1 00:00:01,069 --> 00:00:03,237 (slow, quiet drumbeat) 2 00:00:12,380 --> 00:00:15,549 (wind whistling softly) 3 00:00:24,258 --> 00:00:26,427 (wind whistling) 4 00:00:29,197 --> 00:00:32,600 (amplified heartbeat) 5 00:00:32,600 --> 00:00:33,934 (wind roars) 6 00:00:33,934 --> 00:00:36,404 (heartbeat continues) 7 00:00:36,404 --> 00:00:38,739 (tornado roaring) (garbled radio transmission) 8 00:00:38,739 --> 00:00:40,508 (transmission fades) 9 00:00:40,508 --> 00:00:44,278 (heartbeat continues) (creatures chittering) 10 00:00:44,278 --> 00:00:46,280 (loud crashing) 11 00:00:46,280 --> 00:00:49,883 (wind rushing) (garbled radio transmission) 12 00:00:49,883 --> 00:00:51,085 (clamoring) 13 00:00:51,085 --> 00:00:53,287 (amplified heartbeat continues) 14 00:00:53,287 --> 00:00:57,258 (amplified breathing) 15 00:00:57,258 --> 00:00:58,592 (electronic squeak) 16 00:00:58,592 --> 00:01:01,662 (garbled radio transmissions) (flames roaring) 17 00:01:03,664 --> 00:01:06,600 (electrical crackling) 18 00:01:09,137 --> 00:01:12,039 (woman singing plaintively) 19 00:01:12,039 --> 00:01:16,110 (static crackling) 20 00:01:16,110 --> 00:01:19,347 (plaintive singing continues) 21 00:01:22,316 --> 00:01:23,784 (thunder crashes) 22 00:01:23,784 --> 00:01:25,519 (artillery booms) 23 00:01:25,519 --> 00:01:28,922 * * 24 00:01:28,922 --> 00:01:31,725 (electronic tone shrieks) 25 00:01:31,725 --> 00:01:35,496 (wild, pulsating electronic music plays) 26 00:01:38,732 --> 00:01:43,204 (plaintive singing continues over wild electronic music) 27 00:01:52,045 --> 00:01:55,283 (tree trunk cracking) 28 00:01:57,618 --> 00:02:01,422 (plaintive melody continues) (rumbling) 29 00:02:01,422 --> 00:02:04,892 (melody echoes, fades away) 30 00:02:06,594 --> 00:02:09,763 (gentle orchestral music plays) 31 00:02:12,766 --> 00:02:15,736 (music grows louder) 32 00:02:20,674 --> 00:02:23,644 You know, when you look at the history of humanity, 33 00:02:23,644 --> 00:02:25,379 it's basically this great relationship 34 00:02:25,379 --> 00:02:28,115 between the two most complicated systems on Earth: 35 00:02:28,115 --> 00:02:31,151 human society and...nature, 36 00:02:31,151 --> 00:02:33,854 and whether people have, in fact, 37 00:02:33,854 --> 00:02:35,723 lived in a good balance in that regard, 38 00:02:35,723 --> 00:02:37,291 and when they don't, they're gone. 39 00:02:37,291 --> 00:02:38,592 And, you know, at the end of the day, 40 00:02:38,592 --> 00:02:40,328 when we all talk about saving the environment, 41 00:02:40,328 --> 00:02:43,597 in a way, it's misstated, because the environment 42 00:02:43,597 --> 00:02:46,434 is going to survive--we're the ones who may not survive, 43 00:02:46,434 --> 00:02:47,735 or we may survive in a world 44 00:02:47,735 --> 00:02:49,803 that we don't particularly want to live in. 45 00:02:49,803 --> 00:02:51,205 Our biosphere is sick. 46 00:02:51,205 --> 00:02:53,374 We have a...a planet 47 00:02:53,374 --> 00:02:55,175 that's behaving like an infected organism. 48 00:02:55,175 --> 00:02:57,077 If you look at it from outer space, 49 00:02:57,077 --> 00:02:59,680 you see all these lights, and it's the lights of... 50 00:02:59,680 --> 00:03:02,015 of planet Earth, it's the lights of the people, 51 00:03:02,015 --> 00:03:06,053 but it's also almost like looking at an organism 52 00:03:06,053 --> 00:03:07,621 that has an infection on it, 53 00:03:07,621 --> 00:03:10,258 that is forming a crust of some kind. 54 00:03:10,258 --> 00:03:15,062 Well, I don't only think that the biosphere is in trouble, 55 00:03:15,062 --> 00:03:16,897 I know it is. 56 00:03:16,897 --> 00:03:20,033 I just have to look around in the environment 57 00:03:20,033 --> 00:03:22,336 in which I live. 58 00:03:22,336 --> 00:03:25,539 What I hear in my dreams 59 00:03:25,539 --> 00:03:30,444 is generations in the future screaming back to us in time, 60 00:03:30,444 --> 00:03:33,847 saying, "What are you doing? Don't you see?" 61 00:03:33,847 --> 00:03:37,585 We are at this critical point in time, and we've evolved 62 00:03:37,585 --> 00:03:40,020 to be the leaders of our biological community, 63 00:03:40,020 --> 00:03:41,422 and we are misleading. 64 00:03:41,422 --> 00:03:44,558 We are...we are causing the devastation 65 00:03:44,558 --> 00:03:47,160 to our very foundation of our life system 66 00:03:47,160 --> 00:03:48,529 that has given us birth. 67 00:03:48,529 --> 00:03:51,599 And we are ultimately committing suicide. 68 00:03:51,599 --> 00:03:54,302 So as we destroy nature, 69 00:03:54,302 --> 00:03:56,604 we will be destroyed in the process. 70 00:03:56,604 --> 00:03:58,806 There's no escaping that, uh, that conclusion. 71 00:03:58,806 --> 00:04:01,074 (distant sirens blaring) (steady percussive beat) 72 00:04:01,074 --> 00:04:03,477 LEONARDO DiCAPRIO: Earth's life-support system's damaged, 73 00:04:03,477 --> 00:04:06,314 the human species at risk. 74 00:04:06,314 --> 00:04:08,349 Could this be true? 75 00:04:08,349 --> 00:04:11,319 In this film, we've reached out to independent experts 76 00:04:11,319 --> 00:04:12,986 on the front lines 77 00:04:12,986 --> 00:04:16,089 of what could be the greatest challenge of our time-- 78 00:04:16,089 --> 00:04:18,258 the collapse of our planet's ecosystems, 79 00:04:18,258 --> 00:04:22,796 and our search for solutions to create a sustainable future. 80 00:04:22,796 --> 00:04:26,900 So...if we look for the cause of this planetary destruction, 81 00:04:26,900 --> 00:04:28,802 what would we find? 82 00:04:28,802 --> 00:04:30,538 We would find a global civilization 83 00:04:30,538 --> 00:04:32,406 created by the human mind-- 84 00:04:32,406 --> 00:04:34,742 a mind that has evolved to have the ability 85 00:04:34,742 --> 00:04:36,477 to reflect back on ourselves, 86 00:04:36,477 --> 00:04:38,679 to take stock of our own existence, 87 00:04:38,679 --> 00:04:41,349 a mind able to discover quantum physics, 88 00:04:41,349 --> 00:04:44,785 explore outer space, and peer into our own DNA. 89 00:04:44,785 --> 00:04:47,087 But beyond our stunning intellectual 90 00:04:47,087 --> 00:04:50,424 and technological advances, we would also see 91 00:04:50,424 --> 00:04:53,160 our large-scale impact on our home, 92 00:04:53,160 --> 00:04:55,062 planet Earth. 93 00:04:55,062 --> 00:04:57,331 Now, ecological disasters are rarely covered, 94 00:04:57,331 --> 00:04:59,933 but when they are, they're depicted as isolated incidents 95 00:04:59,933 --> 00:05:01,335 by the media. 96 00:05:01,335 --> 00:05:03,537 But if we connect these events, 97 00:05:03,537 --> 00:05:06,974 will we find a larger story that needs to be told-- 98 00:05:06,974 --> 00:05:08,509 a human story? 99 00:05:08,509 --> 00:05:10,978 And more so than that, a global understanding 100 00:05:10,978 --> 00:05:13,180 that takes into account who we are 101 00:05:13,180 --> 00:05:16,384 and the state of our relationship to this planet, 102 00:05:16,384 --> 00:05:18,452 our only home. 103 00:05:26,594 --> 00:05:29,463 STEPHEN HAWKING: Life on Earth is possible 104 00:05:29,463 --> 00:05:31,765 only because a number of parameters 105 00:05:31,765 --> 00:05:35,035 lie in certain very narrow ranges. 106 00:05:35,035 --> 00:05:37,070 Some of these 107 00:05:37,070 --> 00:05:38,472 are clearly environmental, 108 00:05:38,472 --> 00:05:41,341 like the Earth has the right temperature and pressure 109 00:05:41,341 --> 00:05:43,010 to have liquid water. 110 00:05:43,010 --> 00:05:45,746 OREN LYONS: Creation is the universe. 111 00:05:45,746 --> 00:05:48,482 Creation is everything that we can see 112 00:05:48,482 --> 00:05:51,385 and probably a whole lot that we can't; 113 00:05:51,385 --> 00:05:54,154 probably more that we can't see. 114 00:05:54,154 --> 00:05:56,189 But it's what's about us, 115 00:05:56,189 --> 00:05:59,092 and it's the...relationship, 116 00:05:59,092 --> 00:06:04,297 this amazing, uh, web of life that we have here. 117 00:06:04,297 --> 00:06:09,169 ANDY REVKIN: Well, Earth, um, is a planet that's... 118 00:06:09,169 --> 00:06:10,604 just far enough from the sun 119 00:06:10,604 --> 00:06:12,573 and has just enough of an atmosphere 120 00:06:12,573 --> 00:06:14,141 of a certain composition that, um, 121 00:06:14,141 --> 00:06:17,778 more heat stays here than radiates out to space, 122 00:06:17,778 --> 00:06:21,649 and the sun warms the planet, and that heat radiates out, 123 00:06:21,649 --> 00:06:23,016 and there's gasses in the atmosphere 124 00:06:23,016 --> 00:06:25,085 that have always trapped some of that heat. 125 00:06:25,085 --> 00:06:27,220 And that's why, uh, we're not an ice ball. 126 00:06:27,220 --> 00:06:29,923 And there have been scientists who compared this whole business 127 00:06:29,923 --> 00:06:31,925 of the different planets going away from the sun 128 00:06:31,925 --> 00:06:33,827 as being, like, the Goldilocks Effect-- 129 00:06:33,827 --> 00:06:35,663 there's one that's too cold, one that's too warm 130 00:06:35,663 --> 00:06:36,864 and one that's just right, 131 00:06:36,864 --> 00:06:38,766 and we just happen to be there. 132 00:06:38,766 --> 00:06:40,668 PAUL HAWKEN: 40 million centuries ago, 133 00:06:40,668 --> 00:06:45,272 a cell formed, and that cell had a gene, 134 00:06:45,272 --> 00:06:47,608 and that gene is a password 135 00:06:47,608 --> 00:06:50,478 to every single other form of life there is. 136 00:06:50,478 --> 00:06:53,080 And the amazing thing about the human body 137 00:06:53,080 --> 00:06:56,116 is it has 100 trillion cells, and 90% of them 138 00:06:56,116 --> 00:06:58,986 are not human cells-- they're fungi and bacteria, 139 00:06:58,986 --> 00:07:02,523 microorganisms--and the thing that makes us human 140 00:07:02,523 --> 00:07:04,324 is not human. 141 00:07:04,324 --> 00:07:08,962 So within us is, basically, the backstory of life on Earth, 142 00:07:08,962 --> 00:07:13,166 right to that first original cell 40 million centuries ago. 143 00:07:13,166 --> 00:07:18,606 and if you could, for a moment, stop and feel 144 00:07:18,606 --> 00:07:20,307 what is happening in your body, 145 00:07:20,307 --> 00:07:25,012 there are six septillion things going on at the same time. 146 00:07:25,012 --> 00:07:27,848 That's a six with 24 zeros after it, okay? 147 00:07:27,848 --> 00:07:29,883 Going on right now, right this instant, 148 00:07:29,883 --> 00:07:33,320 as you sit in your chair, and then in the next instant, 149 00:07:33,320 --> 00:07:37,057 within ten seconds, a hundred more things have happened 150 00:07:37,057 --> 00:07:39,793 than in all the stars and planets and asteroids 151 00:07:39,793 --> 00:07:42,462 in the known universe in your body, 152 00:07:42,462 --> 00:07:44,231 and that is called life. 153 00:07:50,571 --> 00:07:51,805 JANINE BENYUS: Homo sapiens sapiens 154 00:07:51,805 --> 00:07:54,808 is an incredibly young species. 155 00:07:54,808 --> 00:07:56,844 We don't think of that, but we are. 156 00:07:56,844 --> 00:07:59,880 We're...You know, we... we came very late 157 00:07:59,880 --> 00:08:02,883 in the calendar year of the Earth, you know? 158 00:08:02,883 --> 00:08:06,286 If the Earth, uh, calendar, 159 00:08:06,286 --> 00:08:09,757 you know, where it started in January 1, 160 00:08:09,757 --> 00:08:13,561 and now we're December 31. 161 00:08:13,561 --> 00:08:19,633 We got here 15 minutes before midnight on December 31, 162 00:08:19,633 --> 00:08:21,068 and all of recorded history 163 00:08:21,068 --> 00:08:23,904 has blinked by in the last 60 seconds. 164 00:08:23,904 --> 00:08:28,208 Perhaps the best description of what we are 165 00:08:28,208 --> 00:08:33,113 is, as Jared Diamond puts it, "the third chimpanzee." 166 00:08:33,113 --> 00:08:36,483 There are two kinds of chimpanzees, and there are us. 167 00:08:36,483 --> 00:08:39,052 But in some ways, 168 00:08:39,052 --> 00:08:42,890 we are extraordinarily special, and the most obvious one is 169 00:08:42,890 --> 00:08:45,793 our extraordinary ability to make tools, 170 00:08:45,793 --> 00:08:50,831 our extraordinary ability to communicate, to have... 171 00:08:50,831 --> 00:08:53,266 very detailed discussions with each other. 172 00:08:53,266 --> 00:08:55,302 So we are fundamentally 173 00:08:55,302 --> 00:08:57,104 groups of, uh, animals, 174 00:08:57,104 --> 00:09:00,708 randomly scattered throughout the planet, 175 00:09:00,708 --> 00:09:04,311 slowly...coalescing in, uh, groups 176 00:09:04,311 --> 00:09:09,282 that are more, uh, powerful, larger, 177 00:09:09,282 --> 00:09:11,919 and very much conditioned 178 00:09:11,919 --> 00:09:15,455 by two essential characters. 179 00:09:15,455 --> 00:09:18,992 One is, um, opportunism, 180 00:09:18,992 --> 00:09:21,094 and the other one is greed. 181 00:09:22,229 --> 00:09:23,764 All the animals 182 00:09:23,764 --> 00:09:27,400 and vegetables are opportunistic creatures. 183 00:09:27,400 --> 00:09:29,436 They do what's necessary 184 00:09:29,436 --> 00:09:31,739 for them to do in order to survive. 185 00:09:31,739 --> 00:09:34,041 I think it was the human mind, basically, 186 00:09:34,041 --> 00:09:37,845 that threw us out of balance with the rest of nature. 187 00:09:37,845 --> 00:09:41,148 The tragedy is that it was the human mind 188 00:09:41,148 --> 00:09:42,449 that was the key 189 00:09:42,449 --> 00:09:44,584 to our very survival. 190 00:09:44,584 --> 00:09:47,354 Now, when you think that we evolved in Africa 191 00:09:47,354 --> 00:09:49,189 about 150,000 years ago, 192 00:09:49,189 --> 00:09:52,092 and compared to the other animals that must have been 193 00:09:52,092 --> 00:09:54,795 on the plains at that time, we weren't very impressive. 194 00:09:54,795 --> 00:09:56,730 We weren't very many, 195 00:09:56,730 --> 00:10:00,133 we weren't very big, we weren't gifted with special senses. 196 00:10:00,133 --> 00:10:04,204 Um, the one thing, the key to our survival 197 00:10:04,204 --> 00:10:06,006 and our-our, uh... 198 00:10:06,006 --> 00:10:09,609 taking over the planet was the human brain. 199 00:10:09,609 --> 00:10:11,578 But because the human mind invented 200 00:10:11,578 --> 00:10:13,113 the concept of a future, 201 00:10:13,113 --> 00:10:15,148 we're the only animal on the planet 202 00:10:15,148 --> 00:10:18,786 that actually was able to recognize 203 00:10:18,786 --> 00:10:22,289 we could affect the future by what we do today. 204 00:10:22,289 --> 00:10:23,623 We look ahead, 205 00:10:23,623 --> 00:10:25,859 recognize where the opportunities are, 206 00:10:25,859 --> 00:10:29,296 where the dangers lay and choose, accordingly, to survive. 207 00:10:29,296 --> 00:10:32,666 That was a great survival strategy of our species. 208 00:10:37,604 --> 00:10:41,208 DiCAPRIO: If the human mind threw us out of balance 209 00:10:41,208 --> 00:10:45,012 thousands of years ago, what changed in recent history? 210 00:10:45,012 --> 00:10:47,948 In the last century, we have dramatically increased 211 00:10:47,948 --> 00:10:49,950 our impact on planet Earth. 212 00:10:49,950 --> 00:10:52,019 One element has emerged 213 00:10:52,019 --> 00:10:54,521 that has made us even more destructive, 214 00:10:54,521 --> 00:10:56,990 accelerating our disconnection 215 00:10:56,990 --> 00:10:59,192 and causing extensive damage to our climate 216 00:10:59,192 --> 00:11:03,964 and all other natural systems. 217 00:11:03,964 --> 00:11:06,734 There's a fundamental, um, illusion in the world 218 00:11:06,734 --> 00:11:08,435 that somehow people are separate from nature, 219 00:11:08,435 --> 00:11:10,670 when the reality is that we are part of nature; 220 00:11:10,670 --> 00:11:12,706 in fact, we are nature. 221 00:11:12,706 --> 00:11:14,541 And that's probably the most fundamental, 222 00:11:14,541 --> 00:11:16,043 uh, misunderstanding in the world 223 00:11:16,043 --> 00:11:17,410 that's causing all this-this havoc. 224 00:11:17,410 --> 00:11:19,212 THOM HARTMANN: I think one of the reasons 225 00:11:19,212 --> 00:11:21,614 why it's so difficult for people to get it, 226 00:11:21,614 --> 00:11:24,852 that we're connected with nature, and to even understand 227 00:11:24,852 --> 00:11:26,887 the fundamentals of eco-literacy 228 00:11:26,887 --> 00:11:29,757 is because, in many ways, it flies in the face 229 00:11:29,757 --> 00:11:31,759 of the assumptions of our culture. 