1
00:00:14,348 --> 00:00:17,184
who sews men's shirts at Seligman's
for 1.14 francs an hour.

2
00:00:17,309 --> 00:00:20,312
Reason: singing while working.
What's in a name?

3
00:00:20,437 --> 00:00:22,105
We wonder about this as children,

4
00:00:22,230 --> 00:00:24,191
writing this name
which we forget is ours.

5
00:00:24,316 --> 00:00:27,319
James to Paul, writing
on the ears of his dog:

6
00:00:27,444 --> 00:00:30,238
"I wrote your name, Liberty,
with the blood of a comrade

7
00:00:30,364 --> 00:00:31,865
"tortured by the Gestapo."

8
00:00:31,990 --> 00:00:33,533
The people of oppressed nations

9
00:00:33,658 --> 00:00:36,953
must not stop fighting
for their emancipation.

10
00:00:42,292 --> 00:00:44,753
Persevering in the fight
is the way to succeed.

11
00:00:44,878 --> 00:00:49,049
I'm embarrassed to say
I give moral support and that's all.

12
00:00:49,174 --> 00:00:53,095
We know that our capacity
to fight is limited,

13
00:00:53,220 --> 00:00:55,430
but we'd like to fight
as much as we can

14
00:00:55,555 --> 00:01:00,060
and to only give moral support
seems rather weak to me.

15
00:01:00,185 --> 00:01:02,896
Could you explain?

16
00:01:03,021 --> 00:01:06,483
You mean the presence,
during the strike,

17
00:01:06,608 --> 00:01:09,319
of students supporting workers?

18
00:01:09,444 --> 00:01:10,737
Yes, that's it.

19
00:01:10,862 --> 00:01:14,699
That's...
That's important, but it's not...

20
00:01:14,825 --> 00:01:18,203
It's very important, but it isn't
what we need to discuss.

21
00:01:18,328 --> 00:01:21,123
Of course we'll be there,
that seems obvious,

22
00:01:21,248 --> 00:01:23,500
but where do we go from there?

23
00:01:23,625 --> 00:01:26,169
What is to be done?

24
00:01:26,294 --> 00:01:27,963
We can do what we did last time,

25
00:01:28,088 --> 00:01:30,507
or we can do more, for instance...

26
00:01:31,716 --> 00:01:34,136
It's a case of thinking it over

27
00:01:34,261 --> 00:01:39,891
and deciding when to call
a second general strike

28
00:01:40,434 --> 00:01:44,896
and organising it better
than the last one,

29
00:01:45,021 --> 00:01:47,441
even though the last one
wasn't a total failure

30
00:01:47,566 --> 00:01:49,401
because we did learn
a lot of things.

31
00:01:50,652 --> 00:01:52,362
December 1967.

32
00:01:52,487 --> 00:01:56,032
The head of Lycée Condorcet
expels a pupil for trade union activity

33
00:01:56,158 --> 00:01:58,368
after a strike organised to protest

34
00:01:58,493 --> 00:02:00,829
against the resumption
of classes on a Thursday.

35
00:02:00,954 --> 00:02:03,039
First, then second demonstration.

36
00:02:03,165 --> 00:02:06,877
High-school pupils clash
with the police for the first time.

37
00:02:07,002 --> 00:02:09,629
The Russian working class
is decimated by the civil war.

38
00:02:09,754 --> 00:02:11,173
In his fight against Stalin

39
00:02:11,298 --> 00:02:14,050
Trotsky is supported by the Red Army
and young students.

40
00:02:14,176 --> 00:02:16,887
He hesitates to unleash them
against the Party apparatus

41
00:02:17,012 --> 00:02:19,014
which Stalin has taken in hand.

42
00:02:26,521 --> 00:02:29,149
It was a reconnaissance mission.

43
00:02:29,274 --> 00:02:31,693
If, for instance,
we wanted to work in Flins,

44
00:02:31,818 --> 00:02:33,778
we'd need to go to Flins.

45
00:02:33,904 --> 00:02:38,241
In order to help the workers in Flins,
we'd need to go to Flins

46
00:02:38,366 --> 00:02:40,785
to try to get a job at a factory,

47
00:02:40,911 --> 00:02:44,915
preferably at Renault
because it's a tough sector,

48
00:02:45,040 --> 00:02:48,752
and find out and learn
what's going on at the factory.

49
00:02:48,877 --> 00:02:53,340
<i>December</i> 1967,
Le <i>Figaro and I Express</i>

50
00:02:53,465 --> 00:02:56,885
rebel against the prohibition on campus

51
00:02:57,010 --> 00:02:59,137
of free movement
between boys' rooms...

52
00:02:59,262 --> 00:03:00,555
...and girls' rooms.

53
00:03:00,680 --> 00:03:03,183
"The main task of the theatre
is to explain the story

54
00:03:03,308 --> 00:03:06,728
"and communicate ideas by means
of appropriate distancing effects,"

55
00:03:06,853 --> 00:03:11,900
explains Bertolt Brecht to chemists
at a photographic products factory.

56
00:03:15,403 --> 00:03:18,698
Despite the civil strife,
which adds to the horror

57
00:03:18,823 --> 00:03:22,619
civilised life resumes
at the start of spring

58
00:03:22,744 --> 00:03:25,205
in the territories liberated by Tito.

59
00:03:25,330 --> 00:03:29,834
The partisans have put
the railways back in service.

60
00:03:29,960 --> 00:03:32,629
Classes have resumed
in some rural schools.

61
00:03:33,713 --> 00:03:36,383
So, for example, the minimum...

62
00:03:36,508 --> 00:03:40,887
It would have been possible
to manufacture and bring out cars...

63
00:03:44,015 --> 00:03:46,726
-...and give them away or...
- Or exchange them.

64
00:03:46,851 --> 00:03:50,355
Exchange them for other things,
or something like that.

65
00:03:50,480 --> 00:03:52,524
And to make red cars
rather than black cars.

66
00:03:52,649 --> 00:03:55,110
It's not our tragicomic achievements

67
00:03:55,235 --> 00:03:57,821
that have paved the way
for revolutionary progress.

68
00:03:57,946 --> 00:03:59,864
At best, only by giving rise

69
00:03:59,990 --> 00:04:02,325
to a compact and powerful
counterrevolution,

70
00:04:02,450 --> 00:04:04,995
by creating an adversary
and fighting it

71
00:04:05,120 --> 00:04:09,332
can the party of subversion finally
become a truly revolutionary party.

72
00:04:09,916 --> 00:04:11,334
Political class awareness

73
00:04:11,459 --> 00:04:14,170
can only be given
to the worker from outside,

74
00:04:14,296 --> 00:04:16,423
that is, from outside the economic fight,

75
00:04:16,548 --> 00:04:19,342
from outside the sphere
of labour relations.

76
00:04:19,968 --> 00:04:22,512
If we had a job like that...

77
00:04:22,637 --> 00:04:25,682
Do you think
it's important or not?

78
00:04:27,058 --> 00:04:29,936
- It's a way of...
- I think it's important.

79
00:04:31,730 --> 00:04:35,734
It's a way of putting the strike
in the service

80
00:04:35,859 --> 00:04:39,779
either of propaganda
or of information or other things.

81
00:04:39,904 --> 00:04:42,657
For example, if cars
were coming out of Renault

82
00:04:42,782 --> 00:04:47,203
spokesmen with loudspeakers
could be used

83
00:04:47,329 --> 00:04:51,416
to talk about what was happening
in the factory and on the picket lines.

84
00:04:51,541 --> 00:04:54,210
These are small details.
However, it's very important.

85
00:04:54,336 --> 00:04:56,463
It shows the workers
don't need a boss

86
00:04:56,588 --> 00:04:59,049
to get a factory running
on their terms.

87
00:05:00,258 --> 00:05:03,887
- Yes, but it hasn't been done.
- No, it hasn't been done. Why not?

88
00:05:04,012 --> 00:05:08,683
I don't know,
but you shouldn't see it as a failure.

89
00:05:08,808 --> 00:05:10,935
The way to look at it is...

90
00:05:12,729 --> 00:05:16,107
the general strike was a step
in the right direction.

91
00:05:16,232 --> 00:05:20,153
It took the struggle to a higher level.

92
00:05:20,278 --> 00:05:24,616
We couldn't solve
the problem of organising

93
00:05:24,741 --> 00:05:27,827
the means of production
to serve the strikers, it's true.

94
00:05:27,952 --> 00:05:29,704
That's the next stage.

95
00:05:29,829 --> 00:05:33,541
The next stage is when, say,

96
00:05:33,667 --> 00:05:35,877
we can provide food

97
00:05:37,629 --> 00:05:42,050
using contacts with the countryside
with the cooperatives, etc.

98
00:05:42,175 --> 00:05:43,593
It's not just the contacts.

99
00:05:43,718 --> 00:05:49,265
Farmers are chucking away tomatoes
and stuff several times a year

100
00:05:49,391 --> 00:05:52,644
and that's not good.

101
00:05:52,769 --> 00:05:57,065
It's feasible as long as,
for example,

102
00:05:57,190 --> 00:06:00,902
we stay in contact with them
and provide explanations.

103
00:06:01,027 --> 00:06:03,905
For example,
we explain to the farmers...

104
00:06:05,824 --> 00:06:09,244
what the strike at Flins means
for the workers at Flins

105
00:06:09,369 --> 00:06:12,122
and we tell them that now...

106
00:06:12,247 --> 00:06:16,376
The important thing is
for people to feel connected.

107
00:06:16,501 --> 00:06:19,546
So we say, for example,
to a cooperative,

108
00:06:21,715 --> 00:06:25,844
"You're going to send supplies
to the strikers at this factory

109
00:06:25,969 --> 00:06:28,847
"and we're going to explain
what's going on at this factory."

110
00:06:28,972 --> 00:06:31,641
Similarly, we can say...

111
00:06:32,976 --> 00:06:35,353
to workers in the factory,

112
00:06:35,478 --> 00:06:37,439
"This is the situation.

113
00:06:37,564 --> 00:06:40,400
"This is the situation in this place

114
00:06:40,525 --> 00:06:42,777
"and this is why they feel
solidarity with you.

115
00:06:42,902 --> 00:06:46,072
"They have demands too."
That's how we do it.

116
00:06:46,197 --> 00:06:49,993
What did you mean
when you said it wasn't a failure?

117
00:06:50,118 --> 00:06:56,291
I mean, it was a failure,
it was a failed revolution, sure.

118
00:06:56,416 --> 00:06:59,169
But it wasn't a failure...

119
00:07:00,003 --> 00:07:02,172
December 1967, IFOP poll.

120
00:07:02,297 --> 00:07:04,841
37% of the French believe
that before the year 2000

121
00:07:04,966 --> 00:07:08,136
there will be another world war.
19% have no opinion.

122
00:07:08,261 --> 00:07:11,097
72% think the problem
of unemployment won't be solved.

123
00:07:11,222 --> 00:07:15,685
58% think that in France
they'll drink more wine than now.

124
00:07:17,145 --> 00:07:19,564
Prison bombed,
police station blown up,

125
00:07:19,689 --> 00:07:20,940
perceptions blown up.

126
00:07:21,065 --> 00:07:24,319
Where? In Quimper, in Rennes,
in Saint-Brieuc, in Plouzevédé.

127
00:07:24,444 --> 00:07:26,196
When? In January 1968.

128
00:07:26,321 --> 00:07:29,699
To check if a youth is revolutionary
or not, there is only one criterion:

129
00:07:29,824 --> 00:07:32,327
does he feel solidarity
with the workers and farmers

130
00:07:32,452 --> 00:07:34,162
and is he fighting for their cause?

131
00:07:34,287 --> 00:07:36,664
If he wants it and does it,
he is a revolutionary.

132
00:07:36,790 --> 00:07:38,374
If he stops doing it tomorrow,

133
00:07:38,500 --> 00:07:41,586
then he'll be non-revolutionary
or counter-revolutionary.

134
00:07:41,711 --> 00:07:44,172
February 1968.
In Caen the workers fight.

135
00:07:44,297 --> 00:07:46,341
The police disguise
the number of deaths.

136
00:07:49,469 --> 00:07:51,679
...the same bonus for everyone.

137
00:07:51,805 --> 00:07:53,848
- The bonus?
- The same for everyone.

138
00:07:53,973 --> 00:07:56,559
The same for everyone.
What does it depend on?

139
00:07:56,684 --> 00:07:58,436
The bonus depends
on the rate of work,

140
00:07:58,561 --> 00:08:00,563
on the output the factory achieves.

141
00:08:00,688 --> 00:08:03,441
If the output is down,
we don't get a bonus.

142
00:08:04,192 --> 00:08:06,528
No doubt this year...

143
00:08:08,446 --> 00:08:12,617
The output agreed by the unions
hasn't been reached.

144
00:08:12,742 --> 00:08:16,162
The employer tried to get us
to reach it anyway...

145
00:08:18,873 --> 00:08:21,626
- What is the maximum output?
- The output is...

146
00:08:21,751 --> 00:08:25,505
- It's unlimited.
- The output is decided...

147
00:08:25,630 --> 00:08:28,800
If the employer determines a ceiling,

148
00:08:28,925 --> 00:08:30,677
that ceiling must be reached.

149
00:08:30,802 --> 00:08:32,095
What is it?

150
00:08:33,221 --> 00:08:36,766
- We know nothing. You don't know.
- No, we're in the dark.

151
00:08:36,891 --> 00:08:40,603
Do you think it would help you
to know, for example...

152
00:08:40,728 --> 00:08:42,021
You realise...

153
00:08:42,146 --> 00:08:45,275
We must attack with non-violence,
and defend with violence.

154
00:08:45,400 --> 00:08:48,945
22 March, 1968,
in protest against the arrests

155
00:08:49,070 --> 00:08:52,407
at demonstrations organised
by Vietnam Day Committees,

156
00:08:52,532 --> 00:08:54,909
600 Nanterre students
occupy lecture theatre B1

157
00:08:55,034 --> 00:08:56,536
and rename it "Che Guevara".

158
00:08:58,329 --> 00:09:00,915
At the CFC in Alés,
after a 48-hour strike,

159
00:09:01,040 --> 00:09:05,587
the enamel workers
obtained a 15-centime pay rise.

160
00:09:05,712 --> 00:09:10,425
The colour workers immediately
began to strike for a pay rise too.

161
00:09:10,550 --> 00:09:14,846
Say they were a number of cars
short on the assembly line yesterday,

162
00:09:14,971 --> 00:09:18,641
that number would have
to be made up tomorrow morning.

163
00:09:18,766 --> 00:09:20,894
But they don't tell the workers that.

164
00:09:21,019 --> 00:09:23,688
They just think there was
a shortfall in the output.

165
00:09:23,813 --> 00:09:28,234
For example,
two and a half years ago...

166
00:09:29,068 --> 00:09:32,447
when the R16 first came out...

167
00:09:35,074 --> 00:09:37,869
the painting came to a halt, I think.

168
00:09:37,994 --> 00:09:41,539
A car fell into a vat.

169
00:09:41,664 --> 00:09:45,418
That blocked the entire assembly line
and they were forced to raid the stock.

170
00:09:45,543 --> 00:09:49,005
History so far has found
no other way to advance humanity

171
00:09:49,130 --> 00:09:51,674
than to oppose the violence
of the condemned classes

172
00:09:51,799 --> 00:09:54,844
with the revolutionary violence
of the progressive class.

173
00:09:54,969 --> 00:09:56,554
Anything can happen right now.

174
00:09:56,679 --> 00:09:59,140
We could almost say
everything has happened.

175
00:09:59,265 --> 00:10:02,393
If our story is not believable today,
it may be tomorrow,

176
00:10:02,518 --> 00:10:05,521
thanks to scientific research,
which is the way of the future.

177
00:10:05,647 --> 00:10:08,483
Then no one will dare consign it
to the realm of legends.

178
00:10:10,985 --> 00:10:13,613
It's about destroying
the enemy, not judging it.

179
00:10:13,738 --> 00:10:15,448
In villages liberated by the column

180
00:10:15,573 --> 00:10:17,241
they assembled the peasants,

181
00:10:17,367 --> 00:10:20,662
asking them to point out the fascists
and shooting them on the spot.

182
00:10:20,787 --> 00:10:23,998
The next revolution will go
the same way, serenely.

183
00:10:24,123 --> 00:10:26,292
We know there will be
no one to judge us.

184
00:10:26,417 --> 00:10:29,420
The judges will be gone forever.
We will have eliminated them.

185
00:10:30,421 --> 00:10:33,633
In Flins we know the whole region
geographically now.

186
00:10:33,758 --> 00:10:35,927
We know the Renault factories
and the roads.

187
00:10:36,052 --> 00:10:38,388
We know the people,
we know where to stay, etc.

188
00:10:38,513 --> 00:10:40,098
If anything happens in Flins,

189
00:10:40,223 --> 00:10:43,685
we'll go into the factories,
no problem, because it's home.

190
00:10:44,560 --> 00:10:45,895
We'll circulate in Flins.

191
00:10:46,020 --> 00:10:49,190
If there are actions
like the ones we led...

192
00:10:50,817 --> 00:10:54,112
that infamous Friday, Saturday
and Monday in Flins,

193
00:10:54,237 --> 00:10:56,739
we know where the roads are
and how to attack

194
00:10:56,864 --> 00:10:59,867
and that, in the short term,
is extremely important.

195
00:10:59,993 --> 00:11:03,579
We've been observers, I agree,
but there's nothing to prevent us

196
00:11:03,705 --> 00:11:07,083
from staying much longer in the factory
so we can stop being observers.

197
00:11:07,208 --> 00:11:08,918
As you know,
since we work together,

198
00:11:09,043 --> 00:11:11,713
as soon as we spent
four months at the factory

199
00:11:11,838 --> 00:11:13,840
and got our cards...

200
00:11:13,965 --> 00:11:16,134
For what it's worth,

201
00:11:16,259 --> 00:11:18,636
we decided to get CGT cards...

202
00:11:18,761 --> 00:11:23,307
1 May. The usual march organised
by the CGT from République to Bastille.

203
00:11:23,433 --> 00:11:26,436
A mixture of red and black flags.
Students join in.

204
00:11:26,561 --> 00:11:28,938
They get beaten up
by the police for shouting,

205
00:11:29,063 --> 00:11:31,149
"Long live the CGT
for the class struggle!"

206
00:11:31,274 --> 00:11:33,609
The scrambling of B-52s
based in Guam,

207
00:11:33,735 --> 00:11:36,362
although it costs $30,000
to take out the aircraft.

208
00:11:38,531 --> 00:11:42,118
Each plane can transport
over ten tons of bombs

209
00:11:42,243 --> 00:11:45,621
and a formation of 50 bombers
flying at an altitude of 7,000 metres

210
00:11:45,747 --> 00:11:47,582
can saturate the region.

211
00:11:48,791 --> 00:11:52,628
It's almost impossible to do
the same job with ordinary fighters.

212
00:11:52,754 --> 00:11:55,381
Friday the 3rd. A student
throws the first paving stone.

213
00:11:55,506 --> 00:11:57,550
...if you like, a combativeness,

214
00:11:57,675 --> 00:11:59,677
an animosity even,

215
00:11:59,802 --> 00:12:03,222
and a more general idea
of having a strike,

216
00:12:03,347 --> 00:12:05,683
of stopping work
and starting something else,

217
00:12:05,808 --> 00:12:08,394
which is also extremely important.

218
00:12:09,437 --> 00:12:13,149
The issue is not staying for ten days

219
00:12:13,274 --> 00:12:16,069
and then returning to the factory
when it all kicks off.

220
00:12:16,194 --> 00:12:19,489
The issue is not staying
for three months

221
00:12:19,614 --> 00:12:22,116
and forming a kind
of action committee

222
00:12:22,241 --> 00:12:23,576
for direct action.

223
00:12:23,701 --> 00:12:26,788
The issue, at least
as far as I'm concerned,

224
00:12:26,913 --> 00:12:31,876
is ending the privileged conditions
of students and intellectuals

225
00:12:32,001 --> 00:12:34,087
and ending them completely.

226
00:12:34,212 --> 00:12:35,797
In this society...

227
00:12:37,340 --> 00:12:40,051
In this society
the condition for students

228
00:12:40,176 --> 00:12:43,221
- is one of privilege.
- We can't escape the class struggle.

229
00:12:43,346 --> 00:12:46,265
- Students always escape it.
- No, they never escape it.

230
00:12:46,390 --> 00:12:48,726
They never escape it.
That's what...

231
00:12:48,851 --> 00:12:52,438
- You said...
- That's the Stalinist angle.

232
00:12:52,563 --> 00:12:55,942
- Student are students, end of.
- Student conditions are privileged

233
00:12:56,067 --> 00:12:57,819
in this society.

234
00:12:58,903 --> 00:13:00,947
What we want is a society

235
00:13:01,072 --> 00:13:04,826
in which conditions for students
are not especially privileged,

236
00:13:04,951 --> 00:13:08,329
in which conditions
for managers are not...

237
00:13:08,996 --> 00:13:10,832
privileged conditions.

238
00:13:10,957 --> 00:13:14,627
But wanting to change
those conditions doesn't mean...

239
00:13:14,752 --> 00:13:17,380
We just get out and say,
"For now it's a privilege.

240
00:13:17,505 --> 00:13:21,092
"I no longer want to be a student.
I want to be..."

241
00:13:34,397 --> 00:13:36,440
That depends what you mean.

242
00:13:36,566 --> 00:13:40,278
I mean, there's an enormous
amount of intellectual work

243
00:13:40,403 --> 00:13:43,406
to be done in the middle classes.

244
00:13:43,990 --> 00:13:47,451
It depends what you mean
by conditions for workers.

