1 00:00:21,980 --> 00:00:26,109 As a reporter who spent quite a bit of time in Hitler's Germany 2 00:00:26,192 --> 00:00:29,612 and who wrote a diary which had the good fortune to be read widely 3 00:00:29,696 --> 00:00:32,323 by a great many Americans, 4 00:00:32,407 --> 00:00:35,660 {\an8}I've been asked by the Army-Navy Screen Magazine 5 00:00:35,744 --> 00:00:38,079 {\an8}to talk about the film you're going to see. 6 00:00:41,708 --> 00:00:44,335 As the war moves through its fifth year, 7 00:00:44,419 --> 00:00:47,839 the United Nations drive hard against Nazi Germany 8 00:00:47,922 --> 00:00:51,426 and carry the attack at last even to the Fatherland itself. 9 00:00:56,056 --> 00:00:59,350 Every day, a German factory town is pounded to rubble. 10 00:00:59,434 --> 00:01:04,439 A fury of propaganda exhorts the people to save themselves and the Nazi regime 11 00:01:04,522 --> 00:01:07,776 from the hell into which Nazi schemes have plunged them. 12 00:01:07,859 --> 00:01:11,488 But the trumpets of attack would shake Germany's very walls, 13 00:01:11,571 --> 00:01:14,949 stir more sober workers to reflect uneasily 14 00:01:15,033 --> 00:01:17,702 on the fate of the Germany that used to be. 15 00:01:54,030 --> 00:01:57,826 At what time did you know that the war, 16 00:01:57,909 --> 00:02:02,413 {\an8}so far as achieving the objectives that you had in mind, 17 00:02:02,497 --> 00:02:03,748 was a lost war? 18 00:02:05,500 --> 00:02:09,212 It is extremely difficult to say. 19 00:02:09,796 --> 00:02:12,882 At any rate, according to my conviction, 20 00:02:12,966 --> 00:02:14,843 relatively late. 21 00:02:16,636 --> 00:02:21,349 And there was no way to prevent the war going on 22 00:02:22,016 --> 00:02:26,771 as long as Hitler was at the head of the German government, was there? 23 00:02:28,690 --> 00:02:34,028 As long as Hitler was the Führer of the German people, 24 00:02:34,112 --> 00:02:40,034 he alone decided whether the war was to go on. 25 00:02:42,537 --> 00:02:45,331 In the second half of 1944, it has become clear 26 00:02:45,415 --> 00:02:47,834 to any person with an ounce of reason 27 00:02:47,917 --> 00:02:50,086 that Germany has been comprehensively defeated. 28 00:02:50,712 --> 00:02:53,965 The D-Day landings had succeeded for the Western Allies, 29 00:02:54,048 --> 00:02:55,800 and they are starting to sweep across France 30 00:02:55,884 --> 00:02:58,344 and into Western Europe and Western Germany. 31 00:03:02,348 --> 00:03:06,436 By the same token, the Soviets had launched a massive offensive, 32 00:03:07,020 --> 00:03:10,231 and clearly, the Eastern Front for Germany is falling apart. 33 00:03:10,773 --> 00:03:14,027 German cities are being bombed day and night. 34 00:03:15,653 --> 00:03:18,364 The end is very clearly coming, and coming soon. 35 00:03:24,204 --> 00:03:26,748 Hitler was absolutely convinced 36 00:03:26,831 --> 00:03:29,334 right to the very end that he could win this war. 37 00:03:31,878 --> 00:03:36,257 His whole ideology is based on a concept 38 00:03:36,341 --> 00:03:38,551 of racial struggle, 39 00:03:39,510 --> 00:03:41,262 a struggle for survival. 40 00:03:43,806 --> 00:03:46,100 And for him, it was self-evident 41 00:03:46,184 --> 00:03:49,771 that the Aryan race, the master race, was obviously going to win. 42 00:03:51,356 --> 00:03:54,275 He believed, above all, in himself. 43 00:03:54,776 --> 00:03:58,446 He vastly overestimated his own powers. 44 00:04:00,281 --> 00:04:02,033 At the end of 1944, 45 00:04:02,116 --> 00:04:06,412 Hitler is in the Wolfsschanze, the Wolf's Lair, isolated from everywhere. 46 00:04:06,913 --> 00:04:10,375 The only people who were allowed in were just the top dignitaries, 47 00:04:10,458 --> 00:04:12,585 who tell him what he wants to hear anyway. 48 00:04:15,505 --> 00:04:19,175 Among them is Hermann Goering, still the second man in the Third Reich, 49 00:04:19,259 --> 00:04:22,136 and he was very bombastic. 50 00:04:22,220 --> 00:04:26,432 He'd make these dramatic declarations about what he was going to do. 51 00:04:27,141 --> 00:04:30,436 Hitler gets more and more under the thrall of Heinrich Himmler, 52 00:04:30,520 --> 00:04:33,856 this one person who he trusted more than anybody else. 53 00:04:34,941 --> 00:04:37,735 Joseph Goebbels really talks about this idea 54 00:04:37,819 --> 00:04:40,822 that in the horoscopes and in the stars, 55 00:04:40,905 --> 00:04:43,408 some miraculous thing is going to happen. 56 00:04:43,491 --> 00:04:45,285 "The Allies are going to break down, 57 00:04:45,368 --> 00:04:48,037 and therefore, there will be some opportunity for us." 58 00:04:52,000 --> 00:04:54,919 Towards the end of 1944, 59 00:04:55,837 --> 00:05:02,093 Hitler made a decision to mount a last counteroffensive in the west. 60 00:05:02,677 --> 00:05:06,180 He took large numbers of troops away from the Eastern Front, 61 00:05:06,264 --> 00:05:08,808 against the advice of his senior generals, 62 00:05:09,350 --> 00:05:12,270 and poured them into the west. 63 00:05:12,770 --> 00:05:17,442 But, of course, the truth of the matter was that the German forces, 64 00:05:17,525 --> 00:05:20,445 by this stage, were in a much weaker position 65 00:05:20,528 --> 00:05:24,282 than those of the British and Americans. 66 00:05:26,743 --> 00:05:29,787 German armies pushed rapidly forward. 67 00:05:29,871 --> 00:05:32,957 They created a kind of bulge in the line, 68 00:05:33,041 --> 00:05:35,335 which is why it's called the Battle of the Bulge. 69 00:05:37,378 --> 00:05:41,716 But the Allies hold out more than the Germans had thought, 70 00:05:41,799 --> 00:05:45,345 and the Germans are critically short of gasoline for their tanks, 71 00:05:45,428 --> 00:05:48,639 and the German advance completely grinds to a halt. 72 00:05:48,723 --> 00:05:50,868 The German tanks had run out of petrol 73 00:05:50,892 --> 00:05:52,393 and, motionless, were sitting ducks, 74 00:05:52,477 --> 00:05:54,854 not just for the Allied guns on the ground, 75 00:05:54,937 --> 00:05:56,773 but for the Allied planes too. 76 00:06:04,030 --> 00:06:07,241 Withdrawing a large number of troops from the east 77 00:06:07,325 --> 00:06:09,827 meant, of course, weakening the Eastern Front 78 00:06:09,911 --> 00:06:13,539 and enabling the Soviet Union, the Red Army, 79 00:06:13,623 --> 00:06:15,333 to advance even more quickly. 80 00:06:17,543 --> 00:06:20,421 On January 18, Soviet troops 81 00:06:20,505 --> 00:06:23,424 began a rapid pursuit of the enemy, 82 00:06:23,508 --> 00:06:26,010 which did not stop day or night. 83 00:06:27,428 --> 00:06:29,188 At that same time, 84 00:06:29,263 --> 00:06:31,724 the Germans are using desperately-needed trains 85 00:06:31,808 --> 00:06:34,519 to transport not reinforcements to the front, 86 00:06:34,602 --> 00:06:37,355 but Hungarian Jews to Auschwitz to be murdered. 87 00:06:38,147 --> 00:06:41,234 Over 400,000 Hungarian Jews 88 00:06:41,317 --> 00:06:45,488 were taken away to Auschwitz for extermination, 89 00:06:45,571 --> 00:06:49,033 and there's no military purpose to this. 90 00:06:49,117 --> 00:06:51,828 It's not going to help defeat the Red Army. 91 00:06:52,870 --> 00:06:54,247 For the Nazis, 92 00:06:54,330 --> 00:06:58,459 the extermination of the Jews is not a distraction from the war effort. 93 00:06:59,043 --> 00:07:00,336 It is the war effort. 94 00:07:12,140 --> 00:07:15,768 Once the Red Army crossed into German territory, 95 00:07:15,852 --> 00:07:18,146 it was an utter bloodbath. 96 00:07:18,229 --> 00:07:22,191 Red Army soldiers took out utterly brutal revenge 97 00:07:22,275 --> 00:07:24,569 for the four years of war they had suffered. 98 00:07:25,486 --> 00:07:30,074 They began to rape women on an extraordinary scale. 99 00:07:30,158 --> 00:07:31,802 - You too? - Yeah. 100 00:07:31,826 --> 00:07:36,622 They even abused my sister and mother in a bestial and animal way. 101 00:07:40,126 --> 00:07:42,086 THE GERMAN NEWSREEL 102 00:07:42,170 --> 00:07:44,730 The Soviet atrocities against German civilians 103 00:07:44,755 --> 00:07:47,675 were played up very heavily in Goebbels' media 104 00:07:47,758 --> 00:07:50,553 as a kind of warning that Germans should keep fighting, 105 00:07:50,636 --> 00:07:54,015 because this kind of atrocity is what would happen when the Soviets got there. 106 00:07:54,098 --> 00:07:56,818 German soldiers are running into an enemy 107 00:07:56,893 --> 00:08:01,063 who occupies cities and villages with a bestiality that is hardly found... 108 00:08:01,147 --> 00:08:02,607 COMBAT ZONE! 109 00:08:02,690 --> 00:08:03,983 ...in human history. 