230 00:11:31,759 --> 00:11:34,194 Our culture is built on the assumption 231 00:11:34,194 --> 00:11:38,198 that we are the superior life-form on Earth, 232 00:11:38,198 --> 00:11:40,834 that we are separate from all other life-forms, 233 00:11:40,834 --> 00:11:42,435 that we have been given dominion 234 00:11:42,435 --> 00:11:44,537 over all other life-forms. 235 00:11:44,537 --> 00:11:47,674 But even to think that we're separated from nature 236 00:11:47,674 --> 00:11:50,878 is somehow a thinking disorder. 237 00:11:50,878 --> 00:11:53,413 You can't be separated from nature. 238 00:11:53,413 --> 00:11:57,017 Why we think that way is the interesting thing. 239 00:11:57,017 --> 00:11:59,219 What happens in the mind that likes to think 240 00:11:59,219 --> 00:12:01,154 that it's separated from nature? 241 00:12:01,154 --> 00:12:03,791 Does that mean that the mind or the human being 242 00:12:03,791 --> 00:12:05,592 thinks he's now more free? 243 00:12:05,592 --> 00:12:07,127 We're totally living 244 00:12:07,127 --> 00:12:09,396 in disharmony with the planet, 245 00:12:09,396 --> 00:12:13,233 and, um, not just the planet-- beyond the planet. 246 00:12:13,233 --> 00:12:15,468 I mean, we're far beyond the planet now. 247 00:12:15,468 --> 00:12:18,571 We're zooming around Mars and all of that exploration, 248 00:12:18,571 --> 00:12:20,340 which is...which is marvelous. 249 00:12:20,340 --> 00:12:24,812 But...it's not really affecting our attitudes. 250 00:12:24,812 --> 00:12:27,580 I think our attitudes are... 251 00:12:27,580 --> 00:12:30,918 based on selfishness, based on... 252 00:12:30,918 --> 00:12:34,354 the economic situation we have... 253 00:12:34,354 --> 00:12:36,123 based on the politics which we have. 254 00:12:36,123 --> 00:12:38,158 I mean...how many governments 255 00:12:38,158 --> 00:12:42,495 in the world have really taken the environmental crisis 256 00:12:42,495 --> 00:12:43,763 for what it is? 257 00:12:43,763 --> 00:12:46,766 Very few; certainly not the United States. 258 00:12:46,766 --> 00:12:48,768 We live in a human-created environment, 259 00:12:48,768 --> 00:12:50,670 where it's very easy to think 260 00:12:50,670 --> 00:12:52,806 we're different from other creatures; we're smart; 261 00:12:52,806 --> 00:12:56,709 we create our own habitat; we don't need nature; 262 00:12:56,709 --> 00:12:59,446 it's the economy that's the most important thing. 263 00:12:59,446 --> 00:13:03,583 And in focusing on the economy, I think we've forgotten 264 00:13:03,583 --> 00:13:05,418 these ancient truths, 265 00:13:05,418 --> 00:13:08,255 these ancient wisdoms that kept us 266 00:13:08,255 --> 00:13:12,025 plugged in to nature, and understanding that, gee, 267 00:13:12,025 --> 00:13:15,528 if we do something to offend the natural world, 268 00:13:15,528 --> 00:13:17,364 we're gonna pay a price for that. 269 00:13:17,364 --> 00:13:19,666 We have to treat nature much more gently. 270 00:13:19,666 --> 00:13:22,502 That's the lesson, I think, that, uh, that we've forgotten 271 00:13:22,502 --> 00:13:24,704 and that we're paying a price for today. 272 00:13:24,704 --> 00:13:26,739 The big rupture came 273 00:13:26,739 --> 00:13:28,541 in the 1800s, in the 19th century, 274 00:13:28,541 --> 00:13:32,579 with the steam engine, the fossil fuel age, 275 00:13:32,579 --> 00:13:34,314 the Industrial Revolution. 276 00:13:34,314 --> 00:13:36,249 This was a great rupture from earlier forms 277 00:13:36,249 --> 00:13:39,286 and rhythms of life, which were generally regenerative. 278 00:13:39,286 --> 00:13:41,121 What happened after the Industrial Revolution 279 00:13:41,121 --> 00:13:43,623 was that nature was converted to a resource, 280 00:13:43,623 --> 00:13:47,660 and that resource was seen as essentially eternally abundant. 281 00:13:47,660 --> 00:13:50,263 This led to the idea 282 00:13:50,263 --> 00:13:52,365 and the conception behind progress, 283 00:13:52,365 --> 00:13:56,003 which is limitless growth, limitless expansion. 284 00:13:57,437 --> 00:13:59,839 HARTMANN: For all of human history... 285 00:13:59,839 --> 00:14:02,976 the vast majority of human history, 286 00:14:02,976 --> 00:14:04,978 humans lived on current sunlight. 287 00:14:04,978 --> 00:14:06,646 Sun fell on the fields, 288 00:14:06,646 --> 00:14:09,316 the fields grew plants, the plants made cellulose, 289 00:14:09,316 --> 00:14:11,351 plant matter, animals ate the cellulose, 290 00:14:11,351 --> 00:14:14,087 we ate the plants, we ate the animals, 291 00:14:14,087 --> 00:14:16,323 we wore clothing made out of the plants and animals, 292 00:14:16,323 --> 00:14:18,992 we were living off of current sunlight. 293 00:14:18,992 --> 00:14:21,561 It was our food supply, it was our clothing, 294 00:14:21,561 --> 00:14:23,997 we heated with wood, it was our heat supply, 295 00:14:23,997 --> 00:14:26,466 it was our light supply; it was all current sunlight. 296 00:14:26,466 --> 00:14:28,268 So the sunlight that fell on the Earth 297 00:14:28,268 --> 00:14:30,203 in a year was the maximum amount 298 00:14:30,203 --> 00:14:33,140 of sunlight that we could use, it was the maximum amount 299 00:14:33,140 --> 00:14:34,774 of energy that we could use. 300 00:14:34,774 --> 00:14:38,545 And from the earliest evidence of human civilization-- 301 00:14:38,545 --> 00:14:40,513 150,000, more or less, years ago 302 00:14:40,513 --> 00:14:43,984 up until a few thousand years ago-- 303 00:14:43,984 --> 00:14:46,586 pretty much, that's how we lived, 304 00:14:46,586 --> 00:14:49,656 and our population never surpassed a billion people. 305 00:14:49,656 --> 00:14:52,459 And then we began discovering that there were 306 00:14:52,459 --> 00:14:56,196 these little pockets of ancient sunlight, finding coal here 307 00:14:56,196 --> 00:14:59,432 and a little bit of oil there, and slowly, 308 00:14:59,432 --> 00:15:01,701 between that and the agricultural revolution, 309 00:15:01,701 --> 00:15:03,803 slowly, our population crept up until we hit 310 00:15:03,803 --> 00:15:07,740 our first one billion people, and so it didn't take us 311 00:15:07,740 --> 00:15:10,577 100,000 years to go from one billion to two billion. 312 00:15:10,577 --> 00:15:13,613 Our second billion only took us 130 years. 313 00:15:13,613 --> 00:15:15,582 We hit two billion people in 1930. 314 00:15:15,582 --> 00:15:18,551 Our third billion took only 30 years--1960. 315 00:15:18,551 --> 00:15:21,121 It's amazing when you think about it. 316 00:15:21,121 --> 00:15:22,722 When John Kennedy was inaugurated, there were 317 00:15:22,722 --> 00:15:25,225 half as many people on the planet as there are today. 318 00:15:25,225 --> 00:15:27,494 And the reason that we've been able to have 319 00:15:27,494 --> 00:15:29,529 this exponential growth of population 320 00:15:29,529 --> 00:15:32,899 is because we're creating food 321 00:15:32,899 --> 00:15:34,567 and clothing and everything else-- 322 00:15:34,567 --> 00:15:36,503 transportation-- we're doing it all with this 323 00:15:36,503 --> 00:15:38,405 ancient sunlight that was stored in the Earth 324 00:15:38,405 --> 00:15:40,007 300 and 400 million years ago. 325 00:15:40,007 --> 00:15:43,610 And if we were to have to go back to simply living 326 00:15:43,610 --> 00:15:47,680 off current sunlight, lacking technology, 327 00:15:47,680 --> 00:15:50,217 the planet couldn't sustain more than a half a billion 328 00:15:50,217 --> 00:15:52,019 to, at the most, a billion people. 329 00:15:52,019 --> 00:15:54,654 So we live in the most unusual period 330 00:15:54,654 --> 00:15:56,356 in the history of the planet, 331 00:15:56,356 --> 00:16:00,793 in terms of a species getting access to energy-rich carbon. 332 00:16:00,793 --> 00:16:05,632 What we have done is become good alchemists-- 333 00:16:05,632 --> 00:16:09,969 the ability to take fossil carbon 334 00:16:09,969 --> 00:16:11,971 and turn it into human biomass-- 335 00:16:11,971 --> 00:16:15,308 and we have used the supermarket, 336 00:16:15,308 --> 00:16:20,513 the transportation system, to make that happen. 337 00:16:20,513 --> 00:16:24,451 So the cornerstones of this system that we have 338 00:16:24,451 --> 00:16:29,022 are all resting upon nonrenewable, 339 00:16:29,022 --> 00:16:31,824 energy-rich carbon we call fossil fuels. 340 00:16:31,824 --> 00:16:34,094 The real problem is that there are too many of us 341 00:16:34,094 --> 00:16:37,997 using too many resources too fast. 342 00:16:37,997 --> 00:16:39,966 Now, oil has enabled us to do that. 343 00:16:39,966 --> 00:16:42,235 We use oil to increase the rate 344 00:16:42,235 --> 00:16:44,537 at which we extract all other resources-- 345 00:16:44,537 --> 00:16:47,274 everything from topsoil to fresh water to... 346 00:16:47,274 --> 00:16:48,875 from aluminum to zinc. 347 00:16:48,875 --> 00:16:51,078 Oil is really the basis 348 00:16:51,078 --> 00:16:53,546 with which we sustain complexity 349 00:16:53,546 --> 00:16:56,183 and with which we solve our problems. 350 00:16:56,183 --> 00:16:59,286 In a sense, all of our lives are subsidized. 351 00:16:59,286 --> 00:17:01,354 We are subsidized by oil. 352 00:17:01,354 --> 00:17:03,356 Because we're subsidized by oil, 353 00:17:03,356 --> 00:17:05,325 when we shop for anything at a store, 354 00:17:05,325 --> 00:17:07,094 we don't pay the full price. 355 00:17:07,094 --> 00:17:09,162 We don't pay the full cost 356 00:17:09,162 --> 00:17:10,630 of what it took to produce that. 357 00:17:10,630 --> 00:17:13,800 We borrow about $800 billion a year 358 00:17:13,800 --> 00:17:17,770 from the world to finance the excess of our consumption 359 00:17:17,770 --> 00:17:19,672 over what we produce, 360 00:17:19,672 --> 00:17:23,843 and about a third of that, about $250 billion a year, 361 00:17:23,843 --> 00:17:25,212 is for oil imports. 362 00:17:25,212 --> 00:17:27,046 So we borrow from the world-- 363 00:17:27,046 --> 00:17:29,349 we issue IOUs, treasury bills, whatever-- 364 00:17:29,349 --> 00:17:32,785 uh, to the tune of about a billion dollars a day-- 365 00:17:32,785 --> 00:17:34,787 every working day, anyway-- 366 00:17:34,787 --> 00:17:37,757 to, uh, finance our oil imports. 367 00:17:37,757 --> 00:17:40,059 There's a lot of harm that oil does. 368 00:17:40,059 --> 00:17:42,462 The economists would call them externalities, 369 00:17:42,462 --> 00:17:45,632 because they're external to the price that you pay at the pump. 370 00:17:45,632 --> 00:17:49,236 For example, um, you know, the asthma rates among children, 371 00:17:49,236 --> 00:17:51,971 which are growing in many parts of the U.S.; 372 00:17:51,971 --> 00:17:55,142 the acid rain problem that's caused by burning coal; 373 00:17:55,142 --> 00:17:57,944 if you look at some of the global warming contributions 374 00:17:57,944 --> 00:18:02,215 from burning fossil fuels; and at least part of the cost 375 00:18:02,215 --> 00:18:04,117 of keeping our troops in the Middle East 376 00:18:04,117 --> 00:18:05,652 to safeguard oil assets-- 377 00:18:05,652 --> 00:18:08,020 maybe not all of that cost, but at least some of it 378 00:18:08,020 --> 00:18:10,490 is clearly a subsidy that goes to oil. 379 00:18:10,490 --> 00:18:12,325 And when you started feeding 380 00:18:12,325 --> 00:18:14,127 off of the fossil fuel cycle, 381 00:18:14,127 --> 00:18:16,129 we began living with a death-based cycle, 382 00:18:16,129 --> 00:18:18,598 and that death cycle of dependency 383 00:18:18,598 --> 00:18:21,401 on extraction of those resources 384 00:18:21,401 --> 00:18:23,603 set in motion a sequence of events 385 00:18:23,603 --> 00:18:25,838 that has led us to our modern crisis 386 00:18:25,838 --> 00:18:28,074 of global disturbance 387 00:18:28,074 --> 00:18:31,444 known as "climate change" or "global warming," if you will. 388 00:18:31,444 --> 00:18:33,780 We don't know the future; we know the past. 389 00:18:33,780 --> 00:18:35,915 We know the past, in part, through Greek mythology. 390 00:18:35,915 --> 00:18:38,117 The, kind of, the "revenge of the gods," 391 00:18:38,117 --> 00:18:39,552 or the "revenge of nature." 392 00:18:39,552 --> 00:18:41,921 I think we're seeing that now already, 393 00:18:41,921 --> 00:18:44,524 after 200 years of Industrial Revolution. 394 00:18:44,524 --> 00:18:46,125 We didn't know what we were creating. 395 00:18:46,125 --> 00:18:48,261 We didn't know the damage that was being created. 396 00:18:48,261 --> 00:18:49,562 We're sensing that. 397 00:18:49,562 --> 00:18:51,431 So, as we go forward with technology 398 00:18:51,431 --> 00:18:53,099 that's even more powerful than before, 399 00:18:53,099 --> 00:18:55,535 we have magnified... 400 00:18:55,535 --> 00:19:01,408 the presence of the human race inside the ecology. 401 00:19:01,408 --> 00:19:03,743 Therefore, we can do vastly more damage 402 00:19:03,743 --> 00:19:06,446 with our technological prowess than we could before. 403 00:19:06,446 --> 00:19:09,282 We have to be even more cautious. 404 00:19:21,661 --> 00:19:24,431 (wind whistling) 405 00:19:34,307 --> 00:19:36,809 * * 406 00:19:38,678 --> 00:19:40,713 DiCAPRIO: While we weren't looking, 407 00:19:40,713 --> 00:19:44,016 we've created one of the biggest problems facing all of humanity: 408 00:19:44,016 --> 00:19:45,852 climate change. 409 00:19:45,852 --> 00:19:47,820 What does it look like when we don't pay attention 410 00:19:47,820 --> 00:19:51,324 to the massive amounts of CO2 we dump into the air and water? 411 00:19:51,324 --> 00:19:53,460 What does it look like when our actions shift 412 00:19:53,460 --> 00:19:56,062 the natural chemical balance of our atmosphere 413 00:19:56,062 --> 00:19:58,865 into a state several degrees warmer, 414 00:19:58,865 --> 00:20:01,734 a state that hasn't existed for millennia? 415 00:20:01,734 --> 00:20:03,736 We have witnessed, in recent years, 416 00:20:03,736 --> 00:20:07,474 the highest average temperatures in recorded history. 417 00:20:07,474 --> 00:20:09,909 Now, a couple degrees difference in today's temperatures 418 00:20:09,909 --> 00:20:13,280 may not sound like much, but it only took a few degrees 419 00:20:13,280 --> 00:20:15,348 to shift us out of the last ice age; 420 00:20:15,348 --> 00:20:18,551 and a few degrees may be all that separates us 421 00:20:18,551 --> 00:20:21,053 from catastrophic change. 422 00:20:21,053 --> 00:20:24,156 Heading into another weekend, the weather and the climate 423 00:20:24,156 --> 00:20:27,193 are making news in more than one region. 424 00:20:27,193 --> 00:20:29,596 A terrible drought has already... 425 00:20:29,596 --> 00:20:31,197 We do not know how much our climate could 426 00:20:31,197 --> 00:20:32,932 or will change in the future... 427 00:20:32,932 --> 00:20:34,601 BOB SCHIEFFER: More than a week of severe flooding has killed 428 00:20:34,601 --> 00:20:37,136 at least 72 people in Central and Eastern Europe, 429 00:20:37,136 --> 00:20:38,438 and Western Russia... 430 00:20:38,438 --> 00:20:39,939 ANCHORMAN: The heaviest recorded rainfall 431 00:20:39,939 --> 00:20:41,908 in Indian history has unleashed the worst flooding 432 00:20:41,908 --> 00:20:43,310 in living memory... 433 00:20:43,310 --> 00:20:45,111 We do not know how fast change will occur, 434 00:20:45,111 --> 00:20:47,680 or even how some of our actions could impact it... 435 00:20:47,680 --> 00:20:50,717 ANCHORMAN: In Chicago, the heat is a plague. 436 00:20:50,717 --> 00:20:53,085 This morning, they were collecting bodies... 437 00:20:53,085 --> 00:20:54,787 Thousands of firefighters in Southern California 438 00:20:54,787 --> 00:20:57,256 are battling a newly formed super wildfire... 439 00:20:57,256 --> 00:20:59,992 The heat is on, coast-to-coast, even Arizona is having a heat... 440 00:20:59,992 --> 00:21:02,929 Tennessee was battered by killer tornadoes... 441 00:21:02,929 --> 00:21:05,365 ANCHORMAN: New Orleans is no longer safe to live in. 442 00:21:05,365 --> 00:21:08,100 It is that simple and that stark. 443 00:21:08,100 --> 00:21:10,637 Hell and high water-- one and the same again today 444 00:21:10,637 --> 00:21:12,639 in a city overwhelmed, under siege, 445 00:21:12,639 --> 00:21:15,408 in the grip of unmitigated, unprecedented catastrophe... 446 00:21:15,408 --> 00:21:18,411 ANCHORMAN: Nowhere is that more apparent, of course, than New Orleans, 447 00:21:18,411 --> 00:21:21,414 now a city of displaced people, refugees... 448 00:21:21,414 --> 00:21:23,182 ANCHORWOMAN: ...20 feet of water from Lake Pontchartrain. 449 00:21:23,182 --> 00:21:25,251 Add to that violence, deprivation, desperation, 450 00:21:25,251 --> 00:21:26,953 the rising threat of disease... 