1
00:00:39,283 --> 00:00:44,383
WOMAN: I still have dreams,
and certain things come back.

2
00:00:47,500 --> 00:00:50,150
I don't know what age I am,
but life is quite normal.

3
00:00:50,183 --> 00:00:55,000
Whatever we're doing
is an everyday happening.

4
00:00:55,330 --> 00:00:58,330
And this is when I wake up.

5
00:00:58,660 --> 00:01:01,266
And as old as I am,
I'm still sobbing.

6
00:01:35,200 --> 00:01:39,500
[Children singing
"Alle V gel Sind Schon Da"]

7
00:01:46,183 --> 00:01:49,383
NARRATOR: In 1933,
few of the Jewish families

8
00:01:50,160 --> 00:01:52,366
who lived in Germany,
Austria, and Czechoslovakia

9
00:01:53,000 --> 00:01:56,330
foresaw how much their lives
were about to change.

10
00:01:57,383 --> 00:01:59,316
None of their children realized

11
00:01:59,350 --> 00:02:02,283
how soon their childhood
was about to end.

12
00:02:06,160 --> 00:02:09,300
WOMAN: I was a very happy
little girl growing up.

13
00:02:09,333 --> 00:02:12,830
My father absolutely
adored me.

14
00:02:12,116 --> 00:02:14,133
I mean, there was
never anything

15
00:02:14,166 --> 00:02:17,250
that I could have
possibly done wrong.

16
00:02:17,283 --> 00:02:22,000
My father used to
go out with me shopping.

17
00:02:22,330 --> 00:02:26,160
And I always used to
admire this one suit,

18
00:02:26,500 --> 00:02:29,133
which was for ladies.
I was only a kid.

19
00:02:29,166 --> 00:02:33,283
And I always said, "Oh, daddy,
I would love to wear that
suit."

20
00:02:33,316 --> 00:02:36,830
So one day, he said,
"Should we go in there?"

21
00:02:36,116 --> 00:02:39,160
And I said, "That's for
big ladies. I--I can't--"

22
00:02:39,500 --> 00:02:40,216
"Well, let's go in there."

23
00:02:40,250 --> 00:02:43,116
And he went in there
and they took my measurements,

24
00:02:43,150 --> 00:02:45,830
and that suit was made for me.

25
00:02:45,116 --> 00:02:49,300
And I came home,
and my mother was devastated.

26
00:02:49,333 --> 00:02:52,300
"What are you buying this
little girl all this stuff
for?

27
00:02:52,333 --> 00:02:54,500
She doesn't need that."

28
00:02:54,830 --> 00:02:57,166
And my father said,
"She is my pride and joy,

29
00:02:57,200 --> 00:03:00,100
and she needs everything
I can get for her."

30
00:03:05,500 --> 00:03:06,316
[Vienna Boys Choir singing]

31
00:03:18,266 --> 00:03:20,266
MAN: my parents were sort of
middle-class people,

32
00:03:20,300 --> 00:03:23,150
and my father was
a middle level bank manager

33
00:03:23,183 --> 00:03:26,133
and my mother,
a lady of leisure.

34
00:03:26,166 --> 00:03:30,133
And I was a very much
desired first child.

35
00:03:30,166 --> 00:03:33,183
Uh, they were both
around 30 or so.

36
00:03:33,216 --> 00:03:36,383
We had one of these very nice
apartments in Vienna

37
00:03:37,160 --> 00:03:38,150
with a high ceiling,

38
00:03:38,183 --> 00:03:41,100
lots of light, as I remember it,
big windows,

39
00:03:41,133 --> 00:03:44,183
and I guess I was spoiled.
I mean, in addition to them,

40
00:03:44,216 --> 00:03:46,300
there was of course
the inevitable maid,

41
00:03:46,333 --> 00:03:49,200
nursemaid in the house,
in those days.

42
00:03:49,233 --> 00:03:52,116
Uh, my grandmother looked
in
often and lived nearby.

43
00:03:52,150 --> 00:03:56,266
And it was, in many ways,
a rather idyllic life.

44
00:03:56,300 --> 00:03:59,316
And I was indeed sort of
the center of the universe.

45
00:04:06,300 --> 00:04:09,200
[Choir singing
"Ja Do Lesa Nepojedu"]

46
00:04:18,100 --> 00:04:20,133
WOMAN: we had mother,
father, and my sister,

47
00:04:20,166 --> 00:04:23,660
who was 4 years
younger than I was.

48
00:04:23,100 --> 00:04:26,383
We had a very happy childhood,
carefree childhood.

49
00:04:27,160 --> 00:04:29,200
My father was always
busy during the week,

50
00:04:29,233 --> 00:04:33,316
but when he was home,
he often took me for walks

51
00:04:33,350 --> 00:04:38,366
by the river, mostly,
and talked about everything.

52
00:04:39,000 --> 00:04:43,183
And that brought us
probably closer.

53
00:04:43,216 --> 00:04:45,216
I always felt father and I

54
00:04:45,250 --> 00:04:49,233
were protecting my mother
and my sister.

55
00:04:49,266 --> 00:04:52,100
I don't know what we were
protecting them from.

56
00:04:52,133 --> 00:04:55,150
Heil! Heil!

57
00:04:55,183 --> 00:05:00,160
Heil! Heil!

58
00:05:00,500 --> 00:05:02,300
WOMAN: I was about
just under 8 years old

59
00:05:02,333 --> 00:05:06,330
when, when uh,
Hitler came to power.

60
00:05:14,150 --> 00:05:18,830
I'd got some school friends,
and my mother always tried

61
00:05:18,116 --> 00:05:22,330
to make a birthday party for us.

62
00:05:22,660 --> 00:05:23,216
The table was set.

63
00:05:23,250 --> 00:05:26,283
We were--I was sort of
very excited.

64
00:05:26,316 --> 00:05:28,100
Nobody came.

65
00:05:28,133 --> 00:05:32,166
Not a single child came
to this birthday party.

66
00:05:32,200 --> 00:05:39,330
And, uh, that was the first
terrible blow to me.

67
00:05:39,660 --> 00:05:41,660
I know it sounds trivial,

68
00:05:41,100 --> 00:05:44,166
but it was the first
sort of
comprehension for a
child

69
00:05:44,200 --> 00:05:47,330
to understand that
you are ostracized,

70
00:05:47,660 --> 00:05:49,166
that there's something
different about you.

71
00:05:49,200 --> 00:05:51,330
[Singing]

72
00:05:57,233 --> 00:05:59,383
NARRATOR: For Jewish children,
life under Hitler

73
00:06:00,160 --> 00:06:03,166
became increasingly
isolated and threatening.

74
00:06:03,200 --> 00:06:05,330
While the Nazis stripped
their parents

75
00:06:05,660 --> 00:06:07,166
of their jobs and citizenship,

76
00:06:07,200 --> 00:06:11,200
the children were gradually
barred from schools, parks,

77
00:06:11,233 --> 00:06:14,000
theatres, swimming pools.

78
00:06:18,133 --> 00:06:20,183
WOMAN: I was over-protected

79
00:06:20,216 --> 00:06:24,316
because of the Hitler
dangers outside the home,

80
00:06:24,350 --> 00:06:28,116
but very much loved in the home.

81
00:06:28,150 --> 00:06:31,830
My mother sitting on
my father for a cuddle

82
00:06:31,116 --> 00:06:34,233
was an everyday occurrence.

83
00:06:34,266 --> 00:06:36,216
I had to join in,
because otherwise

84
00:06:36,250 --> 00:06:37,383
I would have been jealous.

85
00:06:38,160 --> 00:06:40,383
So he had to have both of us
on his lap.

86
00:06:41,160 --> 00:06:46,133
My father used to say,
"I'm too old to start again."

87
00:06:46,166 --> 00:06:48,216
Although he spoke
perfect English,

88
00:06:48,250 --> 00:06:51,830
he felt he was just
not young enough

89
00:06:51,116 --> 00:06:54,316
to start in a new country.

90
00:06:54,350 --> 00:06:57,100
And the other sentence,
which was because

91
00:06:57,133 --> 00:07:00,350
his father and
grandfather and so on,

92
00:07:00,383 --> 00:07:04,160
uh, were born in Germany,

93
00:07:04,500 --> 00:07:08,330
that this has got to change,
that this madman, Hitler,

94
00:07:08,660 --> 00:07:09,350
can't possibly last.

95
00:07:19,500 --> 00:07:21,830
MAN: I feared every day.

96
00:07:21,116 --> 00:07:26,216
I just was, uh, most unhappy
going to school.

97
00:07:28,116 --> 00:07:31,100
I was walking on the street.

98
00:07:31,133 --> 00:07:35,183
6 or 7 boys came,
called me "Jew bastard,"

99
00:07:35,216 --> 00:07:37,200
and then attacked me
and threw me

100
00:07:37,233 --> 00:07:40,316
through the plate-glass window.

101
00:07:40,350 --> 00:07:43,660
I was cut severely,

102
00:07:43,100 --> 00:07:47,000
and I had to go to the
hospital for stitching,

103
00:07:47,330 --> 00:07:52,250
and I didn't want to go to
school there any more either.

104
00:07:52,283 --> 00:07:56,133
I-I just felt that I was
threatened constantly.

105
00:07:58,216 --> 00:08:00,350
NARRATOR: As Hitler
strengthened his control,

106
00:08:00,383 --> 00:08:02,300
he began looking
for opportunities

107
00:08:02,333 --> 00:08:07,500
to extend Germany's power
beyond its borders.

108
00:08:07,830 --> 00:08:09,160
In March 1938,

109
00:08:09,500 --> 00:08:11,660
German troops entered Austria

110
00:08:11,100 --> 00:08:13,283
and, without firing
a single shot,

111
00:08:13,316 --> 00:08:15,316
annexed the country
to the Reich.

112
00:08:18,350 --> 00:08:22,133
WOMAN: The first thing that
happens when a disaster
strikes,

113
00:08:22,166 --> 00:08:23,366
nothing changes.

114
00:08:24,000 --> 00:08:26,366
You think there's going
to be some great drama,

115
00:08:27,000 --> 00:08:29,660
and you go to bed,
put your nightgown on,

116
00:08:29,100 --> 00:08:32,333
and you say the shema to your
mother, and then you go to bed.

117
00:08:32,366 --> 00:08:35,250
and you think, oh,
this isn't so terrible.

118
00:08:38,316 --> 00:08:39,383
But the next morning,

119
00:08:40,160 --> 00:08:44,166
my parents took me downstairs
into the street.

120
00:08:44,200 --> 00:08:49,160
The streets were full of
new uniforms I'd never seen.

121
00:08:52,830 --> 00:08:57,100
And the young people wore
the red bands around their arms

122
00:08:57,133 --> 00:08:59,300
with the swastika, and I
didn't know what that meant.

123
00:08:59,333 --> 00:09:03,830
And they were stretching out
their arms in the Hitler
salute.

124
00:09:07,266 --> 00:09:11,100
And there were flags everywhere,
these new red flags,

125
00:09:11,133 --> 00:09:14,216
with the white circle
and the black swastika.

126
00:09:18,830 --> 00:09:22,133
My main sense of
something wrong was the haste

127
00:09:22,166 --> 00:09:25,250
with which my parents got me
back into the house.

128
00:09:33,500 --> 00:09:37,000
FUCHEL: Suddenly, I couldn't go
to my normal school any more.

129
00:09:37,330 --> 00:09:40,500
And I was sent off
to a makeshift school

130
00:09:40,830 --> 00:09:42,830
at the end of the tram line.

131
00:09:43,200 --> 00:09:46,000
And I did it alone,
even at age 7,

132
00:09:46,330 --> 00:09:47,383
and went to the end of the line,

133
00:09:48,160 --> 00:09:51,250
and then I would just walk on
till I came to this house.

134
00:09:51,283 --> 00:09:54,200
Word got back to my parents
that while on the tram,

135
00:09:54,233 --> 00:09:56,183
I was a very
talkative little boy.

136
00:09:56,216 --> 00:10:00,100
I told them all the bad things
that Herr Hitler was doing.

137
00:10:00,133 --> 00:10:03,133
I thought that Herr was
his first name, of course.

138
00:10:03,166 --> 00:10:07,133
And, uh, and the word got back
to my parents that maybe,

139
00:10:07,166 --> 00:10:10,266
um, they should--
I shouldn't be travelling alone.

140
00:10:10,300 --> 00:10:13,160
And my father then came with me.

141
00:10:13,500 --> 00:10:16,250
And he didn't say much,
but he hardly ever did,

142
00:10:16,283 --> 00:10:18,316
but he, you know,
let it be known

143
00:10:18,350 --> 00:10:20,316
that it's not wise to go around

144
00:10:20,350 --> 00:10:23,160
saying bad things
about Herr Hitler.

145
00:10:27,383 --> 00:10:31,330
NARRATOR: In the weeks following
the annexation of Austria,

146
00:10:31,660 --> 00:10:34,150
Nazi authorities had
enacted
all the anti-Jewish laws

147
00:10:34,183 --> 00:10:38,216
it had taken Hitler 5 years
to put into place in Germany.

148
00:10:44,116 --> 00:10:47,333
MAN: Anyone coming from Vienna,
it was very dramatic.

149
00:10:47,366 --> 00:10:51,183
The reality of it struck me
when my parents talked about

150
00:10:51,216 --> 00:10:54,233
giving up the apartment,
that we have to leave.

151
00:10:54,266 --> 00:10:56,133
And that was something,
you know,

152
00:10:56,166 --> 00:10:59,160
that just--the bottom falls.

153
00:10:59,500 --> 00:11:01,150
I mean, everything
falls out of you.

154
00:11:01,183 --> 00:11:03,330
I mean,
this is all I knew.

155
00:11:03,660 --> 00:11:05,350
And we had to give it up,
we had to leave.

156
00:11:05,383 --> 00:11:08,366
And that probably was
the biggest blow I had.

157
00:11:09,000 --> 00:11:13,830
I mean, just the idea that
it'll all end the way it is.

158
00:11:22,216 --> 00:11:25,200
My mother was an activist,

159
00:11:25,233 --> 00:11:27,233
and she knew something
had to be done.

160
00:11:27,266 --> 00:11:30,350
And the decision was
to go to England

161
00:11:30,383 --> 00:11:32,300
to be hired as a domestic

162
00:11:32,333 --> 00:11:35,660
because the English would
take young women

163
00:11:35,100 --> 00:11:38,500
who would not interfere
with the labor market.

164
00:11:38,830 --> 00:11:39,350
The plan was,
she would go ahead,

165
00:11:39,383 --> 00:11:43,500
she would try and get me out,
and my father.

166
00:11:43,830 --> 00:11:46,160
SEGAL: This is the time
when I remember.

167
00:11:46,500 --> 00:11:49,333
There was no conversation
among the grownups

168
00:11:49,366 --> 00:11:53,500
except how to get out of Vienna.

169
00:11:53,830 --> 00:11:55,200
It's interesting because
we are now asked,

170
00:11:55,233 --> 00:11:57,660
"How come you didn't leave?"

171
00:11:57,100 --> 00:12:00,383
And when I think of
what it meant to leave,

172
00:12:01,160 --> 00:12:05,500
what--it--
how impossible it was to
leave.

173
00:12:05,830 --> 00:12:08,266
First of all, you had
to have a sponsor

174
00:12:08,300 --> 00:12:11,366
in the country you were going
to
who would promise that one

175
00:12:12,000 --> 00:12:14,283
would not become a burden
on the government.

176
00:12:14,316 --> 00:12:16,133
You would have to get a visa

177
00:12:16,166 --> 00:12:20,133
from the State Department or
the government to be allowed
in.

178
00:12:20,166 --> 00:12:24,330
Then you had to get
an exit permit from the Nazis.

179
00:12:24,660 --> 00:12:26,233
All these things
had to come together,

180
00:12:26,266 --> 00:12:30,350
and they had a time span
in which they would expire,

181
00:12:31,000 --> 00:12:33,133
and you had to collect
all these things together

182
00:12:33,166 --> 00:12:36,660
so that they would all be ready.

183
00:12:36,100 --> 00:12:38,333
And it usually didn't happen.

184
00:12:38,366 --> 00:12:42,200
The hardest thing was, though,
to find a country to go to.

185
00:12:42,233 --> 00:12:45,116
The countries that were under
discussion were Argentina,

186
00:12:45,150 --> 00:12:49,333
Uruguay, Paraguay,
Venezuela, Shanghai, Cuba,

187
00:12:49,366 --> 00:12:52,000
the Dominican Republic.

188
00:12:52,330 --> 00:12:55,116
I remember going with my father
to the American consulate.

189
00:12:55,150 --> 00:12:58,250
There was a queue
around the block,

190
00:12:58,283 --> 00:13:02,316
up the stairs, around the room.

191
00:13:04,366 --> 00:13:09,830
We are now in the late summer
of 1938.

192
00:13:09,116 --> 00:13:16,133
I got to the United States
in May 1, 1951.

193
00:13:16,166 --> 00:13:21,150
It was a 13-year quota for us.

194
00:13:23,316 --> 00:13:26,116
NARRATOR: German troops
had barely entered Austria

195
00:13:26,150 --> 00:13:29,830
when Hitler demanded
the annexation of Sudetenland

196
00:13:29,116 --> 00:13:31,250
in Czechoslovakia.

197
00:13:31,283 --> 00:13:33,660
He insisted that the province,

198
00:13:33,100 --> 00:13:36,216
which was home to over
3 million ethnic Germans,

199
00:13:36,250 --> 00:13:39,166
be allowed to secede
and join the Reich.

200
00:13:40,383 --> 00:13:44,166
On October 1,
with international agreement,

201
00:13:44,200 --> 00:13:47,116
German troops marched
into Sudetenland,

202
00:13:47,150 --> 00:13:50,830
adding 1/5 of Czechoslovakia
to the Reich,

203
00:13:50,116 --> 00:13:55,250
and opening the way for
further
dismemberment of the country.

204
00:13:55,283 --> 00:13:58,500
HAYMAN: From then on,
people were wondering

205
00:13:58,830 --> 00:14:02,830
what's going to happen next.

206
00:14:02,116 --> 00:14:03,200
Father was an optimist

207
00:14:03,233 --> 00:14:06,366
because he did business
with people in France

208
00:14:07,000 --> 00:14:11,330
who wrote and said,
"It's going to be bad. Get out."

209
00:14:11,660 --> 00:14:14,166
But for father, no, things
like that wouldn't happen.

210
00:14:14,200 --> 00:14:17,300
He had a greater faith
in mankind.

211
00:14:17,333 --> 00:14:19,316
He always used to say
that he would

212
00:14:19,350 --> 00:14:22,150
rather trust people
and be disappointed

213
00:14:22,183 --> 00:14:25,500
than go through life
not trusting anybody.

214
00:14:28,233 --> 00:14:30,300
NARRATOR: Less than
half a year later,

215
00:14:30,333 --> 00:14:33,300
Hitler would destroy
the Czech state.

216
00:14:33,333 --> 00:14:37,300
But now the Nazis continued
their persecution of the Jews.

217
00:14:37,333 --> 00:14:41,660
In November, they orchestrated
a vicious pogrom,

218
00:14:41,100 --> 00:14:43,316
which they later
called "Kristallnacht",

219
00:14:43,350 --> 00:14:46,660
the night of broken glass.

220
00:14:52,830 --> 00:14:55,660
ROSENFELD: I had had
a strange dream in the night

221
00:14:55,100 --> 00:14:59,183
that my father
was being arrested.

222
00:14:59,216 --> 00:15:01,330
Our evening meal that evening,

223
00:15:01,660 --> 00:15:05,116
that was the last meal I ever
remember having with my father.

224
00:15:05,150 --> 00:15:07,100
I looked at him, and I thought,

225
00:15:07,133 --> 00:15:11,333
well, I hadn't really seen
his features properly.

226
00:15:11,366 --> 00:15:15,183
And you know how you look
at somebody intensely.

227
00:15:15,216 --> 00:15:17,216
And something told me, you know,

228
00:15:17,250 --> 00:15:21,830
I must imprint that image
of him on my mind.

