 The 9th goes by. The 10th goes by. 855 00:40:48,880 --> 00:40:51,120 And not until the 11th, 856 00:40:51,200 --> 00:40:54,560 when Hitler decides to declare war on the United States, 857 00:40:54,640 --> 00:40:56,760 did the United States then, in turn, 858 00:40:56,840 --> 00:40:58,600 declare war on Germany. 859 00:40:58,680 --> 00:41:03,400 ? 860 00:41:03,480 --> 00:41:08,240 - America now faces a global war on two fronts. 861 00:41:08,320 --> 00:41:14,560 ? 862 00:41:14,640 --> 00:41:18,280 - We were dragged into this. Let's be very clear. 863 00:41:18,360 --> 00:41:20,720 The United States of America did not wake up 864 00:41:20,800 --> 00:41:22,480 in the middle of the 20th century 865 00:41:22,560 --> 00:41:24,680 and decide it was going to defeat tyranny. 866 00:41:24,760 --> 00:41:27,560 Tyranny had to force us into a struggle 867 00:41:27,640 --> 00:41:29,640 that we now recognize to be 868 00:41:29,720 --> 00:41:32,080 the great existential struggle, 869 00:41:32,160 --> 00:41:34,880 arguably, of the last millennium. 870 00:41:34,960 --> 00:41:39,160 But it was not a quick or easy date 871 00:41:39,240 --> 00:41:40,720 with destiny. 872 00:41:40,800 --> 00:41:44,040 ? 873 00:41:44,120 --> 00:41:47,920 - We are now in this war. 874 00:41:48,000 --> 00:41:52,040 We're all in it, all the way. 875 00:41:52,120 --> 00:41:55,480 Every single man, woman, and child 876 00:41:55,560 --> 00:41:57,240 is a partner 877 00:41:57,320 --> 00:41:59,760 in the most tremendous undertaking 878 00:41:59,840 --> 00:42:01,680 of our American history. 879 00:42:01,760 --> 00:42:03,560 ? 880 00:42:03,640 --> 00:42:07,240 It will not only be a long war, it'll be a hard war. 881 00:42:07,320 --> 00:42:09,120 ? 882 00:42:09,200 --> 00:42:12,280 We are going to win the war. 883 00:42:12,360 --> 00:42:18,560 And we are going to win the peace that follows. 884 00:42:18,640 --> 00:42:21,120 - America is now at war, 885 00:42:21,200 --> 00:42:23,960 the most devastating in world history. 886 00:42:24,040 --> 00:42:25,880 Germany reigns from the Atlantic 887 00:42:25,960 --> 00:42:28,360 to the outskirts of Moscow. 888 00:42:28,440 --> 00:42:31,720 Imperial Japan has swept across the Pacific, 889 00:42:31,800 --> 00:42:33,720 forcing America into an armed struggle 890 00:42:33,800 --> 00:42:35,760 it is not yet ready to fight, 891 00:42:35,840 --> 00:42:39,920 not on land, not in the air, not at sea.