1 00:00:07,298 --> 00:00:09,134 The Jewish watchword 2 00:00:09,217 --> 00:00:11,386 "Proletarians of the world, unite" 3 00:00:11,469 --> 00:00:13,513 will be conquered by our response, 4 00:00:13,596 --> 00:00:17,934 "Working men of all nations, recognize your common foe!" 5 00:00:23,606 --> 00:00:25,918 Hitler had never made any secret 6 00:00:25,942 --> 00:00:30,071 of his desire to make Germany free of the Jews. 7 00:00:30,155 --> 00:00:31,990 JEW 8 00:00:32,073 --> 00:00:37,287 By the late 1930s, we see increased radicalization. 9 00:00:37,370 --> 00:00:42,083 Jews are facing increasing pressure to give up their property. 10 00:00:46,087 --> 00:00:50,091 Many thousands of Jews are being imprisoned, 11 00:00:50,175 --> 00:00:52,969 often beaten, and... and occasionally murdered. 12 00:00:54,763 --> 00:00:58,183 The goal for Hitler and the Nazis 13 00:00:58,266 --> 00:01:03,271 is to put more pressure on the Jews to leave. 14 00:01:13,281 --> 00:01:15,926 Jews from the Reich are liquidating their property 15 00:01:15,950 --> 00:01:18,036 accumulated in Germany for generations, 16 00:01:18,119 --> 00:01:20,663 and are drifting to Hamburg, the harbor city, 17 00:01:20,747 --> 00:01:24,375 where they will set out on German steamers for a new life across the sea. 18 00:01:27,295 --> 00:01:30,090 {\an8}The SS St. Louis was a ship, 19 00:01:30,173 --> 00:01:34,344 uh, with hundreds of German Jewish refugees on it. 20 00:01:34,427 --> 00:01:37,806 They had visas for Cuba. 21 00:01:38,932 --> 00:01:41,810 For us youngsters, it was really quite an adventure 22 00:01:41,893 --> 00:01:43,686 because this was a luxury liner 23 00:01:43,770 --> 00:01:47,524 where you had a cinema and a ballroom and a swimming pool, 24 00:01:47,607 --> 00:01:50,527 and all the usual games you have on a boat. 25 00:01:50,610 --> 00:01:52,570 We really had a very good time. 26 00:01:54,739 --> 00:01:59,327 Until we landed and found that, um, things began to go wrong. 27 00:02:01,037 --> 00:02:03,665 When they arrived in Havana Harbor, 28 00:02:03,748 --> 00:02:07,627 they were informed that the Cuban government had changed its mind, 29 00:02:07,710 --> 00:02:09,921 had canceled their entry visas, 30 00:02:10,672 --> 00:02:12,799 and now they're sort of stuck. 31 00:02:14,300 --> 00:02:16,094 And the Cuban police came on 32 00:02:17,220 --> 00:02:19,597 and the immigration people, 33 00:02:19,681 --> 00:02:23,309 and we were told, "Well, not today, not today." 34 00:02:23,393 --> 00:02:26,396 "Mañana, tomorrow, tomorrow," but tomorrow never came. 35 00:02:27,814 --> 00:02:30,942 The ship hopes that they will be allowed to disembark 36 00:02:31,025 --> 00:02:32,152 in the United States, 37 00:02:32,235 --> 00:02:35,488 but the American government denies that request, 38 00:02:36,489 --> 00:02:39,409 and the ship has no choice but to turn back. 39 00:02:39,993 --> 00:02:42,996 One man committed suicide with a razor blade. 40 00:02:43,079 --> 00:02:46,040 I saw him rushing out, the blood dripping down, 41 00:02:46,124 --> 00:02:49,627 and, um... he jumped into the water. 42 00:02:51,629 --> 00:02:54,883 But even when he was in the rescue launch, 43 00:02:54,966 --> 00:02:57,760 he was still trying to pull his arteries out 44 00:02:57,844 --> 00:02:59,512 and didn't want to be saved. 45 00:03:00,513 --> 00:03:03,641 At the time, Goebbels published in the newspapers, 46 00:03:03,725 --> 00:03:08,062 "You see, nobody wants them either. At least we are building camps for them." 47 00:03:53,191 --> 00:03:55,193 {\an8}Attention! Tribunal. 48 00:04:01,199 --> 00:04:03,660 One of the most striking and revealing... 49 00:04:05,578 --> 00:04:08,665 of all the captured documents which have come to hand... 50 00:04:11,501 --> 00:04:16,339 is a document which we have come to know as the Hossbach Note... 51 00:04:19,300 --> 00:04:25,515 ...of a conference in the Reich Chancellery on 5 November, 1937, 52 00:04:26,557 --> 00:04:30,853 in the course of which, Hitler outlined to those present 53 00:04:31,646 --> 00:04:34,065 the possibilities and necessities 54 00:04:34,774 --> 00:04:36,901 of expanding their foreign policy 55 00:04:37,986 --> 00:04:39,487 and requested, I quote, 56 00:04:40,154 --> 00:04:44,367 "That his statements be looked upon in the case of his death 57 00:04:45,243 --> 00:04:47,245 as his last will and testament." 58 00:04:48,871 --> 00:04:51,457 The document destroys any possible doubt 59 00:04:51,541 --> 00:04:53,876 concerning the Nazis' premeditation 60 00:04:55,169 --> 00:04:56,963 of their crimes against peace. 61 00:05:03,970 --> 00:05:07,265 For the prosecution, this is a smoking gun, right? 62 00:05:07,348 --> 00:05:10,101 You've got Hitler telling several of the defendants, 63 00:05:10,184 --> 00:05:13,479 "We're gonna annex Austria. We're gonna annex Czechoslovakia." 64 00:05:13,563 --> 00:05:17,900 That is pretty close to a textbook piece of evidence for conspiracy. 65 00:05:18,735 --> 00:05:22,089 At this very secret meeting which took place in the Reich Chancellery, 66 00:05:22,113 --> 00:05:24,907 Hitler called all of his generals together 67 00:05:24,991 --> 00:05:28,911 and explained the sort of grand layout of what he saw coming ahead, 68 00:05:28,995 --> 00:05:32,874 which was the absolute necessary war for the survival of the German people. 69 00:05:33,666 --> 00:05:38,129 He says, "We have to conquer living space, 70 00:05:38,212 --> 00:05:43,426 because if we don't, we will fail as a people." Right? 