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The importance of Jerusalem
for the Jews

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lies in the fact that it is the place where
located the temple of Jerusalem,

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where, according to Jewish tradition,

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Jews must worship
to God

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through sacrifices
and libations.

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And to all the Jews,
at least in theory,

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the most important thing is that the temple is
rebuilt someday,

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although we have to wait
by the Messiah to achieve it.

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The area of Israel, like the
we know today,

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It's tactically the worst passage
for a military strategist.

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It is a narrow plain
with mountains

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on one side and the sea on the other.

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But Jerusalem provides a certain
protection and, without a doubt,

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David considered it an ideal place
to establish his kingdom.

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There was water. It was mountainous.

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I could protect him and I was between two
very important trade routes:

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Mediterranean, naturally
with commercial routes

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to all sea ports
of this sea,

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and the north-south trade routes, from
from Saudi Arabia to Assyria.

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Politically,
the situation was quite explosive,

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even after David
have been crowned king.

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Saul succeeded,
who was not his father,

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so that the dynasty
of Saul was interrupted.

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Saul was a member of the tribe
of Benjamin.

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David was a member of the tribe
of Judah.

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And there were twelve tribes in total,

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who have territories
of the land of Israel.

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So, wherever you were
that the capital be established,

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there would always be someone
felt harmed.

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There was a division between the children
of Leah and the children of Rachel.

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The situation was complicated

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and any chosen city
I would always harass someone.

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But Jerusalem had just been
conquered from the Jebusites,

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therefore not belonging to any
of the tribes.

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And it seemed like a good solution.

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As happened with many capitals
established today,

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his only logic was not to
harm anyone too much.

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The Bible gives us the story
upon the ark of the covenant

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and we have no evidence of it anywhere
any other place except

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in the biblical text and in some
how many later Jewish texts

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that make reference to it, a long time
after his disappearance.

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There is talk of a wooden box,
of certain dimensions,

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who traveled with the Israelites
and which contained the relics

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which were the key to his identity:
Specifically,

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the tablets on which they were written
the ten commandments.

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According to this description, the ark is
very similar to the objects

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which still use many tribes
Bedouins of the Near East

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to transport the symbols
of their tribal identity.

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And I believe it's reasonable
interpret

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its origin as this type
of tribal symbol.

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As such, when the Israelites
settled in a place

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and founded a state with a king,
became the national symbol.

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I'm totally convinced

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that the ark was a container
charged with static electricity.

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Hence its supposed powers.

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I believe Steven Spielberg
He wasn't too wrong.

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The ark could contain
a very high voltage.

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Static electricity is a form
unusual electricity,

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since it requires
a great dryness of the air.

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But at the end of the day,
the ark was transported

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and it was made of gold
and wooden,

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so that we have
the perfect elements

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for a primitive accumulator.

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And they used to transport her
without touching the ground, because,

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as the Bible says,
they took her in a car.

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At this point,
the Bible tells us that Oza

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stretched out his hand to prevent the
ark fell from the car and that,

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When he touched it, he fell dead.

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Oza could have
a weak heart

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and perhaps received
a discharge.

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We don't know if he died
or not hers.

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Perhaps the event
has been composed,

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but I believe that
received a terrible discharge

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of static electricity.

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David then said to the Levites,
who were in charge of the ark,

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that this would only be at your disposal
be careful and this, therefore,

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would be the only ones
to be able to touch it.

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It may be that the Levites
knew

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the properties of electricity
static

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and isolated it, taking some
sandals without metal elements,

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which would guarantee them a job
for life.

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The temple was built in one of the
hills of Jerusalem.

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I suppose you could say that
Jerusalem

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It is a very mountainous city.

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As it was at the top
from one of the hills,

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it should be very visible, and,
supposedly, at that time,

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thousand years before Christ,
there were not many large buildings;

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most were quite
small.

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We therefore have a building that,

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with about twenty cubits
(ten meters) high,

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it was quite big and also
exceptional,

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because there seemed to be none
inner column.

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It was as big as one could be
building without internal supports.

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So, upon entering, they found
with this huge room,

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without any column in the middle.

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And it is likely that he was one of the
wider built spaces

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that could be seen completely
evicted.