451 00:21:26,953 --> 00:21:29,322 Could it be that man-made global warming 452 00:21:29,322 --> 00:21:31,157 is the greatest hoax ever perpetrated 453 00:21:31,157 --> 00:21:32,592 on the American people? 454 00:21:35,895 --> 00:21:38,765 (wind roaring) 455 00:21:46,305 --> 00:21:48,808 * * 456 00:21:52,244 --> 00:21:55,915 STEPHEN HAWKING: One of the most serious consequences 457 00:21:55,915 --> 00:21:59,318 of our actions is global warming, 458 00:21:59,318 --> 00:22:01,488 brought about by rising levels 459 00:22:01,488 --> 00:22:05,825 of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels. 460 00:22:05,825 --> 00:22:08,661 The danger is that the temperature increase 461 00:22:08,661 --> 00:22:13,633 might become self-sustaining, if it has not done so already. 462 00:22:13,633 --> 00:22:16,035 Drought and deforestation are reducing 463 00:22:16,035 --> 00:22:21,007 the amount of carbon dioxide recycled into the atmosphere, 464 00:22:21,007 --> 00:22:24,243 and the warming of the seas may trigger the release 465 00:22:24,243 --> 00:22:28,748 of large quantities of CO2 trapped on the ocean floor. 466 00:22:28,748 --> 00:22:32,619 In addition, the melting of the Arctic 467 00:22:32,619 --> 00:22:35,688 and Antarctic ice sheets will reduce the amount 468 00:22:35,688 --> 00:22:38,825 of solar energy reflected back into space 469 00:22:38,825 --> 00:22:41,961 and so increase the temperature further. 470 00:22:41,961 --> 00:22:45,231 We don't know where the global warming will stop, 471 00:22:45,231 --> 00:22:46,933 but the worst-case scenario 472 00:22:46,933 --> 00:22:51,638 is that Earth would become like its sister planet Venus, 473 00:22:51,638 --> 00:22:55,107 with a temperature of 250 centigrade, 474 00:22:55,107 --> 00:22:57,744 and raining sulfuric acid. 475 00:22:57,744 --> 00:23:02,048 The human race could not survive in those conditions. 476 00:23:02,048 --> 00:23:04,817 (slow, mournful theme plays) 477 00:23:08,254 --> 00:23:11,190 While the Earth has a natural greenhouse effect-- 478 00:23:11,190 --> 00:23:13,660 in fact, we're about 60 degrees Fahrenheit warmer-- 479 00:23:13,660 --> 00:23:15,094 thanks to those good guys-- 480 00:23:15,094 --> 00:23:16,896 water vapor and carbon dioxide and methane, 481 00:23:16,896 --> 00:23:19,899 what we call greenhouse gases-- trapping heat; 482 00:23:19,899 --> 00:23:21,768 that's the good part of the story. 483 00:23:21,768 --> 00:23:24,971 The problem is that humans are competing with nature 484 00:23:24,971 --> 00:23:27,840 in that when we use our tailpipes and our smokestacks 485 00:23:27,840 --> 00:23:30,209 to put our wastes into the atmosphere, 486 00:23:30,209 --> 00:23:32,144 as if it is some kind of unpriced sewer, 487 00:23:32,144 --> 00:23:35,682 we're adding to that amount of greenhouse gases that's natural 488 00:23:35,682 --> 00:23:37,383 unnatural stuff-- 489 00:23:37,383 --> 00:23:39,318 mostly carbon dioxide, methane, 490 00:23:39,318 --> 00:23:41,654 chemicals that nobody has ever seen before-- 491 00:23:41,654 --> 00:23:43,389 chlorofluorocarbons, 492 00:23:43,389 --> 00:23:44,791 which also affect ozone-- 493 00:23:44,791 --> 00:23:47,894 and when they build up, they trap extra heat. 494 00:23:47,894 --> 00:23:50,563 And that's not controversial; that's well understood. 495 00:23:50,563 --> 00:23:51,931 We know we've increased 496 00:23:51,931 --> 00:23:54,233 carbon dioxide by about 30-35%, 497 00:23:54,233 --> 00:23:58,270 methane, 150%; added gases that never existed before, 498 00:23:58,270 --> 00:23:59,839 and the Earth is warmer. 499 00:23:59,839 --> 00:24:02,141 All of that goes together and makes global warming 500 00:24:02,141 --> 00:24:05,377 not only a reality but a concern for the future 501 00:24:05,377 --> 00:24:07,680 because we're continuing doing what we're doing 502 00:24:07,680 --> 00:24:09,381 at an accelerating rate. 503 00:24:09,381 --> 00:24:11,551 The record shows that greenhouse gases, 504 00:24:11,551 --> 00:24:12,852 carbon dioxide in particular, 505 00:24:12,852 --> 00:24:15,788 did not go above 280 parts per million 506 00:24:15,788 --> 00:24:18,658 over the last 650,000 years. 507 00:24:18,658 --> 00:24:20,827 We're now over 400 parts per million, 508 00:24:20,827 --> 00:24:23,996 coming close to what many scientists are now referring to 509 00:24:23,996 --> 00:24:26,465 as a tipping point... a tipping point 510 00:24:26,465 --> 00:24:28,868 where we lose control of climate. 511 00:24:28,868 --> 00:24:31,738 And once we've lost control of climate, 512 00:24:31,738 --> 00:24:33,405 then things like Katrina, 513 00:24:33,405 --> 00:24:36,876 Katrina-scale events, will become simply the norm. 514 00:24:36,876 --> 00:24:39,078 BILL McKIBBEN: Unless we're able 515 00:24:39,078 --> 00:24:42,281 to quickly reduce, very quickly and very dramatically reduce 516 00:24:42,281 --> 00:24:43,716 our use of fossil fuel, 517 00:24:43,716 --> 00:24:45,217 the computer modeling is pretty clear. 518 00:24:45,217 --> 00:24:48,621 Having increased the temperature one degree so far, 519 00:24:48,621 --> 00:24:51,023 will increase it about another five degrees; 520 00:24:51,023 --> 00:24:53,560 that will make the Earth warmer than it's been 521 00:24:53,560 --> 00:24:55,595 for tens of millions of years. 522 00:24:55,595 --> 00:24:57,964 Some scientists are amazed that in the media debate 523 00:24:57,964 --> 00:25:00,232 and in front of Congress, we hear about people who 524 00:25:00,232 --> 00:25:03,069 "I believe in" or "I don't believe in global warming," 525 00:25:03,069 --> 00:25:06,405 as if this were somehow some object of religion 526 00:25:06,405 --> 00:25:08,741 as opposed to based in evidence... 527 00:25:08,741 --> 00:25:11,277 and scientists look at evidence. 528 00:25:11,277 --> 00:25:13,680 The scientists have, um... 529 00:25:13,680 --> 00:25:15,782 a tremendous amount of agreement 530 00:25:15,782 --> 00:25:18,818 over some of the basic principles of global warming. 531 00:25:18,818 --> 00:25:20,553 Is the Earth warming? Absolutely. 532 00:25:20,553 --> 00:25:21,921 Is some portion of the warming 533 00:25:21,921 --> 00:25:23,990 due to human activity? Absolutely. 534 00:25:23,990 --> 00:25:26,659 These are things that there's a consensus 535 00:25:26,659 --> 00:25:28,260 in the international scientific community. 536 00:25:28,260 --> 00:25:29,962 JIM HANSEN: There's no doubt about that. 537 00:25:29,962 --> 00:25:34,100 The natural changes, the speed of the natural changes is 538 00:25:34,100 --> 00:25:37,036 now dwarfed by the changes that humans are making 539 00:25:37,036 --> 00:25:38,771 to the atmosphere and to the surface. 540 00:25:38,771 --> 00:25:40,239 Jim Hansen, who's the director 541 00:25:40,239 --> 00:25:42,474 of the NASA Institute for Space Studies, 542 00:25:42,474 --> 00:25:44,343 recently gave a best estimate, 543 00:25:44,343 --> 00:25:46,245 and that was based on research done last year, 544 00:25:46,245 --> 00:25:50,482 and the current estimate is that the Earth has warmed up 545 00:25:50,482 --> 00:25:53,185 by about seven-tenths of a degree centigrade, 546 00:25:53,185 --> 00:25:58,090 and even if we were to cap CO2, carbon dioxide emissions, 547 00:25:58,090 --> 00:25:59,659 to the level that they are now, 548 00:25:59,659 --> 00:26:02,094 the Earth should still warm by an additional... 549 00:26:02,094 --> 00:26:03,996 about a half a degree centigrade. 550 00:26:03,996 --> 00:26:05,665 McKIBBEN: It's been enough to melt 551 00:26:05,665 --> 00:26:08,400 20% of the sea ice in the Arctic. 552 00:26:08,400 --> 00:26:10,737 It's been enough to speed up 553 00:26:10,737 --> 00:26:15,007 the spin and duration of hurricanes about 50%. 554 00:26:15,007 --> 00:26:18,244 It's been enough to start the permafrost 555 00:26:18,244 --> 00:26:21,247 beneath the tundra, across the north melting. 556 00:26:21,247 --> 00:26:24,116 Even at the low range, a couple of degrees in the average 557 00:26:24,116 --> 00:26:25,584 can really change things profoundly 558 00:26:25,584 --> 00:26:27,253 in some parts of the world, 559 00:26:27,253 --> 00:26:28,721 where you have more of an amplifying effect, 560 00:26:28,721 --> 00:26:30,256 like in the Arctic. 561 00:26:30,256 --> 00:26:31,891 (loud rumbling) 562 00:26:31,891 --> 00:26:36,729 You can feel this, the chunk that we're on 563 00:26:36,729 --> 00:26:38,430 actually starting to fail a bit more, 564 00:26:38,430 --> 00:26:42,201 probably hairline cracks up the, um, towards the helos there. 565 00:26:46,438 --> 00:26:48,007 The human impacts, 566 00:26:48,007 --> 00:26:50,609 and particularly of what's happening with global warming, 567 00:26:50,609 --> 00:26:51,978 climate changes in the Arctic, 568 00:26:51,978 --> 00:26:55,547 it is happening first and fastest in the Arctic. 569 00:26:55,547 --> 00:26:58,284 We're starting to see that things are happening 570 00:26:58,284 --> 00:27:00,953 even faster than what scientists have indicated. 571 00:27:00,953 --> 00:27:02,889 By the end of the century, 572 00:27:02,889 --> 00:27:07,093 perhaps even in a few decades, the Arctic will be 573 00:27:07,093 --> 00:27:08,861 quite ice-free. 574 00:27:08,861 --> 00:27:12,031 The climate change is going to have 575 00:27:12,031 --> 00:27:14,500 a very strong and fundamental impact 576 00:27:14,500 --> 00:27:16,102 on the global water cycle. 577 00:27:16,102 --> 00:27:18,637 It's going to change rainfall patterns. 578 00:27:18,637 --> 00:27:22,909 It's going to very likely increase our experience 579 00:27:22,909 --> 00:27:24,476 with floods and droughts. 580 00:27:24,476 --> 00:27:26,412 It's almost certainly going to change 581 00:27:26,412 --> 00:27:28,547 the pattern of river flows throughout the year. 582 00:27:28,547 --> 00:27:32,051 And these are all very, very fundamental aspects 583 00:27:32,051 --> 00:27:34,954 of how we manage and use water. 584 00:27:34,954 --> 00:27:36,388 What global warming does-- 585 00:27:36,388 --> 00:27:38,925 or what the climate changes linked to global warming-- 586 00:27:38,925 --> 00:27:40,359 what those changes do is 587 00:27:40,359 --> 00:27:42,795 they add another dimension of uncertainty. 588 00:27:42,795 --> 00:27:44,697 It threatens your food security, for example. 589 00:27:44,697 --> 00:27:47,433 It threatens your water security. 590 00:27:47,433 --> 00:27:50,069 It threatens your sea level security. 591 00:27:50,069 --> 00:27:51,637 It threatens your security against storms and hurricanes 592 00:27:51,637 --> 00:27:53,840 and all these things that are in the news that we've seen. 593 00:27:53,840 --> 00:27:55,908 It's a national security problem 594 00:27:55,908 --> 00:27:58,310 in the sense that Florida might be the first affected 595 00:27:58,310 --> 00:28:00,579 as well as other coastal parts of the United States. 596 00:28:00,579 --> 00:28:02,114 But more importantly than that, 597 00:28:02,114 --> 00:28:04,851 it's an international security problem. 598 00:28:08,354 --> 00:28:11,157 The U.N. estimates that by the middle of the century, 599 00:28:11,157 --> 00:28:13,726 there may be 150 million environmental refugees 600 00:28:13,726 --> 00:28:16,362 at any given time from climate change. 601 00:28:16,362 --> 00:28:17,930 RAY ANDERSON: What we saw with Katrina, 602 00:28:17,930 --> 00:28:19,531 to me, is just prologue. 603 00:28:19,531 --> 00:28:23,903 I just think that the worst is yet to come on that front. 604 00:28:23,903 --> 00:28:28,274 Global warming is real and it's destructive, 605 00:28:28,274 --> 00:28:32,244 and its impacts defy the imagination. 606 00:28:32,244 --> 00:28:35,882 So we've got bad things happening on a lot of fronts, 607 00:28:35,882 --> 00:28:40,086 and Earth is hurting, and humans 608 00:28:40,086 --> 00:28:42,822 have not figured out how to change their ways, 609 00:28:42,822 --> 00:28:44,957 and we're the culprit. 610 00:28:54,500 --> 00:28:57,003 (somber theme playing) 611 00:29:04,076 --> 00:29:06,745 Global warming has taken much of our attention, 612 00:29:06,745 --> 00:29:08,180 as it should, 613 00:29:08,180 --> 00:29:10,382 but as carbon has been accumulating in the atmosphere, 614 00:29:10,382 --> 00:29:12,551 it has also been accumulating in the ocean. 615 00:29:12,551 --> 00:29:16,923 And as time has passed, deforestation, soil erosion, 616 00:29:16,923 --> 00:29:19,758 vanishing wetlands, and a whole host of other problems 617 00:29:19,758 --> 00:29:21,727 have continued unabated. 618 00:29:21,727 --> 00:29:24,363 We face a convergence of crises, 619 00:29:24,363 --> 00:29:27,766 all of which are a concern for life. 620 00:29:27,766 --> 00:29:31,003 (screeching) 621 00:29:33,539 --> 00:29:35,341 PAUL HAWKEN: The problem that confronts us is 622 00:29:35,341 --> 00:29:40,179 that every living system in the biosphere is in decline, 623 00:29:40,179 --> 00:29:42,514 and the rate of decline is accelerating. 624 00:29:42,514 --> 00:29:45,617 There isn't one peer-reviewed scientific article 625 00:29:45,617 --> 00:29:48,287 in the past 20 years, that's been published, 626 00:29:48,287 --> 00:29:50,556 that contradicts that statement. 627 00:29:50,556 --> 00:29:51,790 Living systems 628 00:29:51,790 --> 00:29:53,492 are coral reefs, 629 00:29:53,492 --> 00:29:56,996 there are climatic stability, forest cover, 630 00:29:56,996 --> 00:30:00,933 the oceans themselves, aquifers, water, 631 00:30:00,933 --> 00:30:03,903 the conditions of the soil, biodiversity, 632 00:30:03,903 --> 00:30:06,205 they go on an on as they get more specific. 633 00:30:06,205 --> 00:30:08,340 But the fact is, there isn't one living system 634 00:30:08,340 --> 00:30:10,742 that is stable or is improving; 635 00:30:10,742 --> 00:30:15,814 and those living systems provide the basis for all life. 636 00:30:15,814 --> 00:30:17,816 (whales vocalizing) 637 00:30:17,816 --> 00:30:20,519 I sat on a United Nations group 638 00:30:20,519 --> 00:30:22,588 called the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment-- 639 00:30:22,588 --> 00:30:25,224 a four-year study, the biggest study ever done 640 00:30:25,224 --> 00:30:26,993 of ecosystems around the world. 641 00:30:26,993 --> 00:30:30,029 It involved over 1,300 scientists 642 00:30:30,029 --> 00:30:32,098 from 71 countries in the world. 643 00:30:32,098 --> 00:30:35,801 At the end of that, in March of 2005, 644 00:30:35,801 --> 00:30:37,636 the final reports came in; 645 00:30:37,636 --> 00:30:42,441 and they documented the staggering destruction 646 00:30:42,441 --> 00:30:46,078 of ecosystems and the services they perform for us 647 00:30:46,078 --> 00:30:47,346 around the world. 648 00:30:47,346 --> 00:30:49,949 We better, first of all, acknowledge 649 00:30:49,949 --> 00:30:51,984 that the planet is seamless. 650 00:30:51,984 --> 00:30:55,354 For instance, the fertilizer and the pesticides 651 00:30:55,354 --> 00:30:59,791 that are applied in the fields of the upper Midwest 652 00:30:59,791 --> 00:31:02,228 go down the Mississippi 653 00:31:02,228 --> 00:31:08,167 and 1,100 miles away, there's a dead zone. 654 00:31:08,167 --> 00:31:11,770 The reality with air pollution is there's no "away." 655 00:31:11,770 --> 00:31:16,408 Impacts can range from headaches, drowsiness, lethargy 656 00:31:16,408 --> 00:31:18,810 to much more serious impacts. 657 00:31:18,810 --> 00:31:21,380 Not only aggravating asthma but actually causing asthma. 658 00:31:21,380 --> 00:31:24,283 People didn't talk about asthma a few decades ago. 659 00:31:24,283 --> 00:31:27,819 Now I can walk into a classroom in a public elementary school 660 00:31:27,819 --> 00:31:30,589 and ask the kids, "How many of you have asthma?" 661 00:31:30,589 --> 00:31:32,724 and you'll see 30% of the kids in the room 662 00:31:32,724 --> 00:31:35,361 will have their hands raised-- at least 30%. 663 00:31:35,361 --> 00:31:37,596 You know, in some classrooms, it'll be 60%. 664 00:31:37,596 --> 00:31:40,632 There's an ocean crisis that is occurring right now, 665 00:31:40,632 --> 00:31:42,434 and the upshot is 666 00:31:42,434 --> 00:31:45,504 that we've taken too much out of the ocean; 667 00:31:45,504 --> 00:31:48,474 we've put too much into the ocean--too much pollution-- 668 00:31:48,474 --> 00:31:50,576 and we're wrecking the edge of the ocean. 