245
00:13:47,577 --> 00:13:49,453
The proletarian is...

246
00:13:50,413 --> 00:13:52,957
labourers and factory workers.

247
00:13:53,666 --> 00:13:59,797
Then there's what sociologists
are calling the new strata.

248
00:14:00,506 --> 00:14:02,633
The new strata.

249
00:14:04,927 --> 00:14:09,140
People who work in supermarkets
or in Galéries Lafayette.

250
00:14:14,187 --> 00:14:15,188
The thing is...

251
00:14:15,313 --> 00:14:19,400
With respect to this 15%,
I don't agree.

252
00:14:20,985 --> 00:14:25,072
Workers in France represent
over 15% of the active population.

253
00:14:25,907 --> 00:14:29,452
That's certain.
I don't have the figures.

254
00:14:29,577 --> 00:14:31,704
I don't have the figures
but it's true.

255
00:14:31,829 --> 00:14:33,539
But I don't understand...

256
00:14:33,664 --> 00:14:37,084
Wait, you raised the issue
of management just now.

257
00:14:37,210 --> 00:14:40,838
It's an experience, if you like.

258
00:14:40,963 --> 00:14:43,466
The student is destined...

259
00:14:43,591 --> 00:14:47,845
The main criticism
workers have of students is

260
00:14:47,970 --> 00:14:49,472
their Simone Weil approach,

261
00:14:49,597 --> 00:14:52,141
except that they don't know
who Simone Weil is,

262
00:14:52,266 --> 00:14:53,601
but they read...

263
00:14:53,726 --> 00:14:59,065
They think,
"You're very nice, you're with us,

264
00:14:59,190 --> 00:15:02,109
"but when your studies are over,
you'll become the cops."

265
00:15:02,235 --> 00:15:03,778
Friday the 3rd.

266
00:15:03,903 --> 00:15:06,489
The PCF denounces
false revolutionaries,

267
00:15:06,614 --> 00:15:08,699
composed of sons
of the well-to-do

268
00:15:08,824 --> 00:15:10,618
and led by a German anarchist.

269
00:15:10,743 --> 00:15:11,911
Saturday the 4th.

270
00:15:12,036 --> 00:15:13,579
Daniel Legros, a pastry chef,

271
00:15:13,704 --> 00:15:17,917
is found in possession
of a bolt and a switchblade

272
00:15:18,042 --> 00:15:21,837
and sentenced to three months
in jail or a fine of 500 francs.

273
00:15:21,963 --> 00:15:25,216
Sunday the 5th.
Order to strike.

274
00:15:25,341 --> 00:15:27,843
The police occupy
the Latin Quarter en masse.

275
00:15:27,969 --> 00:15:31,055
A University Action Movement
pamphlet calls for...

276
00:15:32,932 --> 00:15:33,933
Monday the 6th.

277
00:15:34,058 --> 00:15:37,103
Around 9.30pm, fighting stops
in Saint-Germain-des-Prés.

278
00:15:37,228 --> 00:15:40,856
The police give chase to the groups
remaining in the Odéon area.

279
00:15:40,982 --> 00:15:44,777
Tuesday the 7th. Calls by the Union
of Communist Marxist-Leninist Youth.

280
00:15:45,319 --> 00:15:47,154
"Let us brush aside
reformist slogans

281
00:15:47,280 --> 00:15:49,740
"and those who unite
to try to prevent

282
00:15:49,865 --> 00:15:52,243
"the masses
from joining the revolution."

283
00:15:53,786 --> 00:15:57,498
I don't know if they worked
in a different way

284
00:15:57,623 --> 00:16:00,167
to the other sociologists
they were working with.

285
00:16:00,293 --> 00:16:01,669
Anyway...

286
00:16:02,169 --> 00:16:07,842
I think there's a way people can
take action in their own field.

287
00:16:08,676 --> 00:16:10,720
I'm convinced of it.

288
00:16:10,845 --> 00:16:13,055
I think a school teacher...

289
00:16:13,180 --> 00:16:14,557
maybe...

290
00:16:15,474 --> 00:16:18,394
He might not give up
being a teacher,

291
00:16:18,519 --> 00:16:22,231
even if he's teaching privately
and earning 200,000 per month.

292
00:16:22,356 --> 00:16:24,275
He can teach certain things

293
00:16:24,400 --> 00:16:28,321
to the girls and boys
who go to the school

294
00:16:28,446 --> 00:16:31,240
and fight the system that way.

295
00:16:31,365 --> 00:16:35,286
It's not about completely rejecting

296
00:16:35,411 --> 00:16:38,622
this situation under the guise of...

297
00:16:39,582 --> 00:16:42,752
Your reasoning is correct

298
00:16:42,877 --> 00:16:45,379
in a completely static context.

299
00:16:45,504 --> 00:16:46,672
Static how?

300
00:16:46,797 --> 00:16:49,717
Or in a climate
that's not at all insurrectionary.

301
00:16:49,842 --> 00:16:51,427
The climate is insurrectionary.

302
00:16:51,552 --> 00:16:54,305
- It's insurrectionary now?
- It's not insurrectionary.

303
00:16:54,430 --> 00:16:57,058
There are strikes
every day in the region.

304
00:16:57,183 --> 00:16:59,143
But that's not an insurrection.

305
00:16:59,268 --> 00:17:00,978
Sorry, it may not be an insurrection

306
00:17:01,103 --> 00:17:04,357
but nevertheless
it's an insurrectionary climate

307
00:17:04,482 --> 00:17:06,025
and it feels like one.

308
00:17:06,150 --> 00:17:10,988
Right, OK,
but the questions you pose

309
00:17:11,113 --> 00:17:13,699
are completely crazy questions,
because if you say

310
00:17:13,824 --> 00:17:16,952
that the situation must move on
and change drastically

311
00:17:17,078 --> 00:17:19,538
by the autumn,
so in two or three months,

312
00:17:19,663 --> 00:17:21,832
then in four or five months' time

313
00:17:21,957 --> 00:17:24,085
the questions we have to ask

314
00:17:24,210 --> 00:17:26,420
will be concrete questions.

315
00:17:26,545 --> 00:17:29,548
What do we students today,

316
00:17:29,673 --> 00:17:31,342
who have taken to the streets...

317
00:17:31,467 --> 00:17:34,678
I don't know how many.
30,000 to 40,000.

318
00:17:34,804 --> 00:17:36,847
What happens to all these people?

319
00:17:36,972 --> 00:17:38,974
What can we do to help?

320
00:17:39,100 --> 00:17:42,436
How can we fight
alongside the working class?

321
00:17:42,561 --> 00:17:44,647
What should
these 40,000 students do

322
00:17:44,772 --> 00:17:46,649
to fight alongside
the working class?

323
00:17:46,774 --> 00:17:48,818
You're a student.
What do you think?

324
00:17:50,778 --> 00:17:52,738
How do you envision it?
You're a student.

325
00:17:52,863 --> 00:17:55,324
I can't answer that.
I'm not a student.

326
00:17:56,951 --> 00:17:59,036
How are you not a student?

327
00:17:59,870 --> 00:18:02,957
No, I've never been a student.
I've always worked.

328
00:18:03,082 --> 00:18:06,127
I've studied for myself,
without taking any exams,

329
00:18:06,252 --> 00:18:08,671
but for ten years now
I've rejected

330
00:18:08,796 --> 00:18:12,633
the notion that I'm a student.

331
00:18:13,426 --> 00:18:15,636
It's always offended me deeply.

332
00:18:15,761 --> 00:18:17,680
It's nothing new but it's definite.

333
00:18:17,805 --> 00:18:19,890
I'm proletarian,
I work like a proletarian,

334
00:18:20,015 --> 00:18:22,643
or like a revolutionary
if I join the guerrillas,

335
00:18:22,768 --> 00:18:25,271
but anyway, the question
doesn't arise for me.

336
00:18:25,396 --> 00:18:29,942
I don't take the pill of knowledge
in any form whatsoever.

337
00:18:31,986 --> 00:18:35,281
That's a misunderstanding.

338
00:18:36,490 --> 00:18:39,910
It's a misunderstanding
of the practice of students.

339
00:18:40,035 --> 00:18:43,831
I don't think it's particularly
interesting to know

340
00:18:43,956 --> 00:18:48,335
how we define ourselves
in relation to the class struggle,

341
00:18:48,461 --> 00:18:49,462
since...

342
00:18:49,587 --> 00:18:51,005
Everything's interesting.

343
00:18:51,130 --> 00:18:53,466
But I mean, not right now.

344
00:18:53,591 --> 00:18:56,677
How do you see
the students helping, Nicolas?

345
00:18:56,802 --> 00:18:58,846
How do you see
the students helping?

346
00:19:00,723 --> 00:19:04,935
- That's the problem.
- In several ways, naturally.

347
00:19:05,060 --> 00:19:08,981
Firstly, they can educate the workers.

348
00:19:09,106 --> 00:19:11,108
That's one way.

349
00:19:11,233 --> 00:19:13,903
We're counting on the students

350
00:19:14,028 --> 00:19:17,823
to help us and inspire us.

351
00:19:18,782 --> 00:19:21,035
They can teach us things that we...

352
00:19:23,412 --> 00:19:25,247
that elude us at the moment.

353
00:19:27,041 --> 00:19:29,460
- And secondly...
- What things, for example?

354
00:19:31,629 --> 00:19:35,216
Because this discussion,
I've had it with an intellectual,

355
00:19:35,341 --> 00:19:37,510
a student who showed up
from time to time...

356
00:19:37,635 --> 00:19:39,970
Wait, allow me a brief digression.

357
00:19:40,095 --> 00:19:44,391
And he said that the workers needed
to be taught class consciousness.

358
00:19:44,517 --> 00:19:46,185
Analysing the recent past

359
00:19:46,310 --> 00:19:48,395
is an imperative task
for revolutionaries.

360
00:19:48,521 --> 00:19:50,356
Yes, we talked about that.

361
00:19:50,481 --> 00:19:53,943
We said, try to know
who we are and how we function.

362
00:19:54,068 --> 00:19:55,110
Yes, that's it.

363
00:19:55,236 --> 00:19:56,362
Wednesday the 8th.

364
00:19:56,487 --> 00:19:59,448
Mass movement of people
in nine regions in the west.

365
00:19:59,573 --> 00:20:01,200
Some 10,000 strikers.

366
00:20:01,325 --> 00:20:02,910
Powerful strike action in the PTT

367
00:20:03,035 --> 00:20:05,538
organised by the General
Community of Transistors

368
00:20:05,663 --> 00:20:08,499
and the French Democratic
Transistorised Company.

369
00:20:10,084 --> 00:20:12,294
Then secondly,
as I said this morning,

370
00:20:12,419 --> 00:20:15,297
they can help create
stronger ties between us.

371
00:20:15,422 --> 00:20:19,802
We can hold meetings with students

372
00:20:19,927 --> 00:20:22,805
and workers
in the same room and discuss...

373
00:20:26,475 --> 00:20:28,227
Among others. Fourth.

374
00:20:29,019 --> 00:20:32,856
Also, an example
of what happens here

375
00:20:32,982 --> 00:20:35,901
is that when we talk to people
about what happened

376
00:20:36,026 --> 00:20:37,403
during the strike in Nantes

377
00:20:37,528 --> 00:20:39,321
nobody knows what happened.

378
00:20:39,446 --> 00:20:43,367
- Very few people are aware.
- Very few people are aware, yes.

379
00:20:43,492 --> 00:20:44,994
And this is very important.

380
00:20:45,119 --> 00:20:46,787
Nantes and Cléon...

381
00:20:46,912 --> 00:20:49,915
This week some guys
from Cléon and Billancourt met

382
00:20:50,040 --> 00:20:53,043
to discuss problems
at Billancourt and Cléon.

383
00:20:53,168 --> 00:20:58,215
A girl from Cléon came
and a guy from Billancourt.

384
00:20:58,340 --> 00:21:00,676
I raised the issue and said,

385
00:21:00,801 --> 00:21:03,470
"What happened?
How did you stop work?"

386
00:21:03,596 --> 00:21:08,183
We knew absolutely nothing about
what had happened inside the factory.

387
00:21:09,184 --> 00:21:11,729
The guy replied...

388
00:21:13,689 --> 00:21:18,444
"We stopped for half an hour."
Or perhaps it was an hour, I forget.

389
00:21:20,529 --> 00:21:25,242
He said there were certain demands
they wanted met,

390
00:21:25,367 --> 00:21:28,662
hence the half-hour strike
which turned into an indefinite strike.

391
00:21:28,787 --> 00:21:31,665
We said, "We weren't aware.

392
00:21:31,790 --> 00:21:33,834
"We knew there was a strike

393
00:21:33,959 --> 00:21:37,338
"but we didn't know exactly
what had happened."

394
00:21:37,463 --> 00:21:40,215
We didn't go on strike
because Cléon was on strike.

395
00:21:40,341 --> 00:21:44,219
We went on strike
because we too had demands.

396
00:21:44,345 --> 00:21:47,056
Conveniently, they were the same.

397
00:21:49,391 --> 00:21:52,269
Even with the trade unions,
there is a lack of information...

398
00:21:53,312 --> 00:21:54,980
given to workers.

399
00:21:55,105 --> 00:21:58,567
There hasn't been enough liaison
between factories:

400
00:21:58,692 --> 00:22:01,403
Cléon, Creil,
Sandouville, Billancourt.

401
00:22:01,528 --> 00:22:07,034
If you think about it,
it's happening in a fairly limited area

402
00:22:07,159 --> 00:22:12,247
but there was no point
in doing it on a limited scale.

403
00:22:12,373 --> 00:22:16,043
Doing it on a national scale
was about establishing a precedent.

404
00:22:16,168 --> 00:22:21,382
That way we could pass
to a higher level of relations,

405
00:22:22,132 --> 00:22:23,926
so-called relations of dual power.

406
00:22:24,051 --> 00:22:25,469
Against the power of the state

407
00:22:25,594 --> 00:22:29,807
there is the power of the workers
who are organising in the factories

408
00:22:29,932 --> 00:22:34,269
which is a relatively centralised power

409
00:22:34,395 --> 00:22:36,689
that isn't necessarily bureaucratic.

410
00:22:36,814 --> 00:22:40,609
It's more of a centralisation
or a dissemination of information,

411
00:22:40,734 --> 00:22:45,239
with everybody giving their experience
of what they've done.

412
00:22:45,364 --> 00:22:48,283
Then we can coordinate,

413
00:22:48,409 --> 00:22:53,539
once we know exactly what's happened
at such and such a site

414
00:22:53,664 --> 00:22:55,124
and say to people,

415
00:22:55,249 --> 00:22:57,751
if we want to get
the factories working again,

416
00:22:57,876 --> 00:23:01,296
"At this place they need this.
Let's make that happen.

417
00:23:01,422 --> 00:23:03,006
"And there they need that."

418
00:23:03,132 --> 00:23:05,259
Once you pass to that phase,

419
00:23:05,384 --> 00:23:10,389
you hold a power
which opposes the power of the state

420
00:23:10,514 --> 00:23:12,683
and the state can't do anything about it.

421
00:23:12,808 --> 00:23:14,435
We needed an organisation

422
00:23:14,560 --> 00:23:17,855
which had absolute authority,
free of tradition,

423
00:23:17,980 --> 00:23:21,650
and which would assemble workers
who were dispersed and unconnected.

424
00:23:21,775 --> 00:23:23,944
This organisation needed
to be a confluence

425
00:23:24,069 --> 00:23:26,947
of all the revolutionary currents
inside the proletariat.

426
00:23:27,072 --> 00:23:30,951
It had to be capable of initiative
and automatic self-governing.

427
00:23:31,076 --> 00:23:34,663
The main thing was to get it
off the ground in 24 hours.

428
00:23:35,664 --> 00:23:39,877
Are there many who want
to take over the power at Renault?

429
00:23:40,878 --> 00:23:44,131
Not to take over the power,
but would it interest

430
00:23:44,256 --> 00:23:45,758
someone who makes an R16

431
00:23:45,883 --> 00:23:48,886
to decide whether to make
an R16 or an R8?

432
00:23:50,929 --> 00:23:52,514
You, for example?

433
00:23:53,891 --> 00:23:56,393
It's hard because first
you have to know about cars

434
00:23:56,518 --> 00:23:58,687
and how to make them.

435
00:23:58,812 --> 00:24:00,731
We're not able to do that.

436
00:24:01,482 --> 00:24:03,609
No, I agree,

437
00:24:03,734 --> 00:24:06,069
but it would interest you,
like the students?

438
00:24:06,195 --> 00:24:09,323
Yes, I'd like to say...

439
00:24:09,448 --> 00:24:12,951
I'd have a model in mind
that I wanted to create.

440
00:24:13,076 --> 00:24:14,703
I think that would be great.

441
00:24:14,828 --> 00:24:16,330
And discuss it with...

442
00:24:16,455 --> 00:24:18,332
Yes, discuss it
with the management.

443
00:24:19,249 --> 00:24:21,752
- The management!
- Not the management, but...

444
00:24:21,877 --> 00:24:23,629
It would still be under management.

445
00:24:23,754 --> 00:24:27,758
I was going to say comrades
and you said management.

446
00:24:27,883 --> 00:24:31,762
- The comrades, then.
- The comrades' management.

447
00:24:34,306 --> 00:24:36,934
Or to say, for example,

448
00:24:37,059 --> 00:24:39,144
we don't need cars.

449
00:24:39,269 --> 00:24:43,732
There are comrades who have
devised shortcuts at the factory.

450
00:24:43,857 --> 00:24:46,944
There are comrades who have
devised shortcuts at the factory.

451
00:24:47,069 --> 00:24:53,075
They have found a new way
of making one small part

452
00:24:53,200 --> 00:24:56,328
which saves us a bit of time
and earns us a bit of money.

453
00:24:57,079 --> 00:25:01,291
We do that anyway
but theoretically we're not allowed to.

454
00:25:01,416 --> 00:25:03,335
Do you see? It saves us time.

455
00:25:07,840 --> 00:25:12,427
Say you see a hole that's redundant
and will never be used,

456
00:25:12,553 --> 00:25:14,972
instead of putting adding putty,
you don't.

457
00:25:16,139 --> 00:25:18,141
The car will run just as well.

458
00:25:19,726 --> 00:25:21,353
It will be worth the same.

459
00:25:24,773 --> 00:25:28,819
Do you think it's desirable
for these things to be linked

460
00:25:29,862 --> 00:25:33,365
to protest strikes, or not?

461
00:25:33,490 --> 00:25:35,367
Or not right away,
or it depends?

462
00:25:35,492 --> 00:25:38,495
Once we have taken over the factories.

463
00:25:38,620 --> 00:25:42,708
In my opinion,
it's the basis of everything.

464
00:25:42,833 --> 00:25:45,544
Until now, people
have been made to believe

465
00:25:45,669 --> 00:25:49,131
that the basis of everything
wasn't that,

466
00:25:49,256 --> 00:25:50,299
but...

467
00:25:51,717 --> 00:25:55,512
being able to decide
what to produce...

468
00:25:58,515 --> 00:26:02,019
For us, cars are useful,
because basically...

469
00:26:02,144 --> 00:26:05,856
In the end, the slogan
"Don't make cars, make buses,"

470
00:26:05,981 --> 00:26:06,982
is true.

471
00:26:07,107 --> 00:26:09,860
When we go to work
in the morning,

472
00:26:09,985 --> 00:26:14,573
when we go to the university
in the morning at nine,

473
00:26:14,698 --> 00:26:17,576
at a time
when everyone's going to work,

474
00:26:19,161 --> 00:26:21,830
it takes much longer
than if we were going there...

475
00:26:21,955 --> 00:26:25,500
People start work
at 7.30 not nine.

476
00:26:25,626 --> 00:26:28,879
In the factory, yes,
but all the office workers

477
00:26:29,004 --> 00:26:32,049
and department store employees,
who work hard too,

478
00:26:32,174 --> 00:26:34,092
they start work at nine.

479
00:26:34,217 --> 00:26:38,263
I'm talking about Paris.
When we see the number of cars...

480
00:26:38,388 --> 00:26:41,433
If you make buses instead of cars,
there'll be buses everywhere.

481
00:26:41,558 --> 00:26:43,727
The traffic would circulate better.

482
00:26:43,852 --> 00:26:45,938
There are traffic problems in Paris.

483
00:26:46,063 --> 00:26:48,231
Look at the problem
in the USSR, for example.

484
00:26:48,357 --> 00:26:50,609
People in the USSR

485
00:26:50,734 --> 00:26:53,570
wanted to set about making cars.

486
00:26:53,695 --> 00:26:56,073
People wanted cars.

487
00:26:56,198 --> 00:26:58,116
In fact...

488
00:26:58,241 --> 00:27:02,162
if you want a service to get
around the city, for example...

489
00:27:02,287 --> 00:27:04,831
if you set up
a public transport service

490
00:27:04,957 --> 00:27:08,251
and organise it
in an intelligent way,

491
00:27:08,377 --> 00:27:12,297
you can get very good results.

492
00:27:12,422 --> 00:27:15,676
It costs much less
and allows you to do other things,

493
00:27:15,801 --> 00:27:18,720
instead of everyone
plonking their arse in their car.

494
00:27:18,845 --> 00:27:21,390
Why do people want
to have a car for work?

495
00:27:21,515 --> 00:27:25,185
Because taking the metro
at eight in the morning or six at night

496
00:27:25,310 --> 00:27:27,312
is completely disgusting.

497
00:27:28,021 --> 00:27:33,193
It's exhausting. You're not paid to do it.
On the contrary, you pay to go there.