110 00:08:04,066 --> 00:08:07,528 {\an8}PROTECT OUR WOMEN AND CHILDREN FROM THE RED BEASTS 111 00:08:11,032 --> 00:08:13,135 Of course, it sent waves of panic 112 00:08:13,159 --> 00:08:15,119 amongst the people of Germany. 113 00:08:16,037 --> 00:08:19,415 Hitler would always argue, however bad the situation was, 114 00:08:19,499 --> 00:08:21,042 he wasn't going to capitulate. 115 00:08:21,125 --> 00:08:22,043 And not only that, 116 00:08:22,126 --> 00:08:25,922 he expected all the population to stay with him in that. 117 00:08:26,005 --> 00:08:28,424 Not to give up, not to relent, not to give in. 118 00:08:33,846 --> 00:08:37,475 Will you repeat this oath after me? I swear by God 119 00:08:38,100 --> 00:08:40,603 that I will speak the pure truth 120 00:08:40,686 --> 00:08:43,022 and will withhold and add nothing. 121 00:08:47,568 --> 00:08:49,288 You may sit. 122 00:08:50,571 --> 00:08:55,660 From January 1945 onward, a terrible chapter began: 123 00:08:56,244 --> 00:08:58,162 the last phase of the war 124 00:08:58,788 --> 00:08:59,997 and the realization 125 00:09:00,748 --> 00:09:04,919 that Hitler had identified the fate of the German people with his own. 126 00:09:07,797 --> 00:09:11,801 Albert Speer is the armaments minister in 1945. 127 00:09:12,593 --> 00:09:15,888 He was anti-Semitic, he was racist, 128 00:09:15,972 --> 00:09:19,517 and he was very subservient to Hitler. 129 00:09:21,894 --> 00:09:24,855 He knows by the beginning of 1945 that... 130 00:09:25,731 --> 00:09:27,400 the war is... is over. 131 00:09:31,028 --> 00:09:33,864 Speer was confident enough 132 00:09:33,948 --> 00:09:36,951 of his own personal relationship with Hitler 133 00:09:38,077 --> 00:09:41,163 that he thought he could tell him how it really was. 134 00:09:50,923 --> 00:09:53,509 The key thing, as always in this regime, 135 00:09:54,760 --> 00:09:56,637 would be, "How would Hitler respond?" 136 00:10:02,852 --> 00:10:05,271 Hitler's reaction to Albert Speer's memo 137 00:10:05,354 --> 00:10:10,276 is one of fury, anger, and effectively disbelief. 138 00:10:13,487 --> 00:10:15,489 Hitler then said 139 00:10:16,532 --> 00:10:21,537 that pessimistic statements of the nature of those contained in my memorandum 140 00:10:22,788 --> 00:10:27,460 would in future be considered as high treason and punished accordingly. 141 00:10:28,294 --> 00:10:31,797 Anyone who disobeyed would be shot without regard for position or rank, 142 00:10:31,881 --> 00:10:33,549 and his family would be arrested. 143 00:10:38,846 --> 00:10:41,932 The horrid fate that is now taking shape in the east 144 00:10:42,516 --> 00:10:45,603 of thousands in the villages and marketplaces, 145 00:10:45,686 --> 00:10:48,439 in the country, in the cities, 146 00:10:48,981 --> 00:10:52,026 will be warded off in the end and mastered by us, 147 00:10:52,109 --> 00:10:56,697 with the utmost exertion and despite all setbacks and hard trials. 148 00:10:57,281 --> 00:11:01,327 I expect every able-bodied to otherwise handicapped 149 00:11:01,410 --> 00:11:04,038 to work to their last strength. 150 00:11:08,918 --> 00:11:10,753 By this point in the war, 151 00:11:10,836 --> 00:11:13,839 a little over five million German soldiers had been killed in combat. 152 00:11:13,923 --> 00:11:17,760 And Germany really was running out of military-age young men. 153 00:11:18,427 --> 00:11:21,764 They called up a Volkssturm, a people's militia. 154 00:11:23,349 --> 00:11:25,351 Men of the Berlin Volkssturm... 155 00:11:25,434 --> 00:11:27,228 Volkssturm means... 156 00:11:27,311 --> 00:11:29,980 Volk is "the people," and sturm is "storm." 157 00:11:30,064 --> 00:11:35,528 Germany had millions of men 158 00:11:35,611 --> 00:11:37,530 ready and determined to fight... 159 00:11:37,613 --> 00:11:40,408 It comes across as a very strong word, 160 00:11:40,491 --> 00:11:42,243 you know, "the Volkssturm." 161 00:11:42,326 --> 00:11:47,748 ...who have the firm and unshakable will 162 00:11:47,832 --> 00:11:51,293 never to capitulate. 163 00:11:52,503 --> 00:11:56,674 {\an8}But in fact, in reality, is very pathetic. 164 00:12:02,054 --> 00:12:06,475 It's the recruitment of very young boys 165 00:12:06,559 --> 00:12:10,229 and very old men to fight against the Red Army. 166 00:12:10,938 --> 00:12:12,978 Volkssturm soldiers of Berlin, 167 00:12:13,941 --> 00:12:19,405 raise your hand in unity and repeat after me. 168 00:12:22,408 --> 00:12:25,536 "I swear this holy oath 169 00:12:26,036 --> 00:12:28,998 that to the leader of the Greater German Reich, 170 00:12:29,498 --> 00:12:31,625 Adolf Hitler, 171 00:12:31,709 --> 00:12:35,504 I will be unconditionally loyal." 172 00:12:35,588 --> 00:12:39,341 I will be unconditionally loyal. 173 00:12:41,635 --> 00:12:44,114 Something that really characterizes Hitler 174 00:12:44,138 --> 00:12:47,808 is that he does not seem to be able to understand basic human empathy 175 00:12:47,892 --> 00:12:50,436 or basic human compassion for the human beings 176 00:12:50,519 --> 00:12:54,106 that he's pushing around like ants on an anthill or something. 177 00:12:54,190 --> 00:12:58,319 And so to understand Hitler and to understand his endgame, 178 00:12:58,402 --> 00:13:01,781 one has to understand that actually, ultimately, he doesn't care 179 00:13:01,864 --> 00:13:05,326 about the human beings that he's playing with. 180 00:13:11,999 --> 00:13:15,920 Because of the ongoing bombardment of Berlin, 181 00:13:16,003 --> 00:13:20,257 Hitler is forced to leave his living quarters 182 00:13:20,341 --> 00:13:22,176 in the Reich Chancellery 183 00:13:23,052 --> 00:13:28,641 and move into this elaborate underground bunker complex. 184 00:13:46,992 --> 00:13:48,118 It's dark. 185 00:13:48,828 --> 00:13:50,579 It's gloomy. 186 00:13:51,622 --> 00:13:53,749 It's claustrophobic. 187 00:13:58,045 --> 00:14:01,966 This bunker was a place where Hitler was increasingly isolated, 188 00:14:02,049 --> 00:14:04,426 far more than he had been for the rest of the war, 189 00:14:04,510 --> 00:14:09,348 and where he became increasingly distrustful 190 00:14:09,431 --> 00:14:10,891 of those around him. 191 00:14:13,435 --> 00:14:16,355 Traudl Junge was a young woman from Bavaria 192 00:14:16,438 --> 00:14:20,150 who had served as Hitler's secretary for several years by this point. 193 00:14:20,234 --> 00:14:24,280 And it's interesting to read the memoirs of Traudl Junge, 194 00:14:24,363 --> 00:14:27,950 who's in the bunker loyally typing Hitler's orders. 195 00:14:28,742 --> 00:14:32,663 We are all leaded in our thoughts 196 00:14:33,247 --> 00:14:35,749 and our feelings by Hitler. 197 00:14:35,833 --> 00:14:40,296 We all were playing in a play, each his role, 198 00:14:40,379 --> 00:14:43,716 and he was the only one who knew the script. 199 00:14:43,799 --> 00:14:47,595 He made us all do our play and speak our text. 200 00:14:48,554 --> 00:14:51,473 Nobody else knew how it would end. 201 00:14:52,808 --> 00:14:54,560 {\an8}He very seldom went out. 202 00:14:55,060 --> 00:14:58,731 {\an8}And it's remarkable, in World War II, 203 00:14:58,814 --> 00:15:03,277 that he refused to visit bombed-out families. 204 00:15:03,360 --> 00:15:04,612 He could not abide 205 00:15:04,695 --> 00:15:09,617 the sight of the destruction that he had ultimately wrought. 206 00:15:12,870 --> 00:15:19,168 Well, you can't be a dictator in personal charge of your armed forces 207 00:15:19,251 --> 00:15:21,962 at a time when they're being beaten back on every front 208 00:15:22,046 --> 00:15:24,965 without suffering serious symptoms of stress. 209 00:15:26,884 --> 00:15:31,555 He had developed a tremor in his arm, in his hand, 210 00:15:31,639 --> 00:15:34,058 that had become uncontrollable. 211 00:15:35,267 --> 00:15:38,270 He began showing symptoms of Parkinson's disease. 212 00:15:40,689 --> 00:15:44,944 He is taking a strange, elaborate cocktail 213 00:15:45,027 --> 00:15:47,196 of medications and drugs. 214 00:15:53,202 --> 00:15:57,539 Slowly but steadily, he became weak. 215 00:15:58,290 --> 00:16:03,379 The doctors went in and out, and he became totally apathetic. 216 00:16:05,798 --> 00:16:09,468 The one scenario that he's really clinging to early in 1945 217 00:16:09,551 --> 00:16:11,637 is that somehow or another, there will be a break 218 00:16:11,720 --> 00:16:14,390 between the Western powers and the Soviet Union, 219 00:16:14,473 --> 00:16:17,685 and this will bring some kind of salvation to him and to Germany. 220 00:16:18,227 --> 00:16:21,730 Early February, and final plans at Yalta. 221 00:16:21,814 --> 00:16:25,651 Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin drafting the victory blueprints. 