669 00:31:50,576 --> 00:31:54,080 We've lost 90% of most of the big fish in the sea 670 00:31:54,080 --> 00:31:56,515 in half a century, so we're turning 671 00:31:56,515 --> 00:31:58,684 to deeper areas, further areas offshore. 672 00:31:58,684 --> 00:32:01,887 NICHOLS: So between over-fishing and bycatch, 673 00:32:01,887 --> 00:32:03,489 we're really removing 674 00:32:03,489 --> 00:32:07,159 millions...billions of animals from the ocean every year. 675 00:32:07,159 --> 00:32:10,462 Uh, many of them don't even become, um, 676 00:32:10,462 --> 00:32:13,799 food for humans; they just are wasted. 677 00:32:13,799 --> 00:32:15,867 What we put into the ocean-- 678 00:32:15,867 --> 00:32:20,472 millions of tons of things that aren't natural to the sea 679 00:32:20,472 --> 00:32:23,109 that come back to us in perverse ways. 680 00:32:23,109 --> 00:32:24,510 Some fish concentrate 681 00:32:24,510 --> 00:32:26,945 these substances-- things like mercury, 682 00:32:26,945 --> 00:32:29,081 heavy metals of various sorts, 683 00:32:29,081 --> 00:32:30,482 the pesticides, the herbicides. 684 00:32:30,482 --> 00:32:32,051 DIANE WILSON: Corporations, 685 00:32:32,051 --> 00:32:33,419 they dump an equivalent... 686 00:32:33,419 --> 00:32:35,587 you know, at the... at the smallest, 687 00:32:35,587 --> 00:32:40,993 they do five million gallons per day of toxins into the bay. 688 00:32:40,993 --> 00:32:43,062 It's everything from benzene 689 00:32:43,062 --> 00:32:46,198 to acrylnitril to mercury to copper to... 690 00:32:46,198 --> 00:32:48,334 you name it, they've got it. 691 00:32:48,334 --> 00:32:50,436 A lot of the chemicals that have become 692 00:32:50,436 --> 00:32:53,372 very common in our world today-- things in plastics, 693 00:32:53,372 --> 00:32:55,574 uh, artificial colors, pesticides-- 694 00:32:55,574 --> 00:32:58,777 are really high on the list of suspect agents 695 00:32:58,777 --> 00:33:00,279 that promote cancer, 696 00:33:00,279 --> 00:33:02,681 that promote premature aging, that increase risks 697 00:33:02,681 --> 00:33:04,983 of chronic degenerative diseases. 698 00:33:04,983 --> 00:33:06,152 THEO COLBORN: Why don't we 699 00:33:06,152 --> 00:33:08,187 think about some of these disorders, 700 00:33:08,187 --> 00:33:11,090 such as autism, 701 00:33:11,090 --> 00:33:14,226 ADHD, childhood cancers, 702 00:33:14,226 --> 00:33:16,162 childhood diabetes, 703 00:33:16,162 --> 00:33:19,331 childhood behavioral problems, 704 00:33:19,331 --> 00:33:20,899 Parkinson's disorders. 705 00:33:20,899 --> 00:33:24,170 This has now even been linked with Alzheimer's disorders. 706 00:33:24,170 --> 00:33:26,272 And then, of course, we've got 707 00:33:26,272 --> 00:33:29,007 the early onsets of testicular cancers in males, 708 00:33:29,007 --> 00:33:31,777 the epidemic of, uh, prostate cancer 709 00:33:31,777 --> 00:33:34,913 and breast cancers. 710 00:33:34,913 --> 00:33:36,648 The list just keeps growing, 711 00:33:36,648 --> 00:33:39,285 and exposure to chemicals while in the womb, 712 00:33:39,285 --> 00:33:41,487 prior to birth, could be contributing 713 00:33:41,487 --> 00:33:44,156 to these disturbing findings. 714 00:33:44,156 --> 00:33:47,426 The communities that are most impacted by pollution, 715 00:33:47,426 --> 00:33:50,196 in fact, have the most toxic sources of pollution, 716 00:33:50,196 --> 00:33:53,299 are often low-income communities of color. 717 00:33:53,299 --> 00:33:55,734 They're the dumping grounds for power plants, 718 00:33:55,734 --> 00:33:58,204 they're the dumping grounds for bus depots, 719 00:33:58,204 --> 00:34:00,038 for oil refineries, for any number 720 00:34:00,038 --> 00:34:02,274 of waste facilities, and everything 721 00:34:02,274 --> 00:34:04,076 that no one else wants, 722 00:34:04,076 --> 00:34:05,711 whether it's the South Bronx, 723 00:34:05,711 --> 00:34:08,314 whether it's Louisiana, in Cancer Alley. 724 00:34:08,314 --> 00:34:10,349 Our food is becoming poisoned 725 00:34:10,349 --> 00:34:13,219 to the point that we should worry about it. 726 00:34:13,219 --> 00:34:14,953 There's less and less of it. 727 00:34:14,953 --> 00:34:19,057 Uh, the water, it's becoming more and more unhealthy 728 00:34:19,057 --> 00:34:20,926 to just swim in the ocean. 729 00:34:20,926 --> 00:34:23,762 And all of these are... 730 00:34:23,762 --> 00:34:26,798 are simple to understand-- 731 00:34:26,798 --> 00:34:29,000 um, canaries in the coal mine 732 00:34:29,000 --> 00:34:33,872 of much more subtle and scary disasters on the horizon. 733 00:34:33,872 --> 00:34:37,143 TZEPORAH BERMAN: 70 countries in the world 734 00:34:37,143 --> 00:34:39,145 no longer have any intact 735 00:34:39,145 --> 00:34:40,812 or original forests. 736 00:34:40,812 --> 00:34:45,217 And here in the United States, 95% of our old-growth forests 737 00:34:45,217 --> 00:34:47,753 are already gone. 738 00:34:50,021 --> 00:34:53,325 GLORIA FLORA: In many cases, the forests will not grow back, 739 00:34:53,325 --> 00:34:56,228 and that land is then converted to grassland. 740 00:34:56,228 --> 00:34:58,164 But in the case of rain forests, 741 00:34:58,164 --> 00:35:02,301 we have seen firsthand that when those trees are removed, 742 00:35:02,301 --> 00:35:04,603 no, they do not come back, the land becomes 743 00:35:04,603 --> 00:35:06,838 extremely dry, and the nutrient cycling 744 00:35:06,838 --> 00:35:10,976 that those trees used to do is no longer functioning. 745 00:35:10,976 --> 00:35:13,712 What that leads to next: deserts. 746 00:35:13,712 --> 00:35:15,847 We've seen them, and we've watched them grow 747 00:35:15,847 --> 00:35:16,915 around the world. 748 00:35:16,915 --> 00:35:18,750 As we have removed trees 749 00:35:18,750 --> 00:35:22,221 from along the edges of very dry areas, 750 00:35:22,221 --> 00:35:23,655 that desertification 751 00:35:23,655 --> 00:35:26,792 has spread where there used to be forests. 752 00:35:26,792 --> 00:35:30,128 In my own part of the world, 753 00:35:30,128 --> 00:35:34,966 I keep telling people, let us not cut trees irresponsibly. 754 00:35:34,966 --> 00:35:41,807 Let us not destroy, especially, the forested mountains. 755 00:35:41,807 --> 00:35:45,010 Because if you destroy the forests 756 00:35:45,010 --> 00:35:48,247 on these mountains, the rivers will stop flowing, 757 00:35:48,247 --> 00:35:51,483 and the rains will become irregular, 758 00:35:51,483 --> 00:35:56,021 and the crops will fail, and you will die 759 00:35:56,021 --> 00:35:59,591 of hunger and starvation. 760 00:35:59,591 --> 00:36:03,562 Now, the problem is, people don't make those linkages. 761 00:36:03,562 --> 00:36:06,998 Well over 30% of the soils of the planet 762 00:36:06,998 --> 00:36:09,768 have been put into the category 763 00:36:09,768 --> 00:36:12,238 of...I think, 764 00:36:12,238 --> 00:36:14,105 serious degradation. 765 00:36:14,105 --> 00:36:17,709 And the practices of agriculture 766 00:36:17,709 --> 00:36:20,412 is eroding that ecological capital 767 00:36:20,412 --> 00:36:23,549 that is as much, for all practical purposes, 768 00:36:23,549 --> 00:36:25,717 a nonrenewable resource as oil. 769 00:36:25,717 --> 00:36:28,320 One of the things we don't see or think about 770 00:36:28,320 --> 00:36:30,756 when we look at a tree is: what's the volume? 771 00:36:30,756 --> 00:36:32,724 How much water could be contained there? 772 00:36:32,724 --> 00:36:35,794 It turns out to be 57,000 gallons 773 00:36:35,794 --> 00:36:39,398 of water in a ten- to 12-inch flash flood. 774 00:36:39,398 --> 00:36:42,634 It can grab that much water, prevent it from running off. 775 00:36:42,634 --> 00:36:45,003 Captures it in that sponge, cleans it, 776 00:36:45,003 --> 00:36:47,072 puts it back in the aquifer. 777 00:36:47,072 --> 00:36:49,708 Take that one tree away, 778 00:36:49,708 --> 00:36:52,278 and you've got a flood, 779 00:36:52,278 --> 00:36:54,212 you've got soil erosion, 780 00:36:54,212 --> 00:36:55,881 you've lost those 57,000 gallons 781 00:36:55,881 --> 00:36:59,785 from the local water supply, and then, that water is rushing 782 00:36:59,785 --> 00:37:03,389 on downstream, hurting people, hurting communities, 783 00:37:03,389 --> 00:37:06,091 ultimately polluting the ocean. 784 00:37:06,091 --> 00:37:11,697 We really could tip the ocean into a different state. 785 00:37:11,697 --> 00:37:15,667 The health of the ocean as we know it depends on the... 786 00:37:15,667 --> 00:37:19,338 the water turning over, of the surface water 787 00:37:19,338 --> 00:37:20,906 sinking to the bottom, 788 00:37:20,906 --> 00:37:23,174 and the bottom water coming up to the top. 789 00:37:23,174 --> 00:37:28,213 It's conceivable that we could turn that conveyor belt off 790 00:37:28,213 --> 00:37:32,284 by warming of the surface of the ocean a little bit too much, 791 00:37:32,284 --> 00:37:36,087 and if we do that, we... with all of our dead zones, 792 00:37:36,087 --> 00:37:37,489 we could make the surface, 793 00:37:37,489 --> 00:37:39,858 the whole damn surface ocean stagnant, 794 00:37:39,858 --> 00:37:42,661 and that's a... that's a terrifying thought. 795 00:37:42,661 --> 00:37:44,763 The last time that happened, uh, 796 00:37:44,763 --> 00:37:47,232 was the end-Permian mass extinction, 797 00:37:47,232 --> 00:37:49,368 and more than 95% 798 00:37:49,368 --> 00:37:52,938 of all the species on the Earth went extinct. 799 00:37:52,938 --> 00:37:55,907 (slow, somber theme plays) 800 00:38:04,816 --> 00:38:06,752 * * 801 00:38:12,558 --> 00:38:16,728 (man singing slow, mournful ballad) 802 00:38:26,438 --> 00:38:28,474 * * 803 00:38:38,350 --> 00:38:40,486 * * 804 00:38:50,429 --> 00:38:52,431 * * 805 00:39:01,407 --> 00:39:03,575 * * 806 00:39:06,311 --> 00:39:09,481 (song ends) 807 00:39:14,720 --> 00:39:16,888 DiCAPRIO: The simple fact is, 808 00:39:16,888 --> 00:39:19,825 ecosystems that sustain life are unraveling-- 809 00:39:19,825 --> 00:39:23,328 systems that have evolved for hundreds of millions of years. 810 00:39:23,328 --> 00:39:25,431 The evidence is now clear. 811 00:39:25,431 --> 00:39:29,435 Industrial civilization has caused irreparable damage, 812 00:39:29,435 --> 00:39:32,370 and our impact is only accelerating. 813 00:39:32,370 --> 00:39:34,339 We have lost the last 30 years 814 00:39:34,339 --> 00:39:35,774 in the war against global warming. 815 00:39:35,774 --> 00:39:37,509 The questions then arise: 816 00:39:37,509 --> 00:39:39,277 Why aren't we responding? 817 00:39:39,277 --> 00:39:43,915 But more important, what are the forces that are blocking change? 818 00:39:45,984 --> 00:39:48,787 AUSUBEL: Probably the greatest weapon of mass destruction 819 00:39:48,787 --> 00:39:51,490 is corporate economic globalization, 820 00:39:51,490 --> 00:39:53,959 and there's always been, um, a greed factor 821 00:39:53,959 --> 00:39:55,461 in human civilization, 822 00:39:55,461 --> 00:39:58,797 and, uh, what has happened with the creation of corporations, 823 00:39:58,797 --> 00:40:01,533 which are the dominant institution of our age, is that 824 00:40:01,533 --> 00:40:03,334 they have perfected that as a system. 825 00:40:03,334 --> 00:40:07,005 And, um, what we literally face today is that this 826 00:40:07,005 --> 00:40:09,975 is going to kill off our host, the planet. 827 00:40:09,975 --> 00:40:11,309 Today, ecosystems-- 828 00:40:11,309 --> 00:40:13,144 forests, streams, lakes, rivers-- 829 00:40:13,144 --> 00:40:15,847 they have no rights, they're property, 830 00:40:15,847 --> 00:40:18,617 which means they can be bought, sold, destroyed, 831 00:40:18,617 --> 00:40:20,719 traded, carved up. 832 00:40:20,719 --> 00:40:22,287 Under this structure of law, 833 00:40:22,287 --> 00:40:24,389 you're either property or you're a person, 834 00:40:24,389 --> 00:40:26,825 and it's very clear that nature is property. 835 00:40:26,825 --> 00:40:31,530 And so, the reason why we have these reams of documents 836 00:40:31,530 --> 00:40:34,165 in the libraries about solutions, about solar, 837 00:40:34,165 --> 00:40:37,703 about how to produce food in a sustainable way, 838 00:40:37,703 --> 00:40:39,337 about transportation, 839 00:40:39,337 --> 00:40:41,473 about changing the production methods 840 00:40:41,473 --> 00:40:43,509 and putting in place 841 00:40:43,509 --> 00:40:46,645 a sustainable economy that respects the planet 842 00:40:46,645 --> 00:40:48,580 is that we've lacked the authority 843 00:40:48,580 --> 00:40:50,716 to drive those things into law. 844 00:40:50,716 --> 00:40:52,984 Because, in reality, we have a constitution 845 00:40:52,984 --> 00:40:56,688 that empowers the corporate few to make decisions 846 00:40:56,688 --> 00:40:58,524 that trump the majority, 847 00:40:58,524 --> 00:41:02,060 and it has been our failure to drive real law into place 848 00:41:02,060 --> 00:41:04,295 because we don't have the authority. 849 00:41:04,295 --> 00:41:05,597 The reality is, 850 00:41:05,597 --> 00:41:07,032 we have very responsive political leaders, 851 00:41:07,032 --> 00:41:08,600 they're just responsive to wealth and to money, 852 00:41:08,600 --> 00:41:10,468 uh, and to corporate power. 853 00:41:10,468 --> 00:41:13,338 Um, ExxonMobil, one oil company, 854 00:41:13,338 --> 00:41:15,140 is worth more than the sum 855 00:41:15,140 --> 00:41:17,509 of the value of all the auto companies 856 00:41:17,509 --> 00:41:18,877 in the whole wide world. 857 00:41:18,877 --> 00:41:20,879 That is a big company. 858 00:41:20,879 --> 00:41:23,181 People say, gee, why aren't politicians responding 859 00:41:23,181 --> 00:41:25,884 to the global climate crisis? Why aren't they... 860 00:41:25,884 --> 00:41:27,485 Because they're responsive to some... 861 00:41:27,485 --> 00:41:29,054 to a higher power, unfortunately. 862 00:41:29,054 --> 00:41:31,657 And right now, that higher power is the fossil fuel industry. 863 00:41:31,657 --> 00:41:35,093 MAN: You're responsible for editing "Our Changing Planet," 864 00:41:35,093 --> 00:41:37,295 and you send a review draft to the White House. 865 00:41:37,295 --> 00:41:38,797 What happens? 866 00:41:38,797 --> 00:41:42,467 Uh, it comes back, uh, 867 00:41:42,467 --> 00:41:47,573 with a large number of edits, 868 00:41:47,573 --> 00:41:51,409 hand-written on the hard copy 869 00:41:51,409 --> 00:41:54,179 by the chief of staff 870 00:41:54,179 --> 00:41:56,514 of the Counsel on Environmental Quality. 871 00:41:56,514 --> 00:41:58,550 And the chief of staff is whom? 872 00:41:58,550 --> 00:42:00,251 Phil Cooney. 873 00:42:00,251 --> 00:42:02,387 He is a scientist? 874 00:42:02,387 --> 00:42:03,955 No, he's a lawyer 875 00:42:03,955 --> 00:42:06,658 who was a lobbyist for the American Petroleum Institute 876 00:42:06,658 --> 00:42:08,794 before going into the White House. 877 00:42:08,794 --> 00:42:11,630 Our people have a growing suspicion 878 00:42:11,630 --> 00:42:14,766 that the oil companies are taking unfair advantage 879 00:42:14,766 --> 00:42:17,002 of the current market conditions 880 00:42:17,002 --> 00:42:20,872 to line their coffers with excess profits. 881 00:42:22,440 --> 00:42:24,375 ORR: On the issues 882 00:42:24,375 --> 00:42:26,712 of climate change and environment, 883 00:42:26,712 --> 00:42:28,513 the political system has failed us. 884 00:42:28,513 --> 00:42:31,650 It's not first and foremost a crisis of technology. 885 00:42:31,650 --> 00:42:33,819 It isn't even a crisis of public opinion. 886 00:42:33,819 --> 00:42:36,855 If you ask the public, uh, do you want solar energy, 887 00:42:36,855 --> 00:42:38,556 do you want efficient appliances, 888 00:42:38,556 --> 00:42:40,058 do you want efficient cars, 889 00:42:40,058 --> 00:42:42,260 the answers come back overwhelmingly: Yes, we do. 890 00:42:42,260 --> 00:42:47,398 It's the bridge across this chasm of public opinion 891 00:42:47,398 --> 00:42:50,201 to public policy, that's called government-- 892 00:42:50,201 --> 00:42:52,370 that's where the failure has been. 893 00:42:52,370 --> 00:42:54,840 That bridge has fallen into disrepair. 894 00:42:54,840 --> 00:42:58,376 There was a time in the 1960s and 1970s 895 00:42:58,376 --> 00:43:01,479 when Republicans and Democrats in the United States 896 00:43:01,479 --> 00:43:03,915 joined to pass the major environmental laws of the time-- 897 00:43:03,915 --> 00:43:05,450 the National Environmental Policy Act, 898 00:43:05,450 --> 00:43:07,018 the Clean Air Act, 899 00:43:07,018 --> 00:43:09,387 the Clean Water Act, the Endangered Species Act. 900 00:43:09,387 --> 00:43:13,725 Those were done by Republicans and Democrats coming together, 901 00:43:13,725 --> 00:43:16,127 and that system is now broken. 