498
00:27:37,781 --> 00:27:41,118
Students and intellectuals

499
00:27:41,243 --> 00:27:43,745
can always write books to try to...

500
00:27:44,579 --> 00:27:48,375
They've seen what's going on
and it doesn't satisfy them at all.

501
00:27:48,500 --> 00:27:49,960
They want implementation

502
00:27:50,085 --> 00:27:53,422
and implementation
isn't achieved like that.

503
00:27:56,091 --> 00:27:59,970
It's done communally,
with the mobilisation of everyone.

504
00:28:00,721 --> 00:28:04,683
I think one of the demands,
like you said,

505
00:28:06,018 --> 00:28:08,812
should be the right to influence
what you produce.

506
00:28:08,937 --> 00:28:10,814
Today we want to say,

507
00:28:10,939 --> 00:28:13,525
"We want to produce
this much per day.

508
00:28:13,650 --> 00:28:15,235
"We want to work
this many hours.

509
00:28:15,360 --> 00:28:19,364
"We think this is the way to work,
in these working conditions."

510
00:28:19,489 --> 00:28:22,743
These are demands
that don't arise now

511
00:28:22,868 --> 00:28:27,956
but they are demands
that should arise later.

512
00:28:28,081 --> 00:28:30,625
Because, for example,
when you demand...

513
00:28:30,751 --> 00:28:33,628
Let's take the example
of social security

514
00:28:33,754 --> 00:28:36,631
and prescriptions, which...

515
00:28:36,757 --> 00:28:40,594
The bourgeoisie likes nothing better
than to eradicate everything.

516
00:28:40,719 --> 00:28:42,554
It wasn't enough
to imprison free love

517
00:28:42,679 --> 00:28:45,098
in the sordid appropriation
of a marriage contract

518
00:28:45,223 --> 00:28:48,101
and release it at set times
for adulterous needs.

519
00:28:48,226 --> 00:28:51,521
It wasn't content with jealousy
and lies to poison passion.

520
00:28:51,646 --> 00:28:54,941
It has managed to separate lovers
from the embrace of their actions.

521
00:28:55,067 --> 00:28:56,610
That's how it was done.

522
00:28:56,735 --> 00:29:00,238
There were cases of sickness

523
00:29:00,363 --> 00:29:03,116
which were troubling,
and had to be resolved.

524
00:29:03,241 --> 00:29:05,660
They could afford
to spend a certain amount

525
00:29:05,786 --> 00:29:07,662
on their workers' health

526
00:29:07,788 --> 00:29:10,957
because that affected
the company's health too.

527
00:29:11,875 --> 00:29:15,879
Now they're talking
about a deficit in social security,

528
00:29:16,004 --> 00:29:20,801
because people are taking
better care of themselves.

529
00:29:21,635 --> 00:29:23,553
And it's too expensive.

530
00:29:23,678 --> 00:29:26,056
It's expensive
and they no longer want to pay

531
00:29:26,181 --> 00:29:30,352
because health is considered
to be something which...

532
00:29:31,895 --> 00:29:35,357
People can be healthy enough
for 400 francs.

533
00:29:35,482 --> 00:29:37,317
There's no need
to spend 800 francs.

534
00:29:37,442 --> 00:29:40,737
Spending 400 francs on health
will suffice to produce cars.

535
00:29:42,447 --> 00:29:47,244
"Mr Bukharin, I ask you once again,
here before the proletarian court..."

536
00:29:47,369 --> 00:29:51,289
"Will you confess to the world
which espionage service hired you:

537
00:29:51,414 --> 00:29:53,041
"German, Japanese or English?"

538
00:29:53,166 --> 00:29:55,001
- Bukharin:
-"None?

539
00:29:55,127 --> 00:29:58,922
We may not agitate in the same way
but we can maintain a presence,

540
00:29:59,047 --> 00:30:00,757
a constant presence, right?

541
00:30:00,882 --> 00:30:02,551
We're counting on it.

542
00:30:02,676 --> 00:30:04,845
Do you think
that would give you a plan

543
00:30:04,970 --> 00:30:08,098
to resume the strike
in the factories, etc?

544
00:30:08,223 --> 00:30:09,850
Yes, I think so.

545
00:30:09,975 --> 00:30:12,352
Because my idea is,
if there are many doubts,

546
00:30:12,477 --> 00:30:14,354
if there are many doubts...

547
00:30:15,230 --> 00:30:17,899
and if the situation is repeated
in the universities...

548
00:30:21,027 --> 00:30:24,906
it would provide an impetus
for the masses to strike again.

549
00:30:25,031 --> 00:30:26,825
Don't you think they would say,

550
00:30:26,950 --> 00:30:29,828
"Oh, those students,
those leftists, those agitators,

551
00:30:29,953 --> 00:30:33,415
"they're still stirring things up
and causing a nuisance"?

552
00:30:34,374 --> 00:30:37,335
- Instead of really...
- Yes, a little...

553
00:30:37,460 --> 00:30:41,047
Don't you think, on the contrary,
it would be a wake-up call?

554
00:30:42,215 --> 00:30:44,050
Thus the circle closes.

555
00:30:44,176 --> 00:30:45,177
As a deterrence...

556
00:30:45,302 --> 00:30:48,972
- Mao Tse-Tung's thinking outlines...
- A strategy of fight to the death.

557
00:30:49,097 --> 00:30:51,516
- The sources are the same.
- Behind Lenin, Hegel.

558
00:30:51,641 --> 00:30:53,226
The consequences reversed.

559
00:30:53,351 --> 00:30:56,021
The atom bomb is not a condition
of universal order.

560
00:30:56,146 --> 00:30:58,732
- But of universal illusion.
- A paper tiger.

561
00:30:58,857 --> 00:31:00,483
Saturday the 11th at 2am.

562
00:31:00,609 --> 00:31:03,069
The Interior Minister wants
the streets cleared.

563
00:31:03,195 --> 00:31:05,155
It takes over three hours...

564
00:31:05,280 --> 00:31:07,449
...for riot police
to clear Rue Gay-Lussac.

565
00:31:07,574 --> 00:31:09,910
- Ten times...
-...they encounter barricades.

566
00:31:10,035 --> 00:31:14,080
- Ten times they are forced back.
- Despite the tear gas.

567
00:31:14,206 --> 00:31:16,374
Despite incendiary
and other grenades.

568
00:31:16,499 --> 00:31:21,963
We need workers to explain
the problems in factories to students.

569
00:31:22,672 --> 00:31:26,176
I think the takeover of the university

570
00:31:26,301 --> 00:31:29,221
has led to direct contact
between workers and students

571
00:31:29,346 --> 00:31:32,390
and if that contact continues,
we can take things further.

572
00:31:33,308 --> 00:31:36,603
I think we would feel
even more united

573
00:31:36,728 --> 00:31:39,314
in the face of problems
arising with the government.

574
00:31:41,149 --> 00:31:43,693
First, there is the fact,

575
00:31:43,818 --> 00:31:46,238
whether we open in January or not

576
00:31:46,363 --> 00:31:50,659
and it seems it may be better
at the end of November,

577
00:31:50,784 --> 00:31:53,787
that we'll still have the premises,
which is very important.

578
00:31:53,912 --> 00:31:57,874
That way, when the faculty returns,
we can take it over, no problem.

579
00:31:59,042 --> 00:32:03,672
I think there'll be plenty of interest,
as long as we explain...

580
00:32:03,797 --> 00:32:07,217
Perhaps students aren't used
to demonstrating,

581
00:32:07,342 --> 00:32:11,054
to spending the month of May
in the street, walking around.

582
00:32:13,348 --> 00:32:16,601
That could pose problems for us,
agitating...

583
00:32:16,726 --> 00:32:17,727
Sunday the 12th.

584
00:32:17,852 --> 00:32:21,564
De Gaulle's government responds
to the university with bloody violence.

585
00:32:21,690 --> 00:32:23,775
- Daniel...
-...Cohn-Bendit is a werewolf.

586
00:32:23,900 --> 00:32:26,861
Here Radio Pravda,
transmitted from the station,

587
00:32:26,987 --> 00:32:28,530
tells of the long wait.

588
00:32:28,655 --> 00:32:30,865
- Daniel...
-...Cohn-Bendit at 5am

589
00:32:30,991 --> 00:32:34,577
calls on trade unions and asks them
to organise a general strike.

590
00:32:35,662 --> 00:32:36,955
Second paradox.

591
00:32:37,080 --> 00:32:40,166
Kennedy offers Soviets
what he has just refused them,

592
00:32:40,292 --> 00:32:43,086
to limit conflict
over the Cuban missiles crisis.

593
00:32:43,211 --> 00:32:45,714
Despite allusions to Berlin,
Khrushchev agrees.

594
00:32:45,839 --> 00:32:49,342
Sunday the 12th. The trade unions
decide to defy the government

595
00:32:49,467 --> 00:32:52,345
and call a general strike of 24 hours.

596
00:32:52,470 --> 00:32:56,266
We can't do that.
We can only agitate.

597
00:32:56,391 --> 00:32:58,310
All we can do
is occupy the premises.

598
00:32:58,435 --> 00:32:59,728
That's possible.

599
00:32:59,853 --> 00:33:03,606
It's clear that terrorism in the cities
can play no decisive role

600
00:33:03,732 --> 00:33:06,776
and at the same time
it endangers political order.

601
00:33:06,901 --> 00:33:09,070
But if it's subordinate
to the main struggle,

602
00:33:09,195 --> 00:33:11,906
from a military point of view
it has strategic value

603
00:33:12,032 --> 00:33:16,453
since it ties up the repressive apparatus
in futile protection efforts.

604
00:33:16,578 --> 00:33:20,290
We should lead a protest
in the universities.

605
00:33:20,415 --> 00:33:24,711
That would keep us
on the battlefield for a while.

606
00:33:25,837 --> 00:33:27,714
What sort of protest?

607
00:33:27,839 --> 00:33:30,592
For example, a protest for us

608
00:33:30,717 --> 00:33:33,595
might be going to a class
where a teacher is talking bullshit,

609
00:33:33,720 --> 00:33:37,724
a history teacher, for example,
talking bullshit about the Popular Front,

610
00:33:37,849 --> 00:33:40,310
and saying to him,
"Sir, you're a stupid idiot!

611
00:33:40,435 --> 00:33:43,938
"You're full of crap. Get out!"
and forcing him out.

612
00:33:44,064 --> 00:33:46,983
I think that's logical in a sense.

613
00:33:47,108 --> 00:33:49,319
But there are other kinds of protests.

614
00:33:49,444 --> 00:33:52,572
There are also explanations
at meetings, etc.

615
00:33:52,697 --> 00:33:55,116
But to start again from here...

616
00:33:55,241 --> 00:33:56,993
I'm not sure, I think...

617
00:33:57,118 --> 00:34:00,163
launching attacks
with Molotov cocktails

618
00:34:00,288 --> 00:34:03,333
isn't the right way
to achieve anything.

619
00:34:03,458 --> 00:34:04,834
No, I agree.

620
00:34:04,959 --> 00:34:07,712
It can help,
and it has helped.

621
00:34:07,837 --> 00:34:09,005
It always helps,

622
00:34:09,130 --> 00:34:14,886
but to resume a protest
of the kind we saw in May...

623
00:34:15,011 --> 00:34:17,180
I think the demonstrations in May...

624
00:34:17,305 --> 00:34:18,807
No...

625
00:34:18,932 --> 00:34:21,893
This organisation of language
must be poetic

626
00:34:22,018 --> 00:34:24,437
because it reflects
what makes language possible.

627
00:34:25,021 --> 00:34:28,233
What makes language possible is
what separates sounds from shapes

628
00:34:28,358 --> 00:34:30,527
and organises them into propositions.

629
00:34:31,653 --> 00:34:33,905
Say you sow unrest...

630
00:34:34,030 --> 00:34:37,450
Say you sow unrest at the university
and we sow unrest at the factory,

631
00:34:37,575 --> 00:34:39,577
I think that would be good.

632
00:34:39,702 --> 00:34:43,581
Yes, sowing unrest means upsetting
the functioning of the university.

633
00:34:44,249 --> 00:34:46,793
Stopping it or blocking it.

634
00:34:46,918 --> 00:34:49,462
Yes, or modifying it a bit,
because“.

635
00:34:49,587 --> 00:34:50,922
Yes, modifying it.

636
00:34:51,047 --> 00:34:53,425
Yes, but in the system...

637
00:34:53,550 --> 00:34:56,511
Without that surface which stands out
from the mass of shapes,

638
00:34:56,636 --> 00:34:59,013
that line separating things
from propositions,

639
00:34:59,139 --> 00:35:03,309
the sounds would stick to the shapes
and propositions would be impossible.

640
00:35:03,435 --> 00:35:04,978
The organisation of language

641
00:35:05,103 --> 00:35:07,856
cannot be separated
from the poetic discovery of surface.

642
00:35:09,315 --> 00:35:14,154
It's a question of going back up
to the surface and discovering...

643
00:35:14,279 --> 00:35:18,575
After three months
they'll realise that we mean business.

644
00:35:18,700 --> 00:35:19,909
There is one thing.

645
00:35:20,034 --> 00:35:23,163
A demonstration of workers
and students at the start of term...

646
00:35:23,288 --> 00:35:26,458
Monday the 13th.
The first red flags fly again in Paris.

647
00:35:26,583 --> 00:35:30,587
The bourgeoisie sees the red Sorbonne
transformed into a blackboard.

648
00:35:30,712 --> 00:35:33,381
Say things get out of hand
in your faculties

649
00:35:33,506 --> 00:35:35,925
and the riot police
stop you from working,

650
00:35:36,050 --> 00:35:38,094
that would all lead to serious unrest.

651
00:35:42,765 --> 00:35:44,976
Yes, but before that...

652
00:35:46,060 --> 00:35:49,772
What I'd like to happen before that,

653
00:35:49,898 --> 00:35:54,736
as soon as the summer holidays
are over,

654
00:35:54,861 --> 00:35:57,739
is for meetings to be held
between students and workers

655
00:35:57,864 --> 00:35:59,991
where we can hold lengthy discussions

656
00:36:00,116 --> 00:36:03,536
before stirring up any shit,
before embarking on anything.

657
00:36:03,661 --> 00:36:08,124
Yes, no one's going to be starting
anything on their own this time.

658
00:36:08,249 --> 00:36:12,253
No, no fooling around,
like we have been doing.

659
00:36:12,378 --> 00:36:15,006
After those meetings we can say,
"We have made a plan.

660
00:36:15,131 --> 00:36:18,718
"This is what we're doing.
Now we can begin."

661
00:36:20,220 --> 00:36:23,306
You young people say your thing
and we'll say ours

662
00:36:23,431 --> 00:36:26,643
and we agree on a point
and off we go.

663
00:36:27,310 --> 00:36:29,521
We don't start from a vacuum.

664
00:36:31,189 --> 00:36:33,983
I think that would be good

665
00:36:34,108 --> 00:36:38,071
but we must be able to connect
and hold meetings together.

666
00:36:38,780 --> 00:36:41,449
- You entered the Cafe Terminus?
- Yes.

667
00:36:41,574 --> 00:36:43,785
The bomb was in the waistband
of your trousers?

668
00:36:43,910 --> 00:36:45,578
No, in my coat pocket.

669
00:36:45,703 --> 00:36:47,497
Why were you
at the Café Terminus?

670
00:36:47,622 --> 00:36:49,290
First I went to the Café de la Paix

671
00:36:49,415 --> 00:36:52,460
but there weren't enough people
so I went to Terminus and waited.

672
00:36:52,585 --> 00:36:54,712
- Why?
- Until there were more people.

673
00:36:54,837 --> 00:36:58,383
- You despise human life?
- No, bourgeois life.

674
00:36:58,508 --> 00:37:01,427
- You did all you could to save yours.
- Yes, to start again.

675
00:37:01,553 --> 00:37:03,388
Anyway...

676
00:37:03,513 --> 00:37:06,057
about our demands...

677
00:37:06,182 --> 00:37:08,059
Our demands are never valid.

678
00:37:08,184 --> 00:37:10,478
At any rate...

679
00:37:10,603 --> 00:37:13,731
As far as the demands made
are concerned,

680
00:37:13,856 --> 00:37:19,112
what made them interesting

681
00:37:19,237 --> 00:37:22,198
was that the employer
couldn't accept them.

682
00:37:22,323 --> 00:37:24,909
- He couldn't.
- We knew he wouldn't accept them.

683
00:37:25,034 --> 00:37:29,372
He couldn't accept them and so saying,
"We want this and we want that"

684
00:37:29,497 --> 00:37:31,666
was like saying,
"We want nothing from you."

685
00:37:31,791 --> 00:37:36,963
Six or seven months ago
we asked for a pay rise.

686
00:37:37,088 --> 00:37:41,843
Say I'm in a small business and I ask
for seven francs, I'll be granted five.

687
00:37:41,968 --> 00:37:46,055
We know that if we ask for eight francs
the boss will give us five or four francs.

688
00:37:46,180 --> 00:37:50,059
We know they won't give us
a 20-franc or a 10-franc rise.

689
00:37:50,184 --> 00:37:53,479
Yes, it's a pedagogical strategy,

690
00:37:53,605 --> 00:37:57,358
to say, "We want this and that."

691
00:37:57,483 --> 00:38:03,197
It's a way of rallying the workers,
or rather the team,

692
00:38:03,323 --> 00:38:06,576
without saying,
"We want a socialist society"

693
00:38:06,701 --> 00:38:11,080
and starting a big 15-page definition
with flowery language.

694
00:38:11,205 --> 00:38:13,416
It's saying, "This is what we want."

695
00:38:13,541 --> 00:38:17,545
We realise this society
isn't capable of...

696
00:38:17,670 --> 00:38:20,882
Even in that respect it's not capable
of satisfying our demands.

697
00:38:24,093 --> 00:38:25,178
Because“.

698
00:38:27,930 --> 00:38:32,769
This is related to the fact
that the social demands...

699
00:38:32,894 --> 00:38:37,231
the social demands made
by the unions are not political.

700
00:38:37,357 --> 00:38:39,901
They're only political
in the sense that,

701
00:38:40,026 --> 00:38:44,614
even if the powers that be
wanted to concede anything...

702
00:38:44,739 --> 00:38:49,202
Say they had the will
to meet those demands,

703
00:38:49,327 --> 00:38:50,745
they'd be unable to do it.

704
00:38:50,870 --> 00:38:53,122
And proving
that they're unable to do it

705
00:38:53,247 --> 00:38:55,333
by making such strong demands

706
00:38:55,458 --> 00:38:58,044
that they're unable to meet them

707
00:38:58,169 --> 00:39:01,881
shows that we've had enough of them
and then it becomes political.

708
00:39:02,006 --> 00:39:04,717
To reject the powers that be
is political.

709
00:39:04,842 --> 00:39:07,970
Yes, when the team said
100,000 francs minimum per month,

710
00:39:08,096 --> 00:39:11,933
that meant...
that meant, "Get lost!"

711
00:39:12,058 --> 00:39:15,353
But there are still
lots of people for whom

712
00:39:15,478 --> 00:39:18,398
saying "100,000 francs per month"
doesn't mean...

713
00:39:18,523 --> 00:39:20,066
It doesn't mean the same.

714
00:39:20,191 --> 00:39:23,611
- That needs to be explained.
- That's true.

715
00:39:25,279 --> 00:39:27,824
That needs to be explained at length.

716
00:39:27,949 --> 00:39:29,909
The workers' demonstrations...

717
00:39:30,034 --> 00:39:33,287
At the last big demonstration
by workers

718
00:39:33,413 --> 00:39:35,498
we called for Pompidou to get out.

719
00:39:37,583 --> 00:39:39,627
What does getting
Pompidou out mean?

720
00:39:39,752 --> 00:39:43,506
It means the government
will be replaced by another.

721
00:39:43,631 --> 00:39:45,049
It's not...

722
00:39:45,174 --> 00:39:46,259
No, but...

723
00:39:48,302 --> 00:39:50,722
It was a way of saying...

724
00:39:50,847 --> 00:39:54,600
But take the slogans, for example.
There were things...

725
00:39:55,852 --> 00:39:59,564
How the slogans started,
how they were taken up...

726
00:39:59,689 --> 00:40:01,941
Because some strange things
happened with us.

727
00:40:02,066 --> 00:40:03,818
At our demonstrations

728
00:40:03,943 --> 00:40:06,654
we didn't have slogans.

729
00:40:06,779 --> 00:40:09,991
We went to the demonstrations
without any slogans.

730
00:40:10,116 --> 00:40:14,954
And I don't know how, but we came up
with the most interesting slogans.

731
00:40:15,079 --> 00:40:18,166
- There was a sorting process.
- So it was a choice.

732
00:40:18,291 --> 00:40:20,334
Yes, the guys launched into something,

733
00:40:20,460 --> 00:40:22,920
some completely stupid slogan.

734
00:40:23,045 --> 00:40:25,715
There'd be ten guys screaming it,
then it fizzled out.

735
00:40:25,840 --> 00:40:27,842
Then someone launched
another slogan.

736
00:40:27,967 --> 00:40:30,511
The ten people in the front row joined in

737
00:40:30,636 --> 00:40:33,473
and five minutes later
10,000 people were repeating it.

738
00:40:35,933 --> 00:40:37,643
With the slogans...

739
00:40:37,769 --> 00:40:43,149
We sensed the Communist Party
had been overwhelmed at one point.

740
00:40:43,274 --> 00:40:48,070
It was when they started to talk
after some demonstration or other,

741
00:40:48,196 --> 00:40:50,239
maybe the one on the 13th,

742
00:40:50,364 --> 00:40:51,449
when...