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Furthermore, as far as we can
imagine,

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It was very well decorated and
coated with sheets of gold,

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and one must be released from it
Spectacular shine in the sunlight.

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Jerusalem is a very
sunny, even in winter.

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I imagine, therefore, that it would call a lot
people's attention.

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And, as there were no statues,
images, motifs or works of art,

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it must have been quite austere
in this sense.

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But still, it is likely that
resulted in admirable beauty

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in a city at that time.

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The fact that Jerusalem
converted into the capital of Judah

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had no consequences
too spectacular,

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at least archaeologically
speaking.

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Continued within the walls

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of its first urbanization
from the Bronze Age

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until the period of destruction
of the northern kingdom of Israel.

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After this period, however,
grew a lot until it became,

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with great emphasis,
the largest city in the country,

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much more than any other
could have grown.

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But I think it can be said that,

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even in the previous period
to this growth,

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that occurred after the year
seven hundred before Christ,

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and even in the previous period between
seventeen hundred before Christ,

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there were important royal buildings
in the city

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and it is likely that some
of private houses

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belonged to the nobility
rich of the Israelite kingdom.

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We can deduce it
by the tombs

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that met around the
city, which are quite elaborate,

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so that it is evident
who belonged

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to individuals with social power.

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We can also deduce it from the
terraces that were built

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on the city's slopes to create
more level ground

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inside the defenses to build
houses and other public buildings.

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I think it affected
the city a lot,

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beautifying it much more than
at any other time.

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The ability of the Jews

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to defend your convictions
was directly related,

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in an intelligent way, with the
city of Jerusalem and its temple.

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But the temple was destroyed
by the Babylonians

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when they took them as slaves
to Babylon

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the Jews of the kingdom
from southern Judah.

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Instead of despairing,

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as it is clear that it happened
with the ten lost tribes of the north

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a few centuries earlier, instead
to say that everything was over

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since Jerusalem
and the temple were destroyed

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and to ask themselves
about what they would do,

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gathered to remember
Jerusalem

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and remember your practices,
to pray for his return.

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And, in fact,
just a few decades later,

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they were allowed to return
and rebuild the temple.

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But in these few decades
who passed through Babylon

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had begun to develop
quite radical concepts.

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When they got together
and remembered the temple

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facing away
to Jerusalem,

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used certain things that
evoked the temple,

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like an ark, in which they kept
the sacred books,

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which reproduced the ark of the covenant,
and the sancta sanctorum,

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with a curtain in front,

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who invoked the curtain of Jerusalem
or eternal light,

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that reminded them
the one that burned in the temple.

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These elements defined the
first time what would end

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for converting in the synagogue, because,
Friend, we forget that the synagogue

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It is a totally radical invention,
since, until then,

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never the common people
they had gathered for religious purposes.

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Previously, priests
performed their rites in temples

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and people could go and see them or not;
It wasn't your business.

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In this case, religion
suddenly democratized

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and vulgar people
participated in it.

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This led to Judaism
was portable.

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Although they longed to return
to Jerusalem

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and could do it and longed to have
a temple, a temple of worship,

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They could be Jews anywhere.

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The second temple was built when
the Persians, who conquered Babylon,

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gave permission to the Jews
to return.

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They wanted to rebuild the temple.

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In fact, this is the reason why
they were allowed to return.

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They didn't have too many
resources,

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despite the Persian lamp
finance reconstruction.

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Nor did they have many
qualified artisans.

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People who had remained

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received us with a certain
dislike,

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because it began to be known what
intended to do

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and did not wish the exiles
who returned

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after a few decades

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establish again
your system.

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This is actually the origin of the famous
conflict that would erupt years later

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among the Samaritans,
those who had stayed,

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and the Jews who had
returned from Babylon.

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The Samaritans wanted to participate
in rebuilding the temple

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and the Jews of Babylon
they didn't allow it,

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because it was
of a Jewish question.

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This greatly offended
the Samaritans

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who obstructed
Jewish intentions

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of rebuilding the temple and,
Often, they managed to abort them.

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Still,
they ended up building something.

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The second temple did not have,
at all,

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the splendor of the first temple.