229
00:15:26,330 --> 00:15:27,316
WOMAN: Before
I went to bed,

230
00:15:27,350 --> 00:15:30,200
my father,
in a rather stern voice,

231
00:15:30,233 --> 00:15:32,133
said to me,
"if you hear any

232
00:15:32,166 --> 00:15:34,216
"strange noises
during the night,

233
00:15:34,250 --> 00:15:36,133
"immediately get out of bed

234
00:15:36,166 --> 00:15:39,233
and go into that wardrobe
in the hallway."

235
00:15:39,266 --> 00:15:41,333
And I said,
"I don't understand."

236
00:15:41,366 --> 00:15:45,830
And, quite differently
than my father

237
00:15:45,116 --> 00:15:47,283
would normally
answer my questions,

238
00:15:47,316 --> 00:15:50,000
he said, "Don't ask
any questions.

239
00:15:50,330 --> 00:15:51,250
Just do as you're told."

240
00:15:53,366 --> 00:15:57,200
ALLARD: I was woken up
at 2.00 in the morning,

241
00:15:57,233 --> 00:16:00,216
with terrible banging
on the door.

242
00:16:00,250 --> 00:16:04,350
and there were two Nazis
at the door, shouting,

243
00:16:04,383 --> 00:16:06,266
"You're all under arrest.

244
00:16:06,300 --> 00:16:08,366
Put some clothes on
and come with us."

245
00:16:13,366 --> 00:16:17,250
I remember it was a very cold,
very dark night,

246
00:16:17,283 --> 00:16:20,350
and we all went off
to an assembly point,

247
00:16:20,383 --> 00:16:23,166
which was like a big square.

248
00:16:23,200 --> 00:16:27,333
And there were just
thousands of other Jews.

249
00:16:27,366 --> 00:16:29,183
And I mean thousands.

250
00:16:31,300 --> 00:16:34,216
And there were people I
knew
and people I didn't know,

251
00:16:34,250 --> 00:16:38,366
and people getting beaten up,
and people crying.

252
00:16:40,366 --> 00:16:44,150
I think everybody was petrified.

253
00:16:44,183 --> 00:16:46,283
I remember, I think,
also very vividly,

254
00:16:46,316 --> 00:16:49,233
that they were
beating up the rabbi,

255
00:16:49,266 --> 00:16:54,200
and they had fetched the Torahs
out of the synagogue.

256
00:16:54,233 --> 00:16:57,500
And I think they were
trampling on them.

257
00:17:02,830 --> 00:17:04,266
[Glass breaking]

258
00:17:07,200 --> 00:17:12,660
HELLMAN: I took my bicycle
and went to school as always.

259
00:17:12,100 --> 00:17:15,133
There was no Jewish
business that I passed

260
00:17:15,166 --> 00:17:19,116
that wasn't broken into.

261
00:17:19,150 --> 00:17:23,266
The merchandise was either on
the street or looted
completely.

262
00:17:26,216 --> 00:17:28,333
As I got closer to school,

263
00:17:28,366 --> 00:17:34,316
I saw huge pillars of smoke
coming from the sections

264
00:17:34,350 --> 00:17:38,283
where the two big synagogues
in Frankfurt were.

265
00:17:38,316 --> 00:17:41,250
And I saw that
they were on fire.

266
00:17:43,316 --> 00:17:45,216
ROSENFELD: Our school
happened to be

267
00:17:45,250 --> 00:17:48,300
just opposite on the street
where the synagogue was.

268
00:17:50,216 --> 00:17:53,116
I was dragged out with
the stream of children.

269
00:17:53,150 --> 00:17:57,183
Everybody went to the playground
to watch these flames.

270
00:17:58,350 --> 00:18:02,133
And suddenly, somebody said,
"Oh, there's a Jew.

271
00:18:02,166 --> 00:18:05,200
Let's throw her
on the fire as well."

272
00:18:05,233 --> 00:18:07,830
I don't know how I got home.

273
00:18:07,116 --> 00:18:09,333
I still don't know today
how I got home.

274
00:18:09,366 --> 00:18:14,100
And when I got home, my mother
was absolutely shocked.

275
00:18:14,133 --> 00:18:16,150
My father had been arrested.

276
00:18:20,330 --> 00:18:23,200
My father was quite
an outspoken person,

277
00:18:23,233 --> 00:18:26,216
and so when they came
to Buchenwald

278
00:18:26,250 --> 00:18:30,183
and they took away all
the men's braces and shoelaces,

279
00:18:30,216 --> 00:18:31,333
he protested and said,

280
00:18:31,366 --> 00:18:34,283
"You can't treat these
old people like this."

281
00:18:34,316 --> 00:18:36,183
So they made an example of him,

282
00:18:36,216 --> 00:18:40,160
and they beat him to death
in front of everybody

283
00:18:40,500 --> 00:18:45,000
in order to instill
terror and obedience.

284
00:18:47,216 --> 00:18:52,216
They offered us my father's
ashes in return for money,

285
00:18:52,250 --> 00:18:55,166
and eventually the urn came.

286
00:18:55,200 --> 00:18:58,160
And we buried it
in the Jewish cemetery.

287
00:18:58,500 --> 00:19:01,133
But, of course, whether it was
his ashes, one never knows.

288
00:19:02,383 --> 00:19:06,100
EPSTEIN: We heard loud banging
on the door downstairs,

289
00:19:06,133 --> 00:19:11,830
and so my aunt, my mother,
and I ran up into the attic,

290
00:19:11,116 --> 00:19:15,150
and we were hiding
in an old wardrobe up there.

291
00:19:15,183 --> 00:19:17,333
And I do remember the feeling

292
00:19:17,366 --> 00:19:22,200
as though I had spent my entire
life in that wardrobe.

293
00:19:22,233 --> 00:19:25,150
And I also remember
whispering to my mother,

294
00:19:25,183 --> 00:19:30,166
"I want to get out of here, and
not just out of this wardrobe.

295
00:19:30,200 --> 00:19:32,250
I want to get out of Germany."

296
00:19:45,216 --> 00:19:48,330
NARRATOR: World revulsion
was swift,

297
00:19:48,660 --> 00:19:49,250
yet Britain was the only country

298
00:19:49,283 --> 00:19:52,166
willing to relax
its immigration controls,

299
00:19:52,200 --> 00:19:54,333
and then only for children
who would not threaten

300
00:19:54,366 --> 00:19:57,250
British jobs or public funds.

301
00:19:57,283 --> 00:20:00,000
Days after the Nazi pogrom,

302
00:20:00,330 --> 00:20:03,233
Anglo-Jewish leaders met with
Prime Minister Chamberlain

303
00:20:03,266 --> 00:20:07,160
and urged him to let into the
country unaccompanied children,

304
00:20:07,500 --> 00:20:11,160
Christian as well as Jewish,
up to the age of 17.

305
00:20:12,200 --> 00:20:15,330
6 days later,
Quakers joined Jewish leaders

306
00:20:15,660 --> 00:20:17,250
to present the government
a concrete rescue plan

307
00:20:17,283 --> 00:20:21,183
to be funded by refugee
and religious organizations.

308
00:20:21,216 --> 00:20:24,300
That night, the House of Commons
debated the issue

309
00:20:24,333 --> 00:20:27,000
and approved the plan.

310
00:20:28,350 --> 00:20:32,500
MAN: My youth leader said,
"Call Otto Hirsch.

311
00:20:32,830 --> 00:20:34,316
There is a job for you
to be done."

312
00:20:34,350 --> 00:20:37,150
So I went and saw him,
and he said,

313
00:20:37,183 --> 00:20:40,216
"Listen. I have a request.

314
00:20:40,250 --> 00:20:45,133
"We have been informed
that the British government--

315
00:20:45,166 --> 00:20:46,316
"the House of Commons--

316
00:20:46,350 --> 00:20:50,166
"had discussed the destiny
of children in Germany

317
00:20:50,200 --> 00:20:53,660
"after all this publicity,

318
00:20:53,100 --> 00:20:54,350
"and they are disgusted.

319
00:20:56,166 --> 00:20:58,660
"They came to the conclusion

320
00:20:58,100 --> 00:21:01,283
"to accept children
for a certain time.

321
00:21:01,316 --> 00:21:04,383
"We have an office
for the operations.

322
00:21:05,160 --> 00:21:06,250
See what you can do."

323
00:21:10,330 --> 00:21:11,366
NARRATOR: As the transports
got under way

324
00:21:12,000 --> 00:21:13,283
in Germany and Austria,

325
00:21:13,316 --> 00:21:15,333
thousands of
Sudetenland refugees

326
00:21:15,366 --> 00:21:19,000
continued to flee to Prague.

327
00:21:19,330 --> 00:21:21,266
English stockbroker
Nicholas Winton

328
00:21:21,300 --> 00:21:25,266
was summoned by a friend to view
the situation for himself.

329
00:21:25,300 --> 00:21:28,333
He toured refugee camps
with Doreen Warriner,

330
00:21:28,366 --> 00:21:30,300
a representative of
the British Committee

331
00:21:30,333 --> 00:21:32,366
for Refugees
from Czechoslovakia.

332
00:21:34,383 --> 00:21:37,150
WINTON:
We did have the feeling

333
00:21:37,183 --> 00:21:41,000
that the position
was much more urgent

334
00:21:41,330 --> 00:21:44,150
than anybody in London thought.

335
00:21:52,660 --> 00:21:53,216
Doreen Warriner said to me,

336
00:21:53,250 --> 00:21:56,166
"I don't know what we're going
to do about the children."

337
00:21:56,200 --> 00:21:58,350
And almost spontaneously I said,

338
00:21:58,383 --> 00:22:00,350
"Well, if when I get back
to England

339
00:22:00,383 --> 00:22:04,300
"I find that the Home Office
will allow them in,

340
00:22:04,333 --> 00:22:08,830
we'll try and get some of them
into England,"

341
00:22:08,116 --> 00:22:10,250
And when I went
to the Home Office,

342
00:22:10,283 --> 00:22:13,316
they said,
"Under certain conditions,

343
00:22:13,350 --> 00:22:18,000
you can bring in
as many children as you like."

344
00:22:18,330 --> 00:22:20,250
We had to produce
somebody who'd guarantee

345
00:22:20,283 --> 00:22:24,660
£50 against their reemigration,

346
00:22:24,100 --> 00:22:26,500
which I suppose
is about £1,000 today--

347
00:22:26,830 --> 00:22:30,160
it was quite a lot of money--
and then I had to find a
family

348
00:22:30,500 --> 00:22:33,316
who'd take each
individual child.

349
00:22:33,350 --> 00:22:36,233
It certainly wasn't easy,
but it wasn't that
difficult.

350
00:22:36,266 --> 00:22:40,133
I mean, it's more easy
to get somebody to take a child

351
00:22:40,166 --> 00:22:43,233
than to take a grownup.

352
00:22:43,266 --> 00:22:45,383
I tried to get America involved

353
00:22:46,160 --> 00:22:48,300
and wrote to a lot
of the senators

354
00:22:48,333 --> 00:22:53,166
and got a lot of answers
saying how concerned they were

355
00:22:53,200 --> 00:22:57,216
and all the various reasons
why they couldn't do anything.

356
00:22:57,250 --> 00:23:00,200
NARRATOR: In the United States,
a congressional bill

357
00:23:00,233 --> 00:23:05,183
to admit 20,000 child refugees
died in committee.

358
00:23:05,216 --> 00:23:07,166
One of the arguments
against the bill

359
00:23:07,200 --> 00:23:10,283
was that accepting children
without their parents

360
00:23:10,316 --> 00:23:13,233
was contrary to the laws of God.

361
00:23:30,183 --> 00:23:32,200
SEGAL: My father said,

362
00:23:32,233 --> 00:23:35,333
"Mummy and I cannot leave,
but you're going to leave."

363
00:23:35,366 --> 00:23:38,183
I said, "What do you mean,
I'm going to leave?"

364
00:23:38,216 --> 00:23:40,383
"You're going to England,"
he said.

365
00:23:41,160 --> 00:23:42,150
"When?"

366
00:23:42,183 --> 00:23:44,330
"Thursday," he said.

367
00:23:44,660 --> 00:23:46,283
I knew that she ought--

368
00:23:46,316 --> 00:23:51,133
that I ought to want
to send her away,

369
00:23:51,166 --> 00:23:54,266
but I couldn't imagine to give
permission for her to go.

370
00:23:54,300 --> 00:23:57,333
My husband said, "She must go,"

371
00:23:57,366 --> 00:24:00,200
and he didn't listen to me.

372
00:24:00,233 --> 00:24:04,830
He just arranged
everything for her,

373
00:24:04,116 --> 00:24:05,266
and I had to give in,

374
00:24:05,300 --> 00:24:10,133
and I saw in the end
that he was right,

375
00:24:10,166 --> 00:24:13,000
but the hurt is unbelievable.

376
00:24:13,330 --> 00:24:15,660
That cannot be described.

377
00:24:15,100 --> 00:24:17,000
[Girl singing in German]

378
00:24:35,300 --> 00:24:38,830
MAN: My father died
when I was 3 years old,

379
00:24:38,116 --> 00:24:40,333
and my mother, she had to
go out to work,

380
00:24:40,366 --> 00:24:43,366
so I wound up in the orphanage.

381
00:24:45,250 --> 00:24:49,000
When Polish Jews were arrested
all over Germany,

382
00:24:49,330 --> 00:24:51,200
I'd found out
that my mother was deported,

383
00:24:51,233 --> 00:24:55,133
so I was on my own.
I had nobody, no one, nothing.

384
00:24:55,166 --> 00:24:57,300
I went to the Gemeinde,

385
00:24:57,333 --> 00:24:59,100
and there was this
wonderful woman.

386
00:24:59,133 --> 00:25:01,116
She knew me, and she said,
"Ah, Pascha,

387
00:25:01,150 --> 00:25:03,150
what are you doing here?
Where's your mother?"

388
00:25:03,183 --> 00:25:06,333
And so I said,
"My mother has been deported,"

389
00:25:06,366 --> 00:25:08,660
And she said to me,

390
00:25:08,100 --> 00:25:11,166
"You know, there's something
happening now.

391
00:25:11,200 --> 00:25:14,300
I think you should get onto
it."
It was the Kindertransport.

392
00:25:14,333 --> 00:25:16,300
She said, "You better
register immediately

393
00:25:16,333 --> 00:25:19,250
"because you're all by
yourself.
What are you going to do?"

394
00:25:19,283 --> 00:25:21,333
So I said,
"Okay. I'll go to England,"

395
00:25:21,366 --> 00:25:24,233
Just like matter-of-fact,
as if it was nothing.

396
00:25:26,333 --> 00:25:28,150
ROSENFELD: In hindsight,

397
00:25:28,183 --> 00:25:32,300
I think my sister and I,
we owe my father's death

398
00:25:32,333 --> 00:25:34,233
that we have survived

399
00:25:34,266 --> 00:25:40,330
because they selected children
who had problems--

400
00:25:41,200 --> 00:25:43,183
uh, who'd lost parents
or whose parents

401
00:25:43,216 --> 00:25:45,283
could no longer
look after them--

402
00:25:45,316 --> 00:25:48,166
uh, to go on the
Kindertransport.

403
00:25:49,366 --> 00:25:53,183
HAYMAN: Mother came home
and said that she enrolled us,

404
00:25:53,216 --> 00:25:55,250
and about a fortnight later,

405
00:25:55,283 --> 00:25:58,250
my parents were told
that I can go,

406
00:25:58,283 --> 00:26:01,233
and a week or two after that,

407
00:26:01,266 --> 00:26:04,316
they had the thing
to say that my sister can go.

408
00:26:04,350 --> 00:26:08,500
So, now both of us would go,

409
00:26:08,830 --> 00:26:12,133
and that must have been
very hard.

410
00:26:12,166 --> 00:26:15,383
That would have been hard
to decide that we both go.

411
00:26:17,216 --> 00:26:20,116
We had about a fortnight
before we left,

412
00:26:20,150 --> 00:26:23,383
and into that fortnight,
both mother and father

413
00:26:24,160 --> 00:26:28,660
were trying to give the
instructions and the guidance

414
00:26:28,100 --> 00:26:31,283
that they hoped to have
their whole life to give.

415
00:26:35,216 --> 00:26:39,350
HELLMAN: My Bar Mitzvah
was a month after Crystal Night,

416
00:26:39,383 --> 00:26:42,333
and it was held in an attic.

417
00:26:42,366 --> 00:26:44,100
My father was not there.

418
00:26:44,133 --> 00:26:47,166
My father was still
in a concentration camp,

419
00:26:47,200 --> 00:26:49,350
and it was just my mother.

420
00:26:49,383 --> 00:26:52,233
I felt terrible.

421
00:26:52,266 --> 00:26:54,333
There was no celebration
afterwards.

422
00:26:54,366 --> 00:26:58,660
There was nothing.

423
00:26:58,100 --> 00:27:00,100
You read your part
from the Torah,

424
00:27:00,133 --> 00:27:04,183
and you did your Haftarah,
and you were finished,

425
00:27:04,216 --> 00:27:10,150
and we were lucky that a minyan
showed up altogether.

426
00:27:14,183 --> 00:27:17,133
I certainly felt,
the sooner that we could

427
00:27:17,166 --> 00:27:21,216
get out of Germany,
the better off it would be.

428
00:27:21,250 --> 00:27:26,350
My house mother wrote
to Baron James de Rothschild,

429
00:27:28,133 --> 00:27:35,150
would he take 24 of her boys,
her husband, herself,

430
00:27:35,183 --> 00:27:37,250
and her two daughters?

431
00:27:37,283 --> 00:27:42,660
And he wrote back in January
that he would.

432
00:27:54,266 --> 00:27:58,133
WOMAN: We thought of England
as a land of lords and ladies

433
00:27:58,166 --> 00:28:00,333
because of the king and queen,

434
00:28:00,366 --> 00:28:03,316
and the two little princesses
appealed to us very much.

435
00:28:03,350 --> 00:28:07,100
We saw those pictures
in the newspapers--

436
00:28:07,133 --> 00:28:09,216
The coronation with
their ermine clothes

437
00:28:09,250 --> 00:28:11,330
and their crowns
on their heads--

438
00:28:11,660 --> 00:28:12,316
and we really thought,
in England,

439
00:28:12,350 --> 00:28:14,166
that is how people got dressed--

440
00:28:14,200 --> 00:28:17,200
perhaps not every day,
but sometimes on Sundays.

441
00:28:17,233 --> 00:28:21,000
So that was our expectation
of England.

442
00:28:22,283 --> 00:28:25,383
ALLARD: I was told this was
the
best thing that could happen,

443
00:28:26,160 --> 00:28:29,233
and I was so lucky because
everybody around me

444
00:28:29,266 --> 00:28:33,350
was trying to find places
for their children,

445
00:28:33,383 --> 00:28:36,500
and suddenly out of the blue,

446
00:28:36,830 --> 00:28:39,350
I had a chance
to come to England.

447
00:28:39,383 --> 00:28:41,350
How lucky can I be?

448
00:28:47,830 --> 00:28:49,150
EPSTEIN: My parents said
that I would be able

449
00:28:49,183 --> 00:28:52,166
to go back to school,
I will learn another language,

450
00:28:52,200 --> 00:28:57,200
I will live in London, I will
be
able to travel on the subway,

451
00:28:57,233 --> 00:29:00,233
and painted a wonderful,
beautiful picture

452
00:29:00,266 --> 00:29:03,116
and added again and again,

453
00:29:03,150 --> 00:29:05,283
"And we'll follow soon."

454
00:29:05,316 --> 00:29:11,500
However, a few days or so
before I was to leave,

455
00:29:11,830 --> 00:29:16,250
I um, accused my parents
of trying to get rid of me.

456
00:29:16,283 --> 00:29:19,266
I said to my parents,
"I'm really a gypsy child,

457
00:29:19,300 --> 00:29:22,000
"and you're now trying
to get rid of me.

458
00:29:22,330 --> 00:29:25,200
You adopted me, and now
you no longer want me."