71 00:05:43,509 --> 00:05:47,889 "We will die out, and we will deserve to die out." 72 00:05:48,848 --> 00:05:52,310 He's talking almost as if this is going to be his legacy. 73 00:05:52,393 --> 00:05:54,854 He's telling his would-be successors 74 00:05:54,937 --> 00:05:58,066 that, "If I'm no longer here, what I want you to do 75 00:05:58,149 --> 00:06:03,404 is make sure you fulfill these territorial goals for me." 76 00:06:03,488 --> 00:06:06,032 And the ultimate aim is Lebensraum, 77 00:06:06,115 --> 00:06:08,659 is getting living space for the Germans. 78 00:06:10,870 --> 00:06:14,999 And so there's a sort of mission that's creeping into his language 79 00:06:15,083 --> 00:06:19,837 which now, overtly and explicitly, talks about military action. 80 00:06:22,173 --> 00:06:25,927 And at this point, Hitler has conducted a series of gambles 81 00:06:26,010 --> 00:06:27,970 starting in 1936. 82 00:06:28,054 --> 00:06:31,224 First, as he marches into the Rhineland, 83 00:06:31,307 --> 00:06:33,601 {\an8}the French do nothing, the British do nothing. 84 00:06:33,684 --> 00:06:36,938 Next, '38, he marches into Austria. 85 00:06:37,438 --> 00:06:41,818 He's greeted with huge crowds, sort of victory parade to... to Vienna. 86 00:06:42,693 --> 00:06:45,405 So having gone that far, then there is a German minority 87 00:06:45,488 --> 00:06:50,576 that lives in the kind of U-shaped ring of Czechoslovakia on the German border 88 00:06:50,660 --> 00:06:52,245 that's called the Sudetenland. 89 00:06:54,455 --> 00:06:56,499 There are about three million Germans 90 00:06:56,582 --> 00:06:59,585 living in the mountainous Sudetenland. 91 00:07:00,962 --> 00:07:04,590 Germany wants those Germans to belong to it. 92 00:07:04,674 --> 00:07:10,972 And there's a fledgling Nazi Party there that the German regime supports. 93 00:07:11,055 --> 00:07:15,476 And so Hitler's argument is, uh, "We just want these territories." 94 00:07:16,144 --> 00:07:19,147 "They are full of Germans. They should belong to Germany." 95 00:07:23,109 --> 00:07:24,902 So Hitler, he makes a case 96 00:07:24,986 --> 00:07:31,284 that it's the Sudeten Germans' right to be reunited in the German Reich. 97 00:07:31,993 --> 00:07:36,622 He basically threatens to invade the Sudetenland, 98 00:07:36,706 --> 00:07:41,419 and there are many, many people all over Europe who realize 99 00:07:41,502 --> 00:07:45,089 that one could go to war over this, but do you really want to? 100 00:07:49,510 --> 00:07:51,350 One day early in September, 101 00:07:51,387 --> 00:07:53,556 I kissed Tess and Eileen goodbye, 102 00:07:53,639 --> 00:07:55,766 and once more caught a plane to Germany. 103 00:07:56,684 --> 00:07:59,687 Hitler has demanded that Czechoslovakia agree 104 00:07:59,770 --> 00:08:01,939 to the handing over of Sudetenland. 105 00:08:02,023 --> 00:08:04,567 Mr. Chamberlain has agreed to convey this demand 106 00:08:04,650 --> 00:08:06,527 to the Czechoslovak government. 107 00:08:08,362 --> 00:08:11,532 William L. Shirer, like all foreign correspondents, 108 00:08:11,616 --> 00:08:13,534 wants to get a news story out of it, 109 00:08:13,618 --> 00:08:17,580 and he's talking to Czech officials as part of his reporting duties. 110 00:08:18,998 --> 00:08:20,958 They believed they were being sold down the river, 111 00:08:21,000 --> 00:08:22,752 and I think Shirer believed that as well. 112 00:08:22,835 --> 00:08:26,339 He wants to report what they're doing 'cause he... he feels... 113 00:08:26,422 --> 00:08:28,382 To him, he thinks it's a mistake. 114 00:08:30,343 --> 00:08:32,929 Just as I was about to go on the air at 2:00 a.m. 115 00:08:33,012 --> 00:08:35,932 with the day's story and the official communiqué, 116 00:08:36,015 --> 00:08:38,684 Goebbels and the Nazi boss of German radio 117 00:08:38,768 --> 00:08:43,189 forbade me to say anything over the air, except to read the official communiqué. 118 00:08:44,440 --> 00:08:47,401 The censorship in Nazi Germany is very challenging. 119 00:08:47,485 --> 00:08:49,570 "You can't say this. You can't say that." 120 00:08:49,654 --> 00:08:52,865 You know, you can't describe German moves as "aggression." 121 00:08:52,949 --> 00:08:56,369 You can't do anything critical at all about Hitler, 122 00:08:56,911 --> 00:08:59,121 and that drove him absolutely crazy. 123 00:08:59,205 --> 00:09:03,751 So he was really in a very tight window in terms of what he could say and not say. 124 00:09:08,297 --> 00:09:13,177 Now in a minute or two, we're told Hitler will be coming. 125 00:09:13,261 --> 00:09:16,681 He has left the Chancellery a few seconds ago, 126 00:09:17,390 --> 00:09:21,143 and he's driving down the Leipziger Strasse 127 00:09:21,227 --> 00:09:22,812 to the Potsdamer Platz. 128 00:09:29,443 --> 00:09:31,571 I have placed a memorandum 129 00:09:32,863 --> 00:09:35,866 representing Germany's last and final proposal 130 00:09:36,617 --> 00:09:38,369 with the British government. 131 00:09:40,496 --> 00:09:44,667 That any territory which is German 132 00:09:45,668 --> 00:09:49,171 who wants to come to Germany, belongs to Germany. 133 00:09:56,929 --> 00:09:59,223 The world prays fervently 134 00:09:59,307 --> 00:10:03,436 that the roar of this plane, this dramatic meeting, may bring peace. 135 00:10:05,021 --> 00:10:08,774 The conference held between Germany on the one hand, 136 00:10:08,858 --> 00:10:11,861 the British, the French, and the Italians on the other hand, 137 00:10:11,944 --> 00:10:15,573 in which those great powers negotiate 138 00:10:15,656 --> 00:10:19,076 that Hitler has the right to the Sudetenland. 