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Surely, according to the Bible, the
who had seen the first temple

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they cried when they contemplated the second
and by evoking the beauty of the first.

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It wasn't so pretty
like the original temple,

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but as the years go by
and from generations, it was adorned

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and successively improved,
until Roman times.

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I think that in Greek times it was,
without a doubt,

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a very elegant building.

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We don't know if it was the equivalent
of the Solomonic building.

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But we know that at that time the
architectural knowledge

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and the pretensions
they had changed a lot.

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So that, although it could have
been identical to Solomon's building,

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It is likely that they would then have
considered quite primitive.

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But it had the same plant,
the same broad structure.

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The portico, the main room
and the sancta sanctorum in the center.

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The sancta sanctorum of that time
did not, obviously, contain

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the ark of the covenant.

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Disappeared,
becoming part of the legend

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and today no one knows where it is and even
Spielberg was able to make a film,

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"The Raiders of the Lost Ark",
about the said relic,

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because no one knows where it ended up.

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sancta sanctorum was then
a completely empty room, which,

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in a way,
was quite appropriate,

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taking into account
What does Jewish thought

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considered that he was
if one sought God.

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But it was basically the same
distribution.

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The principle of celebrating Hanukkah

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is described in books
of the Maccabees.

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This is a ceremony
of dynastic origin

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in which all Jews
from Judea

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you have to light candles
for eight days,

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thus remembering the eight days of
Feast of Tabernacles or Sukkot.

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We also find it in sources
later rabbinics,

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that make reference to this
celebration

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for the first time in the Talmud,
already in the fourth and fifth centuries,

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long after these events;
According to these sources,

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the celebration commemorates the discovery
in the temple of oil

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that burned for eight days

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before you could find
purest olive oil

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to be able to light up again
the temple lights.

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In a way, when we talk
of the second temple

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we should talk about
"second temple bis",

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because Herod renewed it so
completely

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which is suspected to not be left
much of the temple

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that the exiles of Babylon
built,

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about five hundred
or six hundred years earlier.

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This was an immense construction
marble,

241
00:31:22,167 --> 00:31:27,446
wonderful and very ambitious, with
the best architectural quality

242
00:31:27,607 --> 00:31:30,485
developed by Greek cultures
and Roman.

243
00:31:30,687 --> 00:31:32,484
Maintained the same contour
wide,

244
00:31:32,727 --> 00:31:34,558
with the temple building on the axis,

245
00:31:34,847 --> 00:31:38,078
the portico and the main room with the
sancta sanctorum in the center

246
00:31:38,367 --> 00:31:41,598
They didn't dare touch it.

247
00:31:41,887 --> 00:31:45,516
According to the reports of the rabbis
contemporaries,

248
00:31:45,847 --> 00:31:49,362
it seems that Herod tried,
perhaps in a somewhat unusual way,

249
00:31:49,567 --> 00:31:52,286
ensure that you do not
paid attention to no aspect

250
00:31:52,447 --> 00:31:54,915
of Jewish rituals throughout the building.

251
00:31:55,087 --> 00:31:59,365
I wanted to make sure that no one
criticized him for doing something wrong

252
00:31:59,607 --> 00:32:01,199
when rebuilding the temple.

253
00:32:01,407 --> 00:32:04,638
So, for example, it ended
Completely rebuilding

254
00:32:04,807 --> 00:32:07,640
before tearing down the old parts.

255
00:32:07,927 --> 00:32:12,398
I mean, he built a kind of
structure outside the inner temple

256
00:32:12,687 --> 00:32:15,679
and then took it apart to show
the great temple he had created.

257
00:32:15,887 --> 00:32:17,764
So he tried very hard

258
00:32:18,127 --> 00:32:21,722
to please the authorities
Jewish religious.

259
00:32:22,167 --> 00:32:26,160
The rabbis assured that until
if he saw Herod's temple,

260
00:32:26,407 --> 00:32:29,240
had not seen
no beautiful building.

261
00:32:37,047 --> 00:32:40,756
Jewish tradition is little
enthusiastic towards Herod.

262
00:32:41,247 --> 00:32:46,526
It's not as much as tradition
Christian, which is not at all,

263
00:32:46,767 --> 00:32:50,476
but there is no news that there was
something wrong in the temple.