743
00:40:53,117 --> 00:40:55,745
At Rhodiaceta the management
posted a notice on the door

744
00:40:55,870 --> 00:40:58,998
threatening a lock-out
if the workshops stopped work.

745
00:41:03,044 --> 00:41:05,254
- 13 May.
- Fraternisation.

746
00:41:05,379 --> 00:41:07,924
I'm convinced
that the shouts of "French Algeria"

747
00:41:08,049 --> 00:41:09,717
will lead to a historical movement

748
00:41:09,842 --> 00:41:12,428
as important as the Chinese Revolution.

749
00:41:13,721 --> 00:41:15,306
Sud Aviation workers in Nantes

750
00:41:15,431 --> 00:41:17,600
take over the factories
and kidnap the boss.

751
00:41:17,725 --> 00:41:20,895
The ruling class won't give up power
unless there is violence.

752
00:41:21,020 --> 00:41:24,899
Every workers' struggle
that wrests social power from this class

753
00:41:25,024 --> 00:41:27,819
should expect to face
the most ruthless repression.

754
00:41:27,944 --> 00:41:31,113
Insofar as this protest takes
the form of deeds and action.

755
00:41:31,239 --> 00:41:32,782
That's what I was saying.

756
00:41:32,907 --> 00:41:34,325
For 30 or 40 years

757
00:41:34,450 --> 00:41:37,161
only the Communist Party
and the CGT have defended them.

758
00:41:37,286 --> 00:41:39,914
Even if they feel it doesn't work
and has gone to hell

759
00:41:40,039 --> 00:41:41,582
they don't know what to do.

760
00:41:41,707 --> 00:41:44,669
Unless they are offered
replacement formulas

761
00:41:44,794 --> 00:41:47,922
and organisational frameworks
that are serious

762
00:41:48,047 --> 00:41:51,634
and won't break down
after two or three days

763
00:41:51,759 --> 00:41:55,721
these guys won't
necessarily follow.

764
00:41:55,847 --> 00:41:59,600
I don't agree. I'd like to return
to the problem of spontaneity.

765
00:41:59,725 --> 00:42:02,436
I also think...

766
00:42:02,562 --> 00:42:04,605
the first round, so to speak...

767
00:42:04,730 --> 00:42:06,274
I agree with you.

768
00:42:06,399 --> 00:42:07,650
Wednesday the 15th.

769
00:42:07,775 --> 00:42:10,570
The CGT asks workers
to meet in their workplace

770
00:42:10,695 --> 00:42:13,322
to determine their demands.

771
00:42:13,447 --> 00:42:15,575
Wednesday the 15th.
The Movement of 22 March

772
00:42:15,700 --> 00:42:18,661
calls for the formation
of revolutionary action committees.

773
00:42:18,786 --> 00:42:21,873
Wednesday the 15th. "Comrades,"
shout protesters at Odéon

774
00:42:21,998 --> 00:42:24,458
to the bus drivers
trying to block their way.

775
00:42:24,584 --> 00:42:27,879
"When will you stop identifying
with those who oppose you?"

776
00:42:28,004 --> 00:42:30,840
One and the same text,
or even one and the same letter,

777
00:42:30,965 --> 00:42:34,343
both constitutes and represents
subconscious desire.

778
00:42:34,468 --> 00:42:38,097
The analysis questions the common
and convenient distinction

779
00:42:38,222 --> 00:42:39,932
between a term of reality...

780
00:42:40,057 --> 00:42:43,185
I work with Séguy.
I am behind him.

781
00:42:43,311 --> 00:42:45,563
I support the policy of the CGT.

782
00:42:46,856 --> 00:42:48,691
- We voted him in.
- It means something.

783
00:42:48,816 --> 00:42:51,611
20 years of trade unionism,
of political life.

784
00:42:52,278 --> 00:42:55,615
The only thing in life
that interests me is politics.

785
00:42:57,283 --> 00:43:00,953
"When you're a little less excited,
we can talk."

786
00:43:01,078 --> 00:43:06,000
If you like, it mobilised
a certain number of people.

787
00:43:06,125 --> 00:43:08,836
It gave them a certain confidence.

788
00:43:10,713 --> 00:43:13,215
That's just it, the revolt...

789
00:43:13,341 --> 00:43:15,676
The events of May-June
have served that purpose.

790
00:43:15,801 --> 00:43:18,679
The first round served the purpose
of demystifying the CGT.

791
00:43:18,804 --> 00:43:21,182
It wasn't decisive. It was...

792
00:43:21,307 --> 00:43:23,935
- It wasn't decisive...
- It was a good blow.

793
00:43:24,060 --> 00:43:28,230
It was more than a good blow.
People are still with the CGT.

794
00:43:28,356 --> 00:43:32,735
They've just learned certain things.
In my opinion, the CGT can't change.

795
00:43:32,860 --> 00:43:35,905
It tried to change
after the Grenelle Agreements

796
00:43:36,030 --> 00:43:39,116
but the party, or rather
Waldeck Rochet, forbade it.

797
00:43:39,241 --> 00:43:42,036
We still haven't heard
the last word

798
00:43:42,161 --> 00:43:45,706
on what went on between
Waldeck Rochet and Séguy.

799
00:43:45,831 --> 00:43:48,876
In any case, Séguy lost.

800
00:43:51,087 --> 00:43:54,757
The Communist Party really commands
and will continue to command the CGT.

801
00:43:54,882 --> 00:43:56,342
The CGT can't move anymore.

802
00:43:56,467 --> 00:43:59,220
As for the workers,
there's been a kind of rupture

803
00:43:59,345 --> 00:44:03,474
and while there's a kind
of former allegiance

804
00:44:03,599 --> 00:44:08,062
in the next action,
this fidelity will be totally gone.

805
00:44:08,187 --> 00:44:11,065
That is, in the October action...

806
00:44:11,190 --> 00:44:13,025
We face this type of difficulty.

807
00:44:13,150 --> 00:44:15,653
The language spoken
uses certain turns of phrase.

808
00:44:15,778 --> 00:44:18,572
A method for conveying
political or poetic knowledge

809
00:44:18,698 --> 00:44:21,200
can only be established
by increasing...

810
00:44:24,161 --> 00:44:26,998
...make the figures speak
to bring language alive.

811
00:44:27,123 --> 00:44:28,290
Friday the 17th.

812
00:44:28,416 --> 00:44:32,169
The strike, with factory sit-ins,
extends throughout France.

813
00:44:32,294 --> 00:44:34,422
Thousands dead and injured
in Barcelona

814
00:44:34,547 --> 00:44:38,467
where Stalinists and bourgeois attack
the exchange occupied by anarchists.

815
00:44:38,592 --> 00:44:42,096
Saturday the 18th.
Steelworkers, textile workers,

816
00:44:42,221 --> 00:44:45,808
shipyard workers,
petrochemical workers...

817
00:44:45,933 --> 00:44:49,729
Two million strikers greet De Gaulle
on his return from Romania.

818
00:44:49,854 --> 00:44:52,565
A former French cultural colony.

819
00:44:52,690 --> 00:44:55,943
Marx introduced not only
a revolutionary method to the Far East

820
00:44:56,068 --> 00:44:59,447
but also conceptual problems
which were left unresolved

821
00:44:59,572 --> 00:45:03,492
and contributed to bloody failures
in the Chinese Revolution until 1935.

822
00:45:03,617 --> 00:45:07,163
Monday the 20th, Citroen workers
occupy their factory for the first time.

823
00:45:07,288 --> 00:45:09,165
We must criticise people

824
00:45:09,290 --> 00:45:12,293
but we must do it
based on their conditions.

825
00:45:12,418 --> 00:45:15,713
There are guys who still rely
on the Communist Party or the CGT.

826
00:45:15,838 --> 00:45:17,840
No, that's not true.

827
00:45:17,965 --> 00:45:21,177
- Yes, it is.
- I don't trust the CGT anymore.

828
00:45:21,302 --> 00:45:26,766
There is a minority
that still blindly follows

829
00:45:26,891 --> 00:45:30,352
the CGT slogans,
which aren't the same anymore.

830
00:45:30,478 --> 00:45:33,939
Now it's about recovery, etc,
and during a protest...

831
00:45:34,065 --> 00:45:37,318
Our train arrived in Odessa
at ten at night.

832
00:45:37,443 --> 00:45:40,613
I watched from the window
those places I knew well.

833
00:45:40,738 --> 00:45:43,908
I had spent seven years
of my school life in this city.

834
00:45:44,033 --> 00:45:46,994
Our carriage was hitched
to the locomotive.

835
00:45:47,119 --> 00:45:48,454
It was freezing.

836
00:45:48,579 --> 00:45:52,291
Even though it was night,
agents surrounded the platform.

837
00:45:52,416 --> 00:45:55,586
...form a less politicised part
of the population.

838
00:45:55,711 --> 00:46:00,966
It's because of them
10 million workers went on strike.

839
00:46:01,092 --> 00:46:04,470
I don't think these people
will ever follow the CGT.

840
00:46:04,595 --> 00:46:08,933
They will take another kind of action
which is really more effective.

841
00:46:11,227 --> 00:46:13,813
If there is self-management
or something like that,

842
00:46:13,938 --> 00:46:16,107
there'll be completely new ideas,
maybe...

843
00:46:18,192 --> 00:46:20,319
something more concrete...

844
00:46:20,444 --> 00:46:22,863
There are now
10 million strikers in France.

845
00:46:22,988 --> 00:46:27,493
The Popular Workshop will occupy
factories, warehouses and building sites

846
00:46:27,618 --> 00:46:29,286
and show striking workers

847
00:46:29,411 --> 00:46:32,832
how to form the rearguard of the struggle
they are in the vanguard of.

848
00:46:32,957 --> 00:46:37,586
In Venezuela there was a surprising
underestimation of the guerrilla force

849
00:46:37,711 --> 00:46:41,215
and the armed struggle in general,
which was intended to be

850
00:46:41,340 --> 00:46:44,009
not a mass instrument for liberation

851
00:46:44,135 --> 00:46:48,139
but a means of applying pressure
which allowed politicians to play at war.

852
00:46:48,264 --> 00:46:49,974
This isn't laboratory work.

853
00:46:50,099 --> 00:46:52,977
Foreign or French,
the workers proposed slogans,

854
00:46:53,102 --> 00:46:54,812
talked to artists and students,

855
00:46:54,937 --> 00:46:57,648
criticised posters
or distributed them outside.

856
00:46:57,773 --> 00:47:00,442
The hallmark of this new phase is

857
00:47:00,568 --> 00:47:04,989
the Viet Cong no longer withdrawing
from cities after each battle.

858
00:47:05,114 --> 00:47:08,868
For example, 25 days in Hué
and 30 in Saigon

859
00:47:08,993 --> 00:47:11,328
during the Tet Offensive.

860
00:47:11,453 --> 00:47:15,207
How to work? The projects
made after a critical analysis

861
00:47:15,332 --> 00:47:18,127
of the events of the day
or discussions in factories

862
00:47:18,252 --> 00:47:21,172
were proposed democratically
to the general assembly.

863
00:47:21,297 --> 00:47:23,549
He takes the floor
the day of the attack

864
00:47:23,674 --> 00:47:25,176
at a meeting in Detroit

865
00:47:25,301 --> 00:47:28,679
organised by the Afro-American
Broadcasting Company.

866
00:47:28,804 --> 00:47:31,807
Despite the fire and smoke,
Jack had to attend this meeting

867
00:47:31,932 --> 00:47:34,393
which the local press
had refused to attend.

868
00:47:34,518 --> 00:47:39,607
...by the union in 1950
and then by the CFDT.

869
00:47:39,732 --> 00:47:43,736
You don't have to go through
all the conceivable stages.

870
00:47:43,861 --> 00:47:45,029
You can skip some.

871
00:47:45,154 --> 00:47:49,325
Obviously a 20-year-old kid
who's worked for two or three years,

872
00:47:49,450 --> 00:47:53,204
if he joins a group,
if he takes part in a protest,

873
00:47:53,329 --> 00:47:57,166
he'd choose one for self-management
and power to the workers

874
00:47:57,291 --> 00:47:59,752
rather than a union protest
or a trade union meeting

875
00:47:59,877 --> 00:48:02,963
with representatives, delegates,
a central committee, etc.

876
00:48:03,088 --> 00:48:04,673
So this is a stage skipped.

877
00:48:04,798 --> 00:48:07,134
He's jumping stages in a way.

878
00:48:08,594 --> 00:48:10,638
We shouldn't delude
ourselves anymore

879
00:48:10,763 --> 00:48:14,433
about what they may represent
for the revolutionary movement,

880
00:48:14,558 --> 00:48:15,976
these jumps, this youth,

881
00:48:16,101 --> 00:48:20,940
and what these housewives who tell us
to avoid politics may represent.

882
00:48:21,065 --> 00:48:25,361
It's just a power struggle
based on fear.

883
00:48:25,486 --> 00:48:27,529
"Avoid politics because it's dangerous.

884
00:48:27,655 --> 00:48:30,741
"Avoid joining a union,
especially the CGT."

885
00:48:30,866 --> 00:48:31,867
Do you see?

886
00:48:31,992 --> 00:48:33,619
Tuesday the 21st.

887
00:48:33,744 --> 00:48:35,329
"Let's build in our workplaces,

888
00:48:35,454 --> 00:48:37,957
"independently of the employer
and the state,

889
00:48:38,082 --> 00:48:41,418
"organs of a popular counter-power,"
proposes the JCR.

890
00:48:41,543 --> 00:48:44,838
"No wages below 700 francs,"
demands the CFDT.

891
00:48:44,964 --> 00:48:47,925
"If the bourgeoisie passes up
this opportunity,

892
00:48:48,050 --> 00:48:51,303
"there will be no time to lose,"
writes the Communist Party.

893
00:48:51,428 --> 00:48:52,888
To avoid a police charge

894
00:48:53,013 --> 00:48:56,600
Paolo takes refuge
in the Maspero bookshop

895
00:48:56,725 --> 00:48:58,769
where he opens a book
by Rosa Luxemburg,

896
00:48:58,894 --> 00:49:01,730
<i>The Mass Strike, The Political Party
and The Trade Union.</i>

897
00:49:01,855 --> 00:49:05,484
"History does not wait patiently
until the backward countries

898
00:49:05,609 --> 00:49:07,486
"have caught up
with the most advanced

899
00:49:07,611 --> 00:49:10,072
"so the whole mass can move
symmetrically forward

900
00:49:10,197 --> 00:49:11,407
"in a compact column.

901
00:49:11,532 --> 00:49:14,827
"Explosions are inevitable
with the vanguard so exposed.

902
00:49:14,952 --> 00:49:17,413
"In the storm
of the revolutionary period...

903
00:49:19,748 --> 00:49:22,167
"within days or months
lost ground is recovered."

904
00:49:22,293 --> 00:49:25,337
- "Inequalities are corrected."
- "Social progress..."

905
00:49:25,462 --> 00:49:27,047
"...implemented in one go."

906
00:49:28,424 --> 00:49:30,884
The masses will obviously follow.

907
00:49:31,010 --> 00:49:34,847
After a hard day's marching
along the river and rock climbing

908
00:49:34,972 --> 00:49:37,266
Che and his comrades
arrive at Rio Rosita.

909
00:49:37,391 --> 00:49:39,977
It's a larger river
than the Nancahuazu

910
00:49:40,102 --> 00:49:41,937
and smaller than Massacre River.

911
00:49:42,062 --> 00:49:43,397
Its waters are reddish.

912
00:49:43,522 --> 00:49:46,650
Wednesday the 22nd.
Cohn-Bendit is denied residency.

913
00:49:46,775 --> 00:49:50,821
In Peking 700,000 Red Guards
chant in front of the French embassy,

914
00:49:50,946 --> 00:49:52,573
"We are all German Jews."

915
00:49:52,698 --> 00:49:55,951
An excessive concern with legality
and social-democratic nuances

916
00:49:56,076 --> 00:49:59,913
stops the working class from using
its essential weapon, the strike,

917
00:50:00,039 --> 00:50:02,916
to make headway
from its unique position of strength.

918
00:50:03,042 --> 00:50:05,336
They can't wait
to become revolutionaries

919
00:50:05,461 --> 00:50:07,838
simply to spread fear.

920
00:50:07,963 --> 00:50:11,717
They have a uniquely negative utility.

921
00:50:11,842 --> 00:50:14,845
They also form part
of the occult forces,

922
00:50:14,970 --> 00:50:17,890
though they defend themselves
against them.

923
00:50:18,015 --> 00:50:21,435
They frighten part of the electorate,
but in a negative way.

924
00:50:23,520 --> 00:50:27,483
People say: "if they ever take power,
will it be a dictatorship?"

925
00:50:27,608 --> 00:50:31,904
They were defending themselves.
They put up posters.

926
00:50:32,029 --> 00:50:35,532
They were for a democratic
and social republic

927
00:50:35,657 --> 00:50:37,242
endorsed by the Communist Party.

928
00:50:37,368 --> 00:50:40,287
- The Democratic Union.
- Exactly.

929
00:50:40,412 --> 00:50:43,791
They aren't red, they're pink.
It's the movement of the teachers.

930
00:50:44,875 --> 00:50:46,627
"I arrest you in the name of the law."

931
00:50:46,752 --> 00:50:48,962
"And I suppress you
in the name of liberty."

932
00:50:49,088 --> 00:50:50,089
Thursday the 23rd.

933
00:50:50,214 --> 00:50:53,092
Nuclear plants,
department stores, state education,

934
00:50:53,217 --> 00:50:56,136
Paris taxis,
banks and insurers, booksellers,

935
00:50:56,261 --> 00:50:58,972
all of France has stopped work,
except the cinemas.

936
00:50:59,098 --> 00:51:01,225
- Stalin is too rough.
- It's a detail.

937
00:51:01,350 --> 00:51:03,727
No, that detail
could have an influence.

938
00:51:03,852 --> 00:51:05,646
Just now we were...

939
00:51:05,771 --> 00:51:08,649
When it came to understanding
the state of affairs,

940
00:51:08,774 --> 00:51:11,318
people sought laws to explain it

941
00:51:11,443 --> 00:51:14,321
so that the why and the how were clear,

942
00:51:14,446 --> 00:51:16,865
but once the state of affairs
had been understood

943
00:51:16,990 --> 00:51:19,827
and the laws
had been interpreted

944
00:51:19,952 --> 00:51:22,413
they realised
they had understood all along.

945
00:51:22,538 --> 00:51:25,916
...non-politicised student elements,
or badly politicised,

946
00:51:26,041 --> 00:51:29,795
or insufficiently politicised
and then...

947
00:51:29,920 --> 00:51:31,380
Do you remember?

948
00:51:32,464 --> 00:51:38,554
I was saying that this was
the minimum that was needed

949
00:51:38,679 --> 00:51:40,305
and...

950
00:51:40,431 --> 00:51:43,809
Saturday the 25th. Waldeck Rochet
dresses in black to look like a cop

951
00:51:43,934 --> 00:51:47,229
and to condemn anarchy
and the black flag on camera.

952
00:51:47,354 --> 00:51:50,274
Due to the rainy season

953
00:51:50,399 --> 00:51:56,029
Lake Popovo Polje, normally dry,
was completely full and muddy.

954
00:51:56,155 --> 00:51:59,283
The partisans
led their captives ashore

955
00:51:59,408 --> 00:52:03,537
and forcibly drowned them,
holding their faces in the mud.

956
00:52:03,662 --> 00:52:06,206
Lethal war from materialism
to idealism.

957
00:52:06,331 --> 00:52:08,917
Language is no longer driven
by a person towards truth

958
00:52:09,042 --> 00:52:12,838
but arrives as the vibration
of a massive thrust.

959
00:52:12,963 --> 00:52:15,257
The surface is
no longer thought of...

960
00:52:16,550 --> 00:52:20,596
...as an elevation to heaven,
but as a limitless incline.

961
00:52:20,721 --> 00:52:21,722
"Heaven away!"

962
00:52:21,847 --> 00:52:24,850
Lenin's phrase cuts
through Hegel's text like an arrow.

963
00:52:26,477 --> 00:52:29,104
I thought it was like that, but it's not.

964
00:52:31,106 --> 00:52:32,608
Already it's something...

965
00:52:33,484 --> 00:52:36,361
If things aren't really
nationalised at all, then...

966
00:52:36,487 --> 00:52:38,572
They're nationalised
to some extent

967
00:52:38,697 --> 00:52:41,450
because there's something
quite incredible at Renault.

968
00:52:41,575 --> 00:52:44,453
How long did you say?
In 48 hours the factory...

969
00:52:44,578 --> 00:52:48,665
I forget the time frame
but in a certain time frame

970
00:52:48,790 --> 00:52:53,212
the factory transformed itself
into a factory for making tanks

971
00:52:53,337 --> 00:52:55,172
- and things like that.
- That's true.

972
00:52:55,297 --> 00:52:59,301
- And how do you know this?
- How long did you say?

973
00:52:59,426 --> 00:53:01,220
I think it was 48 hours.

974
00:53:02,971 --> 00:53:04,181
But how do you know?

975
00:53:04,306 --> 00:53:06,558
We know this because...

976
00:53:08,101 --> 00:53:09,520
They had the parts.

977
00:53:09,645 --> 00:53:12,731
The parts and machinery
were already there.

978
00:53:12,856 --> 00:53:16,693
There is material there
which is secret.

979
00:53:16,818 --> 00:53:18,820
It's stored there, ready for use.

980
00:53:18,946 --> 00:53:21,657
Where necessary,
the factory works for the state.

981
00:53:22,533 --> 00:53:27,955
It's like in 1940
when Renault at Billancourt

982
00:53:28,080 --> 00:53:30,457
made tanks and even bombs.

983
00:53:30,582 --> 00:53:32,543
It made bombs in 1940.