902 00:43:16,127 --> 00:43:19,731 And part of the crisis is, uh, as everybody knows, 903 00:43:19,731 --> 00:43:22,600 it's that there is money-- too much money-- 904 00:43:22,600 --> 00:43:23,869 in the political system. 905 00:43:23,869 --> 00:43:25,871 TOM LINZEY: We need to understand that 906 00:43:25,871 --> 00:43:27,172 even folks like Jefferson said, 907 00:43:27,172 --> 00:43:29,107 we have to remake and rewrite the Constitution 908 00:43:29,107 --> 00:43:31,042 every generation to meet our need. 909 00:43:31,042 --> 00:43:33,745 Do we think that the Founding Fathers understood anything 910 00:43:33,745 --> 00:43:37,816 about global warming or deforestation or, uh, 911 00:43:37,816 --> 00:43:40,218 the massive amounts of toxic chemicals 912 00:43:40,218 --> 00:43:42,888 that are pumped into our atmosphere and into our air 913 00:43:42,888 --> 00:43:46,124 and water, land and soil every day. 914 00:43:46,124 --> 00:43:48,359 What we need to do is find a harmony 915 00:43:48,359 --> 00:43:49,728 between people and nature. 916 00:43:49,728 --> 00:43:51,562 And one of the only ways to do that 917 00:43:51,562 --> 00:43:54,866 is to drive and recognize that nature has rights, too. 918 00:43:54,866 --> 00:43:57,002 (explosion thunders) 919 00:44:00,772 --> 00:44:03,474 HERMAN DALY: I think the most, uh, 920 00:44:03,474 --> 00:44:06,778 basic thing to understand about our global economic system 921 00:44:06,778 --> 00:44:09,047 is that it's a subsystem, 922 00:44:09,047 --> 00:44:12,684 and it's a subsystem of a larger system. 923 00:44:12,684 --> 00:44:14,252 The larger system is the biosphere, 924 00:44:14,252 --> 00:44:17,856 and the subsystem is the economy. 925 00:44:17,856 --> 00:44:19,390 The problem, of course, 926 00:44:19,390 --> 00:44:22,928 is that our subsystem, the economy, is geared 927 00:44:22,928 --> 00:44:26,765 for growth--it's all set up to grow, to expand-- 928 00:44:26,765 --> 00:44:30,401 whereas the parent system doesn't grow, 929 00:44:30,401 --> 00:44:32,070 it remains the same size. 930 00:44:32,070 --> 00:44:34,906 So as the economy grows, it displaces, 931 00:44:34,906 --> 00:44:36,842 it encroaches upon 932 00:44:36,842 --> 00:44:40,311 the biosphere, and this is a fundamental cost, 933 00:44:40,311 --> 00:44:43,048 this is the fundamental opportunity cost 934 00:44:43,048 --> 00:44:44,415 of economic growth. 935 00:44:44,415 --> 00:44:46,117 That's what you give up when you expand. 936 00:44:46,117 --> 00:44:48,053 You give up what used to be there. 937 00:44:48,053 --> 00:44:50,021 So economists don't include 938 00:44:50,021 --> 00:44:52,791 all of the things that nature does for us for nothing. 939 00:44:52,791 --> 00:44:54,492 Some technologies 940 00:44:54,492 --> 00:44:57,562 would never be able to do what nature does. 941 00:44:57,562 --> 00:44:59,965 For example, pollinating all of the flowering plants. 942 00:44:59,965 --> 00:45:01,266 What would it cost us 943 00:45:01,266 --> 00:45:03,634 to take carbon dioxide out of the air 944 00:45:03,634 --> 00:45:05,136 and put oxygen back in it, 945 00:45:05,136 --> 00:45:08,039 which all the green things do for us for nothing? 946 00:45:08,039 --> 00:45:09,975 It's possible to do a crude estimate 947 00:45:09,975 --> 00:45:11,977 of what it would cost us to replace nature. 948 00:45:11,977 --> 00:45:14,212 Well, it turns out, Constanza-- 949 00:45:14,212 --> 00:45:17,648 this is several years ago-- estimated it would cost us 950 00:45:17,648 --> 00:45:20,952 $35 trillion a year 951 00:45:20,952 --> 00:45:24,089 to do what nature is doing for us for nothing. 952 00:45:24,089 --> 00:45:27,125 Now, to put that in perspective, if you added up 953 00:45:27,125 --> 00:45:28,860 all of the annual economies 954 00:45:28,860 --> 00:45:31,429 of all the countries in the world at that time, 955 00:45:31,429 --> 00:45:33,498 it came to $18 trillion. 956 00:45:33,498 --> 00:45:37,869 So nature was doing twice as much service for us 957 00:45:37,869 --> 00:45:39,871 as the economies of the world, 958 00:45:39,871 --> 00:45:42,808 and in the madness of conventional economics, 959 00:45:42,808 --> 00:45:45,143 this isn't in the equation. 960 00:45:45,143 --> 00:45:48,847 Somehow, in the last few decades in business school, 961 00:45:48,847 --> 00:45:51,249 and the MBAs that these CEOs have, 962 00:45:51,249 --> 00:45:53,284 they were trained that the object of their business 963 00:45:53,284 --> 00:45:55,253 is growth, as if that were an end. 964 00:45:55,253 --> 00:45:57,022 It's not an end; it's a means. 965 00:45:57,022 --> 00:45:59,024 And we've flipped the ends and the means, 966 00:45:59,024 --> 00:46:02,060 and if we can get the end back-- quality of life-- 967 00:46:02,060 --> 00:46:03,628 then we have to look at the contradictions, 968 00:46:03,628 --> 00:46:06,965 because the wrong kind of growth reduces our quality of life, 969 00:46:06,965 --> 00:46:08,967 and we have to retake that back. 970 00:46:08,967 --> 00:46:13,104 I think the industrial system has to be reinvented. 971 00:46:13,104 --> 00:46:14,439 Today, 972 00:46:14,439 --> 00:46:17,042 the throughput of the industrial system, 973 00:46:17,042 --> 00:46:18,910 from mine and wellhead 974 00:46:18,910 --> 00:46:20,345 through to finished product that ends up 975 00:46:20,345 --> 00:46:22,513 in a landfill or an incinerator, 976 00:46:22,513 --> 00:46:25,250 for every truckload of product with lasting value, 977 00:46:25,250 --> 00:46:27,685 32 truckloads of waste are produced. 978 00:46:27,685 --> 00:46:31,356 And that, you know, it's mind-boggling, but it's true. 979 00:46:31,356 --> 00:46:36,194 So we have a system that is a waste-making system. 980 00:46:36,194 --> 00:46:38,696 Clearly, we cannot continue to dig up the Earth 981 00:46:38,696 --> 00:46:40,065 and turn it to waste. 982 00:46:43,068 --> 00:46:45,336 DiCAPRIO: In our modern, globalized world, 983 00:46:45,336 --> 00:46:47,505 growth continues to be the focus 984 00:46:47,505 --> 00:46:49,607 of many corporations and governments 985 00:46:49,607 --> 00:46:52,610 who deplete our environment for economic gain. 986 00:46:52,610 --> 00:46:57,082 But what about us-- as individuals, as consumers? 987 00:46:57,082 --> 00:46:59,484 To what extent are we participants 988 00:46:59,484 --> 00:47:02,820 in the destruction of our biosphere? 989 00:47:04,990 --> 00:47:07,959 The problem is not a problem of technology; 990 00:47:07,959 --> 00:47:11,062 the problem is not a problem of...of, uh, 991 00:47:11,062 --> 00:47:12,397 too much carbon dioxide; 992 00:47:12,397 --> 00:47:14,499 the problem is not a problem of global warming; 993 00:47:14,499 --> 00:47:17,102 the problem is not a problem of waste. 994 00:47:17,102 --> 00:47:19,570 All of those things are symptoms of the problem. 995 00:47:19,570 --> 00:47:22,373 The problem is the way that we are thinking. 996 00:47:22,373 --> 00:47:25,076 The problem is fundamentally a cultural problem. 997 00:47:25,076 --> 00:47:28,013 It's at the level of our culture 998 00:47:28,013 --> 00:47:30,949 that this illness is happening. 999 00:47:30,949 --> 00:47:32,783 ORR: We're now products 1000 00:47:32,783 --> 00:47:35,921 of $500 billion of advertising, uh, each year. 1001 00:47:35,921 --> 00:47:39,390 By the time a child comes to college or grows up through, 1002 00:47:39,390 --> 00:47:41,159 uh...school 1003 00:47:41,159 --> 00:47:42,760 and is a first-year student in college, 1004 00:47:42,760 --> 00:47:45,596 they'll have seen thousands of hours of television-- 1005 00:47:45,596 --> 00:47:49,067 on average, four hours and some minutes per day. 1006 00:47:49,067 --> 00:47:51,269 And as a result, as one study showed, 1007 00:47:51,269 --> 00:47:54,105 they could identify a thousand corporate logos 1008 00:47:54,105 --> 00:47:56,174 but fewer than ten plants and animals 1009 00:47:56,174 --> 00:47:57,976 native to their own place. 1010 00:47:57,976 --> 00:48:01,346 And so we become not only consumers 1011 00:48:01,346 --> 00:48:05,583 but hugely ignorant of the terms by which we live on the Earth. 1012 00:48:05,583 --> 00:48:08,954 Well, Americans are spending their time working and spending. 1013 00:48:08,954 --> 00:48:11,389 That's where most of our time is going. 1014 00:48:11,389 --> 00:48:13,258 BETSY TAYLOR: An average American goes shopping, 1015 00:48:13,258 --> 00:48:15,093 in one way or another, five times a week. 1016 00:48:15,093 --> 00:48:17,228 During the day, we spend most of our time working 1017 00:48:17,228 --> 00:48:20,431 to make the money so that we can shop. 1018 00:48:20,431 --> 00:48:22,133 And there's a growing weariness 1019 00:48:22,133 --> 00:48:25,303 of having to hold up the global economy, 1020 00:48:25,303 --> 00:48:28,139 having to sort of keep up with the Joneses. 1021 00:48:28,139 --> 00:48:30,275 So while everything's getting bigger-- 1022 00:48:30,275 --> 00:48:34,845 our bathtubs, our houses, our vehicles, our waistlines-- 1023 00:48:34,845 --> 00:48:36,181 we're running out of time. 1024 00:48:36,181 --> 00:48:38,916 We have less of the things we really care about. 1025 00:48:38,916 --> 00:48:41,052 In America, people are so insulated 1026 00:48:41,052 --> 00:48:43,388 by our astonishing concentration of wealth. 1027 00:48:43,388 --> 00:48:45,256 I mean, Americans spend more money 1028 00:48:45,256 --> 00:48:47,358 maintaining our lawns 1029 00:48:47,358 --> 00:48:49,560 than India collects in federal tax revenue. 1030 00:48:49,560 --> 00:48:52,597 Our defense budget, which is a trivial percentage of GDP, 1031 00:48:52,597 --> 00:48:55,666 is larger than the entire economy of Australia. 1032 00:48:55,666 --> 00:48:58,036 So, kind of anesthetized by our own wealth, 1033 00:48:58,036 --> 00:49:00,338 we forget how the majority of the world lives 1034 00:49:00,338 --> 00:49:02,207 and, indeed, how the majority of the world looks. 1035 00:49:02,207 --> 00:49:03,908 NATHAN GARDELS: So where we are now 1036 00:49:03,908 --> 00:49:08,379 as a civilization is... I wouldn't...I would call... 1037 00:49:08,379 --> 00:49:10,315 consumerism is the leading ideology, 1038 00:49:10,315 --> 00:49:11,816 even consumer democracy. 1039 00:49:11,816 --> 00:49:15,353 Consumer democracy in the sense that...any regime, 1040 00:49:15,353 --> 00:49:18,456 whether it's the Chinese regime, the U.S. regime, 1041 00:49:18,456 --> 00:49:22,060 has to give people what they want and when they want it, 1042 00:49:22,060 --> 00:49:23,794 which is now, 1043 00:49:23,794 --> 00:49:25,130 and people want consumer goods. 1044 00:49:25,130 --> 00:49:26,864 Once commodities become 1045 00:49:26,864 --> 00:49:28,733 cultural symbols, 1046 00:49:28,733 --> 00:49:32,103 whether it's a cell phone in rural China 1047 00:49:32,103 --> 00:49:34,239 or a Lamborghini in, uh, Malibu, 1048 00:49:34,239 --> 00:49:36,141 there's no stopping that. 1049 00:49:36,141 --> 00:49:38,443 You have to change the object of desire 1050 00:49:38,443 --> 00:49:41,246 in order to get to the root of the problem. 1051 00:49:41,246 --> 00:49:43,414 People believe in choice, 1052 00:49:43,414 --> 00:49:45,683 and choice means consumerism for most people. 1053 00:49:45,683 --> 00:49:48,119 There is no mileage, uh, in trying 1054 00:49:48,119 --> 00:49:49,554 to save the planet by telling people 1055 00:49:49,554 --> 00:49:51,122 they're making the wrong choice. 1056 00:49:51,122 --> 00:49:52,523 It's not gonna work. 1057 00:49:52,523 --> 00:49:56,394 SHOPPERS: Four, three, two, one! 1058 00:50:03,368 --> 00:50:07,638 You have to change the idea behind limitless expansion, 1059 00:50:07,638 --> 00:50:11,342 uh, in a phrase, from well-having to well-being. 1060 00:50:11,342 --> 00:50:13,111 It's a cultural transformation. 1061 00:50:13,111 --> 00:50:15,213 BETSY TAYLOR: We've always, as humans, 1062 00:50:15,213 --> 00:50:17,615 had material desires. 1063 00:50:17,615 --> 00:50:21,152 Material things are part of how we do define who we are. 1064 00:50:21,152 --> 00:50:23,554 So it's not that consumption is bad, 1065 00:50:23,554 --> 00:50:26,691 it's that it's gotten totally out of balance. 1066 00:50:28,293 --> 00:50:30,695 JERRY MANDER: Media really is the instrument 1067 00:50:30,695 --> 00:50:35,333 by which knowledge is passed in our society. 1068 00:50:35,333 --> 00:50:37,802 We no longer get knowledge directly from the Earth, 1069 00:50:37,802 --> 00:50:42,073 we're no longer in touch with the sources of our survival, 1070 00:50:42,073 --> 00:50:46,111 we no longer, for the most part, in Western industrial society, 1071 00:50:46,111 --> 00:50:48,045 we're no longer growing our food 1072 00:50:48,045 --> 00:50:49,814 or taking care of our own sustenance 1073 00:50:49,814 --> 00:50:52,917 or learning directly from our own experience 1074 00:50:52,917 --> 00:50:57,088 or having our family be the root of our choices. 1075 00:50:57,088 --> 00:51:00,758 Basically, we're like the astronaut in space, you know? 1076 00:51:00,758 --> 00:51:02,059 We're floating around 1077 00:51:02,059 --> 00:51:04,195 in a metallic, re-created universe, 1078 00:51:04,195 --> 00:51:07,198 disconnected, really, from sources on the Earth 1079 00:51:07,198 --> 00:51:10,201 and...and we depend completely upon the information 1080 00:51:10,201 --> 00:51:13,104 that is sent to us from very, very far away. 1081 00:51:13,104 --> 00:51:14,472 We're psychically numbed. 1082 00:51:14,472 --> 00:51:17,742 I mean, we numb our senses from morning till night, 1083 00:51:17,742 --> 00:51:20,778 whether it's with noise or loud music 1084 00:51:20,778 --> 00:51:22,813 or light at night. 1085 00:51:22,813 --> 00:51:25,483 So nobody sees the beauty. 1086 00:51:25,483 --> 00:51:28,486 And if we've lost the feeling 1087 00:51:28,486 --> 00:51:30,655 of the beauty of the world, 1088 00:51:30,655 --> 00:51:32,823 then we are looking for substitutes. 1089 00:51:32,823 --> 00:51:34,525 Eric Hofer said, 1090 00:51:34,525 --> 00:51:37,962 "You can never get enough of what you don't really want." 1091 00:51:37,962 --> 00:51:39,630 Meaning we rush around, 1092 00:51:39,630 --> 00:51:44,402 permanently needy, but the loss, the feeling of loss 1093 00:51:44,402 --> 00:51:46,904 is that we don't know what it is we've lost. 1094 00:51:46,904 --> 00:51:50,074 What we've lost is the beauty of the world, 1095 00:51:50,074 --> 00:51:52,743 and we make up for it 1096 00:51:52,743 --> 00:51:54,579 with attempting to conquer the world, 1097 00:51:54,579 --> 00:51:59,250 or own the world, possess the world. 1098 00:52:09,494 --> 00:52:11,629 (slow, somber theme plays) 1099 00:52:14,465 --> 00:52:16,634 HAWKING: One can see from space 1100 00:52:16,634 --> 00:52:20,070 how the human race has changed the Earth. 1101 00:52:20,070 --> 00:52:24,775 Nearly all of the available land has been cleared of forest 1102 00:52:24,775 --> 00:52:30,147 and is now used for agriculture or urban development. 1103 00:52:30,147 --> 00:52:32,717 The polar ice caps are shrinking, 1104 00:52:32,717 --> 00:52:35,686 and the desert areas are increasing. 1105 00:52:35,686 --> 00:52:39,257 At night, the Earth is no longer dark, 1106 00:52:39,257 --> 00:52:41,292 but large areas are lit up. 1107 00:52:41,292 --> 00:52:44,362 All of this is evidence 1108 00:52:44,362 --> 00:52:48,098 that human exploitation of the planet 1109 00:52:48,098 --> 00:52:49,800 is reaching a critical limit, 1110 00:52:49,800 --> 00:52:52,470 but human demands and expectations 1111 00:52:52,470 --> 00:52:54,405 are ever increasing. 1112 00:52:54,405 --> 00:52:58,543 We cannot continue to pollute the atmosphere, 1113 00:52:58,543 --> 00:53:02,447 poison the ocean and exhaust the land. 1114 00:53:02,447 --> 00:53:08,185 There isn't any more available. 1115 00:53:16,093 --> 00:53:18,162 STUART PIMM: We are living 1116 00:53:18,162 --> 00:53:22,600 in an enormously challenging time. 1117 00:53:22,600 --> 00:53:25,336 If we don't change what we're doing, 1118 00:53:25,336 --> 00:53:29,940 we are facing 1119 00:53:29,940 --> 00:53:32,643 losing perhaps a third, maybe a half, 1120 00:53:32,643 --> 00:53:37,382 of all the variety of life on Earth. 