139 00:10:20,161 --> 00:10:21,746 The thinking is, 140 00:10:21,829 --> 00:10:25,625 if we finally let Hitler have that territory, 141 00:10:25,708 --> 00:10:28,919 there won't be any more reason for conflict. 142 00:10:29,003 --> 00:10:31,130 All the Germans will be together, 143 00:10:31,213 --> 00:10:34,133 and Hitler will no longer make any more demands. 144 00:10:34,216 --> 00:10:38,721 The reaction to Munich on the Allies' side is mixed emotions. 145 00:10:39,555 --> 00:10:41,724 On the one hand, people are greatly relieved 146 00:10:41,807 --> 00:10:43,434 that war has not broken out. 147 00:10:43,517 --> 00:10:45,895 On the other hand, there is a sense of shame 148 00:10:45,978 --> 00:10:47,980 that they have sold out the Czechs. 149 00:10:48,064 --> 00:10:52,610 So it was, on Hitler's part, a brinksmanship gamble 150 00:10:52,693 --> 00:10:54,945 that ultimately the Allies would cave. 151 00:10:58,908 --> 00:11:00,076 It's all over. 152 00:11:00,660 --> 00:11:04,080 At 12:30 this morning, 30 minutes after midnight, 153 00:11:04,163 --> 00:11:08,334 Hitler, Mussolini, Chamberlain, and Daladier signed a pact 154 00:11:08,417 --> 00:11:10,628 turning over Sudetenland to Germany. 155 00:11:11,295 --> 00:11:15,257 Czechoslovakia, which is asked to make all the sacrifices 156 00:11:15,341 --> 00:11:17,468 so that Europe may have peace, 157 00:11:17,551 --> 00:11:20,388 was not consulted here at any stage of the talks. 158 00:11:24,392 --> 00:11:25,935 Shirer is in Munich, 159 00:11:26,018 --> 00:11:30,314 and he sees Hitler in the street passing by, 160 00:11:30,856 --> 00:11:34,694 and he sees in his face this determination, 161 00:11:34,777 --> 00:11:38,864 this satisfaction that he just took another part of another country. 162 00:11:41,701 --> 00:11:45,246 Hitler brushed past me like the conqueror he is this morning. 163 00:11:45,329 --> 00:11:47,331 I noticed his swagger. 164 00:11:49,834 --> 00:11:54,755 Shirer reads into his face and in his eyes this determination 165 00:11:55,339 --> 00:11:57,091 that, "I got away with it again." 166 00:11:57,174 --> 00:11:59,593 "I fooled the British. I'm gonna keep going." 167 00:11:59,677 --> 00:12:01,971 "They're not gonna stop me. No one's gonna get in my way." 168 00:12:02,054 --> 00:12:03,814 "They didn't get in the way in the Rhineland, 169 00:12:03,848 --> 00:12:05,391 they didn't get in my way in Austria, 170 00:12:05,474 --> 00:12:08,310 and they're not getting in my way in the Sudetenland." 171 00:12:13,649 --> 00:12:15,369 {\an8}On 3rd October, 172 00:12:15,401 --> 00:12:18,863 our dear Führer visited his German Sudetenland. 173 00:12:21,657 --> 00:12:25,786 The decision to... to give up the Sudetenland to Hitler 174 00:12:25,870 --> 00:12:27,121 had many, many implications... 175 00:12:27,204 --> 00:12:28,956 KRUMAU THANKS THEIR LIBERATORS! 176 00:12:29,039 --> 00:12:34,170 ...because this was a very important physical geographical barrier to invasion, 177 00:12:34,253 --> 00:12:36,589 which means the road to Prague is open, 178 00:12:36,672 --> 00:12:38,924 should Hitler decide to go further. 179 00:12:40,092 --> 00:12:42,845 A few months after the Munich Agreement, 180 00:12:42,928 --> 00:12:45,890 Hitler moves in and takes over the rest of Czechoslovakia, 181 00:12:45,973 --> 00:12:48,642 which, you know, contains almost no Germans. 182 00:12:53,272 --> 00:12:55,733 The Czechs don't really put up a fight. They can't. 183 00:12:56,317 --> 00:12:58,569 Once he has control of the Sudetenland, 184 00:12:58,652 --> 00:13:01,071 they don't have any natural defensive terrain. 185 00:13:03,199 --> 00:13:07,036 When he occupies Prague in the spring of '39, 186 00:13:07,119 --> 00:13:10,414 he is occupying for the first time a country that is non-German. 187 00:13:11,332 --> 00:13:14,710 Hitler looks at the collapse over the Sudetenland 188 00:13:14,794 --> 00:13:17,755 as just simply more of the weakness of the Western Allies. 189 00:13:17,838 --> 00:13:21,300 They're not going to fight him. They're never going to stand up to him. 190 00:13:21,383 --> 00:13:24,595 Now, according to the Hossbach Memorandum, 191 00:13:24,678 --> 00:13:28,057 it's not about getting all the Germans together. 192 00:13:28,140 --> 00:13:29,892 It's about having Lebensraum, 193 00:13:29,975 --> 00:13:31,352 living space. 194 00:13:32,770 --> 00:13:36,232 Do you remember Hitler saying 195 00:13:36,315 --> 00:13:37,983 that at six o'clock in the morning, 196 00:13:38,067 --> 00:13:42,363 the German army would invade Czechoslovakia from all sides? 197 00:13:45,574 --> 00:13:48,536 I do not recall the exact words. 198 00:13:49,787 --> 00:13:52,039 Do you remember Hitler saying 199 00:13:52,706 --> 00:13:58,462 that within two days, the Czech army would not exist anymore? 200 00:13:59,630 --> 00:14:02,007 I do not remember the details. No. 201 00:14:02,091 --> 00:14:05,761 {\an8}You think you could answer one of my questions directly? 202 00:14:05,845 --> 00:14:07,179 {\an8}I'll ask you it again. 203 00:14:07,263 --> 00:14:10,391 Will you agree with me that you had threatened 204 00:14:10,891 --> 00:14:14,144 to march in in overwhelming strength, 205 00:14:14,228 --> 00:14:16,689 and to bomb Prague if they didn't agree? 206 00:14:18,190 --> 00:14:22,361 What further pressure could you put on Czechoslovakia? 207 00:14:25,281 --> 00:14:27,081 War, for instance. 