222 00:16:25,734 --> 00:16:27,861 In February 1945, 223 00:16:27,945 --> 00:16:30,447 at Yalta in Crimea, 224 00:16:30,531 --> 00:16:31,740 the Allies meet. 225 00:16:34,284 --> 00:16:39,123 This is yet another demonstration of the solidity of the Grand Alliance, 226 00:16:39,748 --> 00:16:42,251 one that Hitler still doesn't believe in. 227 00:16:42,334 --> 00:16:44,654 The Big Three achieve realistic agreement. 228 00:16:44,712 --> 00:16:46,839 The Nazi criminals will be punished. 229 00:16:48,132 --> 00:16:50,342 At Yalta, let us face the fact, 230 00:16:50,426 --> 00:16:53,637 they decided on a hard keep for Germany. 231 00:16:53,721 --> 00:16:55,764 Hard, but not unjust. 232 00:16:56,390 --> 00:16:58,976 A promise to bring all German war criminals 233 00:16:59,059 --> 00:17:00,894 to just and swift punishment. 234 00:17:01,603 --> 00:17:06,608 This is one reason why Hitler was all-or-nothing. 235 00:17:06,692 --> 00:17:11,864 He was not going to be subject to the humiliation of capture 236 00:17:11,947 --> 00:17:13,323 and possibly trial. 237 00:17:13,907 --> 00:17:16,493 And after Yalta, action in the West. 238 00:17:21,665 --> 00:17:23,465 The consequence for Germany and Germans 239 00:17:23,542 --> 00:17:25,836 of Hitler's determination to fight to the end 240 00:17:25,919 --> 00:17:29,298 is that the end of the war is utterly catastrophic for Germans, 241 00:17:29,381 --> 00:17:31,258 far more than it would've needed to be. 242 00:17:32,551 --> 00:17:35,721 Allied planes rain destruction on Germany. 243 00:17:37,264 --> 00:17:41,727 Half a million German civilians were killed in the bombing raids, 244 00:17:41,810 --> 00:17:45,105 and they were killed overwhelmingly in the later stage of the war. 245 00:17:46,607 --> 00:17:47,941 By late in the war, 246 00:17:48,025 --> 00:17:50,819 the scale of the bomber fleets has grown so large 247 00:17:50,903 --> 00:17:55,282 that the bombers can deliver raids of incredible destructive power. 248 00:18:02,164 --> 00:18:05,209 And one of the cities most infamously targeted 249 00:18:05,292 --> 00:18:06,710 is the city of Dresden, 250 00:18:06,794 --> 00:18:11,590 which was a beautiful baroque city with gorgeous artworks and so on, 251 00:18:11,673 --> 00:18:13,926 one of the gems of Central Europe. 252 00:18:14,510 --> 00:18:16,011 It's full of refugees. 253 00:18:16,095 --> 00:18:19,348 It doesn't really have much of an industrial capacity. 254 00:18:19,431 --> 00:18:21,975 There, of course, are some factories there. 255 00:18:22,059 --> 00:18:26,105 This bombing didn't focus primarily on military targets, 256 00:18:26,188 --> 00:18:27,689 but on creating terror 257 00:18:27,773 --> 00:18:30,275 in order to bring about the end of the war. 258 00:18:35,823 --> 00:18:38,367 The raid created something that was known as a firestorm. 259 00:18:41,662 --> 00:18:43,539 This meant there were so many fires, 260 00:18:43,622 --> 00:18:46,125 they joined together and became absolutely superheated 261 00:18:47,000 --> 00:18:51,797 and sucked in the air from the rest of the city. 262 00:18:53,924 --> 00:18:58,887 Some people who tried to walk along, they got pulled in by the fire. 263 00:18:59,471 --> 00:19:01,616 They all of a sudden disappeared right in front of you. 264 00:19:01,640 --> 00:19:07,104 Such a draft in a firestorm like that. It's a most horrible thing. 265 00:19:07,187 --> 00:19:11,233 You have to save yourself, or try to get as far away from the fire, 266 00:19:11,316 --> 00:19:13,193 because the draft pulls you in. 267 00:19:18,323 --> 00:19:22,536 {\an8}Something like 25,000 people were killed over these two days. 268 00:19:23,787 --> 00:19:28,041 There was no time to... dig individual graves. 269 00:19:28,125 --> 00:19:30,252 We had to make big mass graves. 270 00:19:31,086 --> 00:19:33,297 The fire is burning so hot 271 00:19:33,380 --> 00:19:35,382 that it can suck the air out of bomb shelters, 272 00:19:35,465 --> 00:19:38,552 so many people died by being asphyxiated in their bomb shelter. 273 00:19:41,054 --> 00:19:44,558 It was just... You couldn't believe that this was a whole person. 274 00:19:45,184 --> 00:19:48,061 I saw sometimes two people close together 275 00:19:48,145 --> 00:19:53,692 who maybe in despair had... and was one tiny little figure. 276 00:20:01,158 --> 00:20:02,701 In March 1945, 277 00:20:02,784 --> 00:20:05,704 Speer, who's become even more concerned 278 00:20:05,787 --> 00:20:08,957 with the potential fate of the German people now, 279 00:20:10,042 --> 00:20:11,501 goes to Hitler and says, 280 00:20:12,336 --> 00:20:18,091 "We have to work together to somehow find a way out of this 281 00:20:18,175 --> 00:20:22,054 so that we can preserve the last vestiges of Germany, 282 00:20:22,137 --> 00:20:23,555 of the German people." 283 00:20:24,640 --> 00:20:27,267 Hitler made declarations to me: 284 00:20:28,143 --> 00:20:32,856 There was no need to take into consideration 285 00:20:34,566 --> 00:20:38,904 the basics which the people would need to live even a primitive existence. 286 00:20:40,322 --> 00:20:42,658 On the contrary, it would be better 287 00:20:44,159 --> 00:20:46,245 to destroy these things ourselves, 288 00:20:47,704 --> 00:20:50,707 because this nation will have proved to be the weaker one, 289 00:20:52,626 --> 00:20:56,213 and the future belongs solely to the stronger eastern nation. 290 00:20:57,881 --> 00:21:00,300 Hitler believed that history, 291 00:21:00,384 --> 00:21:02,010 life indeed, was all about the struggle 292 00:21:02,094 --> 00:21:04,429 for the survival of the fittest between races, 293 00:21:04,513 --> 00:21:07,724 and so they didn't deserve to survive anyway. 294 00:21:11,520 --> 00:21:13,855 As they pull back, they destroy. 295 00:21:15,023 --> 00:21:16,984 Hitler has ordered a senseless policy 296 00:21:17,067 --> 00:21:20,696 that the earth be scorched without regard to military value. 297 00:21:23,490 --> 00:21:26,285 The German people remained loyal to Adolf Hitler 298 00:21:26,368 --> 00:21:27,494 until the end. 299 00:21:28,453 --> 00:21:30,289 He betrayed them with intent. 300 00:21:31,164 --> 00:21:34,167 He tried to throw them definitely into the abyss. 301 00:21:42,551 --> 00:21:47,347 Eva Braun, who was Hitler's long-term partner, in effect, 302 00:21:47,848 --> 00:21:49,975 came back to be with Hitler at the end. 303 00:21:51,476 --> 00:21:53,854 They had a very long relationship, 304 00:21:54,438 --> 00:21:58,025 but Hitler always made a point of keeping her secret. 305 00:21:59,401 --> 00:22:01,069 He always portrayed himself 306 00:22:01,153 --> 00:22:04,823 as somebody who had sacrificed his private life for Germany. 307 00:22:06,867 --> 00:22:10,245 He had expressly forbidden her ever to be in Berlin with him 308 00:22:10,329 --> 00:22:13,040 and wanted her to stay in Bavaria. 309 00:22:13,123 --> 00:22:17,085 But she, against his wishes, came because she was so loyal to him. 310 00:22:18,378 --> 00:22:22,299 Hitler tried to seem angry, but he wasn't successful. 311 00:22:22,382 --> 00:22:25,302 He was obviously so happy that she was there, 312 00:22:25,385 --> 00:22:27,971 that nobody tried to... to send her back. 313 00:22:29,765 --> 00:22:32,559 She did this of her own volition. 314 00:22:32,642 --> 00:22:35,395 She wanted to share his ultimate fate. 315 00:22:51,036 --> 00:22:52,954 By the later stages of the war, 316 00:22:53,038 --> 00:22:55,290 the concentration camps were increasingly in the path 317 00:22:55,374 --> 00:22:57,501 of the encroaching Allies. 318 00:22:58,126 --> 00:23:00,837 Therefore, they were evacuated by the Germans. 319 00:23:00,921 --> 00:23:05,342 They said we have to go because the Russians are close here. 320 00:23:05,884 --> 00:23:09,262 So they didn't want us to be liberated by the Russians. 321 00:23:09,930 --> 00:23:14,976 The SS gathered the inmates together and marched them away from the fighting. 322 00:23:16,728 --> 00:23:20,065 Then we walked for six weeks. 323 00:23:20,607 --> 00:23:23,860 We didn't know what was happening, where we were going. 324 00:23:30,075 --> 00:23:34,413 At night, they let us rest on a field outside. 325 00:23:34,496 --> 00:23:35,956 It was cold there. 326 00:23:36,039 --> 00:23:39,042 And in the morning, we saw several people dead from the cold. 327 00:23:45,465 --> 00:23:48,927 We started to march in snow up to the knees, 328 00:23:49,803 --> 00:23:56,351 and the soldiers and the German Shepherds were on the side and behind us, 329 00:23:56,435 --> 00:23:59,813 and they said if somebody cannot keep up with marching, 330 00:23:59,896 --> 00:24:02,607 they are going to be shot here in the gutter. 331 00:24:03,191 --> 00:24:05,861 Hundreds of people were shot in the gutter. 