1121 00:53:37,382 --> 00:53:39,284 PAUL STAMETS: What we don't know is 1122 00:53:39,284 --> 00:53:41,486 at one point that, when we lose biodiversity, 1123 00:53:41,486 --> 00:53:43,954 that the system will start to fall apart. 1124 00:53:43,954 --> 00:53:46,657 Now, I believe in the resilience of nature, 1125 00:53:46,657 --> 00:53:49,394 so I think that once the human species becomes extinct-- 1126 00:53:49,394 --> 00:53:51,762 and many species have become extinct before us, 1127 00:53:51,762 --> 00:53:53,898 many species will become extinct after us-- 1128 00:53:53,898 --> 00:53:57,402 that the Earth may well spin on its axis 1129 00:53:57,402 --> 00:53:59,370 happily without humans, and the microbes 1130 00:53:59,370 --> 00:54:02,907 and the insects will inherit the world, 1131 00:54:02,907 --> 00:54:04,909 unless we cause such a dramatic climate shift 1132 00:54:04,909 --> 00:54:08,579 that we become an arid, cold planet like Mars. 1133 00:54:08,579 --> 00:54:12,149 I don't believe for a minute that life will be extinguished. 1134 00:54:12,149 --> 00:54:15,486 Even though we've radically altered the air, 1135 00:54:15,486 --> 00:54:17,755 the water and the soil of the Earth, life has been 1136 00:54:17,755 --> 00:54:20,224 incredibly tenacious and adaptable. 1137 00:54:20,224 --> 00:54:22,660 But as a species 1138 00:54:22,660 --> 00:54:25,029 at the very top of the food chain, 1139 00:54:25,029 --> 00:54:27,197 I know that we're the most vulnerable. 1140 00:54:27,197 --> 00:54:31,569 Life has existed on Earth for 3.8 to four billion years. 1141 00:54:31,569 --> 00:54:34,605 Over that time, there have been a lot of species. 1142 00:54:34,605 --> 00:54:36,173 But you know what? 1143 00:54:36,173 --> 00:54:41,646 99.9999--four decimal points-- percent of all species 1144 00:54:41,646 --> 00:54:45,750 that have ever existed are extinct. 1145 00:54:45,750 --> 00:54:48,819 So extinction is a natural part of life. 1146 00:54:48,819 --> 00:54:51,389 Extinction is what has enabled life 1147 00:54:51,389 --> 00:54:53,458 to flourish and evolve and change 1148 00:54:53,458 --> 00:54:55,660 with the conditions of the changing planet. 1149 00:54:55,660 --> 00:54:57,462 The planet hasn't been stuck 1150 00:54:57,462 --> 00:54:59,229 in one condition over four billion years. 1151 00:54:59,229 --> 00:55:05,570 The tragedy of our existence is that we're an infant species. 1152 00:55:05,570 --> 00:55:09,106 Not only are we hastening the conditions 1153 00:55:09,106 --> 00:55:11,175 for our own demise, we're taking down-- 1154 00:55:11,175 --> 00:55:14,412 according to the United Nations Environment Program-- 1155 00:55:14,412 --> 00:55:18,248 50,000 to 55,000 species a year 1156 00:55:18,248 --> 00:55:20,451 are going extinct because of us. 1157 00:55:20,451 --> 00:55:23,320 The tragedy is not the imminent 1158 00:55:23,320 --> 00:55:26,524 or potential extinction of humankind 1159 00:55:26,524 --> 00:55:28,426 but the enormous extinction crisis 1160 00:55:28,426 --> 00:55:30,661 that we're causing right now. 1161 00:55:34,432 --> 00:55:38,068 JOSEPH TAINTER: And I think there is potential for a dark age. 1162 00:55:38,068 --> 00:55:42,172 One of the problems that I see is that so many people 1163 00:55:42,172 --> 00:55:46,210 who have to individually accept the cost of the transition 1164 00:55:46,210 --> 00:55:48,345 are unaware that it's coming. 1165 00:55:48,345 --> 00:55:52,550 Most of our citizens wake up in the morning and... 1166 00:55:52,550 --> 00:55:54,719 worry about the morning commute 1167 00:55:54,719 --> 00:55:57,755 and getting the kids to school and paying the mortgage 1168 00:55:57,755 --> 00:56:01,759 and thinking about a new car or a vacation or whatever, 1169 00:56:01,759 --> 00:56:04,328 and this is simply too narrow a scale of thinking 1170 00:56:04,328 --> 00:56:06,296 to address the problems that we have. 1171 00:56:06,296 --> 00:56:08,633 We need people to be aware 1172 00:56:08,633 --> 00:56:11,368 of the global forces that affect their lives 1173 00:56:11,368 --> 00:56:13,270 and that will increasingly affect their lives 1174 00:56:13,270 --> 00:56:14,672 in the future. 1175 00:56:14,672 --> 00:56:16,707 If this awareness doesn't develop, 1176 00:56:16,707 --> 00:56:19,644 then I'm afraid the transition will probably be wrenching. 1177 00:56:19,644 --> 00:56:23,047 What we risk is the destruction of civilization, 1178 00:56:23,047 --> 00:56:25,082 everything we fought for; 1179 00:56:25,082 --> 00:56:26,451 this fragile little craft 1180 00:56:26,451 --> 00:56:29,353 that's navigated the centuries and the millennia 1181 00:56:29,353 --> 00:56:32,022 to come to this particular point. 1182 00:56:32,022 --> 00:56:35,693 It will have been undone in a flash of consumption 1183 00:56:35,693 --> 00:56:39,730 and bad judgment and violence and injustice. 1184 00:56:39,730 --> 00:56:42,299 Is the caring capacity for a human population 1185 00:56:42,299 --> 00:56:45,870 that's happy and healthy in a future going away? 1186 00:56:45,870 --> 00:56:47,137 Absolutely. 1187 00:56:47,137 --> 00:56:49,607 And it's not about saving the planet, 1188 00:56:49,607 --> 00:56:52,877 it's about saving a caring capacity, 1189 00:56:52,877 --> 00:56:56,814 a system upon which humans can live 1190 00:56:56,814 --> 00:56:58,483 in the pursuit of happiness. 1191 00:56:58,483 --> 00:57:00,017 That's what's at stake. 1192 00:57:00,017 --> 00:57:01,719 PETER WARSHALL: So if you step back 1193 00:57:01,719 --> 00:57:03,488 and you take an Earth perspective, 1194 00:57:03,488 --> 00:57:05,155 rather than a human perspective, 1195 00:57:05,155 --> 00:57:08,993 it can't be an 11th hour for the Earth. 1196 00:57:08,993 --> 00:57:10,828 It can be... 1197 00:57:10,828 --> 00:57:13,664 an extinction crisis for the Earth, 1198 00:57:13,664 --> 00:57:16,867 and it can be a harmony crisis for the Earth, 1199 00:57:16,867 --> 00:57:19,570 because we now see that one species 1200 00:57:19,570 --> 00:57:22,940 is taking over so much of the resources 1201 00:57:22,940 --> 00:57:24,975 of the Earth that it's leaving 1202 00:57:24,975 --> 00:57:28,178 very little for other creatures to live with it. 1203 00:58:48,626 --> 00:58:51,796 (somber theme playing) 1204 00:58:54,531 --> 00:58:58,168 So, we find ourselves on the brink. 1205 00:58:58,168 --> 00:59:01,205 It is clear humans have had a devastating impact 1206 00:59:01,205 --> 00:59:03,774 on our planet's ecological web of life. 1207 00:59:03,774 --> 00:59:05,576 Because we have waited, 1208 00:59:05,576 --> 00:59:08,813 because we've turned our backs on nature's warning signs, 1209 00:59:08,813 --> 00:59:11,281 and because our political and corporate leaders 1210 00:59:11,281 --> 00:59:12,883 have consistently ignored 1211 00:59:12,883 --> 00:59:15,052 the overwhelming scientific evidence, 1212 00:59:15,052 --> 00:59:19,189 the challenges we face are that much more difficult. 1213 00:59:19,189 --> 00:59:22,893 We are in the environmental age whether we like it or not. 1214 00:59:22,893 --> 00:59:25,896 So what does the future look like? 1215 00:59:25,896 --> 00:59:27,464 We know the United States, 1216 00:59:27,464 --> 00:59:29,233 the world's greatest consumer and source of waste 1217 00:59:29,233 --> 00:59:32,937 needs to make a transition to a greener future, 1218 00:59:32,937 --> 00:59:34,939 but will our pivotal generation 1219 00:59:34,939 --> 00:59:37,708 create a sustainable world in time? 1220 00:59:37,708 --> 00:59:39,944 What will guide this massive change? 1221 00:59:39,944 --> 00:59:42,913 And does nature hold the answers we need 1222 00:59:42,913 --> 00:59:45,449 to help restore our planet's resources, 1223 00:59:45,449 --> 00:59:47,117 protect our atmosphere, 1224 00:59:47,117 --> 00:59:50,587 and therefore, help all life survive? 1225 00:59:52,322 --> 00:59:55,092 DAVIS: All of these forces sweeping over the planet 1226 00:59:55,092 --> 00:59:57,394 are the forces created by human beings, 1227 00:59:57,394 --> 01:00:00,064 and if human beings are the source of the problem, 1228 01:00:00,064 --> 01:00:02,399 we can be the foundation of the solution. 1229 01:00:02,399 --> 01:00:04,935 Some people suggest that in order to live sustainably 1230 01:00:04,935 --> 01:00:07,171 we have to, uh, go out in the woods 1231 01:00:07,171 --> 01:00:11,408 and put on animal skins and live on roots and berries. 1232 01:00:11,408 --> 01:00:16,246 And the simple reality is that we do have technology. 1233 01:00:16,246 --> 01:00:19,917 The question is, how can we use our understanding of science 1234 01:00:19,917 --> 01:00:22,219 and our understanding of technology, 1235 01:00:22,219 --> 01:00:25,823 along with our understanding of culture 1236 01:00:25,823 --> 01:00:29,059 and how culture changes, to create a culture 1237 01:00:29,059 --> 01:00:31,962 that will interact with science 1238 01:00:31,962 --> 01:00:35,499 and with the world around us 1239 01:00:35,499 --> 01:00:37,434 in a sustainable fashion? 1240 01:00:37,434 --> 01:00:41,305 The great thing about the dilemma we're in is that... 1241 01:00:41,305 --> 01:00:46,310 we get to...re-imagine every single thing we do. 1242 01:00:46,310 --> 01:00:49,914 In other words, there isn't... uh, one single thing 1243 01:00:49,914 --> 01:00:52,449 that we make or systems that we have 1244 01:00:52,449 --> 01:00:56,120 that doesn't require a complete remake. 1245 01:00:56,120 --> 01:00:59,023 And so there's two ways of looking at that. 1246 01:00:59,023 --> 01:01:01,892 One is, like, oh, my gosh, you know, what a big burden. 1247 01:01:01,892 --> 01:01:04,661 The other way to look at it, which is the way I prefer, is: 1248 01:01:04,661 --> 01:01:06,596 what a great time to be born, 1249 01:01:06,596 --> 01:01:09,967 what a great time to be alive, because this generation 1250 01:01:09,967 --> 01:01:14,138 gets to, essentially, completely change this world. 1251 01:01:20,510 --> 01:01:23,347 We're at a point in our history, with 6.4 billion of us, 1252 01:01:23,347 --> 01:01:26,083 that we have to imagine what it would be like 1253 01:01:26,083 --> 01:01:27,952 to redesign design itself, 1254 01:01:27,952 --> 01:01:29,987 and see design as the first signal 1255 01:01:29,987 --> 01:01:31,588 of human intention, 1256 01:01:31,588 --> 01:01:33,891 and realize that we need new intentions for our future 1257 01:01:33,891 --> 01:01:35,726 where materials are seen as things 1258 01:01:35,726 --> 01:01:37,928 that are highly valuable and need to go 1259 01:01:37,928 --> 01:01:40,564 in closed cycles-- what we call cradle-to-cradle 1260 01:01:40,564 --> 01:01:42,132 instead of cradle to grave-- 1261 01:01:42,132 --> 01:01:45,770 and that energy needs to come from renewable sources, 1262 01:01:45,770 --> 01:01:47,271 principally the sun, 1263 01:01:47,271 --> 01:01:49,306 and that water needs to be clean and healthy 1264 01:01:49,306 --> 01:01:51,942 as it comes in and out of a system, 1265 01:01:51,942 --> 01:01:53,577 and that we have to treat each other 1266 01:01:53,577 --> 01:01:54,812 with justice and fairness. 1267 01:01:54,812 --> 01:01:58,582 So, uh, the design itself changes, 1268 01:01:58,582 --> 01:02:00,384 from mass production of things 1269 01:02:00,384 --> 01:02:03,053 that are essentially destructive to, uh, 1270 01:02:03,053 --> 01:02:04,721 mass utilization of things 1271 01:02:04,721 --> 01:02:08,926 that are inherently assets instead of liabilities. 1272 01:02:11,762 --> 01:02:13,030 Our project today, 1273 01:02:13,030 --> 01:02:14,932 for a new generation of designers, 1274 01:02:14,932 --> 01:02:18,735 is the welfare of all of life as a practical objective. 1275 01:02:18,735 --> 01:02:21,071 It goes beyond ourselves 1276 01:02:21,071 --> 01:02:23,540 to include the entire ecological realm, 1277 01:02:23,540 --> 01:02:25,342 that all of life is actually 1278 01:02:25,342 --> 01:02:28,045 a design project today; that we have to... 1279 01:02:28,045 --> 01:02:30,614 we have to design the capacity 1280 01:02:30,614 --> 01:02:33,083 to sustain it in the long run. 1281 01:02:33,083 --> 01:02:36,120 Whether we're talking about the design of a factory 1282 01:02:36,120 --> 01:02:41,425 or a building or a road or even a town, 1283 01:02:41,425 --> 01:02:45,195 it's much easier to design in isolation 1284 01:02:45,195 --> 01:02:49,466 and superimpose a design on what exists. 1285 01:02:49,466 --> 01:02:51,568 But if we were to follow nature's 1286 01:02:51,568 --> 01:02:53,537 operating instructions, 1287 01:02:53,537 --> 01:02:55,572 it designs in exactly the opposite way. 1288 01:02:55,572 --> 01:02:58,508 It brings onto the palette, so to speak, 1289 01:02:58,508 --> 01:03:00,811 all of the kingdoms of life 1290 01:03:00,811 --> 01:03:06,050 and then works symphonically to create an end result, 1291 01:03:06,050 --> 01:03:08,785 which might be a coral reef or might be a forest. 1292 01:03:08,785 --> 01:03:10,187 Well, you know, the interesting thing 1293 01:03:10,187 --> 01:03:12,256 about, uh, sustainable design 1294 01:03:12,256 --> 01:03:16,026 is that I don't think it has to look in any particular way. 1295 01:03:16,026 --> 01:03:17,962 One of the things that we really discovered 1296 01:03:17,962 --> 01:03:19,496 in the last few years, 1297 01:03:19,496 --> 01:03:21,731 is that the new design is actually invisible. 1298 01:03:21,731 --> 01:03:26,003 The new design is not about a visual boundary. 1299 01:03:26,003 --> 01:03:28,005 The form, in fact, could... 1300 01:03:28,005 --> 01:03:31,208 you know, the form could be anything. 1301 01:03:31,208 --> 01:03:33,343 It's the structure and internal logic 1302 01:03:33,343 --> 01:03:35,479 and intelligence and the performance 1303 01:03:35,479 --> 01:03:37,547 that has to be designed. 1304 01:03:37,547 --> 01:03:39,649 How we make things... 1305 01:03:39,649 --> 01:03:43,888 uh, in, you know, in our industrial processes, um, 1306 01:03:43,888 --> 01:03:49,093 is...it's 180-degree different from how life makes things. 1307 01:03:49,093 --> 01:03:52,229 Look at the way we make, for instance, Kevlar, 1308 01:03:52,229 --> 01:03:55,399 which is our toughest material. 1309 01:03:55,399 --> 01:03:58,102 We take petroleum, we heat it up to about 1310 01:03:58,102 --> 01:03:59,436 1,400 degrees Fahrenheit, 1311 01:03:59,436 --> 01:04:02,006 and we bubble it in sulfuric acid, 1312 01:04:02,006 --> 01:04:04,674 and then we pull it out 1313 01:04:04,674 --> 01:04:06,410 under enormous pressures. 1314 01:04:06,410 --> 01:04:12,682 Now, imagine an organism--us-- making our bones or our teeth. 1315 01:04:12,682 --> 01:04:16,320 Imagine a, um, an abalone making a shell. 1316 01:04:16,320 --> 01:04:20,290 They can't afford to heat it up to really high temperatures, 1317 01:04:20,290 --> 01:04:23,860 or do pressures or chemical baths, 1318 01:04:23,860 --> 01:04:25,729 so they found a different way. 1319 01:04:25,729 --> 01:04:27,331 Now, take the spider. 1320 01:04:27,331 --> 01:04:29,133 This beautiful orb weaver spider 1321 01:04:29,133 --> 01:04:31,535 is basically taking flies and crickets 1322 01:04:31,535 --> 01:04:34,871 into the web and transforming them, in water-- 1323 01:04:34,871 --> 01:04:36,540 chemistry in water in the abdomen-- 1324 01:04:36,540 --> 01:04:37,874 and out comes this... 1325 01:04:37,874 --> 01:04:39,209 material that's five times stronger, 1326 01:04:39,209 --> 01:04:42,279 ounce for ounce, than steel. 1327 01:04:42,279 --> 01:04:46,250 Silently, in water, at room temp. 1328 01:04:46,250 --> 01:04:48,218 You know? I mean, this... 1329 01:04:48,218 --> 01:04:50,520 this is... this is master chemistry. 1330 01:04:50,520 --> 01:04:53,523 This is the manufacturing of the future, hopefully. 1331 01:04:53,523 --> 01:04:55,525 And there's actually people who are now 1332 01:04:55,525 --> 01:05:00,297 trying to mimic the recipes of these organisms. 1333 01:05:03,567 --> 01:05:06,136 Fungi are the grand molecular disassemblers in nature-- 1334 01:05:06,136 --> 01:05:07,904 the interface organisms between life and death. 1335 01:05:07,904 --> 01:05:09,306 They generate soil. 1336 01:05:09,306 --> 01:05:11,041 The entire food web of nature 1337 01:05:11,041 --> 01:05:14,178 is based on these fungal filaments. 1338 01:05:14,178 --> 01:05:15,512 The mycelial network 1339 01:05:15,512 --> 01:05:18,415 that infuses all land masses in the world 1340 01:05:18,415 --> 01:05:22,186 is a supportive membrane upon which life proliferates 1341 01:05:22,186 --> 01:05:24,554 and...and further diversifies. 