208 00:14:27,908 --> 00:14:30,619 That... What is that but war? 209 00:14:35,791 --> 00:14:39,086 In the spring of '39, the war drums begin to beat, 210 00:14:39,169 --> 00:14:42,673 and the Poles, they begin to realize that they're next on the menu, 211 00:14:42,756 --> 00:14:46,385 and their answer is to not do what the Czechs did. 212 00:14:46,468 --> 00:14:49,805 And so the Polish strategy is, "No, we don't negotiate." 213 00:14:49,889 --> 00:14:51,515 "We don't surrender anything." 214 00:14:53,559 --> 00:14:55,620 Poland's leaders were military men. 215 00:14:55,644 --> 00:14:58,898 They answered force with force. They enlarged the Polish army. 216 00:15:00,316 --> 00:15:03,903 It's clear by then to British policymakers 217 00:15:03,986 --> 00:15:06,697 that the next move would be Poland. 218 00:15:06,780 --> 00:15:10,701 So both France and Britain are now warning 219 00:15:10,784 --> 00:15:13,495 that if Germany, uh, attacks Poland, 220 00:15:13,996 --> 00:15:15,956 then they will declare war on it, 221 00:15:16,624 --> 00:15:19,960 but they're still highly reluctant to do so. 222 00:15:30,179 --> 00:15:34,391 The Soviet Union has also been watching all of the developments 223 00:15:34,475 --> 00:15:37,645 of the Anschluss and... and Sudetenland and Czechoslovakia 224 00:15:37,728 --> 00:15:39,396 with great, great interest, 225 00:15:39,480 --> 00:15:41,231 and Stalin has been very nervous 226 00:15:41,315 --> 00:15:44,693 because he's seen Germany getting stronger and stronger, 227 00:15:46,111 --> 00:15:49,073 and he isn't sure that Poland is gonna be enough of a buffer zone 228 00:15:49,156 --> 00:15:53,452 if, uh, Germany should attack Poland first and then head off to the Soviet Union. 229 00:15:53,535 --> 00:15:56,872 After Munich, Stalin is very upset 230 00:15:56,956 --> 00:15:59,375 that he hadn't been invited to the table, 231 00:15:59,458 --> 00:16:02,252 that he had been excluded from this conference. 232 00:16:02,336 --> 00:16:05,214 If they had turned their backs on Czechoslovakia, 233 00:16:05,297 --> 00:16:07,883 then what was the role that they were imagining 234 00:16:07,967 --> 00:16:10,844 the Soviet Union played in the future of Europe? 235 00:16:12,179 --> 00:16:14,890 Hitler has some respect for Stalin, 236 00:16:14,974 --> 00:16:17,935 but absolutely despises Bolshevism 237 00:16:18,018 --> 00:16:21,105 and... and what he thinks the Soviet Union stands for. 238 00:16:22,815 --> 00:16:26,735 And Stalin despises racial ideology of Nazi Germany. 239 00:16:26,819 --> 00:16:30,572 So... so these are countries and leaders that are enemies, 240 00:16:30,656 --> 00:16:32,157 but after the Munich conference, 241 00:16:32,241 --> 00:16:36,161 Stalin really redoubles his efforts to try to reach out to Hitler. 242 00:16:36,245 --> 00:16:39,873 Hitler signals that he's open to discussions. 243 00:16:42,167 --> 00:16:45,295 {\an8}Stalin brings in his Minister of Foreign Affairs, 244 00:16:45,379 --> 00:16:46,630 {\an8}Vyacheslav Molotov, 245 00:16:47,339 --> 00:16:50,968 {\an8}then they invite Ribbentrop to... to Moscow. 246 00:16:53,178 --> 00:16:55,407 Joachim von Ribbentrop is an interesting figure. 247 00:16:55,431 --> 00:16:58,642 He's one of these mediocrities who manages to reach 248 00:16:58,726 --> 00:17:01,854 very prominent positions in the Third Reich. 249 00:17:01,937 --> 00:17:04,857 He was a champagne dealer for most of his adult life, 250 00:17:04,940 --> 00:17:06,984 and then becomes the Nazi foreign minister. 251 00:17:07,067 --> 00:17:12,823 He's a Nazi who had almost no experience in diplomacy before, 252 00:17:12,906 --> 00:17:17,202 and Molotov is a long-term Bolshevik. 253 00:17:17,995 --> 00:17:19,455 These two men, 254 00:17:19,538 --> 00:17:24,877 they're acting very much as emissaries of their respective leaders. 255 00:17:26,462 --> 00:17:31,008 The reception given to me by Stalin and Molotov 256 00:17:31,091 --> 00:17:33,886 was very friendly. 257 00:17:35,054 --> 00:17:37,306 I told the Russian gentlemen 258 00:17:38,057 --> 00:17:40,768 that Germany would do everything to settle 259 00:17:41,518 --> 00:17:45,397 the situation in Poland 260 00:17:46,106 --> 00:17:48,233 and to settle the difficulties peacefully. 261 00:17:48,859 --> 00:17:54,156 But I left no doubt that an armed conflict might break out. 262 00:17:55,032 --> 00:17:56,325 That much was obvious. 263 00:17:57,409 --> 00:18:01,455 And that's the meeting at which they work out 264 00:18:01,538 --> 00:18:03,874 the Soviet-German Nonaggression Pact. 265 00:18:11,924 --> 00:18:15,344 And then in August, the bombshell. 266 00:18:15,427 --> 00:18:17,054 This time, from Moscow. 267 00:18:17,137 --> 00:18:20,474 {\an8}Incredibly, Stalin and Hitler join hands. 268 00:18:21,100 --> 00:18:24,019 {\an8}The archenemies of old become fellow aggressors, 269 00:18:24,103 --> 00:18:26,480 and von Ribbentrop flies back to Berlin 270 00:18:26,563 --> 00:18:28,941 with the news that the way is now clear. 271 00:18:29,483 --> 00:18:31,443 When he gets news from Ribbentrop, 272 00:18:31,527 --> 00:18:33,487 Hitler says "Now we have them." 273 00:18:33,570 --> 00:18:35,989 And, of course, the world is absolutely shocked. 274 00:18:36,073 --> 00:18:38,492 You couldn't find two more natural enemies. 275 00:18:38,575 --> 00:18:41,537 Even the leadership within the Reich is stunned by this news 276 00:18:41,620 --> 00:18:43,455 because it's so unlikely. 277 00:18:43,539 --> 00:18:47,376 It just so goes against what Hitler has been proclaiming 278 00:18:47,459 --> 00:18:49,461 about Jewish Bolsheviks. 279 00:18:49,545 --> 00:18:52,589 But then the thing that killed Germany in the First World War 280 00:18:52,673 --> 00:18:56,718 was fighting with Russia on one front and the Western Allies on the other. 