264
00:32:50,807 --> 00:32:53,958
So if Herod did something
It was good to get the temple

265
00:32:54,327 --> 00:32:57,717
would be much more impressive
than before.

266
00:34:14,647 --> 00:34:16,285
At that time, Jewish authority

267
00:34:16,527 --> 00:34:19,644
was divided
into two broad groups,

268
00:34:19,927 --> 00:34:21,485
although they can be found
others more.

269
00:34:21,807 --> 00:34:23,684
There were the zealots, who fought
for freedom in the hills,

270
00:34:23,887 --> 00:34:26,765
and the Essenes,
who have completely isolated themselves

271
00:34:27,007 --> 00:34:29,362
and dedicated themselves to their group,
without intervening in any way.

272
00:34:29,567 --> 00:34:33,765
But the two main groups that
fought for power in Jerusalem

273
00:34:34,047 --> 00:34:38,563
were the Pharisees, to whom
we can call them masters;

274
00:34:38,927 --> 00:34:41,157
what we would now call rabbis,

275
00:34:41,447 --> 00:34:44,678
and the Sadducees, who used to
dedicate yourself more to the temple,

276
00:34:45,047 --> 00:34:48,722
trying to make things work
with the Roman authorities,

277
00:34:49,007 --> 00:34:51,965
trying to preserve the structures
of Jerusalem.

278
00:34:52,447 --> 00:34:57,726
It gives the impression that the Romans
and the Sadducees

279
00:34:58,007 --> 00:35:00,316
knew that if the movements
messianic

280
00:35:00,567 --> 00:35:01,716
escaped from their hands

281
00:35:02,047 --> 00:35:04,641
This would considerably threaten
the status quo.

282
00:35:18,087 --> 00:35:23,081
The political implications of
crucifixion of Jesus were distinct,

283
00:35:23,647 --> 00:35:27,242
depending on the point of view.

284
00:35:27,447 --> 00:35:29,881
From the Roman point of view,

285
00:35:30,207 --> 00:35:37,204
It is likely that Jesus was evil
minor, which had to be eliminated

286
00:35:37,407 --> 00:35:40,240
before it converted
on an important problem and,

287
00:35:40,487 --> 00:35:42,682
In this sense, for the Romans

288
00:35:42,967 --> 00:35:47,199
it wasn't an issue
too transcendental.

289
00:35:47,567 --> 00:35:52,163
The Gospel narrates,
very effectively,

290
00:35:52,447 --> 00:35:58,602
the deliberations
of the Jewish high priest Caiaphas

291
00:35:58,887 --> 00:36:06,521
and his advisors
about what to do with Jesus.

292
00:36:06,847 --> 00:36:14,606
For them, it was about not
allow there to be a change

293
00:36:14,807 --> 00:36:18,117
of the status quo with regard to
to the Romans.

294
00:36:18,447 --> 00:36:23,157
Caiaphs said it was convenient
for a man to die for the people.

295
00:36:24,087 --> 00:36:33,758
In the long term, the crucifixion of Jesus
had immense political importance

296
00:36:34,127 --> 00:36:37,756
on a much larger scale,
obviously,

297
00:36:38,007 --> 00:36:42,956
since his followers founded
a new religion and, over time,

298
00:36:43,287 --> 00:36:47,963
this religion became the religion
official of the Roman empire.

299
00:36:48,207 --> 00:36:52,325
The category of Jerusalem
changed radically,

300
00:36:52,647 --> 00:36:58,916
since it became the religious center
of the world and never stopped being.

301
00:39:24,207 --> 00:39:27,802
The effect of the destruction of the temple
of Jerusalem was spectacular,

302
00:39:28,047 --> 00:39:33,519
because this was the main engine
of the city's economy

303
00:39:33,807 --> 00:39:36,162
thanks to the arrival of pilgrims
and tourists,

304
00:39:36,487 --> 00:39:40,560
thanks to regular tickets
that the temple received from the Jews

305
00:39:40,727 --> 00:39:45,084
all over the world, both in the empire
Roman as in Mesopotamia.