984
00:53:32,668 --> 00:53:36,129
Is that how you know
the factory was nationalised?

985
00:53:36,255 --> 00:53:39,007
Is that how you know
the factory was nationalised?

986
00:53:39,132 --> 00:53:41,218
Because it is possible
to make tanks there?

987
00:53:41,343 --> 00:53:46,098
In 1945 the Communists surrendered
to the bourgeois state.

988
00:53:46,223 --> 00:53:48,892
In May 1968 ten million
French workers went on strike

989
00:53:49,017 --> 00:53:51,979
over the 40-hour week
they had obtained in 1936.

990
00:53:52,104 --> 00:53:55,816
Since then the workers' struggle
has taken the form of wildcat strikes,

991
00:53:55,941 --> 00:53:59,403
spontaneous and massive explosions
of a long-repressed resistance,

992
00:53:59,528 --> 00:54:01,905
direct actions with workers
taking over the fight

993
00:54:02,030 --> 00:54:04,032
and abandoning unions and bosses.

994
00:54:05,492 --> 00:54:06,702
Saturday the 25th.

995
00:54:06,827 --> 00:54:09,454
"We will not be giving orders
to return to work,"

996
00:54:09,580 --> 00:54:12,165
- says the secretary of the CGT.
- Georges Séguy.

997
00:54:12,291 --> 00:54:14,751
"We never gave orders
for a general strike."

998
00:54:14,876 --> 00:54:18,672
The class struggle is the struggle
of one word against another.

999
00:54:18,797 --> 00:54:21,091
- True democracy.
- Power to the workers.

1000
00:54:21,216 --> 00:54:23,635
- Genuine republic.
- Occupied factories.

1001
00:54:25,053 --> 00:54:26,430
Wednesday the 29th.

1002
00:54:26,555 --> 00:54:28,974
At Charléty, in response
to the 100,000 leftists,

1003
00:54:29,099 --> 00:54:32,686
the CGT moves 100,000 demonstrators
from the Bastille to Saint-Lazare.

1004
00:54:32,811 --> 00:54:34,730
Guy Debord to Raoul Vaneigem.

1005
00:54:34,855 --> 00:54:38,150
"In societies where modern
working conditions prevail,

1006
00:54:38,275 --> 00:54:41,194
"life is one long accumulation
of spectacles.

1007
00:54:41,320 --> 00:54:44,573
"Everything directly lived
has become representation."

1008
00:54:44,698 --> 00:54:46,408
Raoul Vaneigem to Guy Debord.

1009
00:54:46,533 --> 00:54:50,245
"When a theory escapes the makers
of a revolution, it turns against them.

1010
00:54:50,370 --> 00:54:52,581
"The theory developed
by the armed masses

1011
00:54:52,706 --> 00:54:55,000
"now strengthens those
who disarm them."

1012
00:54:55,125 --> 00:54:57,711
Leninism is also the revolution
explained with guns

1013
00:54:57,836 --> 00:55:00,505
to the Kronstadt sailors
and Makhno's partisans.

1014
00:55:00,631 --> 00:55:01,632
An ideology.

1015
00:55:01,757 --> 00:55:03,967
Ideology is the lie of speech.

1016
00:55:05,552 --> 00:55:08,764
Renault had collaborated
with the enemy.

1017
00:55:08,889 --> 00:55:10,682
- Yes...
- No.

1018
00:55:10,807 --> 00:55:14,269
It was seized by the state.
It was seized by the state, but...

1019
00:55:15,437 --> 00:55:17,564
It was run by the state.

1020
00:55:17,689 --> 00:55:19,566
It was administered by the state.

1021
00:55:19,691 --> 00:55:23,028
The Renault family is still there.
The children are still there.

1022
00:55:23,153 --> 00:55:25,489
- Yes, but it's a joint-stock company.
- Yes, OK.

1023
00:55:25,614 --> 00:55:29,951
- So it's still a joint-stock company.
- Yes, of course.

1024
00:55:31,203 --> 00:55:33,955
With the state as
the main stockholder.

1025
00:55:34,081 --> 00:55:36,958
That proves, if you like...

1026
00:55:37,084 --> 00:55:39,711
It proves that...

1027
00:55:39,836 --> 00:55:41,254
For example,

1028
00:55:41,380 --> 00:55:44,424
take the demands
of the Communist Party.

1029
00:55:44,549 --> 00:55:47,511
When the problem
of nationalisation arises,

1030
00:55:47,636 --> 00:55:52,933
it poses a problem of management
of the capitalist economy

1031
00:55:53,058 --> 00:55:56,311
but the question
of conditions never arises,

1032
00:55:56,436 --> 00:55:58,855
working conditions.

1033
00:55:58,980 --> 00:56:01,858
They approach the problem
from a capitalist perspective,

1034
00:56:01,983 --> 00:56:03,819
saying,

1035
00:56:03,944 --> 00:56:07,656
"The economy could be better run.
The workers could be more satisfied.

1036
00:56:07,781 --> 00:56:11,868
"They could be paid a bit more.
The factory could be better managed."

1037
00:56:11,993 --> 00:56:16,915
So what we propose is
to put new shoes on capitalism

1038
00:56:17,040 --> 00:56:19,876
to make things better.

1039
00:56:20,001 --> 00:56:22,546
They don't take
these criticisms seriously.

1040
00:56:22,671 --> 00:56:26,466
They don't want to consider
the problem as it really is:

1041
00:56:26,591 --> 00:56:30,846
the problem of the working
conditions in our society.

1042
00:56:30,971 --> 00:56:37,561
That's what raises
the level of consciousness,

1043
00:56:37,686 --> 00:56:40,021
when the workers
come home exhausted.

1044
00:56:40,147 --> 00:56:44,401
They just say, "When we're in power
things will get better."

1045
00:56:46,027 --> 00:56:49,114
But I don't know
why we should trust them

1046
00:56:49,239 --> 00:56:52,033
given what happened
during the events.

1047
00:56:52,159 --> 00:56:56,955
It's what we were saying earlier
about the role of unions.

1048
00:56:58,248 --> 00:57:01,084
The union has these issues.

1049
00:57:01,209 --> 00:57:03,587
It has these issues to consider,

1050
00:57:03,712 --> 00:57:08,842
the issues
of living conditions for workers,

1051
00:57:08,967 --> 00:57:11,470
which should be
of primary concern to them.

1052
00:57:13,263 --> 00:57:17,768
We know what it means
to earn 80,000 francs

1053
00:57:17,893 --> 00:57:19,728
or whatever per month.

1054
00:57:19,853 --> 00:57:24,566
We know it's difficult.
Everyone says so.

1055
00:57:24,691 --> 00:57:28,820
But we believe they live like we do,
just a bit less well.

1056
00:57:28,945 --> 00:57:34,367
In fact a worker doesn't live
less well than a bourgeois.

1057
00:57:34,493 --> 00:57:36,328
He lives totally differently.

1058
00:57:38,872 --> 00:57:42,000
- It's not the same at all.
- It's not just about the amount.

1059
00:57:42,125 --> 00:57:43,585
Monday the 30th.

1060
00:57:43,710 --> 00:57:46,129
We've lost our voice.
We can't sink any lower.

1061
00:57:46,254 --> 00:57:49,424
"Renault to work," a pitiful slogan
chanted on the Champs Elysées.

1062
00:57:49,549 --> 00:57:51,301
"Safety first. Renault to work.

1063
00:57:51,426 --> 00:57:53,678
"Cohn-Bendit to Dachau.
France for the French.

1064
00:57:53,804 --> 00:57:57,724
"Renault to work. Workers to the line.
Misery to the unemployed..."

1065
00:57:57,849 --> 00:58:00,018
Guy Debord to Raoul Vaneigem:

1066
00:58:00,143 --> 00:58:02,646
"The spectacle is not a supplement
to the real world,

1067
00:58:02,771 --> 00:58:04,314
"an additional decoration.

1068
00:58:04,439 --> 00:58:06,983
"It is at the heart
of the unrealism of real society.

1069
00:58:07,108 --> 00:58:09,277
"In the spectacle
of the ruling economy

1070
00:58:09,402 --> 00:58:13,156
"the goal is nothing
and development is everything.

1071
00:58:13,281 --> 00:58:15,700
"The spectacle's only goal is itself

1072
00:58:15,826 --> 00:58:19,287
"and beneath spectacular oppositions
lies the unity of misfortune."

1073
00:58:19,412 --> 00:58:21,039
Raoul Vaneigem to Guy Debord:

1074
00:58:21,164 --> 00:58:23,583
"An analysis of revolutions
past and present shows

1075
00:58:23,708 --> 00:58:27,420
"lacking the will to resume the fight
more coherently and effectively

1076
00:58:27,546 --> 00:58:29,673
"plays into the hands of the enemy."

1077
00:58:33,134 --> 00:58:37,013
Except that we, too, have learned,
or rather we're learning...

1078
00:58:37,138 --> 00:58:39,474
- Everyone's learning.
- Yes, in their own way.

1079
00:58:39,599 --> 00:58:41,601
It's easy for you to learn

1080
00:58:41,726 --> 00:58:45,313
because you're more educated
than some of the workers.

1081
00:58:45,438 --> 00:58:49,651
For example, I can't know
nor will I ever know

1082
00:58:49,776 --> 00:58:52,195
what life is like for a worker.

1083
00:58:52,320 --> 00:58:56,908
I can show up
and have a look around.

1084
00:58:57,033 --> 00:59:00,537
I can look,
but I won't see clearly.

1085
00:59:00,662 --> 00:59:01,746
And...

1086
00:59:03,999 --> 00:59:09,462
The issue you raised earlier
seems true to me.

1087
00:59:09,588 --> 00:59:13,300
Namely, the demands
and how they have been made.

1088
00:59:13,425 --> 00:59:16,887
They've been made
in the following way.

1089
00:59:18,221 --> 00:59:20,390
We made demands.

1090
00:59:20,515 --> 00:59:25,020
We like to think we're Marxists
or revolutionaries of whatever tendency.

1091
00:59:25,145 --> 00:59:26,605
And then we said...

1092
00:59:27,314 --> 00:59:28,315
Thursday the 30th.

1093
00:59:28,440 --> 00:59:32,903
Workers are called upon
to form action committees.

1094
00:59:33,028 --> 00:59:36,031
The French Communist Party
rejects a popular government

1095
00:59:36,156 --> 00:59:38,950
and shelves it along with
the sliding scale of wages

1096
00:59:39,075 --> 00:59:41,703
and the repeal
of social security prescriptions.

1097
00:59:41,828 --> 00:59:45,040
How to know what vision
has assaulted you in the night?

1098
00:59:45,165 --> 00:59:46,917
White or black, Harlem or Dallas?

1099
00:59:47,042 --> 00:59:49,669
Which is the worst of the two
and which is in the wrong?

1100
00:59:50,503 --> 00:59:54,883
How to know? Reflect, America,
on past experience.

1101
00:59:55,008 --> 00:59:57,385
Perhaps you'll understand
why we're in Vietnam.

1102
00:59:57,510 --> 00:59:59,679
This is champion disc-jockey DJ

1103
00:59:59,804 --> 01:00:02,557
who spoke to you about the shambles
of America and Vietnam.

1104
01:00:02,682 --> 01:00:03,975
Guatemala.

1105
01:00:04,100 --> 01:00:07,604
The far right has made Régis
a traitor to his class and his homeland.

1106
01:00:07,729 --> 01:00:11,191
"None of this bothers me.
I represent all that produces horror:

1107
01:00:11,316 --> 01:00:14,736
"insecurity, unsociability, instability.

1108
01:00:16,655 --> 01:00:21,701
"It couldn't be easier to condemn me
on behalf on the Third World

1109
01:00:21,826 --> 01:00:24,871
"and to forget that above all
this is a political struggle.

1110
01:00:24,996 --> 01:00:28,249
"Dear comrades, don't let them
make me something

1111
01:00:28,375 --> 01:00:30,794
"different to what I am
and what I want to be:

1112
01:00:30,919 --> 01:00:32,837
"a revolutionary fighter.

1113
01:00:32,963 --> 01:00:34,631
<i>"Hasta la victoria siempre.</i> ”

1114
01:00:34,756 --> 01:00:36,049
Michéle Firk.

1115
01:00:36,174 --> 01:00:38,593
It's helping the workers,
first and foremost.

1116
01:00:39,636 --> 01:00:43,890
I don't know whether all the students
have grasped that.

1117
01:00:46,184 --> 01:00:47,852
No, it's not just that.

1118
01:00:47,978 --> 01:00:51,398
Because I think
we're in a perspective...

1119
01:00:51,523 --> 01:00:54,192
I don't know,
that doesn't satisfy me

1120
01:00:55,443 --> 01:00:58,822
to the extent that to me
it seems too close

1121
01:00:58,947 --> 01:01:02,659
to what my Marxist-Leninist
comrades say.

1122
01:01:02,784 --> 01:01:05,745
As for the students,

1123
01:01:05,870 --> 01:01:08,248
it's true that they're favoured
compared to...

1124
01:01:09,958 --> 01:01:12,794
compared to the proletariat,

1125
01:01:12,919 --> 01:01:15,922
to the workers.

1126
01:01:16,047 --> 01:01:21,886
But they have demands which have
nothing to do with being as student.

1127
01:01:22,012 --> 01:01:24,514
For example,
as a student I can say

1128
01:01:24,639 --> 01:01:27,267
I want to earn 200,000 francs
per month for studying

1129
01:01:27,392 --> 01:01:29,310
and then as an executive
or whatever,

1130
01:01:29,436 --> 01:01:34,107
but we also have
intellectual demands.

1131
01:01:34,232 --> 01:01:36,609
There are things
which don't satisfy us

1132
01:01:36,735 --> 01:01:40,113
and that's how we take steps,
not by saying,

1133
01:01:40,238 --> 01:01:43,867
"I'm a student
and in my university I want

1134
01:01:43,992 --> 01:01:48,621
"better conditions for students,
more teachers, etc."

1135
01:01:48,747 --> 01:01:52,709
There are things
that aren't working for me

1136
01:01:52,834 --> 01:01:54,502
and I know that...

1137
01:01:56,004 --> 01:01:58,757
my interests
and the interests of...

1138
01:01:58,882 --> 01:02:00,300
the interests of...

1139
01:02:01,468 --> 01:02:03,470
of the working class
are the same.

1140
01:02:03,595 --> 01:02:06,097
That's precisely
why the workers...

1141
01:02:08,516 --> 01:02:11,686
It's why we asked you to take the floor,
because we believed...

1142
01:02:14,606 --> 01:02:17,233
that what you had to say
was basically the same...

1143
01:02:17,358 --> 01:02:20,445
Wednesday, 5 June.
Railwaymen, postmen, textile workers,

1144
01:02:20,570 --> 01:02:23,656
RATP, food industry workers
and AGF insurance agents

1145
01:02:23,782 --> 01:02:26,993
return to work victorious and united,
according to <i>L'Humanité,</i>

1146
01:02:27,118 --> 01:02:30,080
while the ORTF calls on
an army of private technicians.

1147
01:02:30,205 --> 01:02:32,957
"Citizens, apparently
plots are being hatched

1148
01:02:33,083 --> 01:02:36,377
"among the king's men
who are proving insolent in defeat.

1149
01:02:36,503 --> 01:02:39,756
"Perhaps they have renounced
their project to get rid of us.

1150
01:02:40,673 --> 01:02:43,301
"We'd have to be insane to believe it.

1151
01:02:43,426 --> 01:02:46,221
"It's time to listen to those
who show common sense

1152
01:02:46,346 --> 01:02:50,308
"and to those who give
harsh advice...

1153
01:02:50,433 --> 01:02:53,520
Something is happening here
and there's no common language.

1154
01:03:00,151 --> 01:03:04,197
But who... What is it for?
Not what is it for, but...

1155
01:03:05,448 --> 01:03:06,491
For whom and for what?

1156
01:03:06,616 --> 01:03:09,160
Who are community arts centres for?

1157
01:03:09,285 --> 01:03:10,328
Everyone?

1158
01:03:10,453 --> 01:03:12,705
In principle, everyone, yes.

1159
01:03:13,832 --> 01:03:15,416
But in reality, very few people.

1160
01:03:15,542 --> 01:03:17,961
- No one goes there.
- It's like restaurants.

1161
01:03:18,086 --> 01:03:21,840
7% of workers go at best.
Most people who go are bourgeois.

1162
01:03:23,424 --> 01:03:26,052
It's exactly the same problem...

1163
01:03:27,345 --> 01:03:31,307
You can't expect someone who does
10 hours of physical labour a day...

1164
01:03:31,432 --> 01:03:34,769
- You can't expect them...
- To want to go and watch a play.

1165
01:03:35,395 --> 01:03:37,313
As well as reducing the working day

1166
01:03:37,438 --> 01:03:41,151
we need to change
the way theatre works.

1167
01:03:42,318 --> 01:03:44,529
In community arts centres...

1168
01:03:44,654 --> 01:03:48,158
Something has to change.
It's not possible otherwise.

1169
01:03:48,283 --> 01:03:52,036
Some films are classics.
You get good films and bad films.

1170
01:03:52,162 --> 01:03:55,498
French television should show
only good films,

1171
01:03:55,623 --> 01:04:00,753
films which aren't intellectual poison

1172
01:04:00,879 --> 01:04:06,968
designed to keep people in a state
of passivity and contentment.

1173
01:04:07,093 --> 01:04:10,013
For example, there's a programme
called "Au theatre ce soir"

1174
01:04:10,138 --> 01:04:11,890
about light comedies.

1175
01:04:13,016 --> 01:04:14,976
It's enough to make you weep.

1176
01:04:16,936 --> 01:04:19,189
That wouldn't be of any interest
to the workers.

1177
01:04:19,314 --> 01:04:22,108
- Yes it would.
- I'm not so sure.

1178
01:04:23,026 --> 01:04:25,862
Look at the movies
we see every night on TV.

1179
01:04:25,987 --> 01:04:28,198
They're not films to make you weep.

1180
01:04:28,323 --> 01:04:30,158
Well, they're stupid movies.

1181
01:04:30,283 --> 01:04:34,037
And yet Jacqueline watches them,
you watch them and I watch them too.

1182
01:04:34,162 --> 01:04:37,957
Because there's nothing else to do
and I'm bored.

1183
01:04:38,082 --> 01:04:41,294
- We watch them without thinking.
- Exactly because of that...

1184
01:04:41,419 --> 01:04:43,129
In these arts centres...

1185
01:04:43,254 --> 01:04:47,050
We don't realise what we're watching.
We just sit there, glued to the screen.

1186
01:04:47,175 --> 01:04:49,427
I bought a TV because
I was bored at home.

1187
01:04:49,552 --> 01:04:51,304
I didn't know what to do with myself.

1188
01:04:51,429 --> 01:04:53,723
It's not normal for you
to be bored at home.

1189
01:04:54,641 --> 01:04:56,893
- It's not normal?
- No, it's not normal.

1190
01:04:57,018 --> 01:04:59,771
I don't mean you're sad,
but it's not normal...

1191
01:05:00,438 --> 01:05:02,941
to have a job which leaves you
feeling bored at home.

1192
01:05:03,066 --> 01:05:05,109
As soon as you're not working.

1193
01:05:06,945 --> 01:05:08,363
Yes, I agree.

1194
01:05:09,948 --> 01:05:14,202
Yes, as soon as I finish work,

1195
01:05:14,327 --> 01:05:16,955
like on Saturday,
I don't know what to do with myself.

1196
01:05:17,080 --> 01:05:19,499
If I have household chores,
I can distract myself.

1197
01:05:19,624 --> 01:05:21,626
But that's no fun.

1198
01:05:21,751 --> 01:05:25,588
I realise that, but I prefer it
to getting pissed off,

1199
01:05:25,713 --> 01:05:27,632
because I get so bored at home.

1200
01:05:33,012 --> 01:05:37,433
I get pissed off when I'm bored.

1201
01:05:38,101 --> 01:05:39,227
That's not healthy.

1202
01:05:39,352 --> 01:05:43,982
I know but that's what it's like.
I have to work to distract myself.

1203
01:05:44,107 --> 01:05:46,609
I need distractions.

1204
01:05:46,734 --> 01:05:50,571
I have children who are small

1205
01:05:50,697 --> 01:05:53,116
so I can't go anywhere with them.

1206
01:05:53,241 --> 01:05:56,828
I can't take my children
to the movies.

1207
01:05:56,953 --> 01:06:01,332
If I did, people would say,
"Just stay at home."

1208
01:06:04,210 --> 01:06:09,173
That's why I paid for a TV.
When they scream, no one bothers me.

1209
01:06:12,844 --> 01:06:16,347
The trouble is that...

1210
01:06:17,932 --> 01:06:21,769
In the end, the only thing
you know how to do is work.

1211
01:06:27,650 --> 01:06:33,031
Yes, and I paint.
I pick up a paint brush.

1212
01:06:33,156 --> 01:06:34,407
Wednesday, 5 June.

1213
01:06:34,532 --> 01:06:38,244
Water, gas, electricity, petrol,
supplies, price controls.

1214
01:06:38,369 --> 01:06:41,789
In Nantes the inter-union committee
is still sitting in the town hall

1215
01:06:41,914 --> 01:06:43,708
and practically running the city.

1216
01:06:43,833 --> 01:06:45,918
These six months of victory have seen

1217
01:06:46,044 --> 01:06:49,047
strong coordination
between the different zones

1218
01:06:49,172 --> 01:06:51,466
of the People's Liberation
Armed Forces,

1219
01:06:51,591 --> 01:06:53,092
particularly the artillery,

1220
01:06:53,217 --> 01:06:55,345
and all the South Vietnamese people.

1221
01:06:55,470 --> 01:06:58,264
Previous revolutions
needed historical memories

1222
01:06:58,389 --> 01:07:01,142
to hide their content
from themselves.

1223
01:07:01,267 --> 01:07:04,854
The social revolution must let
the dead bury the dead

1224
01:07:04,979 --> 01:07:07,899
and liquidate
all superstition about them.

1225
01:07:08,024 --> 01:07:11,861
To realise its goals,
it must take its poetry from the future.

1226
01:07:11,986 --> 01:07:14,447
In the past form
overwhelmed content.

1227
01:07:14,572 --> 01:07:16,699
Now content overwhelms form.

1228
01:07:16,824 --> 01:07:19,911
What's the point in planting lettuces?

1229
01:07:20,036 --> 01:07:24,207
There's no point in planting lettuces
when they're so expensive to buy.

1230
01:07:24,332 --> 01:07:26,584
It's the influence
of the bourgeoisie.

1231
01:07:26,709 --> 01:07:30,797
The culture we endure
is essentially a bourgeois culture.

1232
01:07:30,922 --> 01:07:32,507
We talked about cars earlier.

1233
01:07:32,632 --> 01:07:37,095
If you work in the car industry
and you take an active part

1234
01:07:37,220 --> 01:07:40,098
in creating and developing them,
it's not boring at all.

1235
01:07:41,140 --> 01:07:42,934
After your work,
you should try...

1236
01:07:43,059 --> 01:07:45,520
Or if aeroplanes interest you more

1237
01:07:45,645 --> 01:07:49,941
you can go to work in aviation
where you can build planes.

1238
01:07:51,567 --> 01:07:54,445
We've come back
to the system of exchange again

1239
01:07:54,570 --> 01:07:58,658
between overall creation
and individual participation.

1240
01:07:58,783 --> 01:08:01,035
The work you do,

1241
01:08:01,160 --> 01:08:04,664
despite being specialised and limited
in terms of the overall creation,

1242
01:08:04,789 --> 01:08:06,457
is a part of a whole.

1243
01:08:06,582 --> 01:08:09,919
When you're responsible
for the bigger picture,

1244
01:08:10,044 --> 01:08:12,088
you participate much more.

1245
01:08:12,213 --> 01:08:15,216
So, from the moment
that there is participation,

1246
01:08:15,341 --> 01:08:20,513
you see things
completely differently.

1247
01:08:21,973 --> 01:08:24,934
Workers should be able to say,

1248
01:08:25,059 --> 01:08:29,439
"I have one day off per week
or a half-day off per week.

1249
01:08:29,564 --> 01:08:31,399
<i>"I'll</i> go to the pool.

1250
01:08:31,524 --> 01:08:34,944
<i>"I'll</i> stop at noon
and go to the pool."

1251
01:08:35,069 --> 01:08:37,989
And then there are these arts centres

1252
01:08:38,114 --> 01:08:42,743
where we can go
for the day or the afternoon.

1253
01:08:42,869 --> 01:08:44,912
How is that going to work?

1254
01:08:45,037 --> 01:08:49,584
What can we offer at the moment,
supposing it were possible,

1255
01:08:49,709 --> 01:08:53,629
so that a worker can have
one free half-hour per day of his choice

1256
01:08:53,754 --> 01:08:55,840
to go to cultural events?

1257
01:08:55,965 --> 01:08:57,258
What can we offer?

1258
01:08:58,843 --> 01:09:02,054
I know I've burned bridges
and I'm going nowhere.

1259
01:09:02,180 --> 01:09:03,556
It bugs me.

1260
01:09:03,681 --> 01:09:05,349
Workers are cultured.

1261
01:09:05,475 --> 01:09:08,394
You could play football.

1262
01:09:08,519 --> 01:09:10,688
Let's just say...

1263
01:09:11,731 --> 01:09:14,275
- I was appalled.
- Me too.

1264
01:09:14,400 --> 01:09:17,570
- That's not right.
- The struggle teaches you nothing.

1265
01:09:17,695 --> 01:09:18,779
Right.

1266
01:09:18,905 --> 01:09:21,782
The struggle is
a cultural phenomenon in itself.

1267
01:09:21,908 --> 01:09:23,701
The political struggle...

1268
01:09:23,826 --> 01:09:28,873
the free platforms like those
at Odéon or the Sorbonne

1269
01:09:28,998 --> 01:09:32,376
have been cultural phenomena
of truly great importance.

1270
01:09:35,213 --> 01:09:39,342
I don't know. Did you participate
in the discussions at the Sorbonne?

1271
01:09:39,467 --> 01:09:40,760
- No.
- No?

1272
01:09:40,885 --> 01:09:43,888
I've walked past the Sorbonne,
but I've never been inside.

1273
01:09:45,556 --> 01:09:47,517
- But you've been in the art school.
- Yes.

1274
01:09:47,642 --> 01:09:49,894
Actually, we went
into the Sorbonne together.

1275
01:09:50,019 --> 01:09:53,981
You said, "I've never been inside.
I've walked past it for 14 years."

1276
01:09:54,106 --> 01:09:56,442
No, when I was with you,
we walked past.

1277
01:09:56,567 --> 01:10:00,988
- It was the halls of residence, no?
- I've never been in the Sorbonne.

1278
01:10:01,113 --> 01:10:05,201
- I went inside, where was it, Censier.
- That's Nanterre.

1279
01:10:05,326 --> 01:10:07,537
You said it was the art school.

1280
01:10:07,662 --> 01:10:10,122
I've been in the art school
and in Censier.

1281
01:10:10,248 --> 01:10:11,958
I've never been in the Sorbonne.

1282
01:10:12,083 --> 01:10:14,835
I'd walk past it
almost every Saturday.

1283
01:10:16,504 --> 01:10:18,381
But I never went inside.

1284
01:10:18,923 --> 01:10:23,177
Why? Because I felt my life
was inferior to that of the students.

1285
01:10:27,807 --> 01:10:30,768
I think if a student
walked past a factory,

1286
01:10:30,893 --> 01:10:35,856
until now he would never have said,
"Hey, I'll talk go and talk to a worker."

1287
01:10:36,399 --> 01:10:38,234
When I was...

1288
01:10:38,359 --> 01:10:40,736
It's precisely because of that.

1289
01:10:40,861 --> 01:10:45,199
Perhaps it's an inferiority complex
that makes you say we have to...

1290
01:10:45,324 --> 01:10:48,119
create the right environment,
for example...

1291
01:10:49,745 --> 01:10:50,746
Sunday, 9 June.

1292
01:10:50,871 --> 01:10:53,874
Appeal from the 153rd regiment
of mechanised infantry.

1293
01:10:54,000 --> 01:10:55,626
"We give you a gun, take it.

1294
01:10:55,751 --> 01:10:58,754
"Long live the solidarity
of workers, soldiers and students.

1295
01:10:58,879 --> 01:11:00,506
"Long live worker democracy.

1296
01:11:00,631 --> 01:11:02,800
"Long live joy, love
and creative work."

1297
01:11:02,925 --> 01:11:05,595
The house was under siege
until four in the morning.

1298
01:11:05,720 --> 01:11:08,848
The local phone operator
regularly cut communications

1299
01:11:08,973 --> 01:11:11,309
between the house
and the SNCC offices.

1300
01:11:16,897 --> 01:11:19,108
Sacrifice and death
are commonplace.

1301
01:11:21,694 --> 01:11:25,906
I personally would have
nothing to do there.

1302
01:11:26,032 --> 01:11:27,825
That's why we need...

1303
01:11:27,950 --> 01:11:29,577
Monday, 10 June.

1304
01:11:29,702 --> 01:11:32,288
The workers entrenched
themselves in the paint shop.

1305
01:11:32,413 --> 01:11:33,998
There were 700 or 800 of them.

1306
01:11:34,123 --> 01:11:35,333
They fought hard.

1307
01:11:35,458 --> 01:11:38,127
The police threw tear-gas grenades.

1308
01:11:38,252 --> 01:11:41,422
After a while
half the comrades passed out.

1309
01:11:41,547 --> 01:11:45,801
Achilles: "Patroclus, why do we men,
in order to give ourselves courage,

1310
01:11:45,926 --> 01:11:49,138
"say, 'The worse is over,'
instead of, 'The worst is yet to come'?

1311
01:11:49,263 --> 01:11:51,599
"There will come a clay
when we are all corpses."

1312
01:11:51,724 --> 01:11:54,518
Patroclus: "Achilles,
I don't know you anymore."

1313
01:11:54,644 --> 01:11:57,063
Achilles: "But I know you.

1314
01:11:57,188 --> 01:12:01,108
"At night I know there is no difference
between us and the cowards.

1315
01:12:01,233 --> 01:12:04,487
"Everyone experiences the worst
and the worst comes at the end.

1316
01:12:04,612 --> 01:12:08,449
"It comes last and it smacks you
in the face like the earth's fist.

1317
01:12:08,574 --> 01:12:12,036
"It's always good
to remember what you've seen

1318
01:12:12,161 --> 01:12:15,373
"but isn't it strange
that the hardest thing

1319
01:12:15,498 --> 01:12:17,792
"is the one we can't remember?"

1320
01:12:17,917 --> 01:12:20,086
I'm talking about the people
who worked hard

1321
01:12:20,211 --> 01:12:24,632
and made a real effort for May
and the months leading up to it.

1322
01:12:24,757 --> 01:12:27,468
What's the point of the guys
going into the faculty

1323
01:12:27,593 --> 01:12:32,682
and listening to so-and-so talk
and then going home and saying,

1324
01:12:32,807 --> 01:12:36,185
"What he said might
not be entirely true,"

1325
01:12:36,310 --> 01:12:40,731
and taking notes on slips of paper

1326
01:12:40,856 --> 01:12:43,818
and saying
they've heard a radical critique

1327
01:12:43,943 --> 01:12:45,861
of bourgeois knowledge

1328
01:12:46,362 --> 01:12:50,241
and returning the next day
to listen again?

1329
01:12:50,366 --> 01:12:51,867
How do you see it?

1330
01:12:53,160 --> 01:12:59,458
The way I see it,
you could try to block it.

1331
01:12:59,583 --> 01:13:00,584
Meaning?

1332
01:13:00,710 --> 01:13:05,673
Meaning, you can impede
the normal operation of the university.

1333
01:13:05,798 --> 01:13:10,094
You can impede the dissemination
of a knowledge it wants to present

1334
01:13:10,219 --> 01:13:11,804
as the only truth.

1335
01:13:11,929 --> 01:13:13,597
By talking to the lecturer?

1336
01:13:13,723 --> 01:13:15,015
- No!
- I'm not saying that.

1337
01:13:15,141 --> 01:13:17,852
- That was a question.
- Not necessarily by talking.

1338
01:13:17,977 --> 01:13:20,438
By impeding, I mean...

1339
01:13:20,563 --> 01:13:23,441
We can... We can bring terrorism
into the universities.

1340
01:13:23,566 --> 01:13:27,445
We can do two types of work.

1341
01:13:27,570 --> 01:13:31,824
We can educate students
politically...

1342
01:13:31,949 --> 01:13:33,284
Monday, 10 June.

1343
01:13:33,409 --> 01:13:38,789
A Marxist-Leninist student is drowned
by the police who sow disorder in Flins.

1344
01:13:38,914 --> 01:13:42,418
Among these ruins,
men raise the red flag ten times.

1345
01:13:42,543 --> 01:13:47,047
They say we must organise supplies.

1346
01:13:47,173 --> 01:13:48,215
We students...

1347
01:13:48,340 --> 01:13:50,926
Among these ruins
men raise the red flag ten times.

1348
01:13:51,051 --> 01:13:54,180
Ten times it is shot down.
How many are there at noon?

1349
01:13:54,305 --> 01:13:58,350
100, because at night there are
100 corpses at the main barricade.

1350
01:13:58,476 --> 01:14:01,520
...and try to contact the farmers

1351
01:14:01,645 --> 01:14:04,857
so that if there is a strike,

1352
01:14:04,982 --> 01:14:06,734
general or otherwise,

1353
01:14:06,859 --> 01:14:09,653
we have provisions
for the strikers and their families.

1354
01:14:09,779 --> 01:14:12,656
I think if we managed
to do something like that,

1355
01:14:12,782 --> 01:14:15,117
they couldn't tell us...

1356
01:14:15,242 --> 01:14:20,623
We'd be helping the working class
to win their strike...

1357
01:14:21,749 --> 01:14:23,793
to win the struggle.

1358
01:14:23,918 --> 01:14:27,505
Given that fact, it's stupid to say,

1359
01:14:27,630 --> 01:14:32,259
"Yes, but these guys,
when they get their diplomas,

1360
01:14:32,384 --> 01:14:37,640
"they'll be executives
who don't care about conditions."

1361
01:14:37,765 --> 01:14:39,642
What counts is what they do...

1362
01:14:41,393 --> 01:14:44,146
during the strikes.

1363
01:14:44,271 --> 01:14:48,859
That's why the Communist Party's
condemnation is ridiculous.

1364
01:14:48,984 --> 01:14:53,405
Instead of condemning people,
they could put them to good use.

1365
01:14:53,531 --> 01:14:56,200
- That's the theory.
- But the Communist Party...

1366
01:14:56,325 --> 01:14:59,328
This is a response to give
to people who tell you,

1367
01:14:59,453 --> 01:15:01,121
"Yes, later."

1368
01:15:01,247 --> 01:15:03,707
Later if there are failures.

1369
01:15:03,833 --> 01:15:07,753
Later they may be obliged to do it.

1370
01:15:07,878 --> 01:15:13,092
But it's up to each individual
to make sure there are no failures.

1371
01:15:14,343 --> 01:15:17,513
There's no need to speak

1372
01:15:17,638 --> 01:15:22,434
as if it were impossible
to change the situation.

1373
01:15:23,352 --> 01:15:25,062
In the Rue Crozatier
they were dead.

1374
01:15:25,187 --> 01:15:27,565
They were dead too
in the Rue d'Aligre.

1375
01:15:27,690 --> 01:15:31,652
In the Rue Crozatier an artilleryman
had joined the people on 18 March.

1376
01:15:31,777 --> 01:15:34,196
"We are going to shoot you,"
cried the soldiers.

1377
01:15:34,321 --> 01:15:36,490
He shrugged.
"We can only die once."

1378
01:15:36,615 --> 01:15:38,242
Further on, an old man struggled.

1379
01:15:38,367 --> 01:15:42,705
The officer, out of pure cruelty, wanted
to shoot him on a rubbish heap.

1380
01:15:42,830 --> 01:15:46,959
"I fought bravely," said the old man.
"I have the right not to die in the mire."

1381
01:15:47,668 --> 01:15:51,755
During all the events of May

1382
01:15:51,881 --> 01:15:55,259
we were convinced
we could do extraordinary things,

1383
01:15:55,384 --> 01:15:58,262
that we could go further,
and people followed.

1384
01:15:58,387 --> 01:16:02,057
That was important, for people
to follow and have confidence.

1385
01:16:02,182 --> 01:16:04,977
Now they may bail out
because they've lost confidence.

1386
01:16:05,102 --> 01:16:08,272
All historical movements
have been carried out by minorities

1387
01:16:08,397 --> 01:16:09,982
or for the benefit of minorities.

1388
01:16:10,107 --> 01:16:13,152
The proletarian movement is
a movement by the vast majority

1389
01:16:13,277 --> 01:16:15,195
for the benefit of the vast majority.

1390
01:16:17,406 --> 01:16:19,950
It seems it was necessary for Lenin,

1391
01:16:20,075 --> 01:16:23,120
in order to escape spontaneity,
to establish an institution.

1392
01:16:23,245 --> 01:16:26,040
A revolutionary organisation
for training people.

1393
01:16:26,165 --> 01:16:28,667
- Today...
-...we have the reverse.

1394
01:16:28,792 --> 01:16:31,629
- Ironically...
- Leninist spontaneity is found

1395
01:16:31,754 --> 01:16:35,215
in the French Communist Party
and the trade union movement

1396
01:16:35,341 --> 01:16:38,552
and the Leninist
revolutionary vanguard is...

1397
01:16:38,677 --> 01:16:40,638
How do you expect things to change?

1398
01:16:40,763 --> 01:16:42,806
The Movement of 22 March
had that purpose,

1399
01:16:42,932 --> 01:16:46,143
not to organise the proletariat
or revolutionary forces,

1400
01:16:46,268 --> 01:16:48,062
but to display spontaneity.

1401
01:16:48,187 --> 01:16:50,022
...at last year's elections

1402
01:16:50,147 --> 01:16:53,192
I think everyone
more or less agreed

1403
01:16:53,317 --> 01:16:58,113
that if one day we see change
in this French society...

1404
01:17:00,074 --> 01:17:03,410
it certainly won't come
from putting a ballot in a box.

1405
01:17:03,535 --> 01:17:07,414
I think people,
even if they never say it,

1406
01:17:07,539 --> 01:17:10,918
understand this deep down.

1407
01:17:11,043 --> 01:17:14,713
Because when they voted...

1408
01:17:14,838 --> 01:17:18,926
massively to the right
for De Gaulle

1409
01:17:19,051 --> 01:17:22,972
it was because the Communists
had nothing original to offer.

1410
01:17:23,097 --> 01:17:26,058
They simply asked people to believe

1411
01:17:26,183 --> 01:17:29,103
that once they were in power,
things would get better

1412
01:17:29,228 --> 01:17:32,022
but they gave nothing precise,

1413
01:17:32,147 --> 01:17:34,900
no specific objective at all.

1414
01:17:35,025 --> 01:17:37,903
Whereas the students...

1415
01:17:38,028 --> 01:17:40,489
I agree that now...

1416
01:17:40,614 --> 01:17:43,784
there has been a lot
of excitement in the street...

1417
01:17:43,909 --> 01:17:44,910
Tuesday, 11 June.

1418
01:17:45,035 --> 01:17:47,705
- Peugeot managers...
-...call the riot police.

1419
01:17:47,830 --> 01:17:50,249
Two workers dead,
shot in the street at Sochaux.

1420
01:17:50,374 --> 01:17:53,168
- According to <i>Le</i> Monde...
- Appropriation of a situation.

1421
01:17:53,293 --> 01:17:54,294
Palais des Sports.

1422
01:17:54,420 --> 01:17:57,506
<i>Politburo merges the Internationale</i>
with <i>the Marseillaise.</i>

1423
01:17:57,631 --> 01:18:00,801
- Police arrest pupils coming out...
-...of the metro at night.

1424
01:18:00,926 --> 01:18:02,761
- All night...
-...on the Left Bank...

1425
01:18:02,886 --> 01:18:05,723
...countless barricades
to protest against repression.

1426
01:18:09,768 --> 01:18:13,230
Shakespeare says men get involved
in history in three ways.

1427
01:18:13,355 --> 01:18:15,149
Some create it
and fall victim to it.

1428
01:18:15,274 --> 01:18:18,068
Others think they create it,
but also fall victim to it.

1429
01:18:18,193 --> 01:18:21,280
The rest don't create history,
but they, too, fall victim to it.

1430
01:18:21,405 --> 01:18:22,823
The first group are kings,

1431
01:18:22,948 --> 01:18:25,659
the next are kings' confidants
who execute kings' orders

1432
01:18:25,784 --> 01:18:28,120
and the last are
simply citizens of the kingdom.

1433
01:18:56,690 --> 01:18:58,275
As we said this morning,

1434
01:18:58,400 --> 01:19:01,779
we agreed it's not a real failure
but rather...

1435
01:19:01,904 --> 01:19:04,865
Sorry, but that's quite possible.

1436
01:19:04,990 --> 01:19:07,618
We're still in a utopia

1437
01:19:07,743 --> 01:19:11,246
but the arrival on the labour market
of a mass of 500,000 students...

1438
01:19:11,371 --> 01:19:13,874
More like 50,000.

1439
01:19:13,999 --> 01:19:18,003
All right, 50,000 students,
but the boycott of universities...

1440
01:19:18,128 --> 01:19:21,423
You don't boycott the universities,
you empty the universities.

1441
01:19:21,548 --> 01:19:24,218
It's a minority that fucks things up
in universities.

1442
01:19:24,343 --> 01:19:27,471
So you empty the universities
and you let...

1443
01:19:27,596 --> 01:19:32,559
You let the bourgeoisie carve out
a niche for itself in the university

1444
01:19:32,684 --> 01:19:36,021
and you do your work,
because you think it's important,

1445
01:19:36,146 --> 01:19:40,400
You take your politics to the factory.
This presupposes that those 50,000...

1446
01:19:40,526 --> 01:19:43,403
Let's say this truly is a utopia.

1447
01:19:43,529 --> 01:19:47,491
Let's think about this rationally,
since we have a moment to spare.

1448
01:19:47,616 --> 01:19:50,244
These 50,000 students...

1449
01:19:51,161 --> 01:19:54,289
have no training
and are unable to intervene.

1450
01:19:54,998 --> 01:19:57,126
Or you pretend...

1451
01:19:57,251 --> 01:20:01,421
- You know where the problem is.
- It's in your own sphere,

1452
01:20:01,547 --> 01:20:07,386
in whatever activity you do
that you must first be revolutionary.

1453
01:20:07,511 --> 01:20:12,432
For the students that means
not accepting, for example...

1454
01:20:12,558 --> 01:20:15,394
It means contesting

1455
01:20:15,519 --> 01:20:19,231
a certain type of class
and no longer putting up with it...

1456
01:20:19,356 --> 01:20:21,358
Excuse me...

1457
01:20:21,483 --> 01:20:24,528
Excuse me, but that is still
in the area of reform.

1458
01:20:24,653 --> 01:20:26,822
- No, it isn't.
- We'll reform peacefully.

1459
01:20:26,947 --> 01:20:28,740
We won't accept the didactic course.

1460
01:20:28,866 --> 01:20:31,451
We'll talk to the boss
and when this is over,

1461
01:20:31,577 --> 01:20:33,162
when the university is reformed,

1462
01:20:33,287 --> 01:20:36,123
we'll take up the position
of guardian of the worker.

1463
01:20:36,248 --> 01:20:39,960
Not at all, because if we see
the dispute through to the end...

1464
01:20:41,128 --> 01:20:44,089
- That's just it.
- If we have these requirements...

1465
01:20:44,214 --> 01:20:48,969
Firstly, like I said
at the start of this discussion,

1466
01:20:49,094 --> 01:20:52,306
if we want the university
that we're claiming to want,

1467
01:20:52,431 --> 01:20:57,019
we have to question the workings
of the country's economy.

1468
01:20:57,144 --> 01:20:59,146
That's the bottom line.

1469
01:20:59,271 --> 01:21:00,689
It's obvious.

1470
01:21:03,400 --> 01:21:05,569
When you start to get politicised

1471
01:21:05,694 --> 01:21:08,614
it's the first argument
you give people.

1472
01:21:08,739 --> 01:21:12,075
The guys at the university
are unhappy about working conditions

1473
01:21:12,201 --> 01:21:17,706
so you tell them it's a political problem,
an economic problem.

1474
01:21:17,831 --> 01:21:20,083
You're told the university
is a public service

1475
01:21:20,209 --> 01:21:21,960
but it's not at all.

1476
01:21:22,085 --> 01:21:24,630
It's the bottom line
so don't try to tell me

1477
01:21:24,755 --> 01:21:28,383
if I stir things up politically
at the university,

1478
01:21:28,508 --> 01:21:32,304
if I see things politically,
as I claim to see them,

1479
01:21:32,429 --> 01:21:34,848
that reform will be achieved,
because it won't.

1480
01:21:34,973 --> 01:21:37,559
I see my work as an agitator
at the university

1481
01:21:37,684 --> 01:21:39,728
as a way of passing on information

1482
01:21:39,853 --> 01:21:43,232
and agitating on a social level

1483
01:21:43,357 --> 01:21:47,194
in the world of industry or agriculture.

1484
01:21:47,319 --> 01:21:53,116
That's where
the reformist mission ends,

1485
01:21:53,242 --> 01:21:55,911
in the liaison between agitations.

1486
01:21:56,036 --> 01:22:00,540
At first, the crossover would occur
only in the relaying of information

1487
01:22:00,666 --> 01:22:03,627
but at least people will have
to come and have a look.

1488
01:22:04,628 --> 01:22:08,298
Maybe we could participate
more often in direct action

1489
01:22:08,423 --> 01:22:09,424
and have exchanges,

1490
01:22:09,549 --> 01:22:12,594
because if we agitate
in the university

1491
01:22:12,719 --> 01:22:15,138
we can start by saying

1492
01:22:15,264 --> 01:22:18,141
that the university
is open to everyone...

1493
01:22:20,435 --> 01:22:23,730
Wait, there's something
I don't understand.

1494
01:22:26,608 --> 01:22:28,860
I don't know...

1495
01:22:28,986 --> 01:22:32,114
There's something bothering me.

1496
01:22:32,239 --> 01:22:34,032
There's something bothering me.

1497
01:22:34,157 --> 01:22:36,285
We're talking about the university.

1498
01:22:36,410 --> 01:22:39,705
We're talking and...

1499
01:22:39,830 --> 01:22:42,541
Neither place should be closed off.

1500
01:22:42,666 --> 01:22:45,919
The university should come
to the factory

1501
01:22:46,044 --> 01:22:48,714
and the factory
should go to the university.

1502
01:22:48,839 --> 01:22:52,050
The politics of Wall Street
rule in the end.

1503
01:22:52,175 --> 01:22:54,886
Imperialism
as the only world system

1504
01:22:55,012 --> 01:22:57,889
must be made to appear
as such worldwide,

1505
01:22:58,015 --> 01:22:59,850
especially in the Third World.

1506
01:22:59,975 --> 01:23:02,936
Five men form what is known
as the Oujda group.

1507
01:23:03,061 --> 01:23:06,398
Educated at schools of politics
rather than in resistance movements

1508
01:23:06,523 --> 01:23:09,318
they see Ben Bella
as a symbol of revolutionary purity

1509
01:23:09,443 --> 01:23:11,403
but not as a strong head of state.

1510
01:23:11,528 --> 01:23:13,572
Faced with reality,
they shift their hopes

1511
01:23:13,697 --> 01:23:16,408
to the only force to survive
the vagaries of independence

1512
01:23:16,533 --> 01:23:19,244
and grow stronger in the event
of difficulties: the army.

1513
01:23:20,454 --> 01:23:22,456
When clouds darken the sky

1514
01:23:22,581 --> 01:23:25,709
we've noted that this darkness
is only temporary

1515
01:23:25,834 --> 01:23:27,669
and the sun will shine again.

1516
01:23:29,796 --> 01:23:31,298
Tuesday, 18 June.

1517
01:23:31,423 --> 01:23:33,925
15,000 workers return
to Renault after...

1518
01:23:34,051 --> 01:23:36,887
-...a quick tour...
-...of the streets of Billancourt.

1519
01:23:37,012 --> 01:23:39,139
But where do these subsidies
come from?

1520
01:23:39,264 --> 01:23:41,850
- From capitalism.
- Quite simply from the budget.

1521
01:23:41,975 --> 01:23:42,976
From you and me.

1522
01:23:43,101 --> 01:23:44,644
Miehn Lai said,

1523
01:23:44,770 --> 01:23:46,938
"if the silkworm spun silk
to prolong its life

1524
01:23:47,064 --> 01:23:48,648
"it would be a real wage earner."

1525
01:23:51,485 --> 01:23:55,989
Yes, but a worker
who goes to the university...

1526
01:23:57,240 --> 01:23:58,658
needs money to live on.

1527
01:23:58,784 --> 01:24:00,786
At university you just have your...

1528
01:24:02,454 --> 01:24:05,540
But you can go to university
just like you can go...

1529
01:24:05,665 --> 01:24:08,502
- No, but...
- After work?

1530
01:24:08,627 --> 01:24:11,296
Not after work.
Definitely not after work.

1531
01:24:11,421 --> 01:24:14,299
Why don't they show movies
at the university

1532
01:24:14,424 --> 01:24:16,176
rather than at the cinema?

1533
01:24:17,511 --> 01:24:20,055
You go to the cinema
sometimes in Paris.

1534
01:24:21,681 --> 01:24:26,436
Say there's no work on Tuesdays
and people can go to the university.

1535
01:24:26,561 --> 01:24:29,856
- That is a utopia too.
- It's a utopia.

1536
01:24:29,981 --> 01:24:32,234
History, which threatens
this twilight world,

1537
01:24:32,359 --> 01:24:35,487
is also the force which can
subjugate space to time lived.

1538
01:24:35,612 --> 01:24:38,490
The proletarian revolution
is a critique of human geography

1539
01:24:38,615 --> 01:24:41,243
through which individuals
and communities

1540
01:24:41,368 --> 01:24:43,328
must create places and events,

1541
01:24:43,453 --> 01:24:46,331
no longer just for their work,
but for their whole history.

1542
01:24:46,456 --> 01:24:48,458
It's best to leave it at that.

1543
01:24:48,583 --> 01:24:53,338
What I was saying
is that we have to ask...

1544
01:24:53,463 --> 01:24:54,673
Monday, 24 June.

1545
01:24:54,798 --> 01:24:57,926
Return to work at the ORTF
after a total failure of the strike.

1546
01:24:58,051 --> 01:24:59,469
Unlike those at the CSF

1547
01:24:59,594 --> 01:25:02,472
who made walkie-talkies in Brest
for their comrades,

1548
01:25:02,597 --> 01:25:04,474
audio-visual strikers in Paris

1549
01:25:04,599 --> 01:25:07,602
have been unable
to call an active strike

1550
01:25:07,727 --> 01:25:10,480
and make their voices heard
in a language that is distinct

1551
01:25:10,605 --> 01:25:12,357
from the government they reject.

1552
01:25:12,482 --> 01:25:14,734
He was quiet for a while
before speaking again.

1553
01:25:14,860 --> 01:25:17,028
"It's good that they didn't shoot him.

1554
01:25:17,154 --> 01:25:19,698
"He had others hung
so he should be hung."

1555
01:25:19,823 --> 01:25:23,201
He took great strides
around the room and asked me...

1556
01:25:23,326 --> 01:25:24,786
"Did he recognise Nicholas?

1557
01:25:24,911 --> 01:25:27,205
"Did he realise
he was judging the workers?"

1558
01:25:27,330 --> 01:25:28,540
"I think so?'

1559
01:25:28,665 --> 01:25:31,376
"We must cover his face,
cut the rope and cover it."

1560
01:25:31,501 --> 01:25:34,337
Once he had done that,
Rutenberg said to the workers,

1561
01:25:34,463 --> 01:25:38,258
"Goodbye, comrades, remember
what you have seen and heard"

1562
01:25:38,383 --> 01:25:40,093
"We will remember," they said.

1563
01:25:40,218 --> 01:25:43,680
While art, now independent,
depicts its world in dazzling colours,

1564
01:25:43,805 --> 01:25:45,474
a moment of life has grown old

1565
01:25:45,599 --> 01:25:48,393
and it cannot be rejuvenated
with dazzling colours.

1566
01:25:48,518 --> 01:25:52,814
It is true that art is in the vanguard,
in the vanguard of its disappearance.

1567
01:25:52,939 --> 01:25:56,109
When you came to the factory,
there was a union official there.

1568
01:25:59,070 --> 01:26:02,073
When union officials
are approached by students,

1569
01:26:02,199 --> 01:26:04,618
they say, "No students here."

1570
01:26:04,743 --> 01:26:08,538
But that's the job of the workers.

1571
01:26:08,663 --> 01:26:12,083
The workers have to do the job
of getting union officials to shut up

1572
01:26:12,209 --> 01:26:17,214
so that when there is a strike
at the factory, the students can come

1573
01:26:17,339 --> 01:26:19,549
and visit the factory
with the workers, etc.

1574
01:26:19,674 --> 01:26:24,304
That's the workers' job,
not the students' job.

1575
01:26:24,429 --> 01:26:28,517
It's not the students' job to say
to the union official in the factory,

1576
01:26:28,642 --> 01:26:32,062
"Let us into your factory.
We have a right to come in."

1577
01:26:32,187 --> 01:26:33,522
Do you understand?

1578
01:26:33,647 --> 01:26:37,359
I don't think...
It's not the student's job.

1579
01:26:37,484 --> 01:26:39,736
The job of the student is to say,

1580
01:26:39,861 --> 01:26:42,280
"Let's open the university to workers."

1581
01:26:43,532 --> 01:26:47,202
Similarly, the worker should say,
"Let's open the factory to students."

1582
01:26:47,327 --> 01:26:48,328
July 1968.

1583
01:26:48,453 --> 01:26:51,998
Publication of Bulletin 1, a self-criticism
by Marxist-Leninist groups.

1584
01:26:52,123 --> 01:26:55,502
The Girondins had declared war
but feared that appealing to the people,

1585
01:26:55,627 --> 01:26:58,838
essential for fighting
the aristocracy and the coalition,

1586
01:26:58,964 --> 01:27:01,800
would end up compromising
their own influence.

1587
01:27:01,925 --> 01:27:04,302
Roland reinstated
the free trade of grain

1588
01:27:04,427 --> 01:27:08,765
after Barberou denounced the fanatics
who were burning carts.

1589
01:27:08,890 --> 01:27:11,184
They told us,
"Rally around the red flag."

1590
01:27:11,309 --> 01:27:13,311
"Years of effort
and days without food."

1591
01:27:13,436 --> 01:27:15,647
"Each tome of Marx
we'll open anew."

1592
01:27:15,772 --> 01:27:18,024
"Like the shutters of our own houses."

1593
01:27:18,149 --> 01:27:21,778
I mean, at the same level
of practice as ours...

1594
01:27:21,903 --> 01:27:23,405
Unless...

1595
01:27:23,530 --> 01:27:26,074
I mean learning new things,

1596
01:27:26,199 --> 01:27:30,036
the way the intellectuals
are learning new things.

1597
01:27:30,161 --> 01:27:32,330
Why can't they profit
in the same way?

1598
01:27:32,455 --> 01:27:35,625
My brother-in-law earns
3,000 francs a week as an apprentice.

1599
01:27:43,883 --> 01:27:46,678
These are the sorts of problems
that can be...

1600
01:27:46,803 --> 01:27:49,306
that should be considered.

1601
01:27:49,431 --> 01:27:51,850
These are problems of organisation.

1602
01:27:51,975 --> 01:27:56,229
I'm more interested in problems
of cooperation or reform.

1603
01:27:56,354 --> 01:27:59,691
Calling the workers
to the university restaurants

1604
01:27:59,816 --> 01:28:01,234
is a reform problem?

1605
01:28:01,359 --> 01:28:04,946
- This is social democracy.
- Everything is social democracy.

1606
01:28:05,071 --> 01:28:07,073
That's what social democracy is.

1607
01:28:07,198 --> 01:28:08,908
I mean...

1608
01:28:10,118 --> 01:28:15,165
It's not just a question of opening
university restaurants to workers.

1609
01:28:16,207 --> 01:28:17,292
That's true...

1610
01:28:17,417 --> 01:28:20,170
It's just a question
of providing the means

1611
01:28:20,295 --> 01:28:24,257
for them to meet one another
easily like that.

1612
01:28:24,382 --> 01:28:28,720
Before being Marxist-Leninist meant

1613
01:28:28,845 --> 01:28:32,432
going to the factories
and saying to the workers,

1614
01:28:32,557 --> 01:28:35,935
"We're leftist revolutionary intellectuals.

1615
01:28:36,061 --> 01:28:38,855
"We want to fight a revolution
on behalf of the people."

1616
01:28:38,980 --> 01:28:44,277
The guys are left open-mouthed,
thinking, "Really?

1617
01:28:44,402 --> 01:28:46,488
"If you eat with those people 15 times,

1618
01:28:46,613 --> 01:28:50,450
"maybe one day, on the 15th time,
you might be able to talk to them."

1619
01:28:50,575 --> 01:28:53,078
July 1968. The police
appear at the art school.

1620
01:28:53,203 --> 01:28:54,788
Art students take to the streets.

1621
01:28:54,913 --> 01:28:58,291
It is the poor who create language
and constantly renew it.

1622
01:28:58,416 --> 01:29:02,087
The rich crystallise it to make fun
of those who don't speak like them.

1623
01:29:02,212 --> 01:29:03,755
They'll come.

1624
01:29:03,880 --> 01:29:05,882
August 1968.
At the Avignon festival

1625
01:29:06,007 --> 01:29:08,551
the Théâtre National
and the Théâtre de la Monnaie

1626
01:29:08,677 --> 01:29:10,303
joined forces with rugby team A13

1627
01:29:10,428 --> 01:29:13,223
to prevent the Living Theatre
performing in the streets.

1628
01:29:13,348 --> 01:29:17,143
The Chinese Cultural Revolution began
with the abolition of epaulettes

1629
01:29:17,268 --> 01:29:20,021
and hierarchical distinctions
in the army.

1630
01:29:20,146 --> 01:29:21,272
August 1968.

1631
01:29:21,398 --> 01:29:25,318
Russian Soviet tanks occupy
socialist Czechoslovakia.

1632
01:29:26,778 --> 01:29:28,446
Do you have to pay to join the party?

1633
01:29:28,571 --> 01:29:30,949
No, it's just ideas.

1634
01:29:32,367 --> 01:29:34,202
You say you belong and that's it.

1635
01:29:36,329 --> 01:29:38,581
When there were strikes...

1636
01:29:39,916 --> 01:29:42,127
only one organisation
didn't ask for money.

1637
01:29:43,294 --> 01:29:47,215
All the others asked
for 100 francs or so.

1638
01:29:53,263 --> 01:29:57,183
All CGT workers automatically
purchase a newsletter subscription.

1639
01:29:58,226 --> 01:29:59,894
- All of them?
- Without exception.

1640
01:30:00,019 --> 01:30:02,731
September 1968.
A Bulgarian policeman cuts the hair

1641
01:30:02,856 --> 01:30:06,526
of a young Italian worker returning
from the Youth Festival in Sofia.

1642
01:30:06,651 --> 01:30:09,779
The same day in Mexico
a paratrooper cuts the hair

1643
01:30:09,904 --> 01:30:12,741
of an American student
distributing leaflets.

1644
01:30:14,117 --> 01:30:17,954
Well, money is big issue
for organisations.

1645
01:30:22,584 --> 01:30:25,754
The unions have many problems,

1646
01:30:25,879 --> 01:30:28,757
for example, the problem
of petrol at Renault.

1647
01:30:28,882 --> 01:30:31,301
But we've talked about it before.

1648
01:30:33,094 --> 01:30:34,888
I'll come back to it.

1649
01:30:35,013 --> 01:30:37,348
September 1968.
At the Fete de l'Humanité

1650
01:30:37,474 --> 01:30:42,270
Mireille Mathieu rubs elbows
with Coca-Cola and General Motors.

1651
01:30:42,979 --> 01:30:45,064
Peking and Tirana
call on Eastern Europe

1652
01:30:45,190 --> 01:30:47,275
to join the fight
for freedom and socialism.

1653
01:30:47,400 --> 01:30:48,693
Plaza de las Tres Culturas.

1654
01:30:48,818 --> 01:30:51,362
The Mexican army opens fire
on the demonstrators,

1655
01:30:51,488 --> 01:30:53,156
men, women and children.

1656
01:30:53,281 --> 01:30:54,282
September 1968.

1657
01:30:54,407 --> 01:30:57,410
Unable to purchase Skoda,
Fiat makes do with Citroen.

1658
01:30:58,286 --> 01:30:59,662
Proposition 1.

1659
01:30:59,788 --> 01:31:02,665
The weapon of criticism cannot
replace criticism of weapons

1660
01:31:02,791 --> 01:31:06,294
but theory becomes a material force
once it grips the masses.

1661
01:31:06,419 --> 01:31:09,756
Variation 26.
Possession is condemned.

1662
01:31:09,881 --> 01:31:12,008
"We let husbands and wives
live or die,

1663
01:31:12,133 --> 01:31:15,428
"sons and daughters, fathers
and mothers, brothers and sisters,

1664
01:31:15,553 --> 01:31:18,056
"but no one can say my or mine."

1665
01:31:18,181 --> 01:31:19,182
Theory 3.

1666
01:31:19,307 --> 01:31:23,478
Eroticism is the luxury of sexuality
just as leisure is the luxury of work.

1667
01:31:25,271 --> 01:31:26,940
In the Interior Minister's office

1668
01:31:27,065 --> 01:31:29,025
the only map of France on the wall

1669
01:31:29,150 --> 01:31:31,528
is not a map of prefects or elections

1670
01:31:31,653 --> 01:31:34,197
but of where security forces
are stationed.

1671
01:31:34,322 --> 01:31:36,032
Self-criticism 3.

1672
01:31:36,157 --> 01:31:37,242
Students and workers,

1673
01:31:37,367 --> 01:31:40,036
if violence leaves the streets,
it must return to words

1674
01:31:40,161 --> 01:31:41,955
because violence is still clone to us,

1675
01:31:42,080 --> 01:31:44,040
even if only with the spoken language.

1676
01:31:44,165 --> 01:31:45,542
Proposition 27.

1677
01:31:45,667 --> 01:31:47,710
Construct millions of carparks

1678
01:31:47,836 --> 01:31:50,880
so children can play marbles
in the gutters.

1679
01:31:51,005 --> 01:31:52,715
Banality 11.

1680
01:31:52,841 --> 01:31:55,343
The law is a justification
of existing structures.

1681
01:31:55,468 --> 01:31:58,054
Existing structures find
justification in the law.

1682
01:31:58,179 --> 01:32:00,557
No one can deny this contradiction.

1683
01:32:00,682 --> 01:32:01,933
Self-criticism 7.

1684
01:32:02,058 --> 01:32:05,436
To assimilate or replace
economic needs with sexual needs

1685
01:32:05,562 --> 01:32:08,106
or vice versa is to speak
of the same nothingness.

1686
01:32:08,231 --> 01:32:12,068
Need is the most reactionary face
of necessity.

1687
01:32:12,193 --> 01:32:15,530
Banality 15. Universities
can only be transformed

1688
01:32:15,655 --> 01:32:18,199
if class relations
are radically transformed.

1689
01:32:18,324 --> 01:32:20,827
Sub-class,
privileges of every kind.

1690
01:32:25,999 --> 01:32:28,960
Violence doesn't always
get you what you want.

1691
01:32:29,085 --> 01:32:32,297
There will come a clay
when you have to stop your violence.

1692
01:32:32,422 --> 01:32:33,673
Yes, OK.

1693
01:32:33,798 --> 01:32:35,091
Proposition 22.

1694
01:32:35,216 --> 01:32:37,635
Give your child seven blocks
with the letters...

1695
01:32:37,760 --> 01:32:39,387
B-E-R-L-I-Y-T.

1696
01:32:39,512 --> 01:32:40,889
They will rewrite it as...

1697
01:32:41,014 --> 01:32:42,599
L-I-B-E-R-T-Y.

1698
01:32:42,724 --> 01:32:46,936
...was against violence
to fix certain problems.

1699
01:32:47,061 --> 01:32:49,981
When it comes to fighting
repression in France

1700
01:32:50,106 --> 01:32:53,067
are you for non-violence
or for violence?

1701
01:32:53,192 --> 01:32:54,777
Against non-violence.

1702
01:32:54,903 --> 01:32:56,487
- Against non-violence?
- Yes.

1703
01:32:56,613 --> 01:32:59,115
Because I think we shouldn't...

1704
01:32:59,240 --> 01:33:01,659
As soon as...

1705
01:33:01,784 --> 01:33:03,870
- For me it's the opposite.
- No, why?

1706
01:33:03,995 --> 01:33:06,998
There are guys who are...

1707
01:33:07,123 --> 01:33:10,209
They've been making us promises
for ten years and we have nothing.

1708
01:33:10,335 --> 01:33:12,545
I'm against non-violence
and for violence.

1709
01:33:12,670 --> 01:33:16,591
If we have to smash things up to get it
then that's what we have to do.

1710
01:33:16,716 --> 01:33:19,052
You don't always have to...

1711
01:33:19,177 --> 01:33:22,096
Imagine if De Gaulle
was in power right now

1712
01:33:22,221 --> 01:33:24,933
and he was against the workers,
which he would be,

1713
01:33:25,058 --> 01:33:30,605
It's not killing him
that will get you what you want.

1714
01:33:31,856 --> 01:33:34,400
It's the same for those
in government now.

1715
01:33:34,525 --> 01:33:36,945
We'd have to get rid
of everyone in government.

1716
01:33:38,237 --> 01:33:40,281
But that means a civil war.

1717
01:33:40,406 --> 01:33:41,658
And you're against it?

1718
01:33:42,450 --> 01:33:45,286
Why a civil war?

1719
01:33:46,037 --> 01:33:48,748
- Just because...
- Think about it.

1720
01:33:48,873 --> 01:33:52,502
The problem lies in removing privileges
from those who have them. Agreed?

1721
01:33:52,627 --> 01:33:54,462
But they won't let that happen.

1722
01:33:55,964 --> 01:33:59,008
And if we continue the fight,
a time may come when...

1723
01:33:59,133 --> 01:34:01,594
But it's the masses.

1724
01:34:01,719 --> 01:34:06,516
Take the strikes
that have been going on.

1725
01:34:06,641 --> 01:34:10,311
Say the strike had continued
throughout France,

1726
01:34:10,436 --> 01:34:14,232
do you think the government would
have charged at workers with tanks?

1727
01:34:14,357 --> 01:34:16,567
- It's possible.
- I don't think so, no.

1728
01:34:17,944 --> 01:34:21,447
- I don't think the soldiers...
- I think they would.

1729
01:34:21,572 --> 01:34:24,450
- I think they would.
- I can't see an army conscript...

1730
01:34:24,575 --> 01:34:26,327
Wait, not a conscript.

1731
01:34:26,452 --> 01:34:30,289
- Not a conscript.
- A soldier by profession.

1732
01:34:30,415 --> 01:34:34,293
- We'll have to fight, then.
- All the unskilled workers.

1733
01:34:34,419 --> 01:34:37,046
I don't know how many there are.

1734
01:34:37,171 --> 01:34:41,384
During the first days of May
when the situation was already heated

1735
01:34:41,509 --> 01:34:45,596
national service conscripts
were sent overnight

1736
01:34:45,722 --> 01:34:47,473
to do manoeuvres
in the countryside.

1737
01:34:47,598 --> 01:34:51,352
National service recruits
wouldn't shoot, we know that,

1738
01:34:51,477 --> 01:34:56,232
but it's possible that the police
whom we've seen in action,

1739
01:34:56,357 --> 01:34:59,360
the cops and the professional army

1740
01:35:00,153 --> 01:35:02,697
are there to serve the bourgeoisie.

1741
01:35:02,822 --> 01:35:06,826
So if we had continued the strike,
they couldn't have done anything,

1742
01:35:06,951 --> 01:35:09,412
but it was a desperate attempt.

1743
01:35:10,997 --> 01:35:14,625
A desperate attempt
to try to regain control.

1744
01:35:17,712 --> 01:35:21,466
Using strong repression
in certain places.

1745
01:35:24,010 --> 01:35:28,389
Dreyfus calling the CRS to get people
to return to work is a violent act.

1746
01:35:28,514 --> 01:35:30,475
Yes, it is a violent act, but...

1747
01:35:30,600 --> 01:35:34,353
The two who died at Sochaux were...

1748
01:35:34,479 --> 01:35:36,647
- They were shot.
- Yes, they were shot.

1749
01:35:36,773 --> 01:35:38,441
Yes.

1750
01:35:38,566 --> 01:35:41,611
In Latin America, for example...

1751
01:35:41,736 --> 01:35:45,448
But it's not the workers
who are going to resort to violence.

1752
01:35:45,573 --> 01:35:47,075
No, but...

1753
01:35:47,200 --> 01:35:51,079
At some stage workers will have
to respond to violence with violence.

1754
01:35:51,204 --> 01:35:55,541
There are times when you have
no choice but to fight back.

1755
01:35:56,292 --> 01:35:58,419
That's precisely
what worries the workers.

1756
01:35:58,544 --> 01:36:00,922
Because they have responsibilities.

1757
01:36:01,047 --> 01:36:02,632
For example...

1758
01:36:02,757 --> 01:36:04,634
Fighting is all very well,

1759
01:36:04,759 --> 01:36:07,095
but you have responsibilities
to your children.

1760
01:36:08,137 --> 01:36:12,225
As soon as you sense or you know...
Say there's a strike...

1761
01:36:12,350 --> 01:36:14,769
It's about knowing
how to decipher straight away

1762
01:36:14,894 --> 01:36:16,896
what belongs to idealism

1763
01:36:17,021 --> 01:36:20,483
and using the appropriate discourse
after a series of transformations

1764
01:36:20,608 --> 01:36:24,320
aimed at putting brute, dumb forces
to work in a field,

1765
01:36:24,445 --> 01:36:26,531
so that, instead of giving them

1766
01:36:26,656 --> 01:36:29,450
specific, provisional, staged sanctions,

1767
01:36:29,575 --> 01:36:32,995
you alter them poetically,
preventing their eventual dispersal,

1768
01:36:33,121 --> 01:36:37,625
synthesising them, sublimating them,
and giving them a bourgeois head.

1769
01:36:37,750 --> 01:36:41,087
This head, rather than creating
the false stench of culture,

1770
01:36:41,212 --> 01:36:42,839
stinking of the rot it comes from,

1771
01:36:42,964 --> 01:36:46,050
wants only to lift itself up
by a movement which is not its own.

1772
01:36:46,175 --> 01:36:48,594
It dreams of sexually exploiting
the proletariat,

1773
01:36:48,719 --> 01:36:51,806
giving it back in words
what it has been given in strength.

1774
01:36:51,931 --> 01:36:54,559
The link between
revolutionary intellectual practice

1775
01:36:54,684 --> 01:36:58,688
and the proletariat's struggle
should be viewed in this light:

1776
01:36:58,813 --> 01:37:03,067
as a deadly war waged
by idealists and imperialists.

1777
01:37:03,192 --> 01:37:05,736
Then we'd be forced...

1778
01:37:05,862 --> 01:37:08,364
We'd be forced
to resort to violence.

1779
01:37:08,489 --> 01:37:12,076
Then you don't reject
the principle of violence.

1780
01:37:12,201 --> 01:37:16,831
Dare to act, dare to think,
dare to fight, dare to conquer.

1781
01:37:16,956 --> 01:37:19,375
No one to deceive,
no one to seduce.

1782
01:37:19,500 --> 01:37:22,170
Blows received, blows given.

1783
01:37:22,295 --> 01:37:24,463
Educating people in ideologies

1784
01:37:24,589 --> 01:37:28,009
is the key task
if we want to unite the party.

1785
01:37:29,135 --> 01:37:31,053
Educating people in ideologies

1786
01:37:31,179 --> 01:37:34,098
is the key task
if we want to unite the party

1787
01:37:34,223 --> 01:37:36,726
in view of these great
political struggles.

1788
01:37:36,851 --> 01:37:39,478
The constitution
of a communist nucleus

1789
01:37:39,604 --> 01:37:41,439
is a long-term job,

1790
01:37:41,564 --> 01:37:44,942
a difficult undertaking,
an unremitting process.

1791
01:37:46,235 --> 01:37:48,237
Skipping a step is damaging.

1792
01:37:48,362 --> 01:37:51,365
See that you don't skip one too.

1793
01:37:51,490 --> 01:37:54,035
The filmed image belongs
to those who watch it

1794
01:37:54,160 --> 01:37:56,204
as well as to those who make it.

1795
01:37:57,914 --> 01:38:02,460
I think now we're looking
to go further than a common strike.

1796
01:38:02,585 --> 01:38:04,462
We're looking at an active strike,

1797
01:38:04,587 --> 01:38:06,589
a strike that is
a continuation of the work

1798
01:38:06,714 --> 01:38:09,091
but in a completely
different circuit.

1799
01:38:09,842 --> 01:38:12,678
Yes, but isn't it...

1800
01:38:14,096 --> 01:38:17,683
Isn't it easier
to hold this type of strike

1801
01:38:18,976 --> 01:38:20,603
instead of resorting to sabotage?

1802
01:38:27,485 --> 01:38:29,779
Meeting the demands
isn't the problem.

1803
01:38:29,904 --> 01:38:32,531
Yes, for now, as far as
the workers are concerned,

1804
01:38:32,657 --> 01:38:35,993
what interests them
is having their demands met.

1805
01:38:36,118 --> 01:38:41,207
There's a revolution but mainly
they're interested in their demands.

1806
01:38:41,332 --> 01:38:43,125
Of course. I get that.

1807
01:38:43,251 --> 01:38:48,506
Not just as a worker
but as a revolutionary

1808
01:38:48,631 --> 01:38:51,759
I think the first thing to do
is to get our demands met.

1809
01:38:51,884 --> 01:38:55,888
The workers at Renault think
of their demands and nothing else.

1810
01:38:56,013 --> 01:38:59,392
They didn't obtain
the 600,000 francs they wanted.

1811
01:39:02,395 --> 01:39:06,357
The 40-hour week that was voted on
long ago hasn't happened.

1812
01:39:06,482 --> 01:39:10,695
And then there are the events of May
which were unsuccessful.

1813
01:39:10,820 --> 01:39:14,115
I don't think
if they strike in September

1814
01:39:14,240 --> 01:39:16,284
it will be because
they want a revolution.

1815
01:39:16,409 --> 01:39:17,660
Far from it.

1816
01:39:17,785 --> 01:39:22,623
They just want their demands met
because once they're met

1817
01:39:22,748 --> 01:39:26,252
then everything goes up in price:
coffee, bread and everything else.

1818
01:39:26,377 --> 01:39:28,838
Exactly, if the guys make demands,

1819
01:39:28,963 --> 01:39:32,258
either about the hours
or the wages,

1820
01:39:32,383 --> 01:39:34,427
it's all the same, no problem.

1821
01:39:34,552 --> 01:39:36,721
There's always
some sort of payback,

1822
01:39:36,846 --> 01:39:39,348
such as increasing
the pace of work

1823
01:39:39,473 --> 01:39:43,394
if they move onto a 40-hour week
instead of the 45 hours they were doing.

1824
01:39:43,519 --> 01:39:47,732
They may get a 40-hour week,
but the payback will be work

1825
01:39:47,857 --> 01:39:51,277
that is more intense,
more alienating and all the rest.

1826
01:39:51,402 --> 01:39:53,571
If they get 100,000 francs a month...

1827
01:39:53,696 --> 01:39:56,240
In the United States...

1828
01:39:56,365 --> 01:39:58,826
The United States
is a different story.

1829
01:39:58,951 --> 01:40:04,165
We don't have Latin America
to use as our slaves.

1830
01:40:05,124 --> 01:40:07,418
How come in the United States

1831
01:40:07,543 --> 01:40:10,880
they can have a 40-hour week
and pay 150,000 francs a month?

1832
01:40:11,005 --> 01:40:12,673
Because they have Latin America.

1833
01:40:12,798 --> 01:40:16,844
In Latin America they get
their raw materials for half the price.

1834
01:40:16,969 --> 01:40:18,637
That affects profits.

1835
01:40:21,432 --> 01:40:23,768
You need to look
at what happens Latin America,

1836
01:40:23,893 --> 01:40:27,521
whether it's copper in Chile,
or tin in Bolivia.

1837
01:40:27,646 --> 01:40:29,190
It is a class made of log seats

1838
01:40:29,315 --> 01:40:31,984
and tables made of small branches
tied with fibres.

1839
01:40:32,109 --> 01:40:33,736
A blackboard leant against a tree.

1840
01:40:33,861 --> 01:40:36,530
Of 40 students
25 are girls, aged about ten.

1841
01:40:36,655 --> 01:40:39,158
Half a dozen can read
and write fluently.

1842
01:40:39,283 --> 01:40:41,660
Others read slowly,
making many errors.

1843
01:40:41,786 --> 01:40:44,288
The uniformed teacher,
a gun in her belt,

1844
01:40:44,413 --> 01:40:47,166
asks them the meaning of the words
of the national anthem.

1845
01:40:47,291 --> 01:40:50,127
In the distance, the sound
of bombers and explosions.

1846
01:40:50,252 --> 01:40:53,798
In one girl's notebook we find
a Portuguese propaganda leaflet

1847
01:40:53,923 --> 01:40:56,133
where we see
some half-naked guerrillas

1848
01:40:56,258 --> 01:40:58,427
looking dejected,
with the caption:

1849
01:40:58,552 --> 01:41:01,097
"These are the savages
who live in the forest."

1850
01:41:01,222 --> 01:41:04,183
The row of girls laughs
on seeing us read the leaflet.

1851
01:41:04,308 --> 01:41:06,727
We show them the image.
"What do you think of this?"

1852
01:41:06,852 --> 01:41:08,687
"It only benefits the Portuguese."

1853
01:41:08,813 --> 01:41:11,148
Amilcar takes the floor.

1854
01:41:11,273 --> 01:41:13,442
"Long ago we told
the Portuguese government

1855
01:41:13,567 --> 01:41:15,945
"we were taking up arms,
and that made them laugh.

1856
01:41:16,070 --> 01:41:20,199
"Now they're not laughing.
That's what's changed."

1857
01:41:20,324 --> 01:41:24,328
The most interesting issue
with trade unions is,

1858
01:41:24,453 --> 01:41:29,875
the first step throws up the problem
of who's in charge in the company.

1859
01:41:31,252 --> 01:41:34,672
The demands can vary.

1860
01:41:34,797 --> 01:41:36,340
The demands can vary.

1861
01:41:36,465 --> 01:41:39,301
There are immediate material demands

1862
01:41:39,427 --> 01:41:43,139
which are of interest
and shouldn't be neglected, obviously.

1863
01:41:43,264 --> 01:41:48,561
It's the age-old problem between
qualitative and quantitative demands.

1864
01:41:48,686 --> 01:41:50,729
One leads to the other.

1865
01:41:50,855 --> 01:41:53,065
Yes, but not necessarily.

1866
01:41:54,233 --> 01:41:58,446
The issue of quantitative
and qualitative demands,

1867
01:41:58,571 --> 01:42:00,781
for example,
a company's position on unions,

1868
01:42:00,906 --> 01:42:04,410
is important,
there's no denying that.

1869
01:42:04,535 --> 01:42:08,622
In my opinion, it's worth
more than a 10% rise.

1870
01:42:08,747 --> 01:42:10,583
I don't know.

1871
01:42:10,708 --> 01:42:12,001
I think that...

1872
01:42:13,335 --> 01:42:17,548
there is enough fighting spirit
among the workers.

1873
01:42:17,673 --> 01:42:21,844
The people are sufficiently resolved

1874
01:42:21,969 --> 01:42:25,723
to make claims
of a purely quantitative kind,

1875
01:42:25,848 --> 01:42:28,601
namely higher wages
and a reduction in working hours.

1876
01:42:28,726 --> 01:42:33,898
That's fine
but in the midst of a strike

1877
01:42:34,023 --> 01:42:36,817
one can directly raise
the issue of power

1878
01:42:36,942 --> 01:42:38,819
inside the factory.

1879
01:42:38,944 --> 01:42:43,324
That's a question we can address
by raising the issue of structural reform.

1880
01:42:43,449 --> 01:42:48,954
For example,
if they grant us a pay rise,

1881
01:42:49,079 --> 01:42:52,708
if the government
grants us this or that

1882
01:42:52,833 --> 01:42:55,336
with no modification
of the structure,

1883
01:42:55,461 --> 01:42:58,506
it's worth precisely nothing.

1884
01:42:58,631 --> 01:43:01,217
Anything we get will be gone
in two or three months.

1885
01:43:01,342 --> 01:43:02,927
As if it never existed.

1886
01:43:03,052 --> 01:43:05,513
As far as I'm concerned
the benefits...

1887
01:43:05,638 --> 01:43:07,014
It's already happened.

1888
01:43:07,139 --> 01:43:09,225
The benefits obtained by the unions

1889
01:43:09,350 --> 01:43:12,144
don't represent quantitative
or qualitative change,

1890
01:43:12,269 --> 01:43:13,896
least of all qualitative.

1891
01:43:14,855 --> 01:43:19,985
The way I see it, the union
is a legal tool in the struggle.

1892
01:43:20,110 --> 01:43:22,279
It acknowledges implicitly

1893
01:43:22,404 --> 01:43:24,823
the existence of an employer
and of employees.

1894
01:43:24,949 --> 01:43:27,034
The problem lies
in removing them both.

1895
01:43:27,159 --> 01:43:29,954
Anyone can acknowledge...

1896
01:43:30,079 --> 01:43:34,375
At least, I acknowledge
the existence of the employer.

1897
01:43:35,960 --> 01:43:37,586
Legality is something else.

1898
01:43:38,587 --> 01:43:43,592
My fight against my employer
isn't a question of legality.

1899
01:43:43,717 --> 01:43:46,679
No, it's a question
of acknowledging its existence.

1900
01:43:46,804 --> 01:43:49,098
Yes, it's real
and my struggle attempts...

1901
01:43:49,223 --> 01:43:52,977
My actions are determined
by its existence

1902
01:43:53,102 --> 01:43:57,147
and the steps I take
to make it disappear.

1903
01:43:57,273 --> 01:44:01,110
You won't succeed
within the limits of the law.

1904
01:44:01,235 --> 01:44:04,113
That doesn't mean
that to take political action

1905
01:44:04,238 --> 01:44:06,824
you are always obliged
to resort to illegality.

1906
01:44:06,949 --> 01:44:08,701
You can exercise...

1907
01:44:08,826 --> 01:44:11,662
Part of your political action
can take place within the law,

1908
01:44:11,787 --> 01:44:14,206
assuming the bourgeoisie
is stupid enough.

1909
01:44:14,331 --> 01:44:17,334
Assuming the bourgeoisie
is stupid enough. Right.

1910
01:44:18,877 --> 01:44:23,507
But the union will automatically
be limited in its action

1911
01:44:23,632 --> 01:44:25,801
by its legality.

1912
01:44:25,926 --> 01:44:28,429
It is recognised and legal.

1913
01:44:28,554 --> 01:44:31,974
Nothing will change until it is dissolved,
which it doesn't want.

1914
01:44:32,099 --> 01:44:34,643
It doesn't want
to tackle the issue of itself.

1915
01:44:34,768 --> 01:44:38,439
It will be automatically limited
by this legality.

1916
01:44:38,564 --> 01:44:42,192
So for me, anything gained
through trade union action

1917
01:44:42,318 --> 01:44:46,780
inside a factory
is relatively negative.

1918
01:44:46,905 --> 01:44:49,033
That's debatable
because the union is a tool

1919
01:44:49,158 --> 01:44:51,702
which has served
the workers' movement.

1920
01:44:51,827 --> 01:44:54,955
Discussing the union
as an organisation

1921
01:44:55,080 --> 01:44:59,793
and saying that as soon as
it is recognised it is rotten

1922
01:44:59,918 --> 01:45:01,837
is false.

1923
01:45:01,962 --> 01:45:05,507
It is the pollical angle
of the organisation

1924
01:45:05,633 --> 01:45:09,762
which should be analysed,
not the organisation itself.

1925
01:45:09,887 --> 01:45:11,972
An organisation
is not something abstract.

1926
01:45:12,097 --> 01:45:16,060
Recognised organisations
are not necessarily reformist.

1927
01:45:16,185 --> 01:45:18,687
There aren't equations like that.

1928
01:45:18,812 --> 01:45:20,773
There is a rather obvious parallel.

1929
01:45:20,898 --> 01:45:24,026
You can make parallels,
but that's a bad method.

1930
01:45:24,151 --> 01:45:28,322
Declaring from one clay to the next
that you're going to do something illegal

1931
01:45:28,447 --> 01:45:30,949
doesn't mean
you're doing valid political work.

1932
01:45:31,075 --> 01:45:34,578
That's no longer true.

1933
01:45:34,703 --> 01:45:38,207
If you can, for example
through a trade union,

1934
01:45:38,332 --> 01:45:42,336
agitate and spread
political propaganda

1935
01:45:42,461 --> 01:45:43,962
in factories

1936
01:45:44,088 --> 01:45:46,507
about social and cultural problems

1937
01:45:46,632 --> 01:45:50,094
and create...

1938
01:45:50,219 --> 01:45:53,555
There were meetings in every factory,
every school, every college,

1939
01:45:53,681 --> 01:45:56,809
every administration, every station,
and every neighbourhood.

1940
01:45:56,934 --> 01:45:59,561
The police, however fierce,
were powerless.

1941
01:46:41,687 --> 01:46:44,857
It all comes down to aesthetics
and the political economy.