281 00:18:57,219 --> 00:18:59,680 And Hitler's found a way out of that conundrum 282 00:18:59,763 --> 00:19:01,014 by doing this pact. 283 00:19:02,516 --> 00:19:05,519 Throughout centuries, Germany and Russia 284 00:19:07,396 --> 00:19:10,357 have lived next to each other in peace and friendship. 285 00:19:11,150 --> 00:19:14,111 Why should it not be possible in the future once again? 286 00:19:16,029 --> 00:19:18,589 The Poles immediately knew that this was their doom. 287 00:19:21,869 --> 00:19:25,038 And it was only a few days later, after the pact was announced, 288 00:19:25,122 --> 00:19:27,666 that Hitler told his generals to begin mobilization 289 00:19:27,749 --> 00:19:30,419 to almost imminently invade Poland. 290 00:19:30,502 --> 00:19:33,213 In Poland, there is no official comment 291 00:19:33,297 --> 00:19:35,257 on the latest German moves, 292 00:19:35,340 --> 00:19:38,343 but a dispatch from Warsaw says the country is standing firm 293 00:19:38,427 --> 00:19:40,345 and ready to fight if necessary. 294 00:19:40,846 --> 00:19:42,389 On the eve of the war itself, 295 00:19:42,472 --> 00:19:45,267 there was a German operation, Operation Himmler, 296 00:19:45,350 --> 00:19:47,519 and there were a number of false flag operations 297 00:19:47,603 --> 00:19:49,062 staged along the border 298 00:19:49,146 --> 00:19:53,066 to make it look as if the Poles had attacked Germany, 299 00:19:53,650 --> 00:19:56,528 and therefore that the Germans were defending themselves. 300 00:19:57,529 --> 00:19:59,865 Nazi Germany staged a fake attack 301 00:19:59,948 --> 00:20:02,743 and even brought concentration camp prisoners, 302 00:20:02,826 --> 00:20:06,538 dressed them up in uniform, and had them drugged, had them killed, 303 00:20:06,622 --> 00:20:09,208 to make it look like Poland had attacked first. 304 00:20:09,958 --> 00:20:13,962 And Hitler says, "This is an outrage. Poland has provoked Germany, 305 00:20:14,046 --> 00:20:17,466 and therefore, we have to, uh, we have to answer back." 306 00:20:20,844 --> 00:20:24,514 Well, of course, Hitler's been preparing for war for a while. 307 00:20:29,394 --> 00:20:31,675 Here is a United Press flash from Warsaw 308 00:20:31,730 --> 00:20:35,525 which says officially that German planes have bombed railway stations 309 00:20:35,609 --> 00:20:37,277 in three Polish towns. 310 00:20:44,993 --> 00:20:47,246 In September 1939, 311 00:20:47,329 --> 00:20:50,165 the Nazis march into Poland, 312 00:20:50,249 --> 00:20:53,794 and my grandfather, along with other press people, 313 00:20:53,877 --> 00:20:56,338 are invited to follow along behind 314 00:20:56,421 --> 00:21:00,133 so that they can report their glorious conquering of Europe. 315 00:21:01,635 --> 00:21:05,389 On Tuesday, I found myself on a hill in the midst of a city 316 00:21:05,931 --> 00:21:08,058 which had been occupied two days before. 317 00:21:09,393 --> 00:21:13,021 Two miles to the north of us, the killing was going on. 318 00:21:13,647 --> 00:21:16,441 You could hear the deep roar of the German artillery, 319 00:21:16,525 --> 00:21:18,235 the Poles had none, 320 00:21:18,318 --> 00:21:21,446 and the rat-tat-tat of the machine guns on both sides. 321 00:21:24,449 --> 00:21:26,785 The sound of these shells exploding 322 00:21:26,868 --> 00:21:29,705 or the bombs from the airplanes, was deafening. 323 00:21:34,668 --> 00:21:37,129 Not the slightest sign of strain or excitement 324 00:21:37,212 --> 00:21:40,257 among the German officers at our observation post. 325 00:21:40,340 --> 00:21:44,928 They reminded me of coaches of a championship football team at home, 326 00:21:45,012 --> 00:21:48,849 who sit calmly on the sidelines and watch the machine they created do its stuff. 327 00:21:49,474 --> 00:21:51,977 Below us, in the stretch of the town, 328 00:21:52,519 --> 00:21:56,023 women with their youngsters stood around in little clusters... 329 00:21:57,691 --> 00:22:01,278 ...listening to the din of the cannon and the rattling of machine guns. 330 00:22:01,361 --> 00:22:06,491 The bitterness, the anguish on the faces of old women was indescribable. 331 00:22:07,034 --> 00:22:08,535 Tragic and grotesque. 332 00:22:09,244 --> 00:22:11,455 Grotesque that we should be standing there 333 00:22:11,538 --> 00:22:14,958 watching the killing as though it were a football game, 334 00:22:15,042 --> 00:22:17,544 and we, comfortably off in the grandstand. 335 00:22:21,715 --> 00:22:26,053 So the Germans' attack is very fast, very, very effective. 336 00:22:27,137 --> 00:22:31,433 All of a sudden on the 17th of September, the Soviet Union invades from their side. 337 00:22:39,232 --> 00:22:43,236 What the world didn't know was that there were these secret agreements 338 00:22:43,320 --> 00:22:46,073 that were part of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 339 00:22:46,156 --> 00:22:50,452 in which Hitler and Stalin had agreed that they would divide up Poland. 340 00:22:51,370 --> 00:22:54,331 Will you please explain what took place? 341 00:22:55,040 --> 00:22:57,125 During the negotiations 342 00:22:57,709 --> 00:22:59,211 with Stalin and Molotov, 343 00:22:59,294 --> 00:23:02,631 a line of demarcation was agreed. 344 00:23:03,215 --> 00:23:06,093 So that in the event of war, 345 00:23:06,843 --> 00:23:10,305 there should be a boundary line 346 00:23:11,264 --> 00:23:14,309 to avoid a collision 347 00:23:14,810 --> 00:23:19,356 between Germany and Russian interests. 348 00:23:21,817 --> 00:23:25,028 This was done by a secret supplementary protocol. 