306
00:39:45,367 --> 00:39:48,916
This all ended because
there was no longer a temple and, in fact,

307
00:39:49,047 --> 00:39:50,844
demanded of the Jews
of the Roman empire

308
00:39:51,167 --> 00:39:52,441
to send
your offerings

309
00:39:52,687 --> 00:39:55,679
to Rome to rebuild
the temple of Jupiter,

310
00:39:55,927 --> 00:39:59,124
which was accidentally set on fire
in the year sixty-nine.

311
00:39:59,407 --> 00:40:04,435
Thus, the city's economy
completely collapsed.

312
00:42:22,807 --> 00:42:27,961
Lieutenant Charles Warren
he was an excellent diplomat

313
00:42:28,287 --> 00:42:32,599
and managed to convince
Islamic authorities

314
00:42:32,887 --> 00:42:37,005
to allow you to enter
in all cisterns

315
00:42:37,447 --> 00:42:42,362
and caves under the terrace
of the temple to explore them.

316
00:42:42,927 --> 00:42:47,523
Your recognition, associate
to that of Lieutenant Charles Wilson

317
00:42:48,047 --> 00:42:53,326
a few years earlier, provided
all basic data

318
00:42:53,567 --> 00:42:57,958
what we have about archeology
from Temple Hill

319
00:42:58,287 --> 00:43:01,245
and all subsequent works

320
00:43:01,527 --> 00:43:03,961
were based on the work
of these two men.

321
00:44:07,967 --> 00:44:10,197
I, like everyone else
archaeologists,

322
00:44:10,447 --> 00:44:12,597
I couldn't dig in the hill,

323
00:44:13,127 --> 00:44:14,719
so I thought,
to try to locate

324
00:44:14,847 --> 00:44:16,917
the cisterns
and the underground canals,

325
00:44:17,167 --> 00:44:22,036
the best he could do was get
infrared photographs.

326
00:44:22,447 --> 00:44:29,603
In 1997, I took a photo
about three hundred meters

327
00:44:30,007 --> 00:44:35,240
which shows a channel that goes from
Dome of the Rock

328
00:44:35,487 --> 00:44:37,557
up to the head of the well
from cistern five.

329
00:44:37,887 --> 00:44:43,086
This can only be seen in infrared film
and it's very interesting,

330
00:44:43,487 --> 00:44:48,959
because it demonstrates, in my understanding,
Warren's theory

331
00:44:49,407 --> 00:44:56,483
that the center of the network
of temple sewers was here,

332
00:44:56,687 --> 00:45:00,760
in cistern five,
that appears on Wilson's map.

333
00:45:01,447 --> 00:45:06,567
And if so, the sancta sanctorum
it was approximately here.

334
00:45:07,287 --> 00:45:09,323
This means that if there was
a secret hiding place

335
00:45:09,607 --> 00:45:11,996
that started from the sancta sanctorum,

336
00:45:12,247 --> 00:45:15,205
It is necessary to excavate in this area
to find him.

337
00:45:48,047 --> 00:45:52,996
The last historical document that
we possess over the ark

338
00:45:53,167 --> 00:45:56,318
It is a reference in the books of Kings
and Chronicles.

339
00:45:56,567 --> 00:46:00,765
In the year 620 BC,
King Josiah asked the Levites,

340
00:46:00,927 --> 00:46:03,122
who were the only guardians
of the ark,

341
00:46:03,327 --> 00:46:05,124
to remove her from her refuge

342
00:46:05,327 --> 00:46:08,399
and put it inside
of the sancta sanctorum,

343
00:46:08,607 --> 00:46:11,405
inside the temple
built by Solomon.

344
00:46:11,807 --> 00:46:16,198
This is very important,
because I believe it demonstrates

345
00:46:16,367 --> 00:46:20,280
that a hiding place would be built
to the ark of the covenant

346
00:46:20,447 --> 00:46:24,998
long before the destruction
Babylonian from 586 BC,

347
00:46:25,327 --> 00:46:28,603
in which it was destroyed
most of the first temple.

348
00:46:28,887 --> 00:46:32,846
If so, it means that,
although the ark

349
00:46:33,007 --> 00:46:35,840
has disappeared from history
documented,

350
00:46:36,087 --> 00:46:38,555
did not abandon Jerusalem.