332 00:24:08,530 --> 00:24:10,198 They took the prisoners 333 00:24:10,282 --> 00:24:13,785 on these death marches to other concentration camps. 334 00:24:18,039 --> 00:24:21,710 One of the camps which was used as one of these collecting centers 335 00:24:21,793 --> 00:24:25,046 was Belsen, or Bergen-Belsen, in northern Germany. 336 00:24:27,424 --> 00:24:29,384 Once we walked into that camp, 337 00:24:29,926 --> 00:24:34,055 we saw bodies and bodies piled up. 338 00:24:34,931 --> 00:24:36,391 We figured, "This is it." 339 00:24:36,475 --> 00:24:38,977 "If we are not going to get liberated right away, 340 00:24:39,060 --> 00:24:41,062 we are going to end up just like that." 341 00:24:42,772 --> 00:24:44,691 And we didn't have no food. 342 00:24:45,609 --> 00:24:49,696 We didn't have food for six weeks, nothing. 343 00:24:51,823 --> 00:24:53,116 As time went on, 344 00:24:53,200 --> 00:24:56,703 corpses were piling up faster than they could be burned, 345 00:24:56,786 --> 00:25:00,916 so that every morning we would look out, and there'd be this huge pile of corpses. 346 00:25:01,791 --> 00:25:07,589 It's just to... to die, the place, nothing. 347 00:25:07,672 --> 00:25:09,925 They... That was the purpose, 348 00:25:10,008 --> 00:25:13,845 but not with killing, just slowly to die. 349 00:25:16,431 --> 00:25:19,935 And in this situation, the British army arrived. 350 00:25:20,519 --> 00:25:22,979 Such was the speed of the Allied advance 351 00:25:23,063 --> 00:25:26,316 that the guards were taken before they had time to flee. 352 00:25:26,399 --> 00:25:29,402 Liberated prisoners could not control their emotion. 353 00:25:31,696 --> 00:25:33,406 The commandant, he stands up. 354 00:25:33,490 --> 00:25:37,077 He took one of those, uh, loudspeakers and announced, 355 00:25:37,160 --> 00:25:40,413 "We are from the British army. We came in to liberate you, 356 00:25:40,497 --> 00:25:42,582 and, uh, you are free!" 357 00:25:46,002 --> 00:25:49,297 That word, you are "free," you know? 358 00:25:50,006 --> 00:25:52,425 This was something like we're getting a new life. 359 00:25:52,509 --> 00:25:55,428 You know, you could see people, we thought they were dead! 360 00:25:55,512 --> 00:25:59,057 We could see a smile on their faces when they heard that word, "free." 361 00:26:01,726 --> 00:26:07,816 The famous British reporter Richard Dimbleby was on the scene 362 00:26:07,899 --> 00:26:10,652 and described exactly what he saw. 363 00:26:13,530 --> 00:26:15,824 {\an8}I find it hard to describe adequately 364 00:26:15,907 --> 00:26:18,034 {\an8}the horrible things that I've seen and heard, 365 00:26:18,785 --> 00:26:21,413 {\an8}but here, unadorned, are the facts. 366 00:26:22,455 --> 00:26:27,085 It is one of the first occasions in which the true horror of Nazism 367 00:26:27,168 --> 00:26:28,795 became apparent to the world. 368 00:26:30,880 --> 00:26:32,520 {\an8}I'd passed through the barrier 369 00:26:32,549 --> 00:26:35,594 {\an8}and found myself in the world of a nightmare. 370 00:26:36,595 --> 00:26:39,139 {\an8}Dead bodies, some of them in decay, 371 00:26:39,222 --> 00:26:42,225 lay strewn about the road and along the rutted tracks. 372 00:26:44,978 --> 00:26:47,647 The dead and the dying lay close together. 373 00:26:49,065 --> 00:26:52,277 They were crawling with lice and smeared with filth. 374 00:26:52,902 --> 00:26:56,281 One woman, distraught to the point of madness, 375 00:26:56,823 --> 00:26:58,908 flung herself at a British soldier. 376 00:26:58,992 --> 00:27:03,747 She begged him to give her some milk for the tiny baby she held in her arms. 377 00:27:03,830 --> 00:27:07,292 And when the soldier opened the bundle of rags to look at the child, 378 00:27:08,668 --> 00:27:11,046 he found it had been dead for days. 379 00:27:15,300 --> 00:27:17,140 Knowledge and information about the camp system 380 00:27:17,218 --> 00:27:18,928 has already been made public, 381 00:27:19,012 --> 00:27:21,306 but it's one thing to know about it on paper, 382 00:27:21,389 --> 00:27:23,975 and to perhaps think it's wartime propaganda, 383 00:27:24,059 --> 00:27:28,063 or to actually understand, "No, this was an integral part 384 00:27:28,146 --> 00:27:31,733 of the Nazi system of violence." 385 00:27:32,984 --> 00:27:35,987 The things in this camp are beyond describing. 386 00:27:36,071 --> 00:27:39,908 When you actually see them for yourselves, you know what you're fighting for here. 387 00:27:39,991 --> 00:27:42,577 Pictures in the paper cannot describe it at all. 388 00:27:47,457 --> 00:27:49,876 The revelations burst upon me like a thunderbolt 389 00:27:50,502 --> 00:27:52,587 and left me numb for several days. 390 00:27:53,880 --> 00:27:57,759 My mind, my imagination, unable to cope with their enormity. 391 00:27:58,551 --> 00:28:01,805 It had been too horrendous for ordinary mortals to grasp. 392 00:28:02,347 --> 00:28:06,601 I myself had been skeptical, despite all my years in Nazi Germany. 393 00:28:08,019 --> 00:28:11,356 As bad as my grandfather knew this regime was, 394 00:28:11,439 --> 00:28:15,443 it was far worse than he knew. 395 00:28:16,569 --> 00:28:18,780 He beat himself up somewhat 396 00:28:18,863 --> 00:28:21,991 about having not done enough. 397 00:28:25,078 --> 00:28:28,832 Looking back, I have to admit a terrible failure on my part. 398 00:28:29,624 --> 00:28:33,712 I should have done much more than I did to get the facts of this terrible genocide 399 00:28:33,795 --> 00:28:34,921 and then report it. 400 00:28:40,093 --> 00:28:41,853 We interrupt this program 401 00:28:41,886 --> 00:28:43,388 to bring you a special news bulletin. 402 00:28:43,471 --> 00:28:45,557 President Roosevelt is dead. 403 00:28:46,307 --> 00:28:49,310 When Franklin Delano Roosevelt died, 404 00:28:49,394 --> 00:28:53,732 Hitler and Goebbels thought this was a kind of sign or omen 405 00:28:53,815 --> 00:28:58,486 that the war would end victoriously, but they didn't think it for very long. 406 00:29:04,909 --> 00:29:09,622 The final battle for Berlin begins in the middle of April 1945. 407 00:29:10,415 --> 00:29:13,376 From the start of the Berlin operation, 408 00:29:13,960 --> 00:29:18,131 the enemy offered extremely stubborn resistance. 409 00:29:19,549 --> 00:29:23,470 The Germans felt absolute fear and terror of the Red Army. 410 00:29:23,553 --> 00:29:26,639 They knew that the Soviets were intent on revenge. 411 00:29:27,223 --> 00:29:30,560 It was said Hitler commanded them 412 00:29:30,643 --> 00:29:33,813 to fight the last person, 413 00:29:33,897 --> 00:29:35,607 to the last bullet. 414 00:29:44,032 --> 00:29:46,910 German civilians were living in basements, 415 00:29:46,993 --> 00:29:51,956 often with no inhabitable apartments or housing above them. 416 00:29:52,665 --> 00:29:54,751 When the Germans would sometimes find 417 00:29:54,834 --> 00:29:57,003 some of these people hiding in cellars, 418 00:29:57,086 --> 00:29:59,047 these people were taken out by the Germans, 419 00:29:59,130 --> 00:30:00,673 by their own side, and killed, 420 00:30:00,757 --> 00:30:03,968 hung on lampposts with signs saying, "I am a traitor." 421 00:30:04,594 --> 00:30:07,806 It's a system of the degradation of human life. 422 00:30:07,889 --> 00:30:09,808 {\an8}I HAVE MADE A PACT WITH THE BOLSHEVIKS! 423 00:30:16,189 --> 00:30:19,692 The last known filmed footage of Adolf Hitler 424 00:30:21,236 --> 00:30:26,449 is taken when he emerges briefly from the bunker 425 00:30:26,533 --> 00:30:30,161 to greet a group of Hitler Youth. 426 00:30:30,870 --> 00:30:33,516 At his headquarters, the Führer receives 427 00:30:33,540 --> 00:30:34,958 the Reich Youth Leader Axmann 428 00:30:35,041 --> 00:30:37,585 with a delegation of 20 Hitler boys 429 00:30:37,669 --> 00:30:41,005 who have proved particularly effective in defending their homeland 430 00:30:41,089 --> 00:30:43,675 and were awarded the Iron Cross for this. 431 00:30:46,177 --> 00:30:47,617 These were kids. 432 00:30:47,679 --> 00:30:50,557 These are boys in their early-to mid-teens. 433 00:30:51,140 --> 00:30:54,435 I've often managed to deliver bazookas and provisions 434 00:30:54,519 --> 00:30:55,559 into the main battle line. 435 00:30:55,603 --> 00:31:02,151 {\an8}I have delivered under fire on wagons or carts. 436 00:31:04,571 --> 00:31:08,366 It's pathetic, it's tragic for all those young people, 437 00:31:09,158 --> 00:31:12,120 many of whom will still lose their lives in this fight. 438 00:31:17,584 --> 00:31:20,712 April 20th happened to be Hitler's birthday. 439 00:31:20,795 --> 00:31:21,880 He was 56. 440 00:31:24,173 --> 00:31:27,051 Previously, from 1933 onwards, 441 00:31:27,135 --> 00:31:30,638 there'd been massive national celebrations on Hitler's birthday. 442 00:31:49,699 --> 00:31:53,912 But the birthday in 1945 is very different. 443 00:31:55,413 --> 00:32:00,585 Everybody shook Hitler's hand and wished him the best, and it was... 444 00:32:00,668 --> 00:32:02,837 It was all very depressed. 445 00:32:02,921 --> 00:32:05,381 It was not a... a happy birthday. 446 00:32:12,555 --> 00:32:15,391 After the rather muted birthday celebrations 447 00:32:15,475 --> 00:32:17,018 for Hitler in the bunker, 448 00:32:17,101 --> 00:32:18,978 many of the people left 449 00:32:19,062 --> 00:32:23,733 and found cars or planes to take themselves out of Berlin. 450 00:32:25,568 --> 00:32:27,403 SS leader Heinrich Himmler, 451 00:32:27,987 --> 00:32:30,740 one of Hitler's most loyal supporters and officials, 452 00:32:30,823 --> 00:32:33,451 tried to convince Hitler to leave the bunker. 453 00:32:35,078 --> 00:32:37,830 And then Himmler himself gets out of Berlin. 454 00:32:46,214 --> 00:32:49,509 Unlike every other high-level party official, 455 00:32:49,592 --> 00:32:54,013 the Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels not only moves into the bunker, 456 00:32:54,764 --> 00:32:57,809 he will bring his wife and their six children. 457 00:32:59,936 --> 00:33:05,525 The children found it exciting and liked to be in Uncle Hitler's bunker. 458 00:33:06,776 --> 00:33:12,323 They didn't know what fate they were expecting there. 459 00:33:21,082 --> 00:33:23,584 And so an historic milestone in this world war 460 00:33:23,668 --> 00:33:25,503 has been reached and passed. 461 00:33:26,295 --> 00:33:28,006 The American First Army and the Russians 462 00:33:28,089 --> 00:33:30,009 have joined in the heart of Germany near Leipzig, 463 00:33:30,091 --> 00:33:31,384 cutting the Reich in two. 464 00:33:33,302 --> 00:33:36,055 On the 25th of April 1945, 465 00:33:36,139 --> 00:33:38,766 a momentous moment happens 466 00:33:38,850 --> 00:33:44,689 when the Red Army meets the Western forces at Torgau. 467 00:33:47,108 --> 00:33:49,068 Now here is William L. Shirer, 468 00:33:49,110 --> 00:33:51,070 former CBS correspondent in Germany, 469 00:33:51,154 --> 00:33:53,031 where the Allied armies have met. 470 00:33:53,698 --> 00:33:57,326 The Americans met the Russians on the banks of the great river, the Elbe. 471 00:33:57,410 --> 00:34:01,414 This is the day so many of us feared so long 472 00:34:01,497 --> 00:34:02,498 might never come. 473 00:34:02,999 --> 00:34:05,418 In Berlin, in the early days of the war, 474 00:34:05,501 --> 00:34:09,172 it seemed that nothing would stop the terrific fighting machine 475 00:34:09,255 --> 00:34:10,840 which Hitler had built up. 476 00:34:11,716 --> 00:34:15,178 Even when first Russia and then America came into the war, 477 00:34:15,678 --> 00:34:18,097 it was hard to believe that their two armies 478 00:34:18,181 --> 00:34:20,808 would ever meet in the heart of Germany. 479 00:34:22,310 --> 00:34:23,910 Now, it's just a matter of time 480 00:34:23,936 --> 00:34:26,606 as to when the rest of the forces are gonna come together 481 00:34:26,689 --> 00:34:29,942 and extinguish any last remnants of Hitler's forces. 482 00:34:31,861 --> 00:34:35,490 There's a sense in the bunker, things are brewing towards a storm, 483 00:34:35,573 --> 00:34:39,118 and the storm really breaks on the 22nd of April, 484 00:34:39,202 --> 00:34:43,081 when Hitler launches into a tirade against some of his military commanders, 485 00:34:43,164 --> 00:34:46,000 which is extreme even by Hitler's standards, 486 00:34:46,084 --> 00:34:49,504 and Hitler indicates that he thinks the war is lost. 487 00:34:50,505 --> 00:34:53,591 And there was a moment of absolute silence, 488 00:34:53,674 --> 00:34:56,094 and we stood, like, shocked. 489 00:34:57,303 --> 00:34:58,679 Because of this tirade, 490 00:34:58,763 --> 00:35:02,141 Hermann Goering and Heinrich Himmler draw certain lessons from this. 491 00:35:02,225 --> 00:35:05,144 They both think that that's, in effect, Hitler indicating 492 00:35:05,228 --> 00:35:07,146 that he's done and he's going to abdicate, 493 00:35:07,230 --> 00:35:10,191 and both of them start taking steps on that basis. 494 00:35:17,365 --> 00:35:20,535 Goering writes a telegram to Hitler, 495 00:35:20,618 --> 00:35:25,248 saying, "Look, I'm very happy to take over as Führer for you." 496 00:35:28,084 --> 00:35:31,504 It is a colossal betrayal in his eyes. 497 00:35:39,095 --> 00:35:44,267 Heinrich Himmler has been called by Hitler his "true Heinrich." 498 00:35:44,350 --> 00:35:49,147 He's the one steadfast figure who's always gonna stand with Hitler, 499 00:35:49,230 --> 00:35:53,109 and Hitler truly believes this until... almost to the end. 500 00:35:55,027 --> 00:35:56,571 But what does Himmler do? 501 00:35:58,781 --> 00:36:01,033 As the Nazi hierarchy falls apart, 502 00:36:01,117 --> 00:36:02,535 Himmler is said to be trying hard 503 00:36:02,618 --> 00:36:05,830 to arrange surrender terms for what is left of the German army. 504 00:36:05,913 --> 00:36:09,458 The BBC broadcasts the fact 505 00:36:09,542 --> 00:36:13,171 that Himmler has been trying to negotiate with the Western Allies. 506 00:36:13,254 --> 00:36:15,654 In their conversations, Himmler is reported 507 00:36:15,715 --> 00:36:18,426 to have told Bernadotte that Hitler is a dying man, 508 00:36:18,509 --> 00:36:22,054 and he wouldn't live more than 48 hours after Germany's capitulation. 509 00:36:22,138 --> 00:36:26,893 Some observers here interpret that to mean Himmler intends to have Hitler killed. 510 00:36:30,188 --> 00:36:34,233 Hitler gets wind of it in the bunker and then goes ballistic. 511 00:36:36,611 --> 00:36:38,070 Hitler was very upset 512 00:36:38,821 --> 00:36:43,201 because he held Himmler for his most faithful paladin, 513 00:36:43,743 --> 00:36:45,870 and the most reliable one, 514 00:36:46,537 --> 00:36:51,500 and now he saw that also he had tried to betray him. 515 00:36:59,300 --> 00:37:00,509 On April 29th, 516 00:37:00,593 --> 00:37:04,722 Hitler dictates two important documents 517 00:37:04,805 --> 00:37:06,766 to his secretary Traudl Junge. 518 00:37:09,060 --> 00:37:12,855 He dictated me, at first, his private will, 519 00:37:12,939 --> 00:37:17,193 and afterwards, his, um, political testimony. 520 00:37:17,693 --> 00:37:22,823 I expected that I would be the first and the only one 521 00:37:24,116 --> 00:37:27,328 who is going to know the explanation 522 00:37:28,037 --> 00:37:30,039 and declaration 523 00:37:30,122 --> 00:37:33,334 why the war had come to this end, 524 00:37:33,918 --> 00:37:36,087 and why Hitler couldn't stop. 525 00:37:36,170 --> 00:37:39,257 And why the development and why the catastrophe. 526 00:37:39,340 --> 00:37:43,594 I thought, "Now, I will come see the moment of the truth." 527 00:37:46,806 --> 00:37:49,475 But he used nothing new. 528 00:37:49,558 --> 00:37:53,229 He... he came out with his old phrases. 529 00:37:58,901 --> 00:38:03,406 He repeated his accusations, 530 00:38:05,241 --> 00:38:06,951 his revenge, 531 00:38:07,034 --> 00:38:09,537 swearing to the enemy 532 00:38:09,620 --> 00:38:12,581 and to the Jewish capitalistic system. 533 00:38:15,376 --> 00:38:16,936 Hitler, in his testament, 534 00:38:16,961 --> 00:38:20,715 says that the struggle against world Jewry has to continue. 535 00:38:20,798 --> 00:38:22,508 Him thinking, "No, 536 00:38:22,591 --> 00:38:27,305 we still have to continue fighting them, we have not finished the job," 537 00:38:27,388 --> 00:38:30,016 is something that tells you... 538 00:38:33,477 --> 00:38:36,063 ...a great deal about the mind of this man. 539 00:38:38,941 --> 00:38:41,235 Hitler, having been a soldier, 540 00:38:41,319 --> 00:38:46,115 believes that the only dignified death for a soldier is to die by bullet, 541 00:38:46,782 --> 00:38:49,910 but he's also aware of the fact that Eva Braun has to die, 542 00:38:49,994 --> 00:38:52,621 and she's going to die by cyanide, 543 00:38:52,705 --> 00:38:55,583 because this is more of a ladylike way of dying. 544 00:38:56,292 --> 00:39:00,963 Once this decision to commit suicide had taken shape, 545 00:39:01,589 --> 00:39:05,426 Hitler decided to test out the poison. 546 00:39:07,845 --> 00:39:10,514 Hitler has a favorite dog called Blondi, 547 00:39:10,598 --> 00:39:12,808 and he... he really loves this dog. 548 00:39:13,351 --> 00:39:16,729 He takes a cyanide capsule and puts it in Blondi's mouth 549 00:39:16,812 --> 00:39:19,148 and forces Blondi's jaws closed. 550 00:39:19,982 --> 00:39:23,235 {\an8}And the dog dies an agonizing death. 551 00:39:25,696 --> 00:39:29,575 And so he knew that the poison was effective. 552 00:39:31,494 --> 00:39:35,873 It's often said that Hitler loved animals more than he loved people, 553 00:39:36,540 --> 00:39:40,669 but this showed, I think, how absolutely ruthless he was. 554 00:39:49,428 --> 00:39:51,472 {\an8}In Italy, the Milan radio says 555 00:39:51,555 --> 00:39:53,724 {\an8}Benito Mussolini and other fascist leaders 556 00:39:53,808 --> 00:39:56,227 {\an8}have been executed by Italian patriots. 557 00:39:56,310 --> 00:39:59,647 On the 29th of April, word reached the bunker 558 00:39:59,730 --> 00:40:05,361 that Benito Mussolini and his mistress had been killed. 559 00:40:05,444 --> 00:40:08,364 Mussolini and his mistress are displayed, 560 00:40:08,447 --> 00:40:10,366 hung up at a gasoline station. 561 00:40:11,367 --> 00:40:13,786 Hitler did not want that to happen to himself. 562 00:40:16,330 --> 00:40:23,254 So he dictates that his body and Eva Braun's body are to be burned. 563 00:40:25,423 --> 00:40:28,467 On the night of April 28th and 29th, 564 00:40:28,551 --> 00:40:34,723 Adolf Hitler and Eva Braun are married in what must be one of the strangest, 565 00:40:34,807 --> 00:40:37,935 most bizarre wedding ceremonies ever held. 566 00:40:40,396 --> 00:40:43,774 It seemed to be this kind of demented idea of honor 567 00:40:43,858 --> 00:40:45,192 that they get married. 568 00:40:47,778 --> 00:40:51,031 Hitler will make sure that she goes down in history 569 00:40:51,115 --> 00:40:53,242 as the great man's wife, 570 00:40:53,951 --> 00:40:57,746 {\an8}rather than just somebody he's had an affair with over the years. 571 00:40:58,330 --> 00:41:01,459 I had to congratulate Eva Braun, 572 00:41:01,542 --> 00:41:06,755 and I was a little, um... a little shy about what to say. 573 00:41:06,839 --> 00:41:09,300 And I shake hand to hand, 574 00:41:09,383 --> 00:41:13,179 she said, "Oh, you can say Mrs. Hitler to me now." 575 00:41:13,262 --> 00:41:14,305 And I did. 576 00:41:20,895 --> 00:41:23,606 There was a wedding breakfast afterwards, 577 00:41:24,148 --> 00:41:29,403 but very quickly, it deteriorated into a feeling of gloom and doom. 578 00:41:30,154 --> 00:41:34,074 His face was already dead. It was like a mask. 579 00:41:34,158 --> 00:41:37,453 He looked at me, but I had the feeling he looked through me. 580 00:41:41,207 --> 00:41:45,836 In the final moments, he takes a few minutes to say goodbye. 581 00:41:47,755 --> 00:41:50,591 He also gave them the cyanide capsule each, 582 00:41:50,674 --> 00:41:53,719 as encouraging them to commit suicide. 583 00:42:00,100 --> 00:42:05,356 Eva Braun was determined to be a beautiful corpse. 584 00:42:06,357 --> 00:42:11,153 And so she bit on a cyanide capsule 585 00:42:11,737 --> 00:42:13,697 and took her life in that way. 586 00:42:17,034 --> 00:42:18,744 There's some matters of debate 587 00:42:18,827 --> 00:42:21,372 as to whether or not Hitler also took cyanide, 588 00:42:21,455 --> 00:42:24,124 just to make doubly sure that... that this would work. 589 00:42:25,584 --> 00:42:27,795 We know that he shot himself. 590 00:42:29,588 --> 00:42:31,423 Hitler shot himself in the temple, 591 00:42:31,507 --> 00:42:34,760 which he considers to be a sort of honorable soldier's death. 592 00:43:01,078 --> 00:43:03,539 In accordance with Hitler's very careful instructions, 593 00:43:04,123 --> 00:43:08,877 SS men take the bodies upstairs, up to the aboveground area. 594 00:43:08,961 --> 00:43:11,630 They have gathered together as much gasoline as they can find. 595 00:43:11,714 --> 00:43:14,049 Gasoline is very scarce in Berlin now at this point, 596 00:43:14,133 --> 00:43:16,093 but they've gotten together what they can. 597 00:43:16,176 --> 00:43:18,846 Gasoline is sprayed over the bodies, and they are set on fire, 598 00:43:18,929 --> 00:43:22,808 and they are burned right then and there in the garden of the Chancellery. 599 00:43:38,949 --> 00:43:43,662 If you consider that there came most appalling reports 600 00:43:43,746 --> 00:43:45,456 from the East Front, 601 00:43:45,539 --> 00:43:48,167 what the Russians had done to the German population, 602 00:43:48,250 --> 00:43:50,252 especially to the German women. 603 00:43:52,254 --> 00:43:54,381 We was very, very fearful, 604 00:43:54,465 --> 00:43:59,178 and we intended not to fall in the hands of the enemy. 605 00:44:00,846 --> 00:44:05,267 In the aftermath of Hitler's and Eva Braun's suicide, 606 00:44:06,268 --> 00:44:08,979 Joseph Goebbels and his wife Magda 607 00:44:10,397 --> 00:44:13,400 also decide to take their lives. 608 00:44:14,485 --> 00:44:18,739 Not only that, the lives of their six young children too. 609 00:44:25,871 --> 00:44:30,709 Magda stated to someone close to her that these children had to die 610 00:44:30,793 --> 00:44:35,005 because there could be no future without Hitler and the regime for them. 611 00:44:40,135 --> 00:44:43,389 They took the lives of their six young children 612 00:44:43,472 --> 00:44:46,266 before committing suicide themselves. 613 00:45:06,203 --> 00:45:09,665 All sorts of the top Nazis are also committing suicide. 614 00:45:10,916 --> 00:45:12,516 Heinrich Himmler commits suicide, 615 00:45:12,543 --> 00:45:14,712 but only once he's been arrested by the British, 616 00:45:14,795 --> 00:45:16,797 because he fears what's going to come next. 617 00:45:17,673 --> 00:45:19,258 And there are others as well, 618 00:45:19,341 --> 00:45:23,053 who simply cannot stand the idea of a world without Hitler. 619 00:45:24,388 --> 00:45:27,266 CBS World News now brings you further details 620 00:45:27,349 --> 00:45:29,393 on the reported death of Adolf Hitler. 621 00:45:30,269 --> 00:45:33,689 We take you to San Francisco. William L. Shirer reporting. 622 00:45:35,649 --> 00:45:40,446 So Hitler is dead, or so they say, and destroyed 623 00:45:40,529 --> 00:45:43,449 like his country that he tried to make the master of the world, 624 00:45:43,532 --> 00:45:45,868 and... and ended only by destroying. 625 00:45:45,951 --> 00:45:49,663 This is a day that I have been waiting for for many a year. 626 00:45:51,165 --> 00:45:55,753 My own personal fate brought me into, uh, some contact with a man 627 00:45:56,920 --> 00:45:59,089 who I think will go down in history 628 00:45:59,715 --> 00:46:02,259 as, uh, the evil genius of our time. 629 00:46:06,013 --> 00:46:09,725 With Hitler gone, the way is really clear for Germany to surrender. 630 00:46:09,808 --> 00:46:12,060 In a brief talk following the historic ceremony, 631 00:46:12,144 --> 00:46:13,771 General Jodl says, in part, 632 00:46:13,854 --> 00:46:17,274 "With this signature, the German people and the German armed forces 633 00:46:17,357 --> 00:46:20,235 are, for better or worse, delivered into the victors' hands." 634 00:46:20,319 --> 00:46:22,321 "In this hour, I can only express hope 635 00:46:22,404 --> 00:46:24,740 that the victor will treat them with generosity." 636 00:46:24,823 --> 00:46:27,409 This marks the end of the war in Europe, 637 00:46:27,493 --> 00:46:30,162 and Europe erupts in celebration. 638 00:46:41,298 --> 00:46:44,927 I wonder if all of us celebrating the end of the war tonight, 639 00:46:45,427 --> 00:46:47,471 and outside this studio in New York... 640 00:46:47,554 --> 00:46:50,140 You can still hear the shouting in the streets. 641 00:46:55,854 --> 00:46:59,024 {\an8}...I wonder if we've forgotten or will soon forget 642 00:46:59,107 --> 00:47:03,195 how hopeless the battle seemed for so long to our side. 643 00:47:04,446 --> 00:47:08,575 I happened to be in Berlin the day, September 1st '39, 644 00:47:08,659 --> 00:47:10,452 the German part of the war started. 645 00:47:11,036 --> 00:47:13,247 The Germans seemed so strong then, 646 00:47:13,330 --> 00:47:16,250 that a lonely American on the streets of Berlin that day 647 00:47:16,333 --> 00:47:19,920 wondered whether the forces of democracy, of decency, 648 00:47:20,003 --> 00:47:21,588 would ever rally in time. 649 00:47:21,672 --> 00:47:24,633 {\an8}Now, one's thoughts turn to the future, 650 00:47:25,217 --> 00:47:28,053 {\an8}to put our minds and our hearts to work on a better world, 651 00:47:28,136 --> 00:47:32,933 one in which, above all, there should be no more wars. 652 00:47:45,445 --> 00:47:48,949 {\an8}Europe is in absolute ruins. 653 00:47:51,493 --> 00:47:53,412 The estimate is that 60 million people 654 00:47:53,495 --> 00:47:55,038 were killed in the Second World War, 655 00:47:55,122 --> 00:47:57,791 and the great majority of them were civilians. 656 00:48:00,085 --> 00:48:03,922 But for those who are living, even trying to find food, find shelter, 657 00:48:04,006 --> 00:48:05,799 is an enormous task. 658 00:48:05,883 --> 00:48:07,403 In shattered Europe, 659 00:48:07,467 --> 00:48:11,638 the face of victory looks very like the face of defeat. 660 00:48:13,432 --> 00:48:17,477 At the same time, punishing Nazi perpetrators 661 00:48:17,561 --> 00:48:19,855 was one of their highest priorities. 662 00:48:21,356 --> 00:48:23,276 Rudolf Hess, third-ranking Nazi 663 00:48:23,317 --> 00:48:26,194 before his spectacular flight to Britain, is held for trial. 664 00:48:27,154 --> 00:48:30,699 Field Marshal Hermann Goering loses his sidearms and all his arrogance 665 00:48:30,782 --> 00:48:32,826 when captured by the American army. 666 00:48:34,077 --> 00:48:37,289 Thousands of suspected war criminals escaped Germany. 667 00:48:37,372 --> 00:48:41,084 Many were found after months of intensive search. 668 00:48:41,168 --> 00:48:45,172 But the Allies did quickly catch some of the highest-ranking Nazis. 669 00:48:45,923 --> 00:48:48,592 Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop, 670 00:48:49,176 --> 00:48:51,595 he was arrested in the home of his mistress. 671 00:48:51,678 --> 00:48:54,097 And here, Vice Chancellor von Papen, 672 00:48:54,181 --> 00:48:55,974 who was found in his hunting lodge. 673 00:48:56,892 --> 00:48:59,978 Some of the key Nazi leaders then who are brought in and put on trial 674 00:49:00,062 --> 00:49:03,941 are people like Hermann Goering, Rudolf Hess, Hans Frank, 675 00:49:04,608 --> 00:49:06,151 Joachim von Ribbentrop, 676 00:49:06,234 --> 00:49:07,110 Albert Speer, 677 00:49:07,194 --> 00:49:10,280 Alfred Rosenberg, and other Nazi leaders. 678 00:49:10,948 --> 00:49:13,700 And so, 1945 becomes the year 679 00:49:13,784 --> 00:49:15,911 not only of the Nazis' military defeat, 680 00:49:16,411 --> 00:49:17,996 but of their public trial. 681 00:49:31,843 --> 00:49:35,138 I went to Nuremberg to see Hitler's henchmen in the dock. 682 00:49:38,016 --> 00:49:40,769 Justice, for once, had caught up with the perpetrators 683 00:49:40,852 --> 00:49:44,731 of some of the most cold-blooded and massive crimes men had ever committed. 684 00:49:45,732 --> 00:49:47,025 {\an8}I had not believed, 685 00:49:47,109 --> 00:49:49,653 {\an8}in the despairing years I labored in Berlin, 686 00:49:49,736 --> 00:49:50,946 {\an8}that I would ever see it. 687 00:49:57,202 --> 00:50:01,873 The Nazis had produced and saved so much documentary evidence 688 00:50:01,957 --> 00:50:05,335 of their own war crimes and crimes against humanity, 689 00:50:05,419 --> 00:50:09,089 and those documents became absolutely critical 690 00:50:09,172 --> 00:50:11,133 to the prosecution's case. 691 00:50:11,758 --> 00:50:13,010 In these papers, 692 00:50:13,093 --> 00:50:16,513 the Nazis convicted themselves of the most heinous crimes, 693 00:50:16,596 --> 00:50:19,683 though they were given every opportunity to defend themselves. 694 00:50:26,189 --> 00:50:29,776 I believe that I can face my responsibility 695 00:50:29,860 --> 00:50:31,611 with a clear conscience. 696 00:50:32,404 --> 00:50:34,364 At the end of the trial, 697 00:50:34,448 --> 00:50:37,534 the defendants get to say their last words. 698 00:50:37,617 --> 00:50:41,496 Love of country and people was the only decisive factor 699 00:50:41,580 --> 00:50:42,664 in all my actions. 700 00:50:44,291 --> 00:50:49,129 They claim that we all attended secret conferences 701 00:50:50,047 --> 00:50:52,674 in order to plan a war of aggression. 702 00:50:52,758 --> 00:50:56,428 Besides that, we are supposed to have ordered the alleged murder 703 00:50:56,511 --> 00:50:58,597 of 12 million people. 704 00:50:58,680 --> 00:51:04,728 I know my conscience to be completely free from any such guilt. 705 00:51:05,771 --> 00:51:07,571 They're constantly trying to say, 706 00:51:07,606 --> 00:51:11,068 "Oh, Hitler was the one who was in charge of all the decisions." 707 00:51:11,985 --> 00:51:14,738 Hitler and the collapse of his system 708 00:51:15,655 --> 00:51:18,158 have brought a time of tremendous suffering 709 00:51:18,241 --> 00:51:19,701 upon the German people. 710 00:51:20,327 --> 00:51:23,205 Albert Speer tries to portray himself 711 00:51:23,288 --> 00:51:28,126 as effectively an innocent victim of Hitler's charisma. 712 00:51:28,210 --> 00:51:32,756 The German people will despise and condemn Hitler 713 00:51:32,839 --> 00:51:35,050 as the author of its misfortune. 714 00:51:36,343 --> 00:51:38,063 Joachim von Ribbentrop, 715 00:51:38,095 --> 00:51:39,429 Hitler's foreign minister, 716 00:51:39,513 --> 00:51:43,934 uses the opportunity to challenge the legitimacy of the tribunal. 717 00:51:44,017 --> 00:51:50,649 What we intended was to look after our elementary necessities of life, 718 00:51:50,732 --> 00:51:54,945 in the same way that England looked after her own interests 719 00:51:55,028 --> 00:51:57,656 in order to make one-fifth of the world subject to her, 720 00:51:57,739 --> 00:52:00,492 and the same way the United States took an entire continent, 721 00:52:00,575 --> 00:52:04,454 and Russia took the largest inland territory of the world 722 00:52:04,538 --> 00:52:06,581 under the hegemony. 723 00:52:09,251 --> 00:52:10,531 Hans Frank, 724 00:52:10,585 --> 00:52:13,547 Hitler's Governor-General of occupied Poland, 725 00:52:13,630 --> 00:52:17,843 admits to some sort of general feeling of guilt. 726 00:52:17,926 --> 00:52:19,803 We did not suspect 727 00:52:20,387 --> 00:52:22,931 that our turning away from God 728 00:52:23,014 --> 00:52:27,519 could have such disastrous, deadly consequences. 729 00:52:28,311 --> 00:52:31,314 ...even as he denies any responsibility. 730 00:52:31,898 --> 00:52:34,860 At that time, we could not have known 731 00:52:34,943 --> 00:52:36,862 that so much loyalty 732 00:52:38,113 --> 00:52:42,742 on the part of the German people could have been so badly directed by us. 733 00:52:43,326 --> 00:52:46,538 Hermann Goering is absolutely unrepentant. 734 00:52:47,873 --> 00:52:51,626 I stand up for the things that I have done. 735 00:52:53,253 --> 00:52:55,013 He's full of denials... 736 00:52:55,463 --> 00:52:57,132 I have never 737 00:52:58,300 --> 00:53:04,681 decreed the murder of a single individual at any time. 738 00:53:06,016 --> 00:53:07,696 ...full of bluster... 739 00:53:08,226 --> 00:53:12,105 And neither did I decree any other atrocities 740 00:53:12,189 --> 00:53:13,440 or tolerate them. 741 00:53:13,982 --> 00:53:16,526 ...and absolutely defiant. 742 00:53:16,610 --> 00:53:19,112 The Prosecution uses the fact 743 00:53:19,196 --> 00:53:22,449 that I was the second man of the State 744 00:53:22,532 --> 00:53:27,454 as proof that I must have known 745 00:53:28,538 --> 00:53:30,040 everything that happened. 746 00:53:30,790 --> 00:53:36,213 But it does not present any documentary or other convincing proof 747 00:53:36,296 --> 00:53:42,677 that I knew about certain things, much less desired them. 748 00:53:43,678 --> 00:53:47,015 None of the defendants have shown any real contrition. 749 00:53:47,724 --> 00:53:49,935 I am happy to know 750 00:53:51,436 --> 00:53:56,816 that I have done my duty to my people, 751 00:53:58,485 --> 00:54:01,488 as a loyal follower of my Führer. 752 00:54:04,115 --> 00:54:08,078 Mr. President and members of the tribunal... 753 00:54:08,578 --> 00:54:10,747 After nearly a year-long trial, 754 00:54:10,830 --> 00:54:13,458 Jackson, in his closing argument, 755 00:54:13,541 --> 00:54:18,171 really reiterates that the Germans, in their own words, 756 00:54:18,255 --> 00:54:23,802 have admitted to a vast array of criminal actions. 757 00:54:23,885 --> 00:54:27,597 The documents show they agreed on policies and on methods, 758 00:54:27,681 --> 00:54:31,768 and all working aggressively for the expansion of Germany 759 00:54:31,851 --> 00:54:33,395 by force of arms. 760 00:54:33,979 --> 00:54:36,982 The Nazi movement will be of evil memory in history 761 00:54:37,524 --> 00:54:40,151 because of its persecution of the Jews, 762 00:54:40,235 --> 00:54:45,198 the most far-flung and terrible racial persecution of all time. 763 00:54:48,368 --> 00:54:49,953 We now have before us 764 00:54:50,036 --> 00:54:54,541 the flimsy excuses and the paltry evasions of the defendants. 765 00:54:54,624 --> 00:54:57,836 The chief villain on whom blame is placed is Hitler. 766 00:54:59,129 --> 00:55:01,298 He is the man at whom nearly every defendant 767 00:55:01,381 --> 00:55:03,550 has pointed an accusing finger. 768 00:55:03,633 --> 00:55:05,969 {\an8}What these men have overlooked is 769 00:55:06,052 --> 00:55:08,430 {\an8}that Adolf Hitler's acts are their acts. 770 00:55:09,264 --> 00:55:11,391 {\an8}Nowhere do we find a single instance 771 00:55:12,309 --> 00:55:15,812 {\an8}where any one of these defendants stood up against the rest 772 00:55:15,895 --> 00:55:18,690 {\an8}and said, "This thing is wrong." 773 00:55:19,941 --> 00:55:23,361 {\an8}Hitler did not carry all responsibility to the grave with him. 774 00:55:24,070 --> 00:55:27,032 {\an8}All the guilt is not wrapped in Himmler's shroud. 775 00:55:27,699 --> 00:55:29,701 {\an8}It was these dead men 776 00:55:29,784 --> 00:55:32,912 {\an8}whom these living chose to be their partners. 777 00:55:33,830 --> 00:55:39,669 And the crimes that they did together, they must pay for one by one. 778 00:55:45,717 --> 00:55:50,180 After the closings, the tribunal will break for about a month, 779 00:55:50,263 --> 00:55:54,100 where the judges will deliberate on the judgment and the verdicts. 780 00:55:57,062 --> 00:55:59,689 God knows that, as one of the few persons at Nuremberg 781 00:55:59,773 --> 00:56:04,027 who had seen Hitler and his henchmen in Berlin deliberately start the war, 782 00:56:04,110 --> 00:56:05,779 I felt that it was a crime 783 00:56:05,862 --> 00:56:08,323 and that the perpetrators should be held responsible. 784 00:56:08,823 --> 00:56:11,743 But this was, I realized, an emotional reaction. 785 00:56:12,535 --> 00:56:14,662 Justice had to be more than that. 786 00:56:19,084 --> 00:56:22,879 Ten months, the International Military Tribunal sat. 787 00:56:22,962 --> 00:56:25,465 It carefully studied the countless evidence. 788 00:56:25,548 --> 00:56:28,093 It attentively listened to the numerous witnesses, 789 00:56:28,968 --> 00:56:30,929 and after mature deliberation, 790 00:56:31,012 --> 00:56:33,139 the judges pronounced their verdict. 791 00:56:34,474 --> 00:56:39,562 The tribunal finds that von Papen is not guilty under this indictment. 792 00:56:40,063 --> 00:56:42,190 Three of the defendants were in fact acquitted. 793 00:56:42,273 --> 00:56:45,235 Schacht is not guilty on this indictment. 794 00:56:46,069 --> 00:56:49,030 Which does say something about the legitimacy of the exercise. 795 00:56:49,531 --> 00:56:51,282 Defendant Albert Speer. 796 00:56:51,783 --> 00:56:55,870 The Western judges are somewhat sympathetic to Speer. 797 00:56:55,954 --> 00:56:59,290 It must be recognized that he was one of the few men 798 00:56:59,374 --> 00:57:03,294 who had the courage to tell Hitler that the war was lost, 799 00:57:03,378 --> 00:57:05,797 at considerable personal risk. 800 00:57:06,673 --> 00:57:09,217 He ends up with a 20-year prison sentence 801 00:57:09,300 --> 00:57:11,302 instead of death by hanging. 802 00:57:11,886 --> 00:57:14,305 None knew better than Hess 803 00:57:14,389 --> 00:57:18,893 how determined Hitler was to realize his ambitions. 804 00:57:19,394 --> 00:57:23,523 Rudolf Hess, he's found guilty on some of the charges. 805 00:57:23,606 --> 00:57:26,943 On the counts of the indictment on which you have been convicted, 806 00:57:27,026 --> 00:57:30,321 the tribunal sentences you to imprisonment for life. 807 00:57:30,822 --> 00:57:34,909 Altogether, there were 22 defendants, 21 in the courtroom, 808 00:57:34,993 --> 00:57:38,455 with one of the defendants tried in absentia. 809 00:57:38,538 --> 00:57:41,624 And of the defendants, 19 are convicted. 810 00:57:42,125 --> 00:57:46,087 Ribbentrop's defense is that Hitler made all the important decisions. 811 00:57:46,754 --> 00:57:50,508 The tribunal does not consider this explanation to be true. 812 00:57:50,592 --> 00:57:55,221 Of the 19 who are convicted, 12 are sentenced to death. 813 00:57:55,847 --> 00:58:00,477 Defendant Hermann Wilhelm Goering, 814 00:58:00,560 --> 00:58:03,438 his own admissions are more than sufficiently wide 815 00:58:03,938 --> 00:58:05,732 to be conclusive of his guilt. 816 00:58:05,815 --> 00:58:08,776 His guilt is unique in its enormity. 817 00:58:08,860 --> 00:58:12,363 The record discloses no excuses for this man. 818 00:58:14,032 --> 00:58:17,911 On the counts of the indictment on which you have been convicted, 819 00:58:19,120 --> 00:58:24,417 the International Military Tribunal sentences you to death by hanging. 820 00:58:30,715 --> 00:58:33,426 So ended the labors of the tribunal of the nation, 821 00:58:33,927 --> 00:58:35,678 the tribunal of history, 822 00:58:36,262 --> 00:58:39,599 the sword of justice descended on the heads of the warmongers. 823 00:58:40,642 --> 00:58:45,313 Hermann Goering, though, somehow managed to cheat the hangman. 824 00:58:46,523 --> 00:58:48,441 Being hung like a common criminal, 825 00:58:48,525 --> 00:58:51,945 he feels is beneath the dignity of a man of his stature. 826 00:58:52,028 --> 00:58:56,032 He smuggled a cyanide capsule himself into his cell, 827 00:58:56,866 --> 00:58:59,369 and so right in that very last moment, 828 00:58:59,452 --> 00:59:02,288 he bit down on that cyanide capsule. 829 00:59:04,832 --> 00:59:08,211 Goering chooses to die by his own hand. 830 00:59:08,962 --> 00:59:11,631 The other ten wait for the gallows. 831 00:59:13,174 --> 00:59:14,509 Goering, 832 00:59:14,592 --> 00:59:15,593 Ribbentrop, 833 00:59:16,094 --> 00:59:17,303 Keitel, 834 00:59:17,387 --> 00:59:18,930 Kaltenbrunner, 835 00:59:19,013 --> 00:59:20,056 Rosenberg, 836 00:59:20,598 --> 00:59:21,808 Frank, 837 00:59:21,891 --> 00:59:23,101 Frick, 838 00:59:23,184 --> 00:59:24,184 Streicher, 839 00:59:24,602 --> 00:59:25,979 Seyss-Inquart, 840 00:59:26,062 --> 00:59:27,397 Sauckel, 841 00:59:27,480 --> 00:59:28,356 Jodl, 842 00:59:28,439 --> 00:59:29,566 and Martin Bormann 843 00:59:30,233 --> 00:59:33,611 have been sentenced by the International Military Tribunal 844 00:59:33,695 --> 00:59:35,321 to die on the gallows. 845 00:59:37,865 --> 00:59:39,617 Humanity, I had a feeling, 846 00:59:39,701 --> 00:59:42,787 was relieved and grateful at the news from Nuremberg. 847 00:59:44,664 --> 00:59:49,294 There was, after all, some sort of rough justice in our world. 848 00:59:52,755 --> 00:59:56,342 When you saw people, civilians who were bombed out 849 00:59:57,010 --> 01:00:00,763 or worse, who had been hounded in the concentration camps, 850 01:00:01,556 --> 01:00:05,643 still intact as human beings with a will to go on, 851 01:00:05,727 --> 01:00:09,230 with a faith still in themselves and their fellow man and their God, 852 01:00:10,023 --> 01:00:12,609 it filled you with a certain pride. 853 01:00:32,795 --> 01:00:34,005 Trials continued, 854 01:00:34,088 --> 01:00:38,092 but at the same time as trials of war criminals are ongoing, 855 01:00:38,176 --> 01:00:42,305 the Cold War is starting, and so US policy starts to shift. 856 01:00:43,431 --> 01:00:47,977 Nazis who were useful either in science or technology 857 01:00:48,061 --> 01:00:50,355 were invited to come to the US 858 01:00:50,438 --> 01:00:52,982 because their usefulness was more important 859 01:00:53,066 --> 01:00:54,859 than the sort of moral reckoning. 860 01:00:55,985 --> 01:01:00,156 And so all kinds of people who had taken part in this murderous regime 861 01:01:00,239 --> 01:01:02,033 were never punished. 862 01:01:08,081 --> 01:01:09,540 When you write history, 863 01:01:10,333 --> 01:01:13,711 you let the reader draw the conclusions, 864 01:01:14,337 --> 01:01:15,922 but I must say 865 01:01:16,005 --> 01:01:20,677 that I couldn't help but thinking of conditions in our own country. 866 01:01:24,389 --> 01:01:30,144 The divisions, the tremendous intolerance of people for each other. 867 01:01:32,397 --> 01:01:35,942 The world we live in now, right now, 868 01:01:36,025 --> 01:01:38,319 is a world that seems to have forgotten 869 01:01:38,403 --> 01:01:41,781 many of the lessons of what happened in Nazi Germany. 870 01:01:43,241 --> 01:01:45,827 Seeing the rise of authoritarianism, of anti-Semitism... 871 01:01:45,910 --> 01:01:47,620 JUDAISM IS A CRIME 872 01:01:54,711 --> 01:01:58,965 My grandfather made sure to tell us what happened in Nazi Germany 873 01:01:59,549 --> 01:02:00,967 could happen here. 874 01:02:01,801 --> 01:02:06,347 And you have to be vigilant and fight against it as much as you can. 875 01:02:06,431 --> 01:02:08,057 You cannot be complacent. 876 01:02:10,268 --> 01:02:12,228 Living in a totalitarian land 877 01:02:12,311 --> 01:02:15,148 taught me to value highly and rather fiercely 878 01:02:15,231 --> 01:02:17,483 the very things that dictators denied. 879 01:02:18,067 --> 01:02:21,320 Tolerance, respect for others, 880 01:02:22,071 --> 01:02:25,950 and above all, the freedom of the human spirit.