349 00:23:28,782 --> 00:23:32,369 {\an8}The Soviet prosecution team and judge, 350 00:23:32,452 --> 00:23:37,249 {\an8}they left for Nuremberg without knowing the details of the secret protocols. 351 00:23:37,958 --> 00:23:40,001 And Ribbentrop then makes the argument 352 00:23:40,085 --> 00:23:43,672 that if Germany was guilty of crimes against peace, 353 00:23:43,755 --> 00:23:46,883 then the Soviets, right, certainly must have been too. 354 00:23:47,843 --> 00:23:50,595 For this to be revealed in court, 355 00:23:50,679 --> 00:23:54,015 for Ribbentrop himself to be describing it, 356 00:23:54,099 --> 00:23:56,518 this... this was a real moment in the trial. 357 00:24:02,399 --> 00:24:05,861 Within about a month, Poland ceased to exist as a country. 358 00:24:05,944 --> 00:24:07,529 It was completely partitioned, 359 00:24:07,612 --> 00:24:10,866 divided up between Germany and the Soviet Union. 360 00:24:12,451 --> 00:24:18,832 Poland, the state whose borders England had guaranteed, 361 00:24:19,833 --> 00:24:25,213 was swept from the map within 18 days, with that guarantee unfulfilled. 362 00:24:26,715 --> 00:24:32,137 With that, the first phase of this war has come to an end, 363 00:24:33,513 --> 00:24:34,848 and the second begins. 364 00:24:39,186 --> 00:24:43,773 All of the ideas behind the German racial crusade, 365 00:24:43,857 --> 00:24:45,317 behind Lebensraum, 366 00:24:45,400 --> 00:24:50,363 behind all of these brutal visions for dominance in Eastern Europe, 367 00:24:50,447 --> 00:24:54,075 can be found in Mein Kampf, in Hitler's speeches. 368 00:24:55,869 --> 00:24:58,622 But it's truly in Poland in 1939 369 00:24:58,705 --> 00:25:02,709 that the Nazis first had the chance to carry out these policies. 370 00:25:03,752 --> 00:25:05,879 Germany invades with its military... 371 00:25:05,962 --> 00:25:06,838 ENTRY PERMIT 372 00:25:06,922 --> 00:25:09,883 ...but right behind its military are Einsatzgruppen, 373 00:25:09,966 --> 00:25:12,052 meaning task forces 374 00:25:12,135 --> 00:25:17,682 which are made up of a mix of Gestapo, the SS, uh, uniformed police. 375 00:25:18,642 --> 00:25:20,268 Those units are charged 376 00:25:20,352 --> 00:25:24,147 with eliminating Germany's political and biological enemies, 377 00:25:24,231 --> 00:25:25,273 and that's what they do. 378 00:25:25,357 --> 00:25:26,959 Juden! 379 00:25:26,983 --> 00:25:30,862 Even before the war begins, lists of about 60,000 people are drawn up 380 00:25:30,946 --> 00:25:33,114 of the Polish intelligentsia and the elite, 381 00:25:33,198 --> 00:25:35,951 including Jews, but not specifically Jews, 382 00:25:36,034 --> 00:25:39,120 priests, landowners, university professors, um, 383 00:25:39,204 --> 00:25:41,456 business owners, government officials... 384 00:25:42,457 --> 00:25:45,669 This is not gonna be a war of the conquest of territory merely. 385 00:25:45,752 --> 00:25:48,380 This is going to be a war of annihilation. 386 00:25:56,638 --> 00:25:59,558 Especially after the invasion of Poland, 387 00:25:59,641 --> 00:26:02,519 Himmler's power grew significantly. 388 00:26:03,186 --> 00:26:07,732 He and the SS were in charge of much of the purging of Jews. 389 00:26:07,816 --> 00:26:11,111 And so while they are taking over Poland, 390 00:26:11,194 --> 00:26:14,322 they are also radicalizing policy against the Jews. 391 00:26:16,032 --> 00:26:20,036 {\an8}Himmler sees in the invasion of Poland and in the east, 392 00:26:20,120 --> 00:26:24,374 {\an8}the chance for him to grow a vast empire of power. 393 00:26:24,457 --> 00:26:27,210 Empire of power not only controlling people's lives, 394 00:26:27,294 --> 00:26:30,171 controlling slave labor, controlling the camps, 395 00:26:30,255 --> 00:26:31,631 but economic power as well, 396 00:26:31,715 --> 00:26:34,301 because, of course, a lot of things are going to be looted. 397 00:26:34,384 --> 00:26:36,886 A lot of money is going to be made out of slave labor. 398 00:26:36,970 --> 00:26:39,556 Himmler's got all of that in his mind as well 399 00:26:39,639 --> 00:26:42,392 as he starts to create this huge empire. 400 00:26:42,475 --> 00:26:44,603 But for the Nazis, there's a problem 401 00:26:44,686 --> 00:26:47,272 that comes with their success in Poland, 402 00:26:47,355 --> 00:26:50,150 which has the largest Jewish population in Europe. 403 00:26:50,942 --> 00:26:55,155 According to the Nazis, Jews were a dangerous racial other. 404 00:26:55,238 --> 00:26:57,949 So the question is, "What do we do with these Jews?" 405 00:26:58,033 --> 00:27:00,994 So as a kind of an interim measure, 406 00:27:01,077 --> 00:27:05,332 they decide to essentially concentrate the Jewish population of Poland 407 00:27:05,415 --> 00:27:10,462 in ghettos in major cities, where Jews are locked in. 408 00:27:10,962 --> 00:27:15,133 They're tremendously overcrowded. They're not particularly big areas. 409 00:27:15,216 --> 00:27:20,263 They're bringing Jews from all over Poland and cramming them into these cities. 410 00:27:20,347 --> 00:27:24,768 They forced Jews to wear a discernible badge on their clothing, 411 00:27:24,851 --> 00:27:26,895 a star that identifies them as Jewish, 412 00:27:26,978 --> 00:27:30,815 so that everyone knows who is and who is not Jewish. 413 00:27:30,899 --> 00:27:35,487 So it's a strategy of extreme segregation and isolation. 