351
00:46:38,807 --> 00:46:43,437
And it's very important,
not just for historians,

352
00:46:43,767 --> 00:46:45,485
as also for the Jewish nation,

353
00:46:45,847 --> 00:46:53,003
believe that the ark remains under the
Temple Hill in Jerusalem.

354
00:46:53,207 --> 00:46:58,201
It has no meaning at all
another place in the world.

355
00:46:58,527 --> 00:47:03,396
This was the place that David chose,
by order of God,

356
00:47:03,647 --> 00:47:05,478
and for this reason, nowadays,

357
00:47:05,807 --> 00:47:08,480
most Jews like
to believe that the ark

358
00:47:08,687 --> 00:47:10,996
continues somewhere under the hill.

359
00:47:48,127 --> 00:47:53,076
You pass from one place
where there is a lot of noise

360
00:47:53,287 --> 00:47:59,396
and a great heat to enter
in this well,

361
00:47:59,647 --> 00:48:04,482
which is reinforced with wood to
prevent walls from collapsing,

362
00:48:05,087 --> 00:48:08,636
and you access another world.
There is total silence.

363
00:48:09,007 --> 00:48:11,043
Total darkness.

364
00:48:11,487 --> 00:48:14,240
We had continuous flashes
from our chambers,

365
00:48:14,487 --> 00:48:17,763
so that we could
see quite well and,

366
00:48:17,967 --> 00:48:22,119
As we progressed
and we couldn't use them anymore,

367
00:48:22,407 --> 00:48:24,477
I wielded a flashlight

368
00:48:24,767 --> 00:48:30,797
and I was able to travel around a hundred and
fifty meters through one of the tunnels.

369
00:48:31,207 --> 00:48:34,085
The problem is that it was never
excavated,

370
00:48:34,367 --> 00:48:38,519
So I had to crawl back.

371
00:48:39,087 --> 00:48:45,765
But this confirmed me
that my theory that the ark

372
00:48:46,087 --> 00:48:49,443
may be hidden under
the hill is perfectly possible.

373
00:48:49,727 --> 00:48:53,037
This is just one of hundreds
of tunnels

374
00:48:53,487 --> 00:48:58,515
that exist beneath the Temple Hill,
in Jerusalem.

375
00:48:58,847 --> 00:49:00,678
Therefore, it is easy to think that the ark

376
00:49:01,007 --> 00:49:05,558
continues a few meters away
distance from the place we are,

377
00:49:06,327 --> 00:49:10,639
where the Levites left it
many thousands of years ago,

378
00:49:10,807 --> 00:49:13,162
before the Babylonian destruction.

379
00:50:08,527 --> 00:50:14,602
The archaeologists of Jerusalem,
Israeli archaeologists,

380
00:50:14,807 --> 00:50:17,446
wish they could dig
in depth.

381
00:50:17,767 --> 00:50:22,761
But, unfortunately, there are
found many impediments

382
00:50:22,967 --> 00:50:25,276
and with the worries
religious of Muslims,

383
00:50:25,447 --> 00:50:28,598
who continue to control
the Temple Hill,

384
00:50:28,807 --> 00:50:31,480
the situation remains
the same today.

385
00:50:32,127 --> 00:50:35,676
It is very unlikely that Colina
of the Temple will be excavated,

386
00:50:36,007 --> 00:50:38,521
but for historians
That's not too serious,

387
00:50:38,767 --> 00:50:40,917
because we have many
literary sources,

388
00:50:41,287 --> 00:50:43,437
at least for the period
of the second temple,

389
00:50:43,807 --> 00:50:47,925
who tell us what it was like
the temple when it was standing,

390
00:50:48,087 --> 00:50:49,759
in Roman times.

391
00:50:50,007 --> 00:50:53,886
And although it was fantastic
be able to obtain visual evidence

392
00:50:54,127 --> 00:50:57,119
through an excavation,
this is not essential.

393
00:50:57,367 --> 00:50:59,961
We know more about the temple
from Jerusalem

394
00:51:00,167 --> 00:51:02,806
than about any other temple
of the ancient world.

395
00:51:03,305 --> 00:52:03,760
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