1342 01:05:24,554 --> 01:05:27,191 Mushrooms also have a very bizarre property 1343 01:05:27,191 --> 01:05:29,326 of hyper-accumulating heavy metals. 1344 01:05:29,326 --> 01:05:31,661 Forests are thousands of acres, and so fungi, 1345 01:05:31,661 --> 01:05:33,163 that produce mushrooms, 1346 01:05:33,163 --> 01:05:35,065 grow to thousands of acres in size. 1347 01:05:35,065 --> 01:05:37,901 This gives us a ready ability to tap in 1348 01:05:37,901 --> 01:05:39,636 to this powerful inherent resource 1349 01:05:39,636 --> 01:05:40,937 that mushroom mycelium has 1350 01:05:40,937 --> 01:05:42,706 to remediate environments, 1351 01:05:42,706 --> 01:05:45,909 prevent downstream pollution from microbes, from viruses, 1352 01:05:45,909 --> 01:05:49,513 you know, including bacteria and protozoa, and also 1353 01:05:49,513 --> 01:05:52,349 for breaking down a wide assortment of pollutants. 1354 01:05:52,349 --> 01:05:55,885 And this is one of the pedestals of micro-restoration-- 1355 01:05:55,885 --> 01:05:59,089 using mushroom mycelium in order to heal environments, 1356 01:05:59,089 --> 01:06:01,758 because these are truly healing membranes. 1357 01:06:01,758 --> 01:06:02,959 There's the model. 1358 01:06:02,959 --> 01:06:04,394 In nature there is no waste. 1359 01:06:04,394 --> 01:06:06,596 One organism's waste is another's food. 1360 01:06:06,596 --> 01:06:08,832 That's the model for the industrial system 1361 01:06:08,832 --> 01:06:14,104 that must eventually evolve: a waste-free industrial system. 1362 01:06:16,773 --> 01:06:19,376 MCDONOUGH: If we think about a tree as a design-- 1363 01:06:19,376 --> 01:06:21,178 it's something that makes oxygen, 1364 01:06:21,178 --> 01:06:24,314 sequesters carbon, fixes nitrogen, distills water, 1365 01:06:24,314 --> 01:06:26,916 provides habitat for hundreds of species, 1366 01:06:26,916 --> 01:06:30,287 accrues solar energy, makes complex sugars and food, 1367 01:06:30,287 --> 01:06:32,789 creates micro-climates, uh, it self-replicates. 1368 01:06:32,789 --> 01:06:34,658 So what would it be like 1369 01:06:34,658 --> 01:06:36,660 to design a building like a tree? 1370 01:06:36,660 --> 01:06:40,730 What would it be like to design a city like a forest? 1371 01:06:40,730 --> 01:06:44,468 So what would a building be like if it were photosynthetic? 1372 01:06:44,468 --> 01:06:46,536 What if it took solar energy and then put it, 1373 01:06:46,536 --> 01:06:50,340 converted it to productive and delightful use? 1374 01:06:50,340 --> 01:06:54,010 For example, if we combine our housing 1375 01:06:54,010 --> 01:06:56,480 and our waste treatment 1376 01:06:56,480 --> 01:07:01,585 and our food production and our energy generation, 1377 01:07:01,585 --> 01:07:05,789 all integrated, single, whole systems, 1378 01:07:05,789 --> 01:07:09,293 we can live beautifully on the planet 1379 01:07:09,293 --> 01:07:11,395 with one-tenth or less 1380 01:07:11,395 --> 01:07:15,732 the resources that our current civilization uses. 1381 01:07:15,732 --> 01:07:18,034 Rebuilding is essentially 1382 01:07:18,034 --> 01:07:20,437 the design and construction of buildings 1383 01:07:20,437 --> 01:07:22,772 that are energy- and resource-efficient. 1384 01:07:22,772 --> 01:07:26,976 They produce healthy places to live and work. 1385 01:07:26,976 --> 01:07:28,712 If you take, for example, 1386 01:07:28,712 --> 01:07:31,315 the fact that buildings account for a third 1387 01:07:31,315 --> 01:07:32,749 of all energy use, 1388 01:07:32,749 --> 01:07:35,319 it's really the single largest segment 1389 01:07:35,319 --> 01:07:38,355 of not only energy use but greenhouse gas production. 1390 01:07:38,355 --> 01:07:40,590 What we can do with buildings 1391 01:07:40,590 --> 01:07:43,927 in just the simplest, off-the-shelf technologies 1392 01:07:43,927 --> 01:07:45,462 is really stunning. 1393 01:07:48,132 --> 01:07:49,799 KENNY AUSUBEL: So, with existing technologies 1394 01:07:49,799 --> 01:07:52,569 that we basically already have on the shelf, 1395 01:07:52,569 --> 01:07:54,838 or things that we know we can develop 1396 01:07:54,838 --> 01:07:56,373 in a very rapid period of time, 1397 01:07:56,373 --> 01:07:58,242 we could literally reduce the human footprint 1398 01:07:58,242 --> 01:08:00,544 on planet Earth by 90%, right? 1399 01:08:00,544 --> 01:08:03,713 Which would be a huge shift in what we're doing right now. 1400 01:08:03,713 --> 01:08:06,216 SCHNEIDER: The direction to go is to start becoming decoupled 1401 01:08:06,216 --> 01:08:08,485 from our dependence on oil 1402 01:08:08,485 --> 01:08:10,019 through efficient transportation, 1403 01:08:10,019 --> 01:08:12,589 better insulated houses 1404 01:08:12,589 --> 01:08:15,091 and the development of renewable alternatives, 1405 01:08:15,091 --> 01:08:17,761 like solar and wind and biomass, 1406 01:08:17,761 --> 01:08:21,097 and getting those to become the major part of the market 1407 01:08:21,097 --> 01:08:22,799 using efficiency as the transition. 1408 01:08:22,799 --> 01:08:24,801 It's not gonna happen overnight, 1409 01:08:24,801 --> 01:08:27,404 but it should've started 30 years ago. 1410 01:08:27,404 --> 01:08:29,239 And we have, right now, 1411 01:08:29,239 --> 01:08:31,441 in the White House and in many members of Congress, 1412 01:08:31,441 --> 01:08:33,477 people trying to delay it further, 1413 01:08:33,477 --> 01:08:35,945 which, to me, is ultimately irrational, 1414 01:08:35,945 --> 01:08:37,447 both for our national security 1415 01:08:37,447 --> 01:08:38,948 and our environmental protection. 1416 01:08:38,948 --> 01:08:44,454 This country can move awfully fast, if it wants to. 1417 01:08:44,454 --> 01:08:48,425 Keep in mind that, just after December 7, 1941, 1418 01:08:48,425 --> 01:08:52,128 Roosevelt went to Jimmy Burns and said, 1419 01:08:52,128 --> 01:08:54,664 you're my deputy president for mobilizing the economy. 1420 01:08:54,664 --> 01:08:57,934 If anybody crosses you, they cross me; get to it. 1421 01:08:57,934 --> 01:08:59,336 Within six months, 1422 01:08:59,336 --> 01:09:01,405 Detroit was completely retooled, 1423 01:09:01,405 --> 01:09:04,140 not making cars anymore, 1424 01:09:04,140 --> 01:09:06,910 making, uh, military trucks, tanks, 1425 01:09:06,910 --> 01:09:08,245 fighter aircraft, 1426 01:09:08,245 --> 01:09:10,113 and in three years and eight months, 1427 01:09:10,113 --> 01:09:13,817 from the beginning of that war, we had mobilized, 1428 01:09:13,817 --> 01:09:16,420 we had defeated imperial Japan, fascist Italy, 1429 01:09:16,420 --> 01:09:17,987 uh, Nazi Germany, 1430 01:09:17,987 --> 01:09:20,324 together with the British and our other allies, 1431 01:09:20,324 --> 01:09:21,525 and begun demobilization. 1432 01:09:21,525 --> 01:09:23,059 Three years and eight months. 1433 01:09:23,059 --> 01:09:25,762 These are not technical issues 1434 01:09:25,762 --> 01:09:29,233 nearly as much as they are leadership issues. 1435 01:09:29,233 --> 01:09:31,000 How much time do we have? 1436 01:09:31,000 --> 01:09:32,602 Well, not much. 1437 01:09:32,602 --> 01:09:35,071 By my reckoning, we ought to be about the business 1438 01:09:35,071 --> 01:09:36,906 as rapidly as possible. 1439 01:09:36,906 --> 01:09:39,175 And this means everybody-- every citizen, 1440 01:09:39,175 --> 01:09:40,477 uh, every government level, 1441 01:09:40,477 --> 01:09:43,347 every organization, every corporation. 1442 01:09:43,347 --> 01:09:46,983 This is all-hands-on-deck time. 1443 01:09:46,983 --> 01:09:49,586 So that, in the future, 500 years out, let's say, 1444 01:09:49,586 --> 01:09:52,489 that people look back, uh, at this time, 1445 01:09:52,489 --> 01:09:54,524 that this was our finest hour, 1446 01:09:54,524 --> 01:09:56,926 that humans at that time and that generation, 1447 01:09:56,926 --> 01:09:59,896 all across the planet, began to come together 1448 01:09:59,896 --> 01:10:01,798 in a very different vision. 1449 01:10:01,798 --> 01:10:04,468 There are on Earth today 1450 01:10:04,468 --> 01:10:08,071 over one million environmental social justice 1451 01:10:08,071 --> 01:10:10,574 and indigenous organizations present. 1452 01:10:10,574 --> 01:10:12,942 It is the fastest-growing movement on Earth. 1453 01:10:12,942 --> 01:10:17,481 And you're starting to see them pull together 1454 01:10:17,481 --> 01:10:19,349 and close the loops and plug the leaks 1455 01:10:19,349 --> 01:10:22,286 of energy and water and food and finance 1456 01:10:22,286 --> 01:10:23,720 and those things, 1457 01:10:23,720 --> 01:10:27,324 to reimagine what it means to be, as I say, 1458 01:10:27,324 --> 01:10:29,726 a human being in the 21st century, 1459 01:10:29,726 --> 01:10:32,629 when every living system is in decline, 1460 01:10:32,629 --> 01:10:35,031 and learning how to reverse that. 1461 01:10:35,031 --> 01:10:38,835 It's almost as if we had distributed an ambition 1462 01:10:38,835 --> 01:10:40,870 without ever having written it down, 1463 01:10:40,870 --> 01:10:43,507 you know, so that people all over the world 1464 01:10:43,507 --> 01:10:46,476 knew what they ought to be working on 1465 01:10:46,476 --> 01:10:48,312 and were working on it in their own way, 1466 01:10:48,312 --> 01:10:51,381 knowing that they only had one... 1467 01:10:51,381 --> 01:10:54,451 one sort of pixel, in this incredible mosaic 1468 01:10:54,451 --> 01:10:58,588 of a...of a... of an image of the future, 1469 01:10:58,588 --> 01:11:01,090 and that they could contribute that pixel to that mosaic 1470 01:11:01,090 --> 01:11:04,994 knowing that in the end that incredibly beautiful image 1471 01:11:04,994 --> 01:11:08,398 was a sustainable future. 1472 01:11:13,670 --> 01:11:15,805 LESTER BROWN: The exciting thing is that we can see now 1473 01:11:15,805 --> 01:11:18,542 what the new economy would look like. 1474 01:11:18,542 --> 01:11:20,544 Instead of being powered by fossil fuels, 1475 01:11:20,544 --> 01:11:22,612 it's powered largely by renewable energy. 1476 01:11:22,612 --> 01:11:24,314 Instead of having an automobile-centered 1477 01:11:24,314 --> 01:11:26,583 transportation system, it will have 1478 01:11:26,583 --> 01:11:29,285 a much more diversified transport system. 1479 01:11:29,285 --> 01:11:31,254 Instead of a throwaway economy 1480 01:11:31,254 --> 01:11:34,991 it will be a reused economy, where everything is reused. 1481 01:11:34,991 --> 01:11:37,961 Indeed, we see glimpses of it beginning to emerge 1482 01:11:37,961 --> 01:11:39,729 here and there around the world. 1483 01:11:39,729 --> 01:11:43,633 So we have the technologies to build a new economy 1484 01:11:43,633 --> 01:11:45,935 that will sustain economic progress. 1485 01:11:45,935 --> 01:11:48,204 And we can see that new economy beginning to emerge. 1486 01:11:48,204 --> 01:11:50,106 The challenge for our generation 1487 01:11:50,106 --> 01:11:53,443 is to build that economy in the time that's available, 1488 01:11:53,443 --> 01:11:56,480 and I don't think we have a lot of time left. 1489 01:11:56,480 --> 01:11:59,282 Virtually all of our major infrastructure changes 1490 01:11:59,282 --> 01:12:02,519 in this country have been encouraged in one way or another 1491 01:12:02,519 --> 01:12:03,853 by the Federal government. 1492 01:12:03,853 --> 01:12:06,089 So I would think the way to deal 1493 01:12:06,089 --> 01:12:10,026 with this transition away from oil is, first of all, 1494 01:12:10,026 --> 01:12:12,996 not to pretend that energy operates today 1495 01:12:12,996 --> 01:12:15,164 in an unregulated free-enterprise market-- 1496 01:12:15,164 --> 01:12:17,100 it does not-- 1497 01:12:17,100 --> 01:12:20,604 uh, but to go ahead and, as affordably as possible, 1498 01:12:20,604 --> 01:12:25,409 give incentives to move toward these other fuels 1499 01:12:25,409 --> 01:12:27,511 and these minimal changes in infrastructure 1500 01:12:27,511 --> 01:12:30,614 that make them possible. 1501 01:12:30,614 --> 01:12:33,617 Energy is the key to everything else that we do. 1502 01:12:33,617 --> 01:12:35,685 With abundant and affordable and clean energy, 1503 01:12:35,685 --> 01:12:37,821 we can solve a lot of other problems. 1504 01:12:37,821 --> 01:12:39,756 Without it, we're not gonna be able 1505 01:12:39,756 --> 01:12:41,658 to solve very many problems at all. 1506 01:12:41,658 --> 01:12:43,527 And the sun is the most plentiful, 1507 01:12:43,527 --> 01:12:45,361 bountiful substitute there is out there. 1508 01:12:45,361 --> 01:12:46,663 There's more than enough energy 1509 01:12:46,663 --> 01:12:49,365 coming from the sun every day 1510 01:12:49,365 --> 01:12:51,701 to run every factory, every home, 1511 01:12:51,701 --> 01:12:53,603 every automobile on Earth 1512 01:12:53,603 --> 01:12:56,740 13,000 times, I think, is the number. 1513 01:12:56,740 --> 01:12:59,543 We're also finding that, on the larger scale-- 1514 01:12:59,543 --> 01:13:01,144 I would call the utility scale-- 1515 01:13:01,144 --> 01:13:05,248 wind energy, in particular, has evolved to the point 1516 01:13:05,248 --> 01:13:07,350 where it can compete price-wise 1517 01:13:07,350 --> 01:13:09,218 with our traditional fossil fuels-- 1518 01:13:09,218 --> 01:13:13,256 that is, coal and oil and natural gas-- 1519 01:13:13,256 --> 01:13:17,326 and produce large amounts of energy that can be distributed 1520 01:13:17,326 --> 01:13:19,529 through the grid, which is the conventional way 1521 01:13:19,529 --> 01:13:20,797 that we receive energy. 1522 01:13:20,797 --> 01:13:22,666 GELOBTER: It's important to see, 1523 01:13:22,666 --> 01:13:24,601 and it's important, sort of, as we make... 1524 01:13:24,601 --> 01:13:26,135 as we make progress in the world, 1525 01:13:26,135 --> 01:13:28,472 to have an economy that's flexible and fluid 1526 01:13:28,472 --> 01:13:29,839 and ready to make changes. 1527 01:13:29,839 --> 01:13:31,407 How do we protect the atmosphere 1528 01:13:31,407 --> 01:13:32,542 that belongs to all of us? 1529 01:13:32,542 --> 01:13:34,478 Well, one of the ways we do it 1530 01:13:34,478 --> 01:13:35,945 is we make people who are polluting it 1531 01:13:35,945 --> 01:13:37,514 start paying for that pollution 1532 01:13:37,514 --> 01:13:39,683 through a polluter pay system on climate change. 1533 01:13:39,683 --> 01:13:41,685 So we lower income taxes 1534 01:13:41,685 --> 01:13:45,021 and raise taxes on gasoline, for example, 1535 01:13:45,021 --> 01:13:46,623 taxes on burning coal. 1536 01:13:46,623 --> 01:13:49,959 We can probably do it all with a carbon tax. 1537 01:13:49,959 --> 01:13:52,095 We're not changing the level of taxes. 1538 01:13:52,095 --> 01:13:54,464 We're reducing income taxes and offsetting it 1539 01:13:54,464 --> 01:13:57,266 with an increase in energy taxes, 1540 01:13:57,266 --> 01:14:00,470 in fact, a tax on fossil fuels. 1541 01:14:00,470 --> 01:14:02,539 So when we break our addiction to fossil fuels, 1542 01:14:02,539 --> 01:14:05,108 you see a lot of money flowing to industries that, 1543 01:14:05,108 --> 01:14:07,511 in fact, represent the vitality of the American economy-- 1544 01:14:07,511 --> 01:14:09,479 media, high-tech services-- taking action 1545 01:14:09,479 --> 01:14:11,214 on climate change is good for jobs 1546 01:14:11,214 --> 01:14:13,883 and good for the economy. 1547 01:14:13,883 --> 01:14:16,185 GERARD: As an example, 1548 01:14:16,185 --> 01:14:17,687 if we retrofitted 1549 01:14:17,687 --> 01:14:20,824 all government buildings built pre-1950, 1550 01:14:20,824 --> 01:14:22,826 and we created tax environments 1551 01:14:22,826 --> 01:14:25,995 to help cities and municipalities 1552 01:14:25,995 --> 01:14:28,231 and states and Federal government 1553 01:14:28,231 --> 01:14:29,733 to retrofit those buildings, 1554 01:14:29,733 --> 01:14:32,736 we could create three million industrial jobs, 1555 01:14:32,736 --> 01:14:35,471 plus we could import much less oil 1556 01:14:35,471 --> 01:14:36,640 from the Middle East. 1557 01:14:36,640 --> 01:14:38,041 But more importantly, 1558 01:14:38,041 --> 01:14:40,710 we'd be having a much cleaner environment. 