414 00:27:36,988 --> 00:27:38,782 FOR JEWS - FOR NON JEWS 415 00:27:38,865 --> 00:27:41,242 And at that time, when we moved to the ghetto, 416 00:27:41,743 --> 00:27:45,872 life started, really, to be very difficult for us. 417 00:27:47,248 --> 00:27:49,376 We sold whatever we were able to. 418 00:27:51,586 --> 00:27:54,172 My father got sick... 419 00:27:56,216 --> 00:28:01,513 and we were not able to feed him with the right food. 420 00:28:03,390 --> 00:28:06,017 He died of pneumonia in the ghetto. 421 00:28:10,271 --> 00:28:13,024 So in this phase, it's still very unclear, 422 00:28:13,108 --> 00:28:16,528 both to the Jewish victims and to the Germans, 423 00:28:16,611 --> 00:28:19,823 how ultimately this is going to settle out. 424 00:28:19,906 --> 00:28:23,034 Though for the Nazis, the vision is ultimately the Jews have to go. 425 00:28:23,118 --> 00:28:24,869 It's a question of when and how, 426 00:28:24,953 --> 00:28:27,872 and that will be answered depending upon the outcome of the war. 427 00:28:30,834 --> 00:28:34,129 The responsibility lies on the shoulders of one man. 428 00:28:34,212 --> 00:28:36,047 By his latest act of naked aggression, 429 00:28:36,131 --> 00:28:38,508 Hitler has committed a crime not only against Poland, 430 00:28:38,591 --> 00:28:40,677 but against the whole human race. 431 00:28:40,760 --> 00:28:43,471 Shortly after Germany attacks Poland, 432 00:28:44,264 --> 00:28:45,849 Britain and France declare war. 433 00:28:48,435 --> 00:28:50,145 In 1939, 434 00:28:51,563 --> 00:28:54,149 the Western Powers dropped their masks. 435 00:28:56,317 --> 00:28:58,987 {\an8}They sent Germany their declaration of war. 436 00:29:00,780 --> 00:29:04,909 And I can only say to France and England, 437 00:29:05,577 --> 00:29:07,746 "You too shall have your war!" 438 00:29:12,542 --> 00:29:18,339 War, for Hitler, was a fundamental human activity, 439 00:29:18,423 --> 00:29:19,674 the motor of history. 440 00:29:19,758 --> 00:29:24,012 Hitler felt that war would determine the rise and fall of a nation, 441 00:29:24,095 --> 00:29:28,683 that only by conquering other nations would one race rise up. 442 00:29:28,767 --> 00:29:32,103 It was not a sort of lament that war would be necessary, 443 00:29:32,187 --> 00:29:34,189 but it was... it was something he desired. 444 00:29:34,981 --> 00:29:37,442 Our enemies, they already cry out today, 445 00:29:37,525 --> 00:29:39,569 "Germany shall fall!" 446 00:29:39,652 --> 00:29:43,156 Yet Germany can give but one answer: 447 00:29:43,239 --> 00:29:45,408 Germany will live, 448 00:29:45,492 --> 00:29:47,160 and hence Germany will win! 449 00:29:51,581 --> 00:29:54,375 France and Britain declare war on Germany, 450 00:29:55,126 --> 00:29:56,252 and then they do nothing, 451 00:29:57,462 --> 00:29:58,671 and they wait, 452 00:29:58,755 --> 00:30:03,092 and they settle into what the Germans called the sitzkrieg, 453 00:30:03,843 --> 00:30:05,094 uh, "sitting war." 454 00:30:05,178 --> 00:30:07,430 There's a few skirmishes here and there, 455 00:30:07,514 --> 00:30:10,225 but basically, the British Expeditionary Force 456 00:30:10,308 --> 00:30:12,769 and the bulk of the French army 457 00:30:13,353 --> 00:30:16,981 are sitting and waiting for something to happen. 458 00:30:17,065 --> 00:30:19,359 They have no plans to attack Germany. 459 00:30:20,360 --> 00:30:23,029 The French have built a protective line, 460 00:30:23,112 --> 00:30:24,405 the Maginot Line, 461 00:30:24,489 --> 00:30:30,495 and very little happens until May 10th, 1940, 462 00:30:30,578 --> 00:30:34,707 Germany attacks the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. 463 00:30:42,465 --> 00:30:45,510 One of the key lessons Hitler takes from World War I is that, 464 00:30:45,593 --> 00:30:48,429 really, if you're going to defeat Eastern Europe, 465 00:30:48,513 --> 00:30:51,224 you have to take care of Western Europe first. 466 00:30:51,307 --> 00:30:54,853 So you have to defeat France. You have to defeat the Low Countries. 467 00:30:54,936 --> 00:30:57,272 You do not want a war on two fronts. 468 00:30:57,355 --> 00:30:59,858 Hitler is determined to control the coastline, 469 00:30:59,941 --> 00:31:03,695 from northern Spain all the way up to basically the Arctic Circle. 470 00:31:03,778 --> 00:31:05,738 It's a way to neutralize Britain 471 00:31:05,822 --> 00:31:09,784 so that there's no opportunity for the blockade of Germany 472 00:31:09,868 --> 00:31:12,203 or to launch an attack against Germany. 473 00:31:15,456 --> 00:31:17,667 So after the German armor breaks through 474 00:31:17,750 --> 00:31:19,752 and races to the Channel coast, 475 00:31:19,836 --> 00:31:24,299 they've managed to split the British forces in Europe 476 00:31:24,382 --> 00:31:26,301 from the bulk of the French army. 477 00:31:27,051 --> 00:31:30,555 And the British are trapped in northern France and southern Belgium. 478 00:31:31,514 --> 00:31:33,182 And so they retreat to the coast. 479 00:31:33,266 --> 00:31:36,603 There's one open port, Dunkirk, in northern France. 480 00:31:36,686 --> 00:31:38,229 DUNKIRK 481 00:31:38,313 --> 00:31:40,023 Dunkirk. 482 00:31:40,106 --> 00:31:42,418 Here the French navy lost in quick succession the SS Niger, 483 00:31:42,442 --> 00:31:45,486 SS L'Adroit, SS La Bourrasque, the SS Foudroyant, SS Cyclone, 484 00:31:45,570 --> 00:31:46,570 and SS Siroco. 485 00:31:48,448 --> 00:31:50,116 Despite the heroic defenders, 486 00:31:50,199 --> 00:31:54,037 the soldiers at Dunkirk reach their limits. 487 00:31:54,120 --> 00:31:55,496 Only the sailors fight on. 488 00:31:56,080 --> 00:31:59,167 The British forces and some French troops gather there 489 00:31:59,250 --> 00:32:01,419 and begin to evacuate to England. 