459
00:29:25,233 --> 00:29:29,266
I must have really deeply,
deeply hurt my parents.

460
00:29:33,000 --> 00:29:35,116
NARRATOR: Since German
policy in 1938

461
00:29:35,150 --> 00:29:37,266
was to force Jewish emigration,

462
00:29:37,300 --> 00:29:40,200
the Nazis willingly
let the children leave

463
00:29:40,233 --> 00:29:44,233
as long as they did not
take any valuables with them.

464
00:29:44,266 --> 00:29:47,500
Each child was allowed
one suitcase,

465
00:29:47,830 --> 00:29:49,500
one piece of hand luggage,

466
00:29:49,830 --> 00:29:51,660
and 10 Reichmark.

467
00:30:00,316 --> 00:30:05,830
ALLARD: We had 4 days
to pack and go.

468
00:30:05,116 --> 00:30:07,216
And they were just
so busy getting ready

469
00:30:07,250 --> 00:30:10,166
the things I was going to take

470
00:30:10,200 --> 00:30:15,160
that I don't think that
they or I had time to think

471
00:30:15,500 --> 00:30:17,000
about what was happening.

472
00:30:20,233 --> 00:30:23,660
ROSENFELD: My mother prepared
all our clothes,

473
00:30:23,100 --> 00:30:28,000
lovingly embroidered our names
in every piece of clothing,

474
00:30:28,330 --> 00:30:32,383
even every handkerchief,
every sock, everything.

475
00:30:34,250 --> 00:30:36,266
CAHN: I think
I took my teddy bear.

476
00:30:36,300 --> 00:30:39,216
and my mother always slept on

477
00:30:39,250 --> 00:30:42,166
a little pillow on
top of her big pillow.

478
00:30:42,200 --> 00:30:45,333
And I asked her whether
I could take that with me.

479
00:30:45,366 --> 00:30:47,366
So she said, "Sure."

480
00:30:50,216 --> 00:30:53,366
HAYMAN: Mother had new clothes
made for both of us.

481
00:30:54,000 --> 00:30:57,133
We had a dressmaker at home
who did all the sewing.

482
00:30:57,166 --> 00:30:59,233
And some she bought.

483
00:30:59,266 --> 00:31:02,250
Otherwise, around my neck,
because we were baptized,

484
00:31:02,283 --> 00:31:05,316
hoping that would be
of some help,

485
00:31:05,350 --> 00:31:08,133
I had a little cross,

486
00:31:08,166 --> 00:31:10,166
and I had a little elephant,

487
00:31:10,200 --> 00:31:15,100
and I had sort of, um,
it wasn't a Jewish star,

488
00:31:15,133 --> 00:31:19,166
but it was a little angel,
which--I put them all together

489
00:31:19,200 --> 00:31:21,250
because I thought
the Almighty can choose

490
00:31:21,283 --> 00:31:25,266
which religion
he would like me to belong to.

491
00:31:25,300 --> 00:31:27,250
Those are the things I remember.

492
00:31:33,333 --> 00:31:35,333
SEGAL: I remember
that last evening,

493
00:31:35,366 --> 00:31:39,366
all the cousins and all
the aunts came to say good-bye.

494
00:31:40,000 --> 00:31:42,300
And there was one aunt
who had twins,

495
00:31:42,333 --> 00:31:45,500
who was extremely angry
with my parents

496
00:31:45,830 --> 00:31:47,350
for getting me
onto this transport

497
00:31:47,383 --> 00:31:50,366
and for not having managed
to get her twins

498
00:31:51,000 --> 00:31:53,150
onto the transport.

499
00:31:53,183 --> 00:31:59,660
There was grief and panic
and fury in that room.

500
00:31:59,100 --> 00:32:01,660
And there was a moment, uh,

501
00:32:01,100 --> 00:32:03,200
that my father took me
between his knees,

502
00:32:03,233 --> 00:32:07,233
and he said, "Now, when you
get to England,

503
00:32:07,266 --> 00:32:10,250
"you have to talk to
all the English people you meet,

504
00:32:10,283 --> 00:32:14,383
"and you have to ask them
to get your mother and me out,

505
00:32:15,160 --> 00:32:16,116
and your grandparents."

506
00:32:16,150 --> 00:32:18,116
And because this aunt was there

507
00:32:18,150 --> 00:32:21,133
and had been
so unhappy and so angry,

508
00:32:21,166 --> 00:32:25,000
he said,
"And aunt so-and-so's twins."

509
00:32:25,330 --> 00:32:29,350
Before long, I had a list of
people, whom I, at 10 years
old,

510
00:32:29,383 --> 00:32:32,283
had promised to save
from Hitler.

511
00:32:36,233 --> 00:32:39,500
NARRATOR: The transports
began in December,

512
00:32:39,830 --> 00:32:41,333
barely 3 weeks
after the Nazi pogrom.

513
00:32:43,166 --> 00:32:45,350
Although a few children
travelled by plane,

514
00:32:45,383 --> 00:32:49,150
the majority departed by train.

515
00:32:49,183 --> 00:32:51,216
Some trains left during the day,

516
00:32:51,250 --> 00:32:53,350
many others
in the dead of night.

517
00:33:00,333 --> 00:33:03,500
SEGAL: Each child
was given a number.

518
00:33:03,830 --> 00:33:07,366
My number, and I still have it,
was 152.

519
00:33:08,000 --> 00:33:12,100
And this was a number
every child put around its neck.

520
00:33:12,133 --> 00:33:16,166
And a similar number was
attached to our suitcases.

521
00:33:16,200 --> 00:33:21,166
And there we stood, uh, in our
groups of 50, I think it was.

522
00:33:21,200 --> 00:33:23,183
And there was my mother
and my father,

523
00:33:23,216 --> 00:33:26,266
and my mother kept up
a conversation with me

524
00:33:26,300 --> 00:33:31,160
as if this was an ordinary
and interesting thing

525
00:33:31,500 --> 00:33:32,200
that was happening.

526
00:33:32,233 --> 00:33:37,233
But I remember that she wore
a pony fur with a fox collar,

527
00:33:37,266 --> 00:33:39,316
and her face was
inside the fox collar,

528
00:33:39,350 --> 00:33:43,330
and I remember that
although her speech was as if

529
00:33:43,660 --> 00:33:47,133
everything was ordinary,
her face, I remember, was hot.

530
00:33:47,166 --> 00:33:50,160
It was-It was red and hot.

531
00:33:54,350 --> 00:33:57,166
LEVERTON: Every parent
promised their child,

532
00:33:57,200 --> 00:34:00,150
"We will soon come and follow."

533
00:34:00,183 --> 00:34:04,150
How otherwise did the parents
get the little children

534
00:34:04,183 --> 00:34:05,383
onto the trains?

535
00:34:06,160 --> 00:34:08,660
"Give us a few weeks
when things--

536
00:34:08,100 --> 00:34:11,330
"either they'll blow over
and you'll come back again,

537
00:34:11,660 --> 00:34:12,316
or we will come and join you."

538
00:34:12,350 --> 00:34:17,160
That was a promise every parent
made to their child.

539
00:34:21,316 --> 00:34:24,133
WOLLHEIM: There came
the time to say to the parents,

540
00:34:24,166 --> 00:34:26,250
"Listen, you cannot
go to the platform.

541
00:34:26,283 --> 00:34:28,283
"The police will not allow it.

542
00:34:28,316 --> 00:34:30,200
We have to say good-bye here."

543
00:34:30,233 --> 00:34:35,500
So I ascended the chair there.
I addressed the people.

544
00:34:35,830 --> 00:34:39,000
Where I took the courage
to do that, I don't know.

545
00:34:39,330 --> 00:34:44,116
But I told the parents,
"Now it's your last good-bye."

546
00:34:45,300 --> 00:34:48,000
LEVERTON: They didn't want
the German public to know

547
00:34:48,330 --> 00:34:51,160
what was going on
because they had experiences

548
00:34:51,500 --> 00:34:55,250
of parents weeping and fainting
at the platform.

549
00:34:55,283 --> 00:34:57,266
So we had to say good-bye.

550
00:34:57,300 --> 00:35:00,383
Groups had to say good-bye
in an anteroom.

551
00:35:01,160 --> 00:35:03,266
And the scenes were
pretty horrendous.

552
00:35:03,300 --> 00:35:07,160
WOMAN: When my sister
and brother left,

553
00:35:07,500 --> 00:35:10,133
all the other parents
were crying bitterly.

554
00:35:10,166 --> 00:35:13,150
And I was so afraid.

555
00:35:13,183 --> 00:35:15,200
I didn't want
my mother to cry

556
00:35:15,233 --> 00:35:18,133
because she was
a very strong person,

557
00:35:18,166 --> 00:35:20,283
and I thought,
if she cries,

558
00:35:20,316 --> 00:35:24,000
then terrible things
will happen.

559
00:35:24,330 --> 00:35:26,333
And I kept on looking at her,
and I said,

560
00:35:26,366 --> 00:35:29,660
"Don't cry. Don't cry.
You won't cry."

561
00:35:29,100 --> 00:35:30,200
And she didn't.

562
00:35:33,500 --> 00:35:37,660
GORDON: I got to the station,
which was crowded with people.

563
00:35:39,830 --> 00:35:41,216
All the children had
their parents with them,

564
00:35:41,250 --> 00:35:44,660
and I was sitting there
all by myself.

565
00:35:44,100 --> 00:35:45,283
I had no parents, nobody.

566
00:35:45,316 --> 00:35:48,116
I was just standing there
with a suitcase.

567
00:35:50,216 --> 00:35:53,160
There was nobody's shoulder
I could cry on.

568
00:35:53,500 --> 00:35:56,383
All I know is I was going away.
I was going to England.

569
00:35:57,160 --> 00:35:59,000
Whatever would happen
would happen.

570
00:36:00,383 --> 00:36:03,150
CAHN: My father--
every day he said,

571
00:36:03,183 --> 00:36:05,500
"Pupela, I don't want you to go,

572
00:36:05,830 --> 00:36:09,133
but I want you to go
because it'll be good for you."

573
00:36:09,166 --> 00:36:12,100
The day came, and we went.

574
00:36:12,133 --> 00:36:16,183
My mother and dad went
with me inside the train

575
00:36:16,216 --> 00:36:20,160
and um, put my suitcase up.

576
00:36:20,500 --> 00:36:21,316
My seat was right at the window,

577
00:36:21,350 --> 00:36:24,333
and the German trains
had great big windows,

578
00:36:24,366 --> 00:36:27,200
and my father pulled that
all the way down,

579
00:36:27,233 --> 00:36:30,330
so I could be leaning out
of the window,

580
00:36:30,660 --> 00:36:32,330
and he hugged me and kissed me.

581
00:36:32,660 --> 00:36:37,266
And I could see my father's
face
getting whiter and whiter,

582
00:36:37,300 --> 00:36:39,500
and I thought, I only hope

583
00:36:39,830 --> 00:36:41,660
nothing is going to happen
to my father

584
00:36:41,100 --> 00:36:46,000
because he looked so terribly,
terribly pale.

585
00:36:46,330 --> 00:36:48,366
And my poor mother was getting
worse and worse,

586
00:36:49,000 --> 00:36:51,830
and I couldn't wait
for the train to go

587
00:36:51,116 --> 00:36:54,100
because I--I didn't want
to remember that.

588
00:36:56,283 --> 00:37:00,283
And the guy came,
and he waved the signal.

589
00:37:00,316 --> 00:37:03,000
When the train started to go,
my father says,

590
00:37:03,330 --> 00:37:04,216
"Pupela, let me
hold your hands."

591
00:37:04,250 --> 00:37:08,160
and I held my hands, and I said,
"I have to let go!

592
00:37:08,500 --> 00:37:09,830
I have to let go!"

593
00:37:09,116 --> 00:37:11,300
"No, no, no, no.
I don't want you to go!

594
00:37:11,333 --> 00:37:14,830
I don't want you to go!"
And we were already--

595
00:37:14,116 --> 00:37:17,000
my father couldn't walk fast
because he walked on a cane,

596
00:37:17,330 --> 00:37:20,500
and we went already a little bit
and a little bit more.

597
00:37:20,830 --> 00:37:26,216
And he took me by my hands and
he pulled me out of the window.

598
00:37:26,250 --> 00:37:29,333
And I fell. I could have
fallen in between,

599
00:37:29,366 --> 00:37:31,200
between the platform
and the train.

600
00:37:31,233 --> 00:37:34,233
It was like about
that much of a space.

601
00:37:34,266 --> 00:37:37,283
I didn't, but I got hurt
and I was bleeding,

602
00:37:37,316 --> 00:37:44,316
and I was devastated,
absolutely devastated.

603
00:37:44,350 --> 00:37:48,283
And my father
was in seventh heaven

604
00:37:48,316 --> 00:37:52,330
that he had his little Pupela,
his little girl, back.

605
00:37:56,283 --> 00:37:59,266
ROSENFELD: The parting
was terrible.

606
00:37:59,300 --> 00:38:04,200
That's the one thing I've
never forgotten in all my
life.

607
00:38:04,233 --> 00:38:06,333
And she had been so controlled.

608
00:38:06,366 --> 00:38:12,333
She'd always been
a sort of solid support to us,

609
00:38:12,366 --> 00:38:16,350
and suddenly
she showed her feelings.

610
00:38:16,383 --> 00:38:20,366
And it was terrifying.
Really terrifying.

611
00:38:21,000 --> 00:38:26,266
You saw this face that showed
all the hurt and agony

612
00:38:26,300 --> 00:38:28,333
she'd been through.

613
00:38:28,366 --> 00:38:32,830
And I can still see my father
at that mealtime.

614
00:38:32,116 --> 00:38:34,216
But I would have liked
to have had

615
00:38:34,250 --> 00:38:37,266
a happier image of my mother.

616
00:38:37,300 --> 00:38:44,150
That's the only image
with this contorted face.

617
00:38:44,183 --> 00:38:47,333
Full of agony...
it's very sad.

618
00:38:57,660 --> 00:38:59,150
HAYMAN: And I remember
standing by the window

619
00:38:59,183 --> 00:39:02,366
and waving good-bye
and just trying very hard

620
00:39:03,000 --> 00:39:05,300
to believe that we really
will come back,

621
00:39:05,333 --> 00:39:07,233
that it won't be for very long.

622
00:39:07,266 --> 00:39:11,183
But when the train moved
and they disappeared from sight,

623
00:39:11,216 --> 00:39:14,316
you know, both Vera and I
cried to each other.

624
00:39:21,500 --> 00:39:25,366
EPSTEIN: My parents ran along
the train on the platform.

625
00:39:26,000 --> 00:39:29,150
And I still remember,
sort of in my head,

626
00:39:29,183 --> 00:39:31,100
I heard that refrain,

627
00:39:31,133 --> 00:39:33,233
"You're leaving, you're
leaving, you're leaving."

628
00:39:33,266 --> 00:39:35,100
And I watched their faces,

629
00:39:35,133 --> 00:39:39,350
and tears were streaming down
their face, down their cheeks.

630
00:39:39,383 --> 00:39:45,116
And I knew then,
these people really love me.

631
00:39:45,150 --> 00:39:47,333
This is why
they're sending me away.

632
00:39:49,216 --> 00:39:52,216
And I immediately started
to write to my parents,

633
00:39:52,250 --> 00:39:55,383
and I apologized
for what I had said to them,

634
00:39:56,160 --> 00:39:58,166
that they were trying
to get rid of me.

635
00:40:10,200 --> 00:40:14,250
GROSSMAN: In no time,
the suitcase was gone,

636
00:40:14,283 --> 00:40:17,300
the child was gone,
the other children were gone--

637
00:40:17,333 --> 00:40:21,116
just emptiness.

638
00:40:21,150 --> 00:40:24,333
Then we turned around
and went home.

639
00:40:24,366 --> 00:40:27,160
I did not talk.

640
00:40:28,233 --> 00:40:30,166
It was awful.

641
00:40:37,830 --> 00:40:39,330
WOLLHEIM: The children
went with the hope

642
00:40:39,660 --> 00:40:40,133
that the parents would follow

643
00:40:40,166 --> 00:40:42,316
or that one day
they could come back,

644
00:40:42,350 --> 00:40:45,350
and they would see them again.

645
00:40:45,383 --> 00:40:50,266
I did not realize,
and I could never realize,

646
00:40:50,300 --> 00:40:55,133
that only 1 1/2 years later,
from the same railway station,

647
00:40:55,166 --> 00:40:58,100
trains would go
in the other directions

648
00:40:58,133 --> 00:41:00,266
to Hitler's slaughterhouses.

649
00:41:03,383 --> 00:41:06,250
[Child singing in German]

650
00:42:05,330 --> 00:42:08,150
SEGAL: I remember that
all that day we sang songs,

651
00:42:08,183 --> 00:42:11,250
we ate the things
what our mothers had given us.

652
00:42:13,150 --> 00:42:17,300
When we got to the border,
it got very frightening

653
00:42:17,333 --> 00:42:22,350
because the train stopped at
the last station before
Holland.

654
00:42:24,133 --> 00:42:26,383
The big girls were very
frightened, and they scared us.

655
00:42:27,160 --> 00:42:28,183
They said, "Don't move."

656
00:42:28,216 --> 00:42:31,100
You know what happens when
you sit and you don't move?

657
00:42:31,133 --> 00:42:34,250
You begin to tremble if--if
you tense yourself enough.

658
00:42:34,283 --> 00:42:39,383
I remember that--sitting there
so tense that I was vibrating.

659
00:42:41,250 --> 00:42:47,100
ROSENFELD: The Nazi border
guard
very officiously came around,

660
00:42:47,133 --> 00:42:50,250
made some of the children
open their suitcases.

661
00:42:50,283 --> 00:42:54,366
They shouted at us
and threw their weight about.

662
00:42:55,000 --> 00:42:58,316
They were looking for new
things
people had, children had,

663
00:42:58,350 --> 00:43:01,283
new clothes and this,
and they didn't like that.

664
00:43:01,316 --> 00:43:05,116
They gave the children
a tough time.

665
00:43:05,150 --> 00:43:07,183
Children kept crying and crying.

666
00:43:07,216 --> 00:43:10,216
And we were there quite a
while,
and they took their time,

667
00:43:10,250 --> 00:43:13,183
and they--they enjoyed doing
what they were doing to us.

668
00:43:37,266 --> 00:43:41,330
Then, suddenly,
we were in Holland.

669
00:43:41,660 --> 00:43:42,350
Everyone was cheering,

670
00:43:42,383 --> 00:43:47,133
"Those damn Nazis, they should
drop dead. Now we are free."

671
00:43:53,366 --> 00:43:58,150
SEGAL: There was a howling, a
yelling, a shouting, a
singing.

672
00:43:58,183 --> 00:44:00,266
It was the best party
I've ever been at,

673
00:44:00,300 --> 00:44:02,333
although I didn't really
understand what it was

674
00:44:02,366 --> 00:44:04,233
that was happening.

675
00:44:04,266 --> 00:44:07,316
I was holding a big girl
around the waist,

676
00:44:07,350 --> 00:44:09,000
and she was holding me.

677
00:44:09,330 --> 00:44:11,150
And they knew the songs
they were singing.

678
00:44:11,183 --> 00:44:14,350
It was, uh, very probably
Zionist, a Zionist song,

679
00:44:14,383 --> 00:44:16,233
but I sang "la la, la la"

680
00:44:16,266 --> 00:44:19,316
because it was so much fun
to be joining this party.

681
00:44:21,166 --> 00:44:23,316
ROSENFELD: Not only were
the frontier guards

682
00:44:23,350 --> 00:44:26,350
on the Dutch side very nice,

683
00:44:26,383 --> 00:44:32,330
they had a contingency of ladies
who bought us cocoa

684
00:44:32,660 --> 00:44:34,116
and Dutch zwieback.

685
00:44:34,150 --> 00:44:36,383
And it was like manna
from heaven.

686
00:44:37,160 --> 00:44:38,200
It was wonderful.

687
00:44:38,233 --> 00:44:41,100
We suddenly felt as though

688
00:44:41,133 --> 00:44:47,166
you'd been clad in a cloak
of lead or iron,

689
00:44:47,200 --> 00:44:50,330
and it had been taken from you.

690
00:44:50,660 --> 00:44:53,300
It was a wonderful feeling--
of freedom.

691
00:44:53,333 --> 00:44:55,283
We started to smile.

692
00:44:55,316 --> 00:44:59,166
I don't think any of them
had smiled for a long time.

693
00:44:59,200 --> 00:45:01,283
It was wonderful.

694
00:45:14,150 --> 00:45:19,660
GORDON: Then the train went on
to Hoek van Holland.

695
00:45:19,100 --> 00:45:22,350
Got onto the boat,
which took us to Harwich,

696
00:45:22,383 --> 00:45:27,100
which was not a pleasant trip
because the English Channel--

697
00:45:27,133 --> 00:45:33,500
Huh! It's one of the worst
places in wintertime to cross.

698
00:45:33,830 --> 00:45:34,116
We had small children.

699
00:45:34,150 --> 00:45:36,330
People got seasick,

700
00:45:36,660 --> 00:45:39,183
and, oh, it was
some how-do-you-do.

701
00:46:05,350 --> 00:46:09,000
HAYMAN: I have a very
vivid memory of waking up

702
00:46:09,330 --> 00:46:14,830
and seeing the sea for the
first
time with the sunrise on it

703
00:46:14,116 --> 00:46:16,266
and thinking
how beautiful it was.

704
00:46:18,150 --> 00:46:20,500
It was only the British Channel,

705
00:46:20,830 --> 00:46:25,160
but it seemed a long, long way
from home in 1939.

706
00:46:25,500 --> 00:46:27,366
And so it was
a mixture of elation,

707
00:46:28,000 --> 00:46:30,233
because we saw something
so beautiful and saw the sea,

708
00:46:30,266 --> 00:46:35,150
while this fear was in me, which
never left me for those 6 years

709
00:46:35,183 --> 00:46:39,183
of "what's going to happen...
at home?"

710
00:46:45,000 --> 00:46:47,166
NEWSREEL COMMENTATOR:
Refugees from terror.

711
00:46:47,200 --> 00:46:50,116
First boatload
from Nazi Germany.

712
00:46:50,150 --> 00:46:53,216
Vanguard of an army
of helpless children.

713
00:46:53,250 --> 00:46:57,166
Uprooted from their homeland
in a modern exodus.

714
00:46:57,200 --> 00:47:00,250
NARRATOR: Each Kindertransport
was led by adult escorts

715
00:47:00,283 --> 00:47:03,116
on the condition that
after delivering the children,

716
00:47:03,150 --> 00:47:05,150
all escorts would return home

717
00:47:05,183 --> 00:47:08,300
or else the transports
would be ended.

718
00:47:08,333 --> 00:47:11,660
WOLLHEIM: A couple of times,
I travelled with them.

719
00:47:11,100 --> 00:47:15,383
At one transport, the customs
official checked and said,

720
00:47:16,160 --> 00:47:18,830
"We have a problem."

721
00:47:18,116 --> 00:47:22,216
He says, "This young man here
brought a violin,

722
00:47:22,250 --> 00:47:24,183
"which is very, very expensive.

723
00:47:24,216 --> 00:47:28,283
And this is not
an ordinary violin."

724
00:47:28,316 --> 00:47:33,266
I said, "Well, don't forget
these young people

725
00:47:33,300 --> 00:47:35,000
"take music lessons,

726
00:47:35,330 --> 00:47:37,166
"and obviously he likes
music very much,

727
00:47:37,200 --> 00:47:40,266
so he took his violin along."

728
00:47:40,300 --> 00:47:44,216
This didn't sit well,
so I gambled.

729
00:47:44,250 --> 00:47:48,150
I said to that boy, "Are you
able to play something?"

730
00:47:48,183 --> 00:47:50,366
And he said, "Sure."

731
00:47:51,000 --> 00:47:54,166
[Violin playing]

732
00:48:04,300 --> 00:48:07,150
And he was playing
"God Save the King."

733
00:48:18,366 --> 00:48:20,383
And that boy,
he couldn't be stopped.

734
00:48:21,160 --> 00:48:23,100
He played all 3 stanzas.

735
00:48:29,160 --> 00:48:30,233
When he was finished,

736
00:48:30,266 --> 00:48:33,116
and he was very happy
to have listened to that,

737
00:48:33,150 --> 00:48:34,283
I asked the fellow,

738
00:48:34,316 --> 00:48:37,316
"Are you now convinced, sir,
that he likes music?"

739
00:48:37,350 --> 00:48:39,333
And he said, "Yes!"

740
00:48:39,366 --> 00:48:43,830
So he got his violin
into England.

741
00:48:46,000 --> 00:48:50,133
ALLARD: Then came the arrival
at Liverpool Street station,

742
00:48:50,166 --> 00:48:53,350
and everyone
was being picked up.

743
00:48:53,383 --> 00:48:55,333
And I wasn't.

744
00:48:55,366 --> 00:49:01,116
I remember sitting
in an enormous arrival hall.

745
00:49:01,150 --> 00:49:03,116
And I just sat.

746
00:49:03,150 --> 00:49:06,166
Nobody came to me,
nobody talked to me.

747
00:49:08,200 --> 00:49:11,266
And I think I must
have sat an hour.

748
00:49:11,300 --> 00:49:13,383
Maybe longer. I don't know.

749
00:49:15,233 --> 00:49:19,200
And then came two people
who were my guardians,

750
00:49:19,233 --> 00:49:21,233
and they introduced themselves.

751
00:49:21,266 --> 00:49:25,660
And they explained
that they lived in Lincoln.

752
00:49:25,100 --> 00:49:27,383
They didn't speak
one word of German,

753
00:49:28,160 --> 00:49:31,133
and I didn't speak
one word of English.

754
00:49:31,166 --> 00:49:35,233
If they said, "Lincoln,"
that could have been anywhere.

755
00:49:35,266 --> 00:49:39,150
Never heard of the place.

756
00:49:39,183 --> 00:49:41,500
My mother sent me off, saying,

757
00:49:41,830 --> 00:49:44,500
"Whoever is going to be
good enough to take you in

758
00:49:44,830 --> 00:49:48,830
and give you a home, you must
treat as a temporary mother."

759
00:49:48,116 --> 00:49:52,830
And when we arrived back
from Liverpool Street,

760
00:49:52,116 --> 00:49:56,660
and we all went to bed
in the evening,

761
00:49:56,100 --> 00:49:59,100
I went up to her
and put my arms around her,

762
00:49:59,133 --> 00:50:01,183
and she pushed me away.

763
00:50:01,216 --> 00:50:03,366
And the words were,
"That's sissy."

764
00:50:04,160 --> 00:50:06,233
She may have said something
else, she may have said,

765
00:50:06,266 --> 00:50:08,830
"We don't do this,
that's sissy."

766
00:50:08,116 --> 00:50:11,116
But the words "that's sissy"
have never left me.

767
00:50:13,660 --> 00:50:14,300
Narrator: The children
arrived in England

768
00:50:14,333 --> 00:50:18,100
at the rate of
about 300 a week.

769
00:50:18,133 --> 00:50:21,100
Those who were not already
placed in foster homes

770
00:50:21,133 --> 00:50:23,330
were taken to temporary centers

771
00:50:23,660 --> 00:50:27,830
hastily set up in summer
holiday camps, like
Dovercourt.

772
00:50:42,350 --> 00:50:46,266
SEGAL: They did try
and keep us busy.

773
00:50:46,300 --> 00:50:50,160
The memorable part
of this camp experience

774
00:50:50,500 --> 00:50:54,160
was that it was one of
the coldest winters in history.

775
00:50:56,216 --> 00:50:59,316
We all went for breakfast
to this big hall,

776
00:50:59,350 --> 00:51:04,183
and the snow came in
through the cracks.

777
00:51:04,216 --> 00:51:06,383
We had this curious food.
We had kippers.

778
00:51:07,160 --> 00:51:09,500
I mean, what little
Austrian Jewish child

779
00:51:09,830 --> 00:51:10,183
has ever heard of kippers?

780
00:51:10,216 --> 00:51:13,350
Here was this salty shoe leather
on our plates,

781
00:51:13,383 --> 00:51:17,150
and it had snow on it.
It was pretty interesting.

782
00:51:17,183 --> 00:51:20,133
While we were sitting
around the stoves,

783
00:51:20,166 --> 00:51:23,383
always with our coats on
and with our little gloves on,

784
00:51:24,160 --> 00:51:27,333
there would come
groups of people

785
00:51:27,366 --> 00:51:31,100
to choose children
to take away with them.

786
00:51:33,300 --> 00:51:36,166
LEVERTON: We called it
the cattle market

787
00:51:36,200 --> 00:51:39,100
because every Saturday
and Sunday we were told

788
00:51:39,133 --> 00:51:42,150
to put on our best clothes,
and visitors used to come.

789
00:51:42,183 --> 00:51:45,000
We felt a bit like
the monkeys in the zoo.

790
00:51:45,330 --> 00:51:47,233
You know, we were being
stared at and evaluated,

791
00:51:47,266 --> 00:51:49,150
and people were chosen,

792
00:51:49,183 --> 00:51:52,330
then taken away from the tables,
and interviewed--

793
00:51:52,660 --> 00:51:55,383
If you were suitable
to be taken to their families.

794
00:51:56,160 --> 00:52:00,266
Most families wanted little
blue-eyed and blond girls

795
00:52:00,300 --> 00:52:02,266
of about 3 to 7.

796
00:52:02,300 --> 00:52:04,333
Little boys
were accepted as well,

797
00:52:04,366 --> 00:52:07,266
and the older children
found it a bit more difficult

798
00:52:07,300 --> 00:52:10,350
to find foster parents.
Of course, by that time,

799
00:52:10,383 --> 00:52:15,350
they hastily established hostels
to take a big influx

800
00:52:15,383 --> 00:52:18,000
of the children who weren't
chosen quickly

801
00:52:18,330 --> 00:52:20,000
because we had
to be chosen fast.

802
00:52:20,330 --> 00:52:22,660
In and out, the camp was filled.

803
00:52:22,100 --> 00:52:24,250
Every week, another transport
would arrive.

804
00:52:28,300 --> 00:52:30,383
SEGAL: I was writing a letter
to my parents,

805
00:52:31,160 --> 00:52:35,216
and one of these ladies
in a fur coat

806
00:52:35,250 --> 00:52:38,160
bent down to me and asked me

807
00:52:38,500 --> 00:52:40,266
if I would like to come
to Liverpool.

808
00:52:40,300 --> 00:52:43,233
I said, "Yes, I would like
to come to Liverpool."

809
00:52:43,266 --> 00:52:47,133
She said to the other woman,
"Oh, she speaks English."

810
00:52:47,166 --> 00:52:49,150
By speaking English, I mean
I could understand

811
00:52:49,183 --> 00:52:51,116
"Would you like to come
to Liverpool?"

812
00:52:51,150 --> 00:52:52,283
and I could say "yes."

813
00:52:52,316 --> 00:52:55,300
And then they said to me,
"Are you Orthodox?"

814
00:52:55,333 --> 00:52:57,266
and I said, "Yes,"

815
00:52:57,300 --> 00:52:59,300
and they wrote that down.

816
00:52:59,333 --> 00:53:02,100
It was understood
that I was going to go

817
00:53:02,133 --> 00:53:05,316
to Liverpool the next day,
and when the ladies had gone,

818
00:53:05,350 --> 00:53:08,100
I wrote in my letter
to my parents,

819
00:53:08,133 --> 00:53:10,660
"By the way, what is Orthodox?"

820
00:53:11,300 --> 00:53:13,300
LEVERTON: My brother
had been chosen first

821
00:53:13,333 --> 00:53:16,100
to be the playmate
of a little boy in Coventry.

822
00:53:16,133 --> 00:53:19,283
They asked me if I'd like to
go to a family in Coventry.

823
00:53:19,316 --> 00:53:21,200
Of course, I jumped
at the chance.

824
00:53:21,233 --> 00:53:23,300
I wanted to be
near my little brother.

825
00:53:23,333 --> 00:53:25,233
And they chose me as a maid,

826
00:53:25,266 --> 00:53:29,830
but only I didn't know
I was supposed to be a maid.

827
00:53:29,116 --> 00:53:33,330
I hadn't ever thought
of becoming a servant.

828
00:53:36,830 --> 00:53:37,116
But I drew the line.

829
00:53:37,150 --> 00:53:39,266
I point-blank refused
to wear a uniform.

830
00:53:39,300 --> 00:53:43,183
I think they took me to show off
in front of the neighbors

831
00:53:43,216 --> 00:53:46,266
because they were only
working-class people.

832
00:53:46,300 --> 00:53:48,250
The culture shock
was very great,

833
00:53:48,283 --> 00:53:52,100
and also the fact that my
clothes were better than hers.

834
00:53:52,133 --> 00:53:54,116
And she took
great exception to that,

835
00:53:54,150 --> 00:53:57,500
and she took
the clothes and all.

836
00:53:57,830 --> 00:53:59,183
The children whom we brought
over and placed

837
00:53:59,216 --> 00:54:03,500
I think, in the main,
were satisfactory.

838
00:54:03,830 --> 00:54:06,166
Uh, one can never claim 100%.

839
00:54:06,200 --> 00:54:08,316
There were certainly
some who weren't.

840
00:54:08,350 --> 00:54:10,383
There were certainly
some who were misused

841
00:54:11,160 --> 00:54:14,150
and used as servants
if they were of the right age.

842
00:54:15,333 --> 00:54:18,250
I wouldn't claim
that it was a 100% success,

843
00:54:18,283 --> 00:54:21,266
but I would claim
that everybody who came over

844
00:54:21,300 --> 00:54:24,116
was alive at the end of the war.

845
00:54:26,300 --> 00:54:29,166
WOMAN: You felt you wanted
to do something.

846
00:54:29,200 --> 00:54:31,283
There was a meeting in Norwich

847
00:54:31,316 --> 00:54:35,383
of a few Jewish congregants
and non-Jewish.

848
00:54:36,160 --> 00:54:38,330
They said, "Any offers
to take children?"

849
00:54:38,660 --> 00:54:41,500
And my husband said, yes,
with me,

850
00:54:41,830 --> 00:54:45,200
and then some photographs
were handed around,

851
00:54:45,233 --> 00:54:49,316
and I remember
there were some boy twins.

852
00:54:49,350 --> 00:54:51,000
Oh, my heart aches,

853
00:54:51,330 --> 00:54:53,116
but we couldn't afford it
in those days.

854
00:54:53,150 --> 00:54:56,330
We didn't know what was
going to happen, you know.

855
00:54:56,660 --> 00:54:59,100
So, that's when we took Kurt.

856
00:55:00,300 --> 00:55:05,166
FUCHEL: Percy and Mariam
picked me up at the boat,

857
00:55:05,200 --> 00:55:08,830
and they took me back home.

858
00:55:08,116 --> 00:55:10,383
At the entrance stood the maid,

859
00:55:11,160 --> 00:55:14,100
who I would learn later
actually ran the household,

860
00:55:14,133 --> 00:55:18,150
and halfway up the stairs
sat the little boy of 5

861
00:55:18,183 --> 00:55:20,133
looking at his new brother.

862
00:55:22,383 --> 00:55:25,316
COHEN: When we got home,
my maid Selena was there,

863
00:55:25,350 --> 00:55:28,160
and she said to me,
"Can't we change it?"

864
00:55:28,500 --> 00:55:33,150
He was filthy, you know, and
smelt of sick and everything.

865
00:55:33,183 --> 00:55:35,300
Anyhow, we gave him a bath.

866
00:55:37,250 --> 00:55:40,160
FUCHEL: My grubby clothes,
after 3 days of travel,

867
00:55:40,500 --> 00:55:43,500
were torn off me,
burned, I learned later,

868
00:55:43,830 --> 00:55:45,300
and I was scrubbed
from head to toe,

869
00:55:45,333 --> 00:55:48,366
and then dressed
in English clothes.

870
00:55:49,000 --> 00:55:53,150
And then the family got together
for a chicken dinner,

871
00:55:53,183 --> 00:55:54,233
and that I remember;

872
00:55:54,266 --> 00:55:58,330
that's a language
I could understand,

873
00:55:58,660 --> 00:56:02,200
uh, and I started
to feel more at ease.

874
00:56:02,233 --> 00:56:08,183
I learned English by being
sent
to a German man, rather old,

875
00:56:08,216 --> 00:56:12,266
who lived a few houses
down the same street.

876
00:56:12,300 --> 00:56:14,350
And maybe I thought
he was a Nazi,

877
00:56:14,383 --> 00:56:17,333
but I was terrified of him,

878
00:56:17,366 --> 00:56:19,316
and...but...

879
00:56:19,350 --> 00:56:23,116
in fact, I was so terrified
that I learned English so
quick

880
00:56:23,150 --> 00:56:26,183
so I wouldn't
have to see him again

881
00:56:26,216 --> 00:56:28,183
that 6 weeks later,

882
00:56:28,216 --> 00:56:31,100
I wrote to my parents
in English,

883
00:56:31,133 --> 00:56:33,383
"I no longer speak German."

884
00:56:34,160 --> 00:56:37,166
I never have, and I've never
been able to relearn it.

885
00:56:39,150 --> 00:56:41,200
COHEN: And he was
very, very good.

886
00:56:41,233 --> 00:56:44,216
He liked the sweet things,
and John liked the savory,

887
00:56:44,250 --> 00:56:47,333
but they got on
very well together.

888
00:56:47,366 --> 00:56:49,660
But I noticed--

889
00:56:49,100 --> 00:56:52,150
well, we knew every night
when it was dark,

890
00:56:52,183 --> 00:56:53,300
he'd come down the stairs,

891
00:56:53,333 --> 00:56:55,250
and he'd see
the door was locked,

892
00:56:55,283 --> 00:56:57,233
and that was one thing
I remember.

893
00:57:05,250 --> 00:57:07,500
SUGAR: My mother was in London,

894
00:57:07,830 --> 00:57:10,216
so for me, the separation
was not as traumatic

895
00:57:10,250 --> 00:57:13,330
because I was
going to something.

896
00:57:13,660 --> 00:57:15,160
And I came
to the London station,

897
00:57:15,500 --> 00:57:19,116
and she just picked me up and
took me where she was working.

898
00:57:19,150 --> 00:57:22,133
And then I stayed
in this very cold--

899
00:57:22,166 --> 00:57:25,200
oh, God--this cold,
fancy house in England

900
00:57:25,233 --> 00:57:28,316
where they were exploiting
the European maids, you know.

901
00:57:28,350 --> 00:57:33,160
And of course, if you've
ever been the child of a maid,

902
00:57:33,500 --> 00:57:35,250
you know that maids are not
supposed to have children.

903
00:57:35,283 --> 00:57:38,660
They're not welcome.
You can't stay there.

904
00:57:38,100 --> 00:57:40,333
Then, I guess--I don't know
how those decisions were made--

905
00:57:40,366 --> 00:57:42,183
I would be sent to Belfast,

906
00:57:42,216 --> 00:57:46,160
to the Jewish refugee hostel
in Belfast.

907
00:57:46,500 --> 00:57:48,166
When you see your life
has been saved,

908
00:57:48,200 --> 00:57:52,160
and you're brought
into a hostel which is clean,

909
00:57:52,500 --> 00:57:56,000
and there's food there,
and other children there,

910
00:57:56,330 --> 00:57:58,350
how could you not be happy
in that place?

911
00:57:58,383 --> 00:58:00,250
But to me,
it smelled of orphanage--

912
00:58:00,283 --> 00:58:04,160
which, of course,
in due course, it became--

913
00:58:04,500 --> 00:58:06,160
an orphanage is the thing
that frightens

914
00:58:06,500 --> 00:58:08,150
every child out of its wits.

915
00:58:08,183 --> 00:58:10,133
I mean, to be, you know,
Charles Dickens,

916
00:58:10,166 --> 00:58:13,330
to be in a workhouse,
to be in an orphanage.

917
00:58:18,660 --> 00:58:21,000
HELLMAN: My first impression
of Waddesdon Manor was...

918
00:58:21,330 --> 00:58:22,233
it was like a dream,

919
00:58:22,266 --> 00:58:25,366
like a castle I've--I've seen
in pictures.

920
00:58:26,000 --> 00:58:27,660
But never...

921
00:58:27,100 --> 00:58:30,166
never seen anything
in--in person.

922
00:58:30,200 --> 00:58:32,383
The Cedars
was a servants' house.

923
00:58:33,160 --> 00:58:36,160
26 of us lived
in the Cedars.

924
00:58:39,200 --> 00:58:43,160
First thing we did was throw
a soccer ball on the lawn

925
00:58:43,500 --> 00:58:44,183
and kicked it around.

926
00:58:44,216 --> 00:58:47,333
And the local boys wanted to see
what was all of a sudden

927
00:58:47,366 --> 00:58:51,283
being brought into
their little village.

928
00:58:51,316 --> 00:58:57,216
When it was time for dinner,
they said,

929
00:58:57,250 --> 00:58:59,283
"We'll see you tomorrow."

930
00:59:02,000 --> 00:59:04,830
I was so excited.

931
00:59:04,116 --> 00:59:06,383
I was absolutely so exuberant,

932
00:59:07,160 --> 00:59:11,283
I ran in to my housemother
and told her,

933
00:59:11,316 --> 00:59:15,266
"Somebody who's not Jewish
wants to see me tomorrow."

934
00:59:18,133 --> 00:59:21,183
ROSENFELD: We did start going
to school there, actually,

935
00:59:21,216 --> 00:59:22,333
and it was marvelous.

936
00:59:22,366 --> 00:59:26,660
I'd never realized
what school really was like--

937
00:59:26,100 --> 00:59:28,183
that you could participate.

938
00:59:28,216 --> 00:59:30,316
And I did enjoy it so.

939
00:59:30,350 --> 00:59:34,283
And the wonderful part about it,
it had a library.

940
00:59:34,316 --> 00:59:37,133
I waded through that library.

941
00:59:37,166 --> 00:59:40,216
And that's how I learned
to speak English, really.

942
00:59:40,250 --> 00:59:44,300
And I-- through that I got
a love of English
literature.

943
00:59:46,250 --> 00:59:48,166
But altogether,

944
00:59:48,200 --> 00:59:50,150
it was a wonderful experience,

945
00:59:50,183 --> 00:59:52,316
and the children were
so friendly to us.

946
00:59:54,266 --> 00:59:57,250
HAYMAN: I knew that
I was going to a school

947
00:59:57,283 --> 00:59:59,283
near Bournemouth in Dorset.

948
00:59:59,316 --> 01:00:02,000
It was the headmistress
of the school

949
01:00:02,330 --> 01:00:05,660
who guaranteed to look after me.

950
01:00:06,116 --> 01:00:08,100
And when I arrived
at the school,

951
01:00:08,133 --> 01:00:09,383
it was all these girls,

952
01:00:10,160 --> 01:00:14,830
very polite and very nice,
very kind.

953
01:00:14,116 --> 01:00:16,183
I couldn't understand
a word they said.

954
01:00:16,216 --> 01:00:18,000
I was given my bed,

955
01:00:18,330 --> 01:00:21,300
and the curtains could be drawn
along, you know,

956
01:00:21,333 --> 01:00:23,200
to give me some privacy.

957
01:00:23,233 --> 01:00:26,233
I remember the first thing
I did was putting a picture

958
01:00:26,266 --> 01:00:29,150
of my parents
on the bedside table

959
01:00:29,183 --> 01:00:31,333
so that I could say
goodnight to them.

960
01:00:31,366 --> 01:00:35,660
And the first 3 months
before war broke out,

961
01:00:35,100 --> 01:00:37,500
we could still write home.

962
01:00:37,830 --> 01:00:40,150
So I could share my experiences
with my parents

963
01:00:40,183 --> 01:00:43,660
and had very frequent letters,

964
01:00:43,100 --> 01:00:46,660
so I didn't feel
quite so isolated.

965
01:00:59,316 --> 01:01:01,283
WOMAN: As you can well imagine,

966
01:01:01,316 --> 01:01:05,100
you have been constantly
in our thoughts.

967
01:01:05,133 --> 01:01:07,160
We still see your face before us

968
01:01:07,500 --> 01:01:09,283
in that window of
the railway carriage.

969
01:01:11,316 --> 01:01:14,500
MAN: My dearest little mouse,

970
01:01:14,830 --> 01:01:17,500
hopefully this letter will
reach
you already in your new home,

971
01:01:17,830 --> 01:01:20,116
where you surely will
enjoy your stay.

972
01:01:20,150 --> 01:01:23,830
Be a very good little girl.

973
01:01:23,116 --> 01:01:24,383
Be obedient.

974
01:01:26,250 --> 01:01:28,160
BOY: Dear parents...

975
01:01:28,500 --> 01:01:30,183
how are you both?

976
01:01:30,216 --> 01:01:33,300
Today I had my first
English lesson.

977
01:01:33,333 --> 01:01:36,000
Greetings and kisses.

978
01:01:37,350 --> 01:01:41,233
SECOND WOMAN: I was very happy
with your dear little letter,

979
01:01:41,266 --> 01:01:45,333
only there shouldn't be
so many spelling errors!

980
01:01:45,366 --> 01:01:49,166
THIRD WOMAN: If only I could
see you just for a tiny
moment.

981
01:01:49,200 --> 01:01:53,150
But as it is, I can only
write letters full of longing.

982
01:01:54,183 --> 01:01:55,233
YOUNG GIRL: Dear daddy,

983
01:01:55,266 --> 01:02:00,500
thank you very much
for the game of cards

984
01:02:00,830 --> 01:02:02,166
and the broaches

985
01:02:02,200 --> 01:02:04,266
and the bracelet.

986
01:02:04,300 --> 01:02:07,383
I had a game with them.

987
01:02:08,160 --> 01:02:10,100
FOURTH WOMAN: I keep running
to the mailbox.

988
01:02:10,133 --> 01:02:13,830
Every line from you
overwhelms me.

989
01:02:13,116 --> 01:02:17,000
Every day I thank God
that you are in such good hands.

990
01:02:17,330 --> 01:02:19,283
But please show
your gratefulness.

991
01:02:21,200 --> 01:02:23,316
SECOND YOUNG GIRL: My dear,
good, darling parents,

992
01:02:23,350 --> 01:02:26,000
I feel very safe here,

993
01:02:26,330 --> 01:02:30,333
if only I was not so very scared
about your safety.

994
01:02:35,266 --> 01:02:37,266
TEENAGE GIRL: For my birthday,
you wrote me

995
01:02:37,300 --> 01:02:39,366
that I'll always have to
be brave

996
01:02:40,000 --> 01:02:42,366
because you can't be happy
if I'm not.

997
01:02:43,000 --> 01:02:47,383
And I can assure you that I
always grit my teeth and
smile.

998
01:02:50,366 --> 01:02:53,250
MAN: Your letter of yesterday
was again so sweet

999
01:02:53,283 --> 01:02:55,250
and written with so much love

1000
01:02:55,283 --> 01:02:59,500
that tears came running down
your mummy's face.

1001
01:02:59,830 --> 01:03:01,200
Your writing is so natural,

1002
01:03:01,233 --> 01:03:04,316
it makes me imagine that
you're standing before me.

1003
01:03:07,160 --> 01:03:10,830
WOMAN: Your letters come to us
like sunshine.

1004
01:03:10,116 --> 01:03:13,250
It's our future that gives us
big worries.

1005
01:03:13,283 --> 01:03:16,000
We yearn to get away from here.

1006
01:03:16,330 --> 01:03:18,166
That's our fondest wish.

1007
01:03:18,200 --> 01:03:22,160
It'll be a difficult task
for you to bring us over there,

1008
01:03:22,500 --> 01:03:25,133
but I have the feeling
you'll manage it in time.

1009
01:03:31,330 --> 01:03:32,333
ALLARD: When I arrived
in England,

1010
01:03:32,366 --> 01:03:37,383
I made it my priority to
try
and find homes for
people

1011
01:03:38,160 --> 01:03:40,330
because I felt people
didn't know

1012
01:03:40,660 --> 01:03:43,830
how desperate it was in Germany.

1013
01:03:43,116 --> 01:03:46,216
My biggest problem was
to try and get my parents out,

1014
01:03:46,250 --> 01:03:48,330
and that was difficult

1015
01:03:48,660 --> 01:03:51,660
because it was either
finding them a job,

1016
01:03:51,100 --> 01:03:54,350
and bearing in mind
my father's age,

1017
01:03:54,383 --> 01:03:57,150
or getting this £100 guarantee,

1018
01:03:57,183 --> 01:04:00,160
which was just
nowhere to be seen.

1019
01:04:02,250 --> 01:04:09,133
I proceeded to find large houses
and knock at the door

1020
01:04:09,166 --> 01:04:13,133
to find out whether
I could get them a job.

1021
01:04:14,233 --> 01:04:17,316
My mother as a cook,
bottle washer,

1022
01:04:17,350 --> 01:04:19,216
my father as gardener,

1023
01:04:19,250 --> 01:04:22,116
anything just to get them out.

1024
01:04:22,150 --> 01:04:26,133
Sometimes I knocked at the door
and I burst into tears.

1025
01:04:26,166 --> 01:04:30,366
Sometimes I knocked at the door
and with my very poor English

1026
01:04:31,000 --> 01:04:33,216
could try to explain
what it was all about,

1027
01:04:33,250 --> 01:04:36,250
who I was, what I wanted,
what I needed.

1028
01:04:36,283 --> 01:04:38,500
Help.

1029
01:04:38,830 --> 01:04:41,000
Um, I did find someone,

1030
01:04:41,330 --> 01:04:44,000
and it--it was just...

1031
01:04:44,330 --> 01:04:47,660
like unbelievable dream
come true.

1032
01:04:50,200 --> 01:04:55,150
HELLMAN: My father had
a first cousin in London.

1033
01:04:55,183 --> 01:04:59,116
Every weekend I took the train
into London

1034
01:04:59,150 --> 01:05:01,350
and bombarded him.

1035
01:05:01,383 --> 01:05:04,116
And I said, "Uncle Paul,

1036
01:05:04,150 --> 01:05:07,000
"you got to get my parents
out of Germany."

1037
01:05:08,216 --> 01:05:10,283
He said, "I--I can't do it."

1038
01:05:12,500 --> 01:05:17,216
After me being so
insistent,
he finally said,

1039
01:05:17,250 --> 01:05:21,500
"I'll give him an affidavit
if he has a working permit."

1040
01:05:24,133 --> 01:05:27,233
I went back to
the Rothschild estate,

1041
01:05:27,266 --> 01:05:29,350
knocked on the door,

1042
01:05:29,383 --> 01:05:32,333
and the butler,
who was about 10' 6",

1043
01:05:32,366 --> 01:05:37,266
came out and--and looked at me,

1044
01:05:37,300 --> 01:05:40,133
"What do you want?"

1045
01:05:40,166 --> 01:05:43,166
I said, "I want to speak
to Baron Rothschild."

1046
01:05:46,316 --> 01:05:49,366
He said, "Wait here."

1047
01:05:50,000 --> 01:05:52,250
I waited.

1048
01:05:52,283 --> 01:05:56,383
A couple of minutes,
and he says, "Follow me."

1049
01:05:58,300 --> 01:06:00,383
I said to him,
"Baron Rothschild,

1050
01:06:01,160 --> 01:06:06,330
"my father's cousin will give
him and my mother a visa

1051
01:06:06,660 --> 01:06:09,333
providing he has
a working permit."

1052
01:06:09,366 --> 01:06:12,330
Without hesitation,

1053
01:06:12,660 --> 01:06:16,330
he said to me, "Would he work
on a chicken farm?"

1054
01:06:16,660 --> 01:06:19,500
I said, "He'll do anything."

1055
01:06:19,830 --> 01:06:21,166
He went to a notary

1056
01:06:21,200 --> 01:06:25,160
and made out a working permit
for my parents.

1057
01:06:27,200 --> 01:06:29,350
LEVERTON: The family
that chose me

1058
01:06:29,383 --> 01:06:34,830
were the only people
I could rely on

1059
01:06:34,116 --> 01:06:37,500
to give a visa
for my little sister.

1060
01:06:37,830 --> 01:06:39,283
She was a beautiful little girl.
They had no children.

1061
01:06:39,316 --> 01:06:42,330
I showed them
the photograph of Inge,

1062
01:06:42,660 --> 01:06:44,266
and they seemed to like her
very much.

1063
01:06:44,300 --> 01:06:51,200
I realized one thing,
that Uncle Billy hated red hair.

1064
01:06:51,233 --> 01:06:54,333
Uncle Billy
was paying maintenance

1065
01:06:54,366 --> 01:06:59,350
for a red-haired child,
not his, by his first wife.

1066
01:06:59,383 --> 01:07:01,316
Well, say no more.

1067
01:07:01,350 --> 01:07:05,166
Inge was a bright redhead.

1068
01:07:05,200 --> 01:07:07,233
The question of color hair
never arose

1069
01:07:07,266 --> 01:07:09,830
because I had brown hair.

1070
01:07:09,116 --> 01:07:12,100
One day, he said to me,
quite idly,

1071
01:07:12,133 --> 01:07:14,233
"What color hair
does your sister have?"

1072
01:07:14,266 --> 01:07:16,383
I said, "Oh, like mine."

1073
01:07:17,160 --> 01:07:18,300
No more was said.

1074
01:07:18,333 --> 01:07:21,216
And they gave permission
for her to come,

1075
01:07:21,250 --> 01:07:23,183
and they would take her in.

1076
01:07:26,160 --> 01:07:28,166
SADAN: I went
very happily to England.

1077
01:07:28,200 --> 01:07:30,116
It was an adventure, you know,

1078
01:07:30,150 --> 01:07:33,283
to go abroad,
to go on the train.

1079
01:07:33,316 --> 01:07:36,183
My sister wrote
fantastic letters.

1080
01:07:36,216 --> 01:07:38,316
Everything was wonderful,

1081
01:07:38,350 --> 01:07:41,330
and she was having
a marvelous time,

1082
01:07:41,660 --> 01:07:42,166
and so was my brother.

1083
01:07:42,200 --> 01:07:45,500
And my brother said
he had a dog.

1084
01:07:45,830 --> 01:07:49,333
And when I got there,
actually,
there was a dog and a cat.

1085
01:07:49,366 --> 01:07:53,660
The dog bit me, so I didn't
think much of that.

1086
01:07:54,150 --> 01:07:57,233
LEVERTON: Inge arrived,
her hair aflame,

1087
01:07:57,266 --> 01:07:59,266
titian red.

1088
01:07:59,300 --> 01:08:02,233
Uncle Billy was furious.

1089
01:08:02,266 --> 01:08:05,316
So he turned around and he
called me a so-and-so liar,

1090
01:08:05,350 --> 01:08:07,333
and I said to him,

1091
01:08:07,366 --> 01:08:12,500
"Because Inge has red hair,
I leave her at home in
Germany?"

1092
01:08:12,830 --> 01:08:13,350
I said, "Now you send her away.

1093
01:08:13,383 --> 01:08:17,660
Don't mind. Thank you
for asking her here."

1094
01:08:17,100 --> 01:08:18,350
And he calmed down in the end,

1095
01:08:18,383 --> 01:08:21,100
and he did accept her
into the house.

1096
01:08:24,100 --> 01:08:26,183
SEGAL: I think I had
a sense, for instance,

1097
01:08:26,216 --> 01:08:29,830
while I was playing,
while I was laughing,

1098
01:08:29,116 --> 01:08:32,500
that was the moment in which
I could have been,

1099
01:08:32,830 --> 01:08:33,150
and should have been,

1100
01:08:33,183 --> 01:08:38,366
doing something about
this--this demand on me

1101
01:08:39,000 --> 01:08:41,330
that I should bring
my parents out.

1102
01:08:42,300 --> 01:08:44,830
From Dovercourt camp,

1103
01:08:44,116 --> 01:08:49,116
I wrote a couple of letters to
the refugee committee in
London,

1104
01:08:49,150 --> 01:08:53,333
and I think they must have been
moved by a letter from a child

1105
01:08:53,366 --> 01:08:56,200
asking to get her parents
out of Vienna.

1106
01:08:56,233 --> 01:09:00,133
And they did get my parents
a domestic service visa.

1107
01:09:00,166 --> 01:09:04,250
And my parents appeared
miraculously in Liverpool

1108
01:09:04,283 --> 01:09:06,200
on my 11th birthday.

1109
01:09:07,383 --> 01:09:14,830
And I remember feeling
that some terrific weight

1110
01:09:14,116 --> 01:09:15,350
that I had been carrying,

1111
01:09:15,383 --> 01:09:18,216
and hadn't known
I had been carrying,

1112
01:09:18,250 --> 01:09:21,330
was taken off my back.

1113
01:09:26,250 --> 01:09:29,150
ALLARD: Everything was being
done to get the papers

1114
01:09:29,183 --> 01:09:33,330
for my parents to come out,
and war started.

1115
01:09:33,660 --> 01:09:35,100
And that was the end of that.

1116
01:09:42,166 --> 01:09:46,166
I just felt the world's come
to an end.

1117
01:09:46,200 --> 01:09:48,283
Shattering, if I think about it,

1118
01:09:48,316 --> 01:09:53,200
because everything was built
around this reunion

1119
01:09:53,233 --> 01:09:56,216
and my temporary stay
in England.

1120
01:09:56,250 --> 01:09:59,216
[Bells chiming]

1121
01:09:59,250 --> 01:10:02,100
NEWSREEL COMMENTATOR:
The fateful hour
of 11:00 has struck,

1122
01:10:02,133 --> 01:10:04,116
and the state of war
once more exists

1123
01:10:04,150 --> 01:10:06,660
between Great Britain
and Germany.

1124
01:10:08,283 --> 01:10:10,366
Only 25 minutes after
war had been declared

1125
01:10:11,000 --> 01:10:13,316
came the first air-raid warning.

1126
01:10:13,350 --> 01:10:16,000
[Air-raid alarms sounding]

1127
01:10:20,300 --> 01:10:25,200
ALLARD: Everything we'd ever
talked about or written
about...

1128
01:10:25,233 --> 01:10:28,116
and thought about--
it had all collapsed.

1129
01:10:28,150 --> 01:10:31,133
Everything had collapsed.

1130
01:10:31,166 --> 01:10:34,333
I think I cried for, not weeks,
not months.

1131
01:10:34,366 --> 01:10:36,266
I cried for years.

1132
01:10:41,830 --> 01:10:43,660
NARRATOR: War ended
all Kindertransports

1133
01:10:43,100 --> 01:10:47,100
and legal immigration from
central Europe to England.

1134
01:10:47,133 --> 01:10:48,283
It also ended regular mail

1135
01:10:48,316 --> 01:10:51,200
between the children
and their parents.

1136
01:10:51,233 --> 01:10:54,160
The only way they could now
communicate

1137
01:10:54,500 --> 01:10:56,330
was by 25-word postcards

1138
01:10:56,660 --> 01:10:58,166
sent through
the International Red Cross.

1139
01:11:03,330 --> 01:11:07,116
HAYMAN: The isolation came
when the letters ceased.

1140
01:11:07,150 --> 01:11:08,283
That was accepted,

1141
01:11:08,316 --> 01:11:13,200
that you didn't talk
about what hurt you.

1142
01:11:13,233 --> 01:11:15,183
I couldn't speak Czech
with anybody.

1143
01:11:15,216 --> 01:11:18,133
I didn't want to tell my sister
how unhappy I was

1144
01:11:18,166 --> 01:11:22,100
because I felt, you know,
she was too young anyhow.

1145
01:11:22,133 --> 01:11:24,266
I wrote at that time
in my diary.

1146
01:11:24,300 --> 01:11:29,166
"I never dreamt that one could
be so lonely and go on living

1147
01:11:29,200 --> 01:11:33,000
"with this constant fear
for our loved ones.

1148
01:11:33,330 --> 01:11:36,333
"The tears I shed at night
do not ease my pain,

1149
01:11:36,366 --> 01:11:41,830
"yet I was told that one feels
better after a good cry.

1150
01:11:41,116 --> 01:11:43,383
"All I have is a swollen face,

1151
01:11:44,160 --> 01:11:47,330
and my heart is as heavy
as it was before."

1152
01:11:48,216 --> 01:11:51,350
My pillow often was very wet
in the morning.

1153
01:11:55,383 --> 01:11:59,150
There was a gardener
who didn't understand,

1154
01:11:59,183 --> 01:12:01,150
perhaps,
what I was going through,

1155
01:12:01,183 --> 01:12:03,160
but he always said to me,

1156
01:12:03,500 --> 01:12:05,350
"Don't worry,
it won't last long."

1157
01:12:05,383 --> 01:12:07,283
And whether
I believed him or not,

1158
01:12:07,316 --> 01:12:09,350
it was good to hear him
say that.

1159
01:12:09,383 --> 01:12:12,366
And he always gave me a flower.

1160
01:12:13,000 --> 01:12:16,000
NARRATOR: Within a few months
of their arrival in England,

1161
01:12:16,330 --> 01:12:17,283
many of the refugees,

1162
01:12:17,316 --> 01:12:19,266
along with other
English children,

1163
01:12:19,300 --> 01:12:23,116
were forced to evacuate
to new families in the country,

1164
01:12:23,150 --> 01:12:26,100
to escape the expected bombing
of the cities.

1165
01:12:26,133 --> 01:12:27,350
Good morning.

1166
01:12:27,383 --> 01:12:30,000
You kindly consented
to take two children in?

1167
01:12:30,330 --> 01:12:31,100
Yes, I'll take
two children.

1168
01:12:31,133 --> 01:12:32,316
Two little girls.
Here they are.

1169
01:12:32,350 --> 01:12:34,366
They'll be very happy
with you, I'm sure.

1170
01:12:35,000 --> 01:12:36,660
Thank you very much.

1171
01:12:36,100 --> 01:12:37,300
Two nice little girls,
aren't they?

1172
01:12:37,333 --> 01:12:40,216
SEGAL: None of the foster
parents with whom I stayed,

1173
01:12:40,250 --> 01:12:42,200
and there were 5 of them,

1174
01:12:42,233 --> 01:12:44,300
none of them could stand me
for very long,

1175
01:12:44,333 --> 01:12:50,366
but all of them had the grace
to take in a Jewish child.

1176
01:12:51,000 --> 01:12:53,333
They were not particularly warm.

1177
01:12:53,366 --> 01:12:56,100
They were not par--
they did not love me,

1178
01:12:56,133 --> 01:12:58,133
I did not love them.

1179
01:12:58,166 --> 01:13:00,183
Nevertheless,
they did, as I say,

1180
01:13:00,216 --> 01:13:02,216
what most of us don't do,

1181
01:13:02,250 --> 01:13:06,116
which is to--to burden
the household,

1182
01:13:06,150 --> 01:13:08,250
the kitchens and the bedroom
and the living room,

1183
01:13:08,283 --> 01:13:10,250
with this little foreigner.

1184
01:13:12,266 --> 01:13:15,233
FUCHEL: Mariam
was somewhat aloof.

1185
01:13:15,266 --> 01:13:16,383
It was her manner.

1186
01:13:17,160 --> 01:13:19,250
She was loving,
but she didn't hug and kiss me,

1187
01:13:19,283 --> 01:13:21,216
whereas my mother was
the exact opposite.

1188
01:13:21,250 --> 01:13:24,500
She used to, not just
kiss me once, in fact,

1189
01:13:24,830 --> 01:13:26,830
but she sort of kissed me,
you know,

1190
01:13:26,116 --> 01:13:28,383
rat-tat-tat,
like a machine gun.

1191
01:13:29,160 --> 01:13:32,116
But Mariam was distant and nice,

1192
01:13:32,150 --> 01:13:34,133
and I think that's what
I needed,

1193
01:13:34,166 --> 01:13:40,383
because I had trouble really
feeling that I belonged there.

1194
01:13:41,160 --> 01:13:43,133
And to have sort of
pushed me into it

1195
01:13:43,166 --> 01:13:44,333
would have, I think,
been difficult.

1196
01:13:44,366 --> 01:13:47,283
He didn't cry, not at all,
not at all.

1197
01:13:47,316 --> 01:13:49,200
Couldn't understand it.

1198
01:13:49,233 --> 01:13:51,333
RADIO COMMENTATOR:
This is London calling...

1199
01:13:51,366 --> 01:13:53,266
COHEN: Just once.

1200
01:13:53,300 --> 01:13:57,233
They used to like to listen to
some programs on the wireless.

1201
01:13:57,266 --> 01:14:00,250
And, you know, he used to come
sit on my knee,

1202
01:14:00,283 --> 01:14:03,283
and there was something--
something in the news.

1203
01:14:03,316 --> 01:14:05,183
I just heard him once go
[gasp],

1204
01:14:05,216 --> 01:14:08,166
you know, a little sob,
and that was all.

1205
01:14:10,150 --> 01:14:12,133
FUCHEL: I tried really to please
the Cohens

1206
01:14:12,166 --> 01:14:15,383
because, you know, I loved them
and I felt very dependent.

1207
01:14:16,160 --> 01:14:21,150
One of my main worries was that
I would be sent away.

1208
01:14:21,183 --> 01:14:25,250
And I know this happened to
another boy, somewhat older,

1209
01:14:25,283 --> 01:14:28,316
who was taken in by
some friends of the Cohens,

1210
01:14:28,350 --> 01:14:31,266
and he was arrogant
and impossible,

1211
01:14:31,300 --> 01:14:34,266
and eventually they simply
had to send him to,

1212
01:14:34,300 --> 01:14:36,316
you know, some other home.

1213
01:14:36,350 --> 01:14:39,350
And I'd heard other places
where this happened.

1214
01:14:39,383 --> 01:14:43,183
So, I felt very much on edge.

1215
01:14:45,350 --> 01:14:49,333
SUGAR: Word came that my mother
is no longer in London.

1216
01:14:49,366 --> 01:14:53,333
She went back to Vienna
to get my father to move,

1217
01:14:53,366 --> 01:14:55,216
who was impassive.

1218
01:14:55,250 --> 01:14:59,283
So I really did make up my
mind
I would be as tough as nails.

1219
01:14:59,316 --> 01:15:01,216
I would--nothing would hurt me,

1220
01:15:01,250 --> 01:15:04,300
I would have no emotions.

1221
01:15:04,333 --> 01:15:08,166
And it carried me through
for about 6 or 7 years.

1222
01:15:08,200 --> 01:15:10,366
[School bell rings]

1223
01:15:11,000 --> 01:15:13,266
SUGAR: I got a scholarship
to a grammar school.

1224
01:15:13,300 --> 01:15:15,366
And people were saying to me,
partly in jealousy,

1225
01:15:16,000 --> 01:15:18,233
said, "You know, they
are snobs in these schools

1226
01:15:18,266 --> 01:15:20,330
and they are anti-Semites,

1227
01:15:20,660 --> 01:15:22,500
"And you've got to watch
yourself, you know.

1228
01:15:22,830 --> 01:15:24,100
They're gonna take it out
on you."

1229
01:15:24,133 --> 01:15:26,200
And I went to school.

1230
01:15:26,233 --> 01:15:30,000
I had a school tie, I guess,
or a blazer,

1231
01:15:30,330 --> 01:15:32,283
I mean, I was just entering
a new world.

1232
01:15:32,316 --> 01:15:34,366
It was...the sun was shining.

1233
01:15:35,000 --> 01:15:38,216
I went to school, and a fellow
came up to me, and he said,

1234
01:15:38,250 --> 01:15:42,000
"Who are you?"
and I just knocked him down.

1235
01:15:42,330 --> 01:15:45,830
[Children yelling]

1236
01:15:45,116 --> 01:15:46,166
FUCHEL: There was, no doubt,

1237
01:15:46,200 --> 01:15:49,500
a cost of trying to
be good all the time

1238
01:15:49,830 --> 01:15:52,116
and keeping my anger in.

1239
01:15:52,150 --> 01:15:54,350
Only once did it slip.

1240
01:15:54,383 --> 01:15:58,200
One day John and I were having
breakfast,

1241
01:15:58,233 --> 01:16:00,200
and there was some
silly argument

1242
01:16:00,233 --> 01:16:03,216
over who got
the marmalade first.

1243
01:16:03,250 --> 01:16:05,250
And Kurt threw a knife.

1244
01:16:05,283 --> 01:16:07,383
That was the only time
he was naughty.

1245
01:16:08,160 --> 01:16:12,830
And John had a little wound
here, which was near his eye.

1246
01:16:12,116 --> 01:16:13,316
It wasn't very nice.

1247
01:16:13,350 --> 01:16:17,350
And Dr. Rose, who was our great
friend, lived a few doors down,

1248
01:16:17,383 --> 01:16:20,216
and he came in,
and he was furious.

1249
01:16:20,250 --> 01:16:22,250
"You shouldn't have
taken this child in,"

1250
01:16:22,283 --> 01:16:24,233
and da-da-da-da-da.

1251
01:16:24,266 --> 01:16:28,830
FUCHEL: It terrified the entire
family, and me, too.

1252
01:16:28,116 --> 01:16:30,160
Since then
I've been somewhat afraid

1253
01:16:30,500 --> 01:16:33,283
of my possibility
of letting go to anger.

1254
01:16:33,316 --> 01:16:36,660
The other sign that
I had a lot inside me

1255
01:16:36,100 --> 01:16:40,100
was that I always had
some intestinal problems.

1256
01:16:40,133 --> 01:16:41,333
Until I went in the army,

1257
01:16:41,366 --> 01:16:44,316
and then I had the most terrible
food and felt fine.

1258
01:16:44,350 --> 01:16:46,333
I have an analogy for this.

1259
01:16:46,366 --> 01:16:49,116
When...all of us
have had the experience

1260
01:16:49,150 --> 01:16:51,316
of finding a bird
with a broken wing.

1261
01:16:51,350 --> 01:16:55,500
And you pick up this bird
and you hold it in your hand.

1262
01:16:55,830 --> 01:16:58,233
And you think it's going to sit
there quietly, sweetly,

1263
01:16:58,266 --> 01:17:01,383
with its warm feathers,
and be--and be darling.

1264
01:17:02,160 --> 01:17:07,160
It's not. What it does is
immediately to use its muscles,

1265
01:17:07,500 --> 01:17:09,366
and it's a very uncomfortable
thing to hold in your hand

1266
01:17:10,160 --> 01:17:12,383
because there's this
fluttering.
What he wants is to get away.

1267
01:17:13,160 --> 01:17:16,150
It may need you to hold it
and to--to nurse it,

1268
01:17:16,183 --> 01:17:19,216
but what it wants is to
get the heck out of there.

1269
01:17:19,250 --> 01:17:22,330
And I think that's what
we were like.

1270
01:17:22,660 --> 01:17:24,000
Uh, certain that's
what I was like.

1271
01:17:24,330 --> 01:17:26,100
I was--I was not nice
to have around.

1272
01:17:35,200 --> 01:17:37,283
GORDON: So I got a new job
in London,

1273
01:17:37,316 --> 01:17:43,160
and I was working there
until June 28, 1940.

1274
01:17:43,500 --> 01:17:45,383
It was lunchtime, and I was
sitting having a sandwich

1275
01:17:46,160 --> 01:17:49,383
when suddenly two guys appeared,
two men.

1276
01:17:50,160 --> 01:17:51,100
C.I.D.

1277
01:17:52,300 --> 01:17:53,300
"What have I done?"

1278
01:17:53,333 --> 01:17:55,366
"Nothing. You are
Abrascha Gorbulski?"

1279
01:17:56,000 --> 01:17:57,283
Et cetera, et cetera.

1280
01:17:57,316 --> 01:18:00,100
"You are now under arrest."

1281
01:18:00,133 --> 01:18:02,316
Under arrest.
"For what?"

1282
01:18:02,350 --> 01:18:06,830
"You are an enemy alien,
and please come with us."

1283
01:18:07,200 --> 01:18:10,830
NARRATOR: After Germany invaded
western Europe,

1284
01:18:10,116 --> 01:18:12,266
the British began
rounding up all refugees

1285
01:18:12,300 --> 01:18:17,000
from Germany and Austria
who were over the age of
16.

1286
01:18:17,330 --> 01:18:21,330
Although the vast majority were
refugees from Nazi persecution,

1287
01:18:21,660 --> 01:18:25,266
anyone with a foreign accent was
viewed as a potential saboteur.

1288
01:18:25,300 --> 01:18:28,283
Within a few months,
the government interned

1289
01:18:28,316 --> 01:18:32,150
approximately 30,000
men and women.

1290
01:18:32,183 --> 01:18:36,183
Plans were made to deport
as many as possible.

1291
01:18:36,216 --> 01:18:39,000
The good thing about life is,
you know, you remember

1292
01:18:39,330 --> 01:18:42,500
all the good things
that happen to you,

1293
01:18:42,830 --> 01:18:44,000
and bad things,
you forget about them,

1294
01:18:44,330 --> 01:18:46,150
and in fact,
you have to make an effort

1295
01:18:46,183 --> 01:18:49,116
to really remember them.

1296
01:18:49,150 --> 01:18:52,500
The day came and we had to go
to the ship.

1297
01:18:52,830 --> 01:18:53,250
Uh, soldiers were standing there

1298
01:18:53,283 --> 01:18:57,500
with bayonets mounted
on their rifles.

1299
01:18:57,830 --> 01:18:59,216
And they pushed us along
and said,

1300
01:18:59,250 --> 01:19:02,830
"Leave your luggage over there.
You'll get it later on."

1301
01:19:02,116 --> 01:19:03,383
And they pushed us
along the deck.

1302
01:19:04,160 --> 01:19:07,160
Before you knew it, we went
down
the stairs, another stairs.

1303
01:19:07,500 --> 01:19:09,350
I was on the third deck.

1304
01:19:09,383 --> 01:19:15,000
NARRATOR: Over 2,500 prisoners,
twice the capacity of the ship,

1305
01:19:15,330 --> 01:19:18,166
were crammed
onto the HMT Dunera,

1306
01:19:18,200 --> 01:19:21,160
supposedly bound for Canada.

1307
01:19:23,830 --> 01:19:25,660
Two days out of Liverpool,

1308
01:19:25,100 --> 01:19:28,660
the Dunera was spotted
by a German U-boat.

1309
01:19:33,830 --> 01:19:35,183
GORDON: Suddenly something hits
the ship.

1310
01:19:35,216 --> 01:19:37,133
The lights went out.

1311
01:19:37,166 --> 01:19:39,660
This was the end of it.

1312
01:19:39,100 --> 01:19:42,266
Everybody gravitated
towards the stairway,

1313
01:19:42,300 --> 01:19:46,330
which led to the deck above.

1314
01:19:46,660 --> 01:19:47,266
And after about two minutes,

1315
01:19:47,300 --> 01:19:50,100
you couldn't get up there
because there were so many--

1316
01:19:50,133 --> 01:19:53,383
the stairs--
because we were just choking.

1317
01:19:54,160 --> 01:19:56,316
And suddenly the lights
went on again.

1318
01:19:56,350 --> 01:20:00,330
Everybody stopped in their...

1319
01:20:00,660 --> 01:20:02,660
steps and went back down.

1320
01:20:02,100 --> 01:20:04,283
The torpedo didn't explode,

1321
01:20:04,316 --> 01:20:06,100
but I was under
the impression

1322
01:20:06,133 --> 01:20:09,160
that the torpedo
hit us sideways

1323
01:20:09,500 --> 01:20:11,250
and it just bounced off.

1324
01:20:11,283 --> 01:20:12,283
Our luck.

1325
01:20:12,316 --> 01:20:14,150
Because if
it would have hit,

1326
01:20:14,183 --> 01:20:16,216
all of us
would have been finished.

1327
01:20:18,266 --> 01:20:23,383
We're travelling,
going west for several days.

1328
01:20:24,160 --> 01:20:26,160
But suddenly our outlook said,

1329
01:20:26,500 --> 01:20:27,383
"Something's happening.
We are not going west.

1330
01:20:28,160 --> 01:20:30,283
We are turning south."

1331
01:20:30,316 --> 01:20:32,316
We had no idea
where we were going,

1332
01:20:32,350 --> 01:20:35,233
except it must have been
Australia.

1333
01:20:35,266 --> 01:20:38,200
We were starving daily. They
were treating us like pigs.

1334
01:20:40,500 --> 01:20:42,250
Being hungry every day,
people were lining up on--

1335
01:20:42,283 --> 01:20:44,350
in the kitchen there
to get an empty pot,

1336
01:20:44,383 --> 01:20:48,333
you know, where the jam was, and
to--just to scrape it out,

1337
01:20:48,366 --> 01:20:52,200
and having one slice of bread.

1338
01:20:52,233 --> 01:20:55,160
The existence
from one day to another

1339
01:20:55,500 --> 01:20:57,330
was worse than the day before,

1340
01:20:57,660 --> 01:21:01,830
and we were on the ship for
almost completely two months!

1341
01:21:02,660 --> 01:21:04,660
What happened on the Dunera?

1342
01:21:04,100 --> 01:21:06,330
Uh...years later
I'm looking at it.

1343
01:21:06,660 --> 01:21:09,183
This didn't happen to me.
It must have been somebody else

1344
01:21:09,216 --> 01:21:12,266
because it was horrible,
too horrible to describe.

1345
01:21:12,300 --> 01:21:14,150
[Instrumental music]

1346
01:21:16,000 --> 01:21:17,183
NEWSREEL COMMENTATOR:
From an overseas liner

1347
01:21:17,216 --> 01:21:20,216
in Sydney Harbor, a strange
contingent of new arrivals

1348
01:21:20,250 --> 01:21:22,166
is transshipped
aboard a ferry--

1349
01:21:22,200 --> 01:21:24,316
enemy aliens who are being
interned in Australia

1350
01:21:24,350 --> 01:21:26,233
for the duration of the war.

1351
01:21:26,266 --> 01:21:30,500
GORDON: Before we knew it,
we were off the ship.

1352
01:21:30,830 --> 01:21:33,116
The first thing I remember
is that each one of us

1353
01:21:33,150 --> 01:21:36,350
got a box of food.

1354
01:21:36,383 --> 01:21:40,133
That was the best meal
I ever had in my life.

1355
01:21:40,166 --> 01:21:43,500
After starving for
two months, I opened up.

1356
01:21:43,830 --> 01:21:46,300
There were two cheese
sandwiches, thick like
this,

1357
01:21:46,333 --> 01:21:51,216
and a banana
and an apple and an orange,

1358
01:21:51,250 --> 01:21:54,166
and they're giving
second helpings.

1359
01:21:54,200 --> 01:21:55,383
It was unbelievable.

1360
01:21:56,316 --> 01:21:58,150
[Indistinct chatter]

1361
01:22:00,660 --> 01:22:01,333
NARRATOR: As the war progressed,

1362
01:22:01,366 --> 01:22:04,500
reports of mass arrests
and deportation

1363
01:22:04,830 --> 01:22:07,250
of central European Jews
began to reach Britain.

1364
01:22:10,250 --> 01:22:12,350
[Dramatic music]

1365
01:22:17,266 --> 01:22:19,266
WOLLHEIM: In the spring of '43,

1366
01:22:19,300 --> 01:22:22,350
the city of Berlin was
cleansed of the last Jews.

1367
01:22:22,383 --> 01:22:25,283
They came and took my family
and myself along,

1368
01:22:25,316 --> 01:22:29,000
and we were taken
to a collection point,

1369
01:22:29,330 --> 01:22:32,266
and after a couple of days
we were deported to Auschwitz,

1370
01:22:32,300 --> 01:22:35,333
though we did not know
when we got to the train,

1371
01:22:35,366 --> 01:22:40,383
which consisted of cattle cars,
where we were going.

1372
01:22:42,300 --> 01:22:46,283
We landed in Auschwitz,
and the moment we landed there,

1373
01:22:46,316 --> 01:22:50,150
we were commanded
to leave the trains.

1374
01:22:50,183 --> 01:22:53,233
Women with children to the left
and men to the right.

1375
01:22:53,266 --> 01:22:56,316
And that was then the last time
that I saw my wife,

1376
01:22:56,350 --> 01:22:59,330
my then wife, and child.

1377
01:22:59,660 --> 01:23:01,283
[Dramatic music]

1378
01:23:07,150 --> 01:23:09,133
NARRATOR: Lory Cahn
and her family

1379
01:23:09,166 --> 01:23:11,166
were deported to
Theresienstadt,

1380
01:23:11,200 --> 01:23:15,160
the Czech ghetto the Nazis
used to deceive the world

1381
01:23:15,500 --> 01:23:18,500
about how humanely they
treated their prisoners.

1382
01:23:18,830 --> 01:23:21,183
In time, the population
of Theresienstadt

1383
01:23:21,216 --> 01:23:22,383
exceeded its capacity.

1384
01:23:25,000 --> 01:23:28,660
CAHN: One day they came
into our barrack,

1385
01:23:28,100 --> 01:23:32,183
and my name was called to
report
to the railroad station.

1386
01:23:34,350 --> 01:23:37,830
And I went to
the railroad station.

1387
01:23:37,116 --> 01:23:39,500
And as they called your name,

1388
01:23:39,830 --> 01:23:42,100
you had to go
and see this S.S. guy,

1389
01:23:42,133 --> 01:23:47,166
and he crossed you off the list,
and then you went into the car.

1390
01:23:47,200 --> 01:23:51,660
I got there,
and I repeated my name.

1391
01:23:51,100 --> 01:23:54,266
He said, "You're not going."

1392
01:23:54,300 --> 01:23:57,300
I had no idea, I didn't
dare ask why or what,

1393
01:23:57,333 --> 01:24:02,000
but that was the end of it,
and they sent me back.

1394
01:24:02,330 --> 01:24:06,500
And this went on
for about maybe two weeks.

1395
01:24:06,830 --> 01:24:10,200
I'd been at the railroad
station, I think, 4 times,

1396
01:24:10,233 --> 01:24:14,166
and I was a complete wreck.

1397
01:24:14,200 --> 01:24:20,160
To say good-bye to your
parents,
one time, a second time,

1398
01:24:20,500 --> 01:24:22,100
a third time, and a fourth time.

1399
01:24:22,133 --> 01:24:26,183
And once before when I was
in the Kindertransport.

1400
01:24:26,216 --> 01:24:29,350
It was just absolutely
devastating.

1401
01:24:32,283 --> 01:24:34,330
And every time I said good-bye,

1402
01:24:34,660 --> 01:24:36,383
I think I tore a little piece
out of my mother

1403
01:24:37,160 --> 01:24:38,830
and out of my father,

1404
01:24:38,116 --> 01:24:41,216
and also a big piece
out of myself.

1405
01:24:41,250 --> 01:24:45,316
The last time it happened,
I said to the guy,

1406
01:24:45,350 --> 01:24:49,100
"Would you terribly mind,
but I want to go."

1407
01:24:49,133 --> 01:24:50,200
"Are you sure of that?"

1408
01:24:50,233 --> 01:24:54,133
I said yes. Crossed
my name off, and I went.

1409
01:24:58,116 --> 01:25:01,383
And little did I know that
we were going to Auschwitz.

1410
01:25:06,000 --> 01:25:07,133
There was a long period

1411
01:25:07,166 --> 01:25:10,300
where I did not hear
anything from my parents.

1412
01:25:10,333 --> 01:25:12,300
And I said,
"Well, it's wartime."

1413
01:25:12,333 --> 01:25:16,216
And I found all kinds
of reasons and excuses.

1414
01:25:16,250 --> 01:25:20,366
And then, finally, I received
a letter from my father

1415
01:25:21,000 --> 01:25:24,660
in which he said, "Tomorrow
I'm going to be deported

1416
01:25:24,100 --> 01:25:26,133
"to an unknown destination,

1417
01:25:26,166 --> 01:25:30,660
and it may be a very long time
before you hear from me again."

1418
01:25:32,200 --> 01:25:36,150
And then I received
a letter from my mother.

1419
01:25:36,183 --> 01:25:40,383
She says, "Tomorrow I'm going
to be deported from here."

1420
01:25:41,160 --> 01:25:45,660
And she encourages me
to be good and honest

1421
01:25:45,100 --> 01:25:48,216
and courageous
and to hold my head high

1422
01:25:48,250 --> 01:25:50,250
and to never give up hope,

1423
01:25:50,283 --> 01:25:54,350
and this at a time
when I think she knew

1424
01:25:54,383 --> 01:25:57,116
what might be happening to her.

1425
01:25:57,150 --> 01:25:58,383
[Train chugging]

1426
01:26:00,183 --> 01:26:04,100
And then there was one more
communication from her,

1427
01:26:04,133 --> 01:26:08,283
a postcard dated
September 4, 1942.

1428
01:26:08,316 --> 01:26:11,233
And it's written
in real shaky handwriting,

1429
01:26:11,266 --> 01:26:15,330
and she's saying that
she's travelling to the
east

1430
01:26:15,660 --> 01:26:20,166
and is saying a very final
goodbye to me.

1431
01:26:20,200 --> 01:26:23,316
But for many, many, many years,

1432
01:26:23,350 --> 01:26:27,830
I would see the postcard
in front of me, and I would--

1433
01:26:27,116 --> 01:26:30,150
see, she's saying,
"Travelling to the east,"

1434
01:26:30,183 --> 01:26:33,500
and yet, I would understand
that she's saying

1435
01:26:33,830 --> 01:26:35,300
she's travelling in
an easterly direction.

1436
01:26:35,333 --> 01:26:37,183
And then I would say to myself,

1437
01:26:37,216 --> 01:26:40,233
"Well, maybe she's
going back to Kippenheim.

1438
01:26:40,266 --> 01:26:42,166
And maybe that's good."

1439
01:26:42,200 --> 01:26:44,333
And the final good-bye
I didn't understand.

1440
01:26:46,333 --> 01:26:49,166
[Train approaching]

1441
01:26:52,660 --> 01:26:53,200
[Baby crying]

1442
01:26:53,233 --> 01:26:56,830
SADAN: I always felt
I should be grateful

1443
01:26:56,116 --> 01:26:58,100
and that we had been saved

1444
01:26:58,133 --> 01:27:01,116
and that these people
had taken us in

1445
01:27:01,150 --> 01:27:04,200
and I should be happier there.

1446
01:27:04,233 --> 01:27:06,300
But, you know, facts are facts,

1447
01:27:06,333 --> 01:27:09,383
and it wasn't
a good place to be.

1448
01:27:10,160 --> 01:27:13,366
Uncle Billy, who was not
a very courageous man,

1449
01:27:14,000 --> 01:27:17,116
every night, he would go
into the country,

1450
01:27:17,150 --> 01:27:18,216
but he took us with.

1451
01:27:18,250 --> 01:27:21,500
We went and--
to escape to bombs--

1452
01:27:21,830 --> 01:27:24,000
until one day, the people
where we were staying--

1453
01:27:24,330 --> 01:27:29,500
we slept in a--all in a
room
there, in a cottage--

1454
01:27:29,830 --> 01:27:32,350
and the people said they don't
want the German children,

1455
01:27:32,383 --> 01:27:36,250
so we didn't go
into the country anymore.

1456
01:27:36,283 --> 01:27:38,366
[Air-raid sirens sounding]

1457
01:27:47,166 --> 01:27:50,133
One day the sirens sounded,

1458
01:27:50,166 --> 01:27:54,200
and what was known as
the Coventry Blitz started.

1459
01:27:56,160 --> 01:27:57,366
[Bombs exploding]

1460
01:28:05,150 --> 01:28:07,283
And when the bombs
started to fall,

1461
01:28:07,316 --> 01:28:10,000
we stayed with
Auntie Vera's mother,

1462
01:28:10,330 --> 01:28:12,116
who had a boarding house.

1463
01:28:12,150 --> 01:28:16,133
And the whole night long,
the bombs rained down,

1464
01:28:16,166 --> 01:28:20,316
and Coventry was
a very hot place to be.

1465
01:28:20,350 --> 01:28:23,216
We were in one house,
and that was bombed.

1466
01:28:23,250 --> 01:28:25,216
And there was
a big fire upstairs,

1467
01:28:25,250 --> 01:28:28,500
and everybody rushed out.

1468
01:28:28,830 --> 01:28:30,160
[Dramatic music]

1469
01:29:02,316 --> 01:29:06,366
In the morning, when Auntie
Vera
and Uncle Billy came back

1470
01:29:07,000 --> 01:29:10,283
and they saw one of the
boarding
houses without any house,

1471
01:29:10,316 --> 01:29:13,233
just a spiral of a bedstead,

1472
01:29:13,266 --> 01:29:16,183
they were very shocked and they
thought we'd all been killed.

1473
01:29:16,216 --> 01:29:18,266
And they rushed over
to the other house,

1474
01:29:18,300 --> 01:29:22,133
and there we were all drinking
tea, as alive as anything.

1475
01:29:22,166 --> 01:29:26,316
And that was the only time
I saw Auntie Vera cry,

1476
01:29:26,350 --> 01:29:31,233
I think relief, because I
guess
she had a heart after all.

1477
01:29:33,350 --> 01:29:36,100
COMMANDER: Halt!

1478
01:29:36,133 --> 01:29:40,216
Advance.
End of line. March!

1479
01:29:40,250 --> 01:29:41,250
Jorgensky!

1480
01:29:41,283 --> 01:29:42,250
Here!

1481
01:29:42,283 --> 01:29:43,383
Tzufevich.
Here!

1482
01:29:44,160 --> 01:29:45,660
Leventhal.
Here!

1483
01:29:45,100 --> 01:29:46,100
Alba.
Sir!

1484
01:29:46,133 --> 01:29:47,283
Rosenthal.
Here!

1485
01:29:47,316 --> 01:29:49,160
Tozic.
Here.

1486
01:29:49,500 --> 01:29:51,330
Tolina.
Here.

1487
01:29:51,660 --> 01:29:53,366
Yes, they all have
names like those.

1488
01:29:54,000 --> 01:29:56,316
This company,
which I command,

1489
01:29:56,350 --> 01:29:58,500
is almost entirely composed

1490
01:29:58,830 --> 01:30:01,183
of German and Austrian
anti-fascists.

1491
01:30:01,216 --> 01:30:06,160
It is one of the 15 alien
companies in the pioneer
corps.

1492
01:30:08,000 --> 01:30:09,133
NARRATOR: The Dunera scandal

1493
01:30:09,166 --> 01:30:11,250
and the harsh treatment
of refugees

1494
01:30:11,283 --> 01:30:15,500
began to shift public opinion
in England against internment.

1495
01:30:16,316 --> 01:30:19,500
The government started
releasing internees

1496
01:30:19,830 --> 01:30:22,116
and allowed them to join
the British Armed Forces.

1497
01:30:24,100 --> 01:30:27,830
GORDON: Those who want
to go back to England,

1498
01:30:27,116 --> 01:30:30,266
they would send back
under one condition.

1499
01:30:30,300 --> 01:30:33,250
They would join the army.

1500
01:30:33,283 --> 01:30:35,316
I was anxious to get into this.

1501
01:30:35,350 --> 01:30:37,266
First of all,
I hated the Germans.

1502
01:30:37,300 --> 01:30:38,383
I hated their guts.

1503
01:30:39,160 --> 01:30:40,350
And I wanted to be part of it.

1504
01:30:40,383 --> 01:30:43,660
Besides, what was I
going to do in Australia?

1505
01:30:43,100 --> 01:30:46,660
Sit in Australia throughout
the whole war? God forbid.

1506
01:30:46,100 --> 01:30:48,250
[Instrumental music]

1507
01:30:56,133 --> 01:30:59,266
NEWSREEL WOMAN:
Girls, this is urgent.

1508
01:30:59,300 --> 01:31:02,183
If you're over
17 1/2 and under 19,

1509
01:31:02,216 --> 01:31:05,830
you can volunteer for the ATS.

1510
01:31:05,116 --> 01:31:08,266
The sooner you come, the wider
the choice of jobs available.

1511
01:31:09,266 --> 01:31:13,000
Come on, girls, it's urgent!

1512
01:31:14,383 --> 01:31:16,333
ALLARD: When I was 18,

1513
01:31:16,366 --> 01:31:22,183
I had to do either work of
importance or join the forces,

1514
01:31:22,216 --> 01:31:26,283
and I decided
to join the forces.

1515
01:31:26,316 --> 01:31:29,283
And I also felt I was
saying thank you to England

1516
01:31:29,316 --> 01:31:31,300
for saving my life.

1517
01:31:31,333 --> 01:31:33,160
I think as a soldier,

1518
01:31:33,500 --> 01:31:38,216
I then felt suddenly
I was in an environment

1519
01:31:38,250 --> 01:31:42,216
where I was the same
as everybody else,

1520
01:31:42,250 --> 01:31:46,000
for the first time
in my life, I think.

1521
01:31:46,330 --> 01:31:51,200
Because I think in Lincoln, I--
more or less, I think I existed

1522
01:31:51,233 --> 01:31:54,233
because I was waiting
for tomorrow

1523
01:31:54,266 --> 01:31:56,116
and tomorrow and tomorrow.

1524
01:31:58,500 --> 01:32:03,200
I had lots of friends, and I did
the things I hadn't done before.

1525
01:32:03,233 --> 01:32:06,150
I felt like everybody else.

1526
01:32:06,183 --> 01:32:09,160
The people on my left,
the people on my right,

1527
01:32:09,500 --> 01:32:11,150
we were all the same.

1528
01:32:14,116 --> 01:32:17,500
And that, I think,
was the first time in my life

1529
01:32:17,830 --> 01:32:21,330
I felt that
I could do everything

1530
01:32:21,660 --> 01:32:22,366
the other people are doing.

1531
01:32:25,266 --> 01:32:28,383
HAYMAN: I wanted to do
something
to help to finish the war,

1532
01:32:29,160 --> 01:32:31,316
and I said I wanted
to go nursing.

1533
01:32:31,350 --> 01:32:34,116
The first year,
I nearly gave up.

1534
01:32:34,150 --> 01:32:40,330
I found it very difficult, but
I was determined to stand it.

1535
01:32:40,660 --> 01:32:44,383
Second year was better,
and then it grew on me.

1536
01:32:45,160 --> 01:32:48,300
We were so busy I didn't have
time to think of myself
anyhow.

1537
01:32:48,333 --> 01:32:52,133
[Engine revving]

1538
01:32:56,350 --> 01:33:00,116
SADAN: After about two years
of not hearing from our
parents,

1539
01:33:00,150 --> 01:33:02,500
life sort of
stretched on endlessly,

1540
01:33:02,830 --> 01:33:07,660
but suddenly we heard that
our parents had reached Spain.

1541
01:33:07,100 --> 01:33:11,333
Every night since I left
my parents, I had prayed,

1542
01:33:11,366 --> 01:33:16,133
"Please, God, don't let it
take longer than 5 years."

1543
01:33:16,166 --> 01:33:22,000
And 5 years almost to the day,
we had the telegram.

1544
01:33:22,330 --> 01:33:28,000
SADAN: The telegram said,
"Arriving Friday, 4:45."

1545
01:33:28,330 --> 01:33:30,000
That was all.

1546
01:33:30,330 --> 01:33:34,200
Unfortunately,
4:45 was the train

1547
01:33:34,233 --> 01:33:38,830
that my school friends
were coming back on as
well,

1548
01:33:38,116 --> 01:33:42,200
and I knew that
since the whole village

1549
01:33:42,233 --> 01:33:43,383
also knew they were coming,

1550
01:33:44,160 --> 01:33:45,350
they would all be at the station

1551
01:33:45,383 --> 01:33:50,000
and my school friends would see
me and my brother and sister

1552
01:33:50,330 --> 01:33:56,216
meeting our parents for
the first time in 5 years,

1553
01:33:56,250 --> 01:34:01,500
and it was a tremendous ordeal.

1554
01:34:01,830 --> 01:34:04,166
And we went down
to the station to wait,

1555
01:34:04,200 --> 01:34:06,283
and I couldn't cope with it.

1556
01:34:06,316 --> 01:34:10,216
So I went--I went
back home and I said,

1557
01:34:10,250 --> 01:34:13,250
"I'm going. I'm going home.
I'm going to put the kettle
on.

1558
01:34:13,283 --> 01:34:17,350
They'll need a cup of tea." I
mean, how English can you get?

1559
01:34:17,383 --> 01:34:20,233
I waited and I waited
and I waited,

1560
01:34:20,266 --> 01:34:22,366
and it took ages.

1561
01:34:23,000 --> 01:34:25,300
And suddenly there's
my brother and sister

1562
01:34:25,333 --> 01:34:29,200
with this middle-aged,
elderly couple

1563
01:34:29,233 --> 01:34:33,266
with suitcases and bags
coming up the path.

1564
01:34:33,300 --> 01:34:36,300
I remember rushing down
to meet them,

1565
01:34:36,333 --> 01:34:40,183
and I knew they were my parents,

1566
01:34:40,216 --> 01:34:43,300
but it wasn't
the same parents I'd left.

1567
01:34:43,333 --> 01:34:46,300
They were much older,
and they were worn out.

1568
01:34:46,333 --> 01:34:49,183
And we, obviously,
we weren't the same children

1569
01:34:49,216 --> 01:34:52,166
that they'd sent off.

1570
01:34:52,200 --> 01:34:54,300
And suddenly I realized
I couldn't say anything

1571
01:34:54,333 --> 01:34:56,183
except their names, you know,

1572
01:34:56,216 --> 01:34:59,250
mommy and daddy,
or mutti and papa.

1573
01:34:59,283 --> 01:35:04,383
And then we just stood there,
looking at each other,

1574
01:35:05,160 --> 01:35:11,316
and...it was such
a traumatic moment.

1575
01:35:11,350 --> 01:35:15,316
It was sad for Inge because she
couldn't speak German anymore.

1576
01:35:15,350 --> 01:35:18,350
My brother spoke it
with difficulty,

1577
01:35:18,383 --> 01:35:22,000
and I was the only one who
could communicate with
them.

1578
01:35:22,330 --> 01:35:24,266
But the barriers
completely went,

1579
01:35:24,300 --> 01:35:26,333
and we became
a family again.

1580
01:35:28,133 --> 01:35:30,150
[Bell chiming]

1581
01:35:30,183 --> 01:35:33,166
MAN IN NEWSREEL:
The cease-fire began yesterday,

1582
01:35:33,200 --> 01:35:37,200
to be sounded along
all the fronts.

1583
01:35:37,233 --> 01:35:41,160
The German war is,
therefore, at an end.

1584
01:35:42,000 --> 01:35:45,233
[Upbeat music]

1585
01:36:02,160 --> 01:36:03,283
[Crowd cheering]

1586
01:36:20,200 --> 01:36:22,200
[Fireworks exploding]

1587
01:36:25,366 --> 01:36:29,000
ALLARD: I remember V.E. Day
very clearly.

1588
01:36:29,330 --> 01:36:31,300
It was just
wonderful, wonderful.

1589
01:36:31,333 --> 01:36:34,366
And we all danced
in Piccadilly Circus.

1590
01:36:35,000 --> 01:36:38,100
And for me, I just thought,
well, this is it.

1591
01:36:38,133 --> 01:36:41,660
Going to see
my parents next week.

1592
01:36:41,100 --> 01:36:45,500
I went straight back
and wrote to both of them.

1593
01:36:46,300 --> 01:36:50,116
I wrote separate letters
because I had separate addresses

1594
01:36:50,150 --> 01:36:55,350
through the Red Cross messages
in Theresienstadt.

1595
01:36:55,383 --> 01:37:00,283
The letters were returned to me
about 3, 4 months later.

1596
01:37:00,316 --> 01:37:02,100
Took a long time.

1597
01:37:03,383 --> 01:37:07,350
All it said on the back,
"Deported to Auschwitz,

1598
01:37:07,383 --> 01:37:10,100
October '44."

1599
01:37:11,300 --> 01:37:14,100
And war was finished in May '45.

1600
01:37:17,300 --> 01:37:19,283
That's how I found out.

1601
01:37:22,133 --> 01:37:24,116
ROSENFELD: As soon
as war finished,

1602
01:37:24,150 --> 01:37:27,100
Hella and I went to
the Red Cross committee

1603
01:37:27,133 --> 01:37:30,660
and asked for them to search.

1604
01:37:30,100 --> 01:37:33,830
Eventually, we got
a letter from them to say

1605
01:37:33,116 --> 01:37:37,216
my mother had been killed
in Minsk, in Russia,

1606
01:37:37,250 --> 01:37:39,183
where she was deported.

1607
01:37:41,500 --> 01:37:43,316
It's very hard
to come to terms with,

1608
01:37:43,350 --> 01:37:45,300
when you've
always had that hope.

1609
01:37:45,333 --> 01:37:49,300
And, of course, we've had
no, no grave, really.

1610
01:37:49,333 --> 01:37:55,100
No parting, no end, no funeral.

1611
01:37:55,133 --> 01:37:59,366
It's that sort of vague feeling
in the air, of hope,

1612
01:38:00,000 --> 01:38:01,266
and that hope suddenly fading.

1613
01:38:02,200 --> 01:38:04,660
[Baby crying]

1614
01:38:05,316 --> 01:38:07,283
HAYMAN: I remember nursing
in the children's ward,

1615
01:38:07,316 --> 01:38:11,330
and I was always joking
with the kids and laughing.

1616
01:38:11,660 --> 01:38:13,250
And I was called
to the telephone,

1617
01:38:13,283 --> 01:38:17,116
and there was
a telegram for me.

1618
01:38:17,150 --> 01:38:19,150
I asked her would she read it.

1619
01:38:19,183 --> 01:38:22,333
And so, she read
over the telephone:

1620
01:38:22,366 --> 01:38:26,500
"Your parents were gravely ill.
There was no hope.

1621
01:38:26,830 --> 01:38:29,133
Wait for further news."

1622
01:38:29,166 --> 01:38:32,333
And I probably didn't
quite take it in,

1623
01:38:32,366 --> 01:38:38,660
so I went back to the ward and
started--carried on making beds

1624
01:38:38,100 --> 01:38:40,366
until one of the little
boys said to me,

1625
01:38:41,000 --> 01:38:43,660
"Why aren't you laughing
this time?"

1626
01:38:43,100 --> 01:38:46,283
And that's when I burst
into tears and ran out.

1627
01:38:49,330 --> 01:38:52,283
I remember going out into the
garden and lying on the lawn.

1628
01:38:52,316 --> 01:38:56,330
I didn't want to be
with anybody.

1629
01:38:56,660 --> 01:38:58,266
It was such a shock.

1630
01:39:01,350 --> 01:39:06,233
And suddenly the future which
we always painted wasn't
there.

1631
01:39:06,266 --> 01:39:09,333
There was no future.
There was just an emptiness.

1632
01:39:15,233 --> 01:39:17,183
CAHN: At the time
I was liberated,

1633
01:39:17,216 --> 01:39:20,660
a month later,
I would have been 20.

1634
01:39:20,100 --> 01:39:24,116
And I weighed 58 pounds.

1635
01:39:25,283 --> 01:39:29,300
And that's after
8 concentration camps.

1636
01:39:36,133 --> 01:39:39,200
Many times I thought about it:
what would have happened

1637
01:39:39,233 --> 01:39:45,116
if my father wouldn't
have pulled me out?

1638
01:39:45,150 --> 01:39:48,350
I would have never, ever
mentioned it to my father again.

1639
01:39:48,383 --> 01:39:51,133
You know, "Why did you do that?"

1640
01:39:51,166 --> 01:39:55,383
Because I think I would have
done him very wrong.

1641
01:39:56,160 --> 01:40:00,166
And I can fully understand,
being a mother,

1642
01:40:00,200 --> 01:40:03,150
what it would mean
if this is what

1643
01:40:03,183 --> 01:40:08,150
I would have had to go through
with my child, God forbid.

1644
01:40:08,183 --> 01:40:11,100
My main concern was always,

1645
01:40:11,133 --> 01:40:15,330
let me be strong,
and let me try to make it.

1646
01:40:15,660 --> 01:40:17,830
I made it that far.

1647
01:40:17,116 --> 01:40:19,150
I want to make it to the end,

1648
01:40:19,183 --> 01:40:22,116
regardless of what the end was.

1649
01:40:24,250 --> 01:40:26,266
WOLLHEIM: Survival
is an accident.

1650
01:40:28,150 --> 01:40:31,300
You cannot ask a soldier
who comes out of battle,

1651
01:40:31,333 --> 01:40:34,500
"Why were your comrades
left and right killed,

1652
01:40:34,830 --> 01:40:35,830
and you survived?"

1653
01:40:35,116 --> 01:40:37,100
You have no
explanation for that.

1654
01:40:37,133 --> 01:40:38,200
It's an accident.

1655
01:40:40,200 --> 01:40:44,300
At the moment of liberation,
we were very happy, certainly,

1656
01:40:44,333 --> 01:40:48,366
but, on the other hand, really
very sad, because I realized

1657
01:40:49,000 --> 01:40:51,166
that I was one of the last
who had survived,

1658
01:40:51,200 --> 01:40:54,183
that all the others who had gone
with me to Auschwitz,

1659
01:40:54,216 --> 01:40:57,200
or who had been taken to
Auschwitz, would never return.

1660
01:40:59,233 --> 01:41:01,333
[Instrumental music]

1661
01:41:10,216 --> 01:41:12,116
[Woman singing in German]

1662
01:41:16,183 --> 01:41:18,250
EPSTEIN: In July 1945,

1663
01:41:18,283 --> 01:41:23,116
I went back to Germany to work
for the American government.

1664
01:41:23,150 --> 01:41:27,233
One of the reasons was
to look for my parents.

1665
01:41:27,266 --> 01:41:29,233
The most sensible place to go to

1666
01:41:29,266 --> 01:41:32,500
would be to
go back to Kippenheim.

1667
01:41:32,830 --> 01:41:38,660
But I didn't go back
until August 1947.

1668
01:41:38,100 --> 01:41:44,000
I think on some level, I knew
my parents didn't survive.

1669
01:41:44,330 --> 01:41:47,133
But as long as I didn't
go back to Kippenheim,

1670
01:41:47,166 --> 01:41:51,330
I could still say, well, maybe
they're back in Kippenheim,

1671
01:41:51,660 --> 01:41:53,250
which doesn't really
make a lot of sense,

1672
01:41:53,283 --> 01:41:58,100
but I think it was
just my survival mechanism.

1673
01:41:58,133 --> 01:42:01,383
I just wasn't ready yet
to accept the fact

1674
01:42:02,160 --> 01:42:03,283
that I no longer had parents,

1675
01:42:03,316 --> 01:42:07,330
that I hadn't had
parents for a long time.

1676
01:42:08,100 --> 01:42:10,100
[Instrumental music]

1677
01:42:14,330 --> 01:42:15,250
NARRATOR: Although
the vast majority

1678
01:42:15,283 --> 01:42:17,200
of Kindertransport children

1679
01:42:17,233 --> 01:42:20,150
lost their mothers and fathers
in the holocaust,

1680
01:42:20,183 --> 01:42:22,350
remarkably,
a few parents survived

1681
01:42:22,383 --> 01:42:25,000
to be reunited
with their children.

1682
01:42:28,116 --> 01:42:30,300
FUCHEL: My parents managed
to get out of Austria

1683
01:42:30,333 --> 01:42:33,283
by going to Italy,
and from Italy,

1684
01:42:33,316 --> 01:42:36,660
they got into France.

1685
01:42:36,100 --> 01:42:37,150
And they were hidden

1686
01:42:37,183 --> 01:42:41,216
by some extremely
wonderful people there.

1687
01:42:41,250 --> 01:42:46,830
After the war ended, I was
told
that my parents were alive

1688
01:42:46,116 --> 01:42:50,316
and that someday I would
probably have to go back

1689
01:42:50,350 --> 01:42:52,316
and live with them.

1690
01:42:52,350 --> 01:42:55,350
I think I was horrified
by that idea.

1691
01:42:55,383 --> 01:43:00,283
Uncle Percy persuaded my parents
to wait until I finished

1692
01:43:00,316 --> 01:43:03,283
the English-school
certificate at age 16,

1693
01:43:03,316 --> 01:43:06,216
and also, they needed time
to reestablish themselves.

1694
01:43:09,200 --> 01:43:13,500
Eventually, in 1947,
they were ready for me.

1695
01:43:13,830 --> 01:43:17,330
I didn't want to,
but the Cohens took me to Paris,

1696
01:43:17,660 --> 01:43:19,250
where I was to meet my parents.

1697
01:43:19,283 --> 01:43:24,150
And I remember standing
outside the hotel.

1698
01:43:24,183 --> 01:43:29,150
And I saw in the distance
my parents approach.

1699
01:43:29,183 --> 01:43:32,150
And I couldn't look
at them directly,

1700
01:43:32,183 --> 01:43:36,233
so I looked at their
reflection in a shop window

1701
01:43:36,266 --> 01:43:37,316
as they walked towards me,

1702
01:43:37,350 --> 01:43:41,216
and I felt a very,
very strong emotion.

1703
01:43:43,330 --> 01:43:48,150
It was a sense of
elation, of love.

1704
01:43:48,183 --> 01:43:51,250
I suddenly felt it
and fought it.

1705
01:43:51,283 --> 01:43:55,316
But I felt, you know,
I knew it was them.

1706
01:43:55,350 --> 01:43:59,183
We met. And Kurt's father,

1707
01:43:59,216 --> 01:44:02,216
who was more demonstrative
than the mother,

1708
01:44:02,250 --> 01:44:05,116
put his hand
through Kurt's curls.

1709
01:44:05,150 --> 01:44:09,500
And Kurt went like that
and gave him a wallop.

1710
01:44:09,830 --> 01:44:12,333
And my husband says, "Don't
you ever do that again, Kurt.

1711
01:44:12,366 --> 01:44:17,100
Your father is showing you,
you know, his affection."

1712
01:44:17,133 --> 01:44:20,000
And that was that.

1713
01:44:20,330 --> 01:44:22,100
[Dramatic music]

1714
01:44:32,330 --> 01:44:35,160
FUCHEL: When it came to say
goodbye to the Cohens,

1715
01:44:35,500 --> 01:44:38,216
I realized for the first time,
I think, consciously,

1716
01:44:38,250 --> 01:44:42,660
that they had loved me,
especially Percy,

1717
01:44:42,100 --> 01:44:43,366
because he was in tears.

1718
01:44:44,000 --> 01:44:45,316
And I'd never seen
him cry before.

1719
01:44:45,350 --> 01:44:49,150
Never seen him cry before.

1720
01:44:49,183 --> 01:44:51,183
And then we had to leave him.

1721
01:44:51,216 --> 01:44:53,350
And I remember him
looking back, you know.

1722
01:44:53,383 --> 01:44:56,160
It was very, very sad.

1723
01:45:00,266 --> 01:45:03,660
He didn't want to go.
He didn't know them.

1724
01:45:05,500 --> 01:45:07,333
FUCHEL: My parents let go
of a 7-year-old

1725
01:45:07,366 --> 01:45:10,200
and got back a 16-year-old.

1726
01:45:10,233 --> 01:45:12,150
And my mother, especially,

1727
01:45:12,183 --> 01:45:15,316
wanted to carry on
where she'd left off.

1728
01:45:15,350 --> 01:45:21,160
And a 16-year-old doesn't like
to be treated like a
7-year-old.

1729
01:45:21,500 --> 01:45:24,116
So, when we got back to France,
things were very difficult.

1730
01:45:26,383 --> 01:45:28,116
Of course, I'm very lucky.

1731
01:45:28,150 --> 01:45:30,000
I mean, I realize this:

1732
01:45:30,330 --> 01:45:34,330
Whereas most of the kinder
never saw their parents again,

1733
01:45:34,660 --> 01:45:37,333
I not only had mine back but
another set of parents as
well.

1734
01:45:41,166 --> 01:45:43,350
What more could one ask for?

1735
01:45:45,316 --> 01:45:48,830
[Dramatic music]

1736
01:45:52,000 --> 01:45:53,266
HAYMAN: I ceased to be a child

1737
01:45:53,300 --> 01:45:56,316
when I boarded the train
in Prague.

1738
01:46:02,660 --> 01:46:06,266
It's strange that it's only
6 years out of a long life,

1739
01:46:06,300 --> 01:46:09,333
and those 6 years will affect
the rest of your life.

1740
01:46:14,660 --> 01:46:16,200
ROSENFELD: I never belonged
when I was a child.

1741
01:46:16,233 --> 01:46:19,183
I wanted somewhere
to find roots.

1742
01:46:19,216 --> 01:46:24,500
I feel in the latter years of
my life that I've been
accepted.

1743
01:46:25,150 --> 01:46:28,216
And nobody's ever said to me,

1744
01:46:28,250 --> 01:46:30,250
"You weren't born
in this country."

1745
01:46:30,283 --> 01:46:34,160
I was entirely accepted
as everyone else.

1746
01:46:34,500 --> 01:46:39,000
And I gradually felt I had
somewhere I belonged.

1747
01:46:42,300 --> 01:46:45,250
SADAN: To be a refugee is
the most horrible feeling

1748
01:46:45,283 --> 01:46:49,330
because you lose your family,
you lose your home.

1749
01:46:49,660 --> 01:46:51,383
You're also without an identity.

1750
01:46:52,160 --> 01:46:53,233
Suddenly, you're a nothing.

1751
01:46:53,266 --> 01:46:58,183
You are just reliant on
other people's good nature

1752
01:46:58,216 --> 01:47:01,233
and help and understanding.

1753
01:47:01,266 --> 01:47:04,100
And that's why I think
living in Israel,

1754
01:47:04,133 --> 01:47:05,350
I feel for the new immigrants.

1755
01:47:05,383 --> 01:47:08,100
I feel for the Russians
and the Ethiopians

1756
01:47:08,133 --> 01:47:10,660
and anybody who's new,

1757
01:47:10,100 --> 01:47:12,350
especially if they've come
without their families.

1758
01:47:12,383 --> 01:47:16,000
Then, you know, if I can do
anything, I do it.

1759
01:47:19,100 --> 01:47:20,266
[Music continues]

1760
01:47:20,300 --> 01:47:24,330
SEGAL: I am dazzled from
the point of view of a writer.

1761
01:47:24,660 --> 01:47:27,266
Who else has
the unbelievable good fortune

1762
01:47:27,300 --> 01:47:31,300
to live with
the Jewish manufacturer,

1763
01:47:31,333 --> 01:47:36,366
the English working class,
union man, railroad stoker,

1764
01:47:37,000 --> 01:47:41,133
the milkman, the Anglo-Indian
Victorian ladies.

1765
01:47:41,166 --> 01:47:46,216
Whoever has
the sheer advantage

1766
01:47:46,250 --> 01:47:48,183
of not studying this

1767
01:47:48,216 --> 01:47:52,500
from the outside,
but being a helpless member

1768
01:47:52,830 --> 01:47:54,316
from the inside
of these families.

1769
01:47:54,350 --> 01:47:57,366
Seems to me it was a gift.

1770
01:47:58,000 --> 01:48:00,166
Didn't seem so at the time.

1771
01:48:03,300 --> 01:48:07,283
ALLARD: I now look at
my 14-year-old grandson,

1772
01:48:07,316 --> 01:48:13,316
and I think this is the age
when
I lost parents, home, country.

1773
01:48:16,166 --> 01:48:21,350
A lot has been made up to me
from where I lost out.

1774
01:48:21,383 --> 01:48:24,350
I have a second cousin here.

1775
01:48:24,383 --> 01:48:28,830
He says, "Anything you
haven't had, you've got now."

1776
01:48:28,116 --> 01:48:29,316
Which is so true.

1777
01:48:29,350 --> 01:48:34,150
And I'm very grateful and
very proud of the whole family.

1778
01:48:38,830 --> 01:48:39,166
SUGAR: The younger you were,

1779
01:48:39,200 --> 01:48:42,830
the more unforgiving you are
of your parents.

1780
01:48:42,116 --> 01:48:45,500
You may say, oh, they were
so brave and saved you,

1781
01:48:45,830 --> 01:48:48,233
but they really abandoned you.

1782
01:48:48,266 --> 01:48:51,216
We were 4 friends,
very close friends.

1783
01:48:51,250 --> 01:48:55,500
We all agreed
if it ever happens again,

1784
01:48:55,830 --> 01:48:57,830
we will not send away
our children.

1785
01:48:57,116 --> 01:49:00,166
We will stay and die together.

1786
01:49:00,200 --> 01:49:04,330
That's what we said.

1787
01:49:04,660 --> 01:49:08,233
Later on, as we grew older,
we mitigated it, we said,

1788
01:49:08,266 --> 01:49:10,133
if it ever happens, we promise

1789
01:49:10,166 --> 01:49:12,150
to take each other's
children in.

1790
01:49:12,183 --> 01:49:16,330
We will not send them
to strangers.

1791
01:49:17,350 --> 01:49:19,330
[Music continues]

1792
01:49:19,660 --> 01:49:21,183
EPSTEIN: I certainly do
my share of remembering.

1793
01:49:21,216 --> 01:49:24,166
But remembering also
has to have a present

1794
01:49:24,200 --> 01:49:27,216
and a future perspective.

1795
01:49:27,250 --> 01:49:30,283
You can't just stop
at remembering.

1796
01:49:34,160 --> 01:49:37,330
I don't think I ever
made a conscious decision

1797
01:49:37,660 --> 01:49:39,266
to devote myself
to human rights

1798
01:49:39,300 --> 01:49:43,116
and social justice issues.

1799
01:49:43,150 --> 01:49:45,183
Someone helped me.

1800
01:49:45,216 --> 01:49:50,133
I can't pay back or thank some
of the people who helped me,

1801
01:49:50,166 --> 01:49:53,233
but I can do something
for other people.

1802
01:49:57,250 --> 01:49:59,300
[Big Ben chiming]

1803
01:50:06,250 --> 01:50:08,200
[Music continues]

1804
01:50:25,233 --> 01:50:29,183
GORDON: I've come to
a conclusion about myself.

1805
01:50:29,216 --> 01:50:35,830
In 1938, I escaped
the deportation of Poland.

1806
01:50:35,116 --> 01:50:38,200
I got out of Germany
in the Kindertransport.

1807
01:50:38,233 --> 01:50:40,200
I was sent to Australia
on a ship,

1808
01:50:40,233 --> 01:50:43,250
and the ship was torpedoed
and nothing happened.

1809
01:50:43,283 --> 01:50:46,830
I got back to England
and was in the army.

1810
01:50:46,116 --> 01:50:48,283
Why all these coincidences?

1811
01:50:48,316 --> 01:50:52,250
And I've come to one conclusion:
I was meant to survive.

1812
01:50:52,283 --> 01:50:56,830
Not because of myself,

1813
01:50:56,116 --> 01:50:57,233
but the Jews would survive.

1814
01:50:57,266 --> 01:51:00,150
And I would bring up
another generation,

1815
01:51:00,183 --> 01:51:01,333
and they would live.

1816
01:51:01,366 --> 01:51:04,350
And I look at my children
and my grandchildren,

1817
01:51:04,383 --> 01:51:08,166
and I know there was
a purpose to my life.

1818
01:51:12,350 --> 01:51:15,216
[Child singing]

1819
01:51:51,216 --> 01:51:53,166
[Theme music]