1559 01:14:40,710 --> 01:14:44,480 If we move from the rigged game that we have now in energy 1560 01:14:44,480 --> 01:14:46,182 to a genuine level playing field, 1561 01:14:46,182 --> 01:14:49,018 open competition between dirty fuels and clean fuels, 1562 01:14:49,018 --> 01:14:51,420 I have no doubt that the clean fuels will win. 1563 01:14:51,420 --> 01:14:54,390 Once we send the right signal from the marketplace, 1564 01:14:54,390 --> 01:14:57,426 or to the marketplace, that the two guys in the garage 1565 01:14:57,426 --> 01:14:58,628 who created Hewlitt-Packard, 1566 01:14:58,628 --> 01:15:01,064 well, those two guys today, 1567 01:15:01,064 --> 01:15:03,099 I want them to be working on clean energy, 1568 01:15:03,099 --> 01:15:05,501 and I want them to know that we've fixed our public policies 1569 01:15:05,501 --> 01:15:07,070 so that they're gonna get rewarded 1570 01:15:07,070 --> 01:15:09,739 when they come up with the killer app to defeat big oil. 1571 01:15:09,739 --> 01:15:11,240 That's what we need to do. 1572 01:15:11,240 --> 01:15:13,543 Once we do, we'll see a relatively quick transition, 1573 01:15:13,543 --> 01:15:15,211 I think, to cleaner energy. 1574 01:15:25,889 --> 01:15:28,692 (slow, somber theme playing) 1575 01:15:31,260 --> 01:15:32,662 People need to realize 1576 01:15:32,662 --> 01:15:34,764 there are things they can do in their everyday lives, 1577 01:15:34,764 --> 01:15:36,265 whether it's making simple things 1578 01:15:36,265 --> 01:15:38,001 like keeping their tire pressure at the right level, 1579 01:15:38,001 --> 01:15:40,169 putting in compact fluorescent light bulbs. 1580 01:15:40,169 --> 01:15:42,071 And it-- personal action is important. 1581 01:15:42,071 --> 01:15:44,507 This problem with global warmingis huge and tremendous 1582 01:15:44,507 --> 01:15:48,277 and it may seem inconsequential to take your personal action, 1583 01:15:48,277 --> 01:15:50,213 but it is important for all sorts of reasons: 1584 01:15:50,213 --> 01:15:53,282 because everybody making a change adds up 1585 01:15:53,282 --> 01:15:54,651 to something meaningful; 1586 01:15:54,651 --> 01:15:56,786 because shifting the way we act and live 1587 01:15:56,786 --> 01:15:58,922 is part of the solution long-term; 1588 01:15:58,922 --> 01:16:00,456 because if we act in that way, 1589 01:16:00,456 --> 01:16:02,358 we will demonstrate to our leaders that we do care. 1590 01:16:02,358 --> 01:16:04,160 And that's what we need 1591 01:16:04,160 --> 01:16:06,996 from individuals as the next step beyond that 1592 01:16:06,996 --> 01:16:10,233 is to build the political will for taking action. 1593 01:16:10,233 --> 01:16:13,136 You can also vote 1594 01:16:13,136 --> 01:16:16,706 and I don't mean voting at a voting booth. 1595 01:16:16,706 --> 01:16:18,374 Anybody of any age can vote 1596 01:16:18,374 --> 01:16:21,577 because you vote every day that you pay for something. 1597 01:16:21,577 --> 01:16:25,715 Every time you lay money down on a counter to buy something, 1598 01:16:25,715 --> 01:16:29,352 you are saying that I approve of this object. 1599 01:16:29,352 --> 01:16:33,657 I approve of how it was made, the materials that are in it, 1600 01:16:33,657 --> 01:16:35,258 and what's going to happen to it 1601 01:16:35,258 --> 01:16:37,827 when I no longer need it and throw it away. 1602 01:16:37,827 --> 01:16:41,330 Life creates the conditions that are conducive to life, 1603 01:16:41,330 --> 01:16:45,201 so our technology, our cities, our schools, 1604 01:16:45,201 --> 01:16:51,841 what we make, what we wear, what we eat, all of that-- 1605 01:16:51,841 --> 01:16:54,243 if it is oriented 1606 01:16:54,243 --> 01:16:58,181 around that one principle, that one life principle, 1607 01:16:58,181 --> 01:17:01,517 then we will be here for a long, long time 1608 01:17:01,517 --> 01:17:03,019 in an extraordinary world. 1609 01:17:13,930 --> 01:17:16,733 (gentle orchestral theme plays) 1610 01:17:23,172 --> 01:17:25,141 ANDERSON: The question is: 1611 01:17:25,141 --> 01:17:29,645 what does it take for humankind to change its ways? 1612 01:17:29,645 --> 01:17:32,381 And I am really encouraged 1613 01:17:32,381 --> 01:17:37,286 by Deepak Chopra's statement that people are really doing 1614 01:17:37,286 --> 01:17:40,924 the best they can, given their level of awareness. 1615 01:17:40,924 --> 01:17:44,527 So, to me, winning this battle 1616 01:17:44,527 --> 01:17:47,563 that we're in to change people's minds and hearts 1617 01:17:47,563 --> 01:17:51,500 is a matter of lifting levels of awareness, always raising-- 1618 01:17:51,500 --> 01:17:54,203 and there's always a higher level of awareness 1619 01:17:54,203 --> 01:17:55,705 for any of us. 1620 01:17:55,705 --> 01:17:58,174 GARDELS: We need to be slower and we need to be smarter. 1621 01:17:58,174 --> 01:18:02,812 Slow movement means disengaging from consumerism 1622 01:18:02,812 --> 01:18:05,281 as the main avenue of experience. 1623 01:18:05,281 --> 01:18:08,351 It doesn't reject any consumption, but it says 1624 01:18:08,351 --> 01:18:10,453 we're not going to live our lives mediated 1625 01:18:10,453 --> 01:18:13,923 by the marketplace or what's being sold. 1626 01:18:13,923 --> 01:18:15,191 We're not going to make our identities 1627 01:18:15,191 --> 01:18:16,826 and our meaning based on that. 1628 01:18:16,826 --> 01:18:18,427 Instead of the long commute, the bigger car, 1629 01:18:18,427 --> 01:18:20,696 the bigger house, let's enjoy the local produce; 1630 01:18:20,696 --> 01:18:24,801 have time to ourselves; 1631 01:18:24,801 --> 01:18:27,837 understand that things are thieves of time 1632 01:18:27,837 --> 01:18:29,973 because the more things you have, 1633 01:18:29,973 --> 01:18:31,941 the more time you have to spend working, 1634 01:18:31,941 --> 01:18:34,377 the more your life is chained to a rhythm 1635 01:18:34,377 --> 01:18:36,645 to get those things. 1636 01:18:36,645 --> 01:18:40,383 The other element is the smart element, 1637 01:18:40,383 --> 01:18:44,487 and there, I think, we have to reintroduce a term, 1638 01:18:44,487 --> 01:18:46,689 an old term before the Industrial Revolution: 1639 01:18:46,689 --> 01:18:48,724 frugality. 1640 01:18:48,724 --> 01:18:51,394 Frugality does not mean poverty. 1641 01:18:51,394 --> 01:18:55,564 Frugality means the wise use of resources. 1642 01:18:55,564 --> 01:18:57,000 As I said earlier on, 1643 01:18:57,000 --> 01:18:58,835 the meaning of the Industrial Revolution was 1644 01:18:58,835 --> 01:19:00,669 that nature was turned into a resource 1645 01:19:00,669 --> 01:19:02,906 that was considered endlessly abundant. 1646 01:19:02,906 --> 01:19:04,440 It's not true. 1647 01:19:04,440 --> 01:19:07,243 (insects chirping) 1648 01:19:11,881 --> 01:19:13,850 LINZEY: Not only is it the 11th hour, 1649 01:19:13,850 --> 01:19:17,120 it's 11:59 and 59 seconds, 1650 01:19:17,120 --> 01:19:19,622 and although prior people's movements 1651 01:19:19,622 --> 01:19:22,025 have taken 30 to 40 years 1652 01:19:22,025 --> 01:19:23,559 to actually build to a point 1653 01:19:23,559 --> 01:19:27,130 where they had the power to drive changes 1654 01:19:27,130 --> 01:19:29,799 into the fundamental structure of governance, 1655 01:19:29,799 --> 01:19:32,635 we don't have 30 to 40 years. 1656 01:19:32,635 --> 01:19:35,805 And so it's not just going to be a matter of, you know, 1657 01:19:35,805 --> 01:19:37,506 tweaking a policy here and there. 1658 01:19:37,506 --> 01:19:40,309 It's going to take a very, very broad societal mobilization. 1659 01:19:40,309 --> 01:19:42,411 It's going to take involvement at all levels, 1660 01:19:42,411 --> 01:19:45,181 from the government through industry and on down 1661 01:19:45,181 --> 01:19:47,516 to our communities and a welling up 1662 01:19:47,516 --> 01:19:49,819 of involvement of citizens. 1663 01:19:49,819 --> 01:19:52,588 Winston Churchill had it right about us. 1664 01:19:52,588 --> 01:19:55,591 He said, "The Americans always do the right thing, 1665 01:19:55,591 --> 01:19:58,027 "but unfortunately it's only after they've exhausted 1666 01:19:58,027 --> 01:19:59,762 all other possibilities." 1667 01:19:59,762 --> 01:20:02,331 And we've been exhausting some fairly bad possibilities 1668 01:20:02,331 --> 01:20:03,599 for a long time. 1669 01:20:03,599 --> 01:20:06,335 I think maybe we're finally ready to get it right. 1670 01:20:06,335 --> 01:20:08,471 You know, people often ask me, "What can I do, what can I do? 1671 01:20:08,471 --> 01:20:09,572 I want to do something." 1672 01:20:09,572 --> 01:20:11,207 Well, the first choice-- 1673 01:20:11,207 --> 01:20:12,775 you've already made the first choice if you're saying that 1674 01:20:12,775 --> 01:20:15,078 because the first choice is you know you have to do something, 1675 01:20:15,078 --> 01:20:18,181 and for the rest, it's a matter of looking deep 1676 01:20:18,181 --> 01:20:19,482 into your own heart and your soul 1677 01:20:19,482 --> 01:20:21,084 to understand what your own gifts are, 1678 01:20:21,084 --> 01:20:23,920 where your passions lie, to do some research 1679 01:20:23,920 --> 01:20:25,521 and educate yourself to find the people 1680 01:20:25,521 --> 01:20:28,524 that you are comfortable with, and then get involved. 1681 01:20:28,524 --> 01:20:32,328 There are two things that can perhaps save the world. 1682 01:20:32,328 --> 01:20:35,698 One would be the mastery of one's kindness to oneself 1683 01:20:35,698 --> 01:20:37,100 and a big heart, 1684 01:20:37,100 --> 01:20:39,368 and the other would be understanding 1685 01:20:39,368 --> 01:20:42,771 your passion for place, for where you live, 1686 01:20:42,771 --> 01:20:46,109 and really loving the place that you live in. 1687 01:20:54,650 --> 01:20:59,088 Environmentalism was once the project of a passionate few. 1688 01:20:59,088 --> 01:21:01,190 Now millions of people have responded 1689 01:21:01,190 --> 01:21:04,693 to ecological destruction and have created the groundwork 1690 01:21:04,693 --> 01:21:07,430 for a sustainable and just world. 1691 01:21:07,430 --> 01:21:11,400 With the onset of global warming and other catastrophic events, 1692 01:21:11,400 --> 01:21:13,802 environmentalism has become, today, 1693 01:21:13,802 --> 01:21:16,940 a broader, unifying human issue. 1694 01:21:16,940 --> 01:21:20,576 We as citizens, leaders, consumers, and voters 1695 01:21:20,576 --> 01:21:23,146 have the opportunity to help integrate ecology 1696 01:21:23,146 --> 01:21:27,483 into governmental policy and everyday living standards. 1697 01:21:27,483 --> 01:21:30,319 During this critical period of human history, 1698 01:21:30,319 --> 01:21:32,721 healing the damage of industrial civilization 1699 01:21:32,721 --> 01:21:35,091 is the task of our generation. 1700 01:21:35,091 --> 01:21:38,161 Our response depends on the conscious evolution 1701 01:21:38,161 --> 01:21:42,265 of our species and this response could very well save 1702 01:21:42,265 --> 01:21:46,335 this unique blue planet for future generations. 1703 01:21:49,472 --> 01:21:52,241 SUZUKI: So I see a world in the future 1704 01:21:52,241 --> 01:21:55,778 in which we understand that all life is related to us 1705 01:21:55,778 --> 01:22:00,549 and we treat that life with great humility and respect. 1706 01:22:00,549 --> 01:22:03,452 I see us, as well, as social creatures, 1707 01:22:03,452 --> 01:22:05,254 and when I began to look back and say 1708 01:22:05,254 --> 01:22:07,756 "What is the fundamental bottom line 1709 01:22:07,756 --> 01:22:09,392 for us as social creatures?" 1710 01:22:09,392 --> 01:22:12,428 I couldn't believe it because it seemed so hippie-dippy, 1711 01:22:12,428 --> 01:22:14,197 but it was love. 1712 01:22:14,197 --> 01:22:18,767 Love is the force that makes us fully human. 1713 01:22:18,767 --> 01:22:22,905 Now, to me the value is... 1714 01:22:22,905 --> 01:22:27,910 the healing power that comes from getting 1715 01:22:27,910 --> 01:22:31,514 that it's not just global warming, 1716 01:22:31,514 --> 01:22:35,218 it's not just fossil fuel dependency, 1717 01:22:35,218 --> 01:22:38,321 it's not just soil erosion, 1718 01:22:38,321 --> 01:22:40,823 it's not just chemical contamination 1719 01:22:40,823 --> 01:22:43,326 of our land and water, 1720 01:22:43,326 --> 01:22:47,430 it's not just the population problem, 1721 01:22:47,430 --> 01:22:51,500 and it's not just all of those. 1722 01:22:51,500 --> 01:22:56,372 The deterioration of the environment of our planet 1723 01:22:56,372 --> 01:23:00,209 is an outward mirror of an inner condition. 1724 01:23:00,209 --> 01:23:03,446 Like inside, like outside. 1725 01:23:03,446 --> 01:23:07,383 And that's a part of the great work. 1726 01:23:07,383 --> 01:23:10,853 So even if we choose to eradicate ourselves 1727 01:23:10,853 --> 01:23:13,856 from this Earth by whatever means, 1728 01:23:13,856 --> 01:23:16,059 the Earth goes nowhere 1729 01:23:16,059 --> 01:23:19,162 and in time it will regenerate 1730 01:23:19,162 --> 01:23:22,465 and all the lakes will be pristine; 1731 01:23:22,465 --> 01:23:27,070 the rivers, the waters, the mountains, 1732 01:23:27,070 --> 01:23:29,872 everything will be green again. 1733 01:23:29,872 --> 01:23:31,940 It'll be peaceful. 1734 01:23:31,940 --> 01:23:36,745 There may not be people, but the Earth will regenerate. 1735 01:23:36,745 --> 01:23:38,081 And you know why? 1736 01:23:38,081 --> 01:23:43,018 Because the Earth has all the time in the world. 1737 01:23:43,018 --> 01:23:44,820 And we don't. 1738 01:23:44,820 --> 01:23:47,656 So I think that's where we're at right now. 1739 01:23:57,200 --> 01:24:00,203 (somber, ominous theme playing) 1740 01:24:09,812 --> 01:24:12,648 * * 1741 01:24:22,525 --> 01:24:25,328 * * 1742 01:24:36,205 --> 01:24:39,342 * * 1743 01:24:49,352 --> 01:24:52,355 ("Politik" by Coldplay begins) 1744 01:25:02,465 --> 01:25:05,401 * * 1745 01:25:14,443 --> 01:25:20,082 * Look at Earth from outer space * 1746 01:25:20,082 --> 01:25:24,653 * Everyone must find their place * 1747 01:25:25,788 --> 01:25:31,260 * Give me time and give me space * 1748 01:25:31,260 --> 01:25:36,799 * Give me real, don't give me fake * 1749 01:25:36,799 --> 01:25:41,136 * Give me strength, reserve, control * 1750 01:25:42,505 --> 01:25:48,143 * Give me heart and give me soul... * 1751 01:25:48,143 --> 01:25:53,649 * Give me time, give us a kiss * 1752 01:25:53,649 --> 01:25:57,686 * Tell me your own politic * 1753 01:26:08,331 --> 01:26:14,169 * And open up your eyes * 1754 01:26:14,169 --> 01:26:19,908 * Open up your eyes * 1755 01:26:19,908 --> 01:26:25,481 * Open up your eyes * 1756 01:26:25,481 --> 01:26:30,619 * Open up your eyes * 1757 01:26:32,855 --> 01:26:38,527 * Give me one 'cause one is best * 1758 01:26:38,527 --> 01:26:44,300 * In confusion, confidence * 1759 01:26:44,300 --> 01:26:49,872 * Give me peace of mind and trust * 1760 01:26:49,872 --> 01:26:55,544 * Don't forget the rest of us * 1761 01:26:55,544 --> 01:27:01,149 * Give me strength, reserve, control * 1762 01:27:01,149 --> 01:27:06,422 * Give me heart and give me soul * 1763 01:27:06,422 --> 01:27:12,361 * Wounds that heal and cracks that fix * 1764 01:27:12,361 --> 01:27:15,998 * Tell me your own politic * 1765 01:27:15,998 --> 01:27:21,570 * And open up your eyes * 1766 01:27:21,570 --> 01:27:27,209 * Open up your eyes * 1767 01:27:27,209 --> 01:27:32,681 * Open up your eyes * 1768 01:27:32,681 --> 01:27:38,086 * Open up your eyes * 1769 01:27:38,086 --> 01:27:43,025 * Just open up your eyes * 1770 01:27:53,135 --> 01:27:56,271 * * 1771 01:28:06,048 --> 01:28:09,618 * * 1772 01:28:09,618 --> 01:28:13,422 * But give me love over * 1773 01:28:13,422 --> 01:28:16,291 * Love over * 1774 01:28:16,291 --> 01:28:21,430 * Love over this... * 1775 01:28:23,766 --> 01:28:28,704 * And... * 1776 01:28:32,207 --> 01:28:36,044 * And give me love over * 1777 01:28:36,044 --> 01:28:38,681 * Love over * 1778 01:28:38,681 --> 01:28:43,686 * Love over this... * 1779 01:28:46,154 --> 01:28:51,460 * And... * 1780 01:29:02,204 --> 01:29:05,340 * * 1781 01:29:16,118 --> 01:29:19,087 * * 1782 01:29:30,198 --> 01:29:33,368 * * 1783 01:29:44,046 --> 01:29:47,015 * * 1784 01:29:58,126 --> 01:30:01,063 (song fades, ends) 1785 01:30:05,167 --> 01:30:08,170 (acoustic guitar playing soulful, medium-tempo melody) 1786 01:30:18,280 --> 01:30:21,416 * * 1787 01:30:32,227 --> 01:30:35,163 * * 1788 01:30:46,208 --> 01:30:49,144 * * 1789 01:31:00,155 --> 01:31:03,125 * * 1790 01:31:14,202 --> 01:31:17,005 * * 1791 01:31:28,116 --> 01:31:31,086 * * 1792 01:31:42,030 --> 01:31:44,933 * * 1793 01:31:56,044 --> 01:31:59,014 * * 1794 01:32:09,992 --> 01:32:12,928 * * 1795 01:32:22,237 --> 01:32:24,773 (music ends)