490 00:32:02,670 --> 00:32:07,050 The British famously call for any private boats 491 00:32:07,133 --> 00:32:12,055 that are capable of crossing the Channel to come and help with the evacuation. 492 00:32:16,434 --> 00:32:20,229 The German tank forces, in particular, are exhausted. 493 00:32:20,313 --> 00:32:23,900 They have been fighting nonstop for quite some time at this point. 494 00:32:23,983 --> 00:32:27,195 They're running low on ammunition, they're running low on fuel, 495 00:32:27,862 --> 00:32:30,531 and so the British are able to evacuate 496 00:32:30,615 --> 00:32:34,744 the overwhelming majority of their forces in continental Europe 497 00:32:34,827 --> 00:32:37,664 and a fair number of French troops as well. 498 00:32:37,747 --> 00:32:40,917 They do have to abandon most of their heavy equipment, however. 499 00:32:41,000 --> 00:32:43,670 So it's not a victory for the British by any means, 500 00:32:43,753 --> 00:32:47,006 even if the British media makes it into a moral victory. 501 00:32:53,346 --> 00:32:55,473 Alarms sound over Paris. 502 00:32:58,142 --> 00:33:00,311 Nazi bombers attack in earnest. 503 00:33:02,689 --> 00:33:05,233 After the British withdrawal at Dunkirk, 504 00:33:05,316 --> 00:33:06,943 the French are in disarray, 505 00:33:07,026 --> 00:33:09,404 and their politics are even more fragmented. 506 00:33:10,655 --> 00:33:16,035 And so, a decision is made to sign an armistice with the Germans. 507 00:33:26,462 --> 00:33:30,299 William L. Shirer is with the German army in Paris. 508 00:33:30,842 --> 00:33:33,803 He sees the swastika on the Eiffel Tower. 509 00:33:35,763 --> 00:33:41,019 And he gets a tip from a source, an officer in the German High Command, 510 00:33:41,102 --> 00:33:43,396 who tells him there's gonna be an armistice. 511 00:33:43,479 --> 00:33:45,398 The French are gonna surrender, 512 00:33:45,481 --> 00:33:50,528 and Hitler wants it to be carried out in the same railroad car 513 00:33:51,612 --> 00:33:55,033 that the French made the Germans surrender in 1918. 514 00:33:55,658 --> 00:33:57,827 That railroad car was in a museum 515 00:33:57,910 --> 00:34:00,997 in the little village of Compiègne, France, north of Paris. 516 00:34:02,081 --> 00:34:04,959 Shirer gets in a car and drives there. 517 00:34:06,169 --> 00:34:08,713 And he sees the train is pulled out of the museum. 518 00:34:08,796 --> 00:34:11,257 Everything's being set up for this event. 519 00:34:11,924 --> 00:34:14,969 There's only two foreign correspondents there, 520 00:34:15,053 --> 00:34:17,680 a freelance correspondent for NBC 521 00:34:17,764 --> 00:34:19,098 and Shirer. 522 00:34:19,682 --> 00:34:23,811 My grandfather realizes the Nazis miked everything, 523 00:34:23,895 --> 00:34:26,939 and he goes around and searches in the woods 524 00:34:27,023 --> 00:34:29,025 for the sound engineers 525 00:34:29,901 --> 00:34:31,569 and listens outside. 526 00:34:32,195 --> 00:34:33,738 He got the whole story. 527 00:34:37,241 --> 00:34:39,202 He was allowed to broadcast 528 00:34:39,285 --> 00:34:43,706 with the condition that it would be held in Berlin 529 00:34:43,790 --> 00:34:46,793 and not broadcast until after Hitler himself 530 00:34:46,876 --> 00:34:49,253 had announced the signing of the treaty. 531 00:34:51,589 --> 00:34:55,426 Someone in Berlin flipped the wrong switch. 532 00:34:55,510 --> 00:34:58,471 It went through a shortwave system on to New York. 533 00:35:00,014 --> 00:35:03,142 My grandfather got the biggest scoop of his life. 534 00:35:03,684 --> 00:35:06,604 He scooped Hitler and the whole world. 535 00:35:08,940 --> 00:35:14,612 Negotiations began at 3:30 p.m. German summer time this afternoon. 536 00:35:15,530 --> 00:35:19,492 A warm June sun beat down on the great elm and pine trees 537 00:35:20,118 --> 00:35:22,703 and cast pleasant shadows on the wooded avenue 538 00:35:23,204 --> 00:35:24,497 as Herr Hitler, 539 00:35:24,580 --> 00:35:28,584 with the German plenipotentiaries at his side, appeared. 540 00:35:28,668 --> 00:35:32,880 His face was grave, but there is a certain spring in his step 541 00:35:33,464 --> 00:35:36,384 as he walks for the first time towards the spot 542 00:35:36,467 --> 00:35:40,263 where Germany's fate was sealed on that November day of 1918. 543 00:35:45,059 --> 00:35:48,271 In the center is a great granite block 544 00:35:48,354 --> 00:35:51,232 which stands some three feet above the ground. 545 00:35:51,816 --> 00:35:55,486 Hitler, followed by the others, walks slowly over to it, 546 00:35:56,112 --> 00:36:00,616 steps up, and reads the inscription engraved in great high letters, 547 00:36:00,700 --> 00:36:04,245 "Here on the 11th of November, 1918, 548 00:36:04,787 --> 00:36:07,707 succumbed the criminal pride of the German Empire, 549 00:36:08,499 --> 00:36:11,919 vanquished by the free peoples which it tried to enslave." 550 00:36:13,796 --> 00:36:16,257 We looked for an expression on Hitler's face, 551 00:36:16,841 --> 00:36:18,342 but it does not change. 552 00:36:22,263 --> 00:36:25,474 And in this quaint, old, wartime Wagons-Lits car, 553 00:36:26,017 --> 00:36:30,062 another armistice is being drawn up as I speak to you now. 554 00:36:33,482 --> 00:36:35,735 We peered through the windows of the car 555 00:36:35,818 --> 00:36:38,946 and saw Adolf Hitler laying down the terms. 556 00:36:40,448 --> 00:36:42,408 The German leader told the French 557 00:36:42,491 --> 00:36:45,620 that he had not chosen this spot out of revenge, 558 00:36:45,703 --> 00:36:47,788 but merely to right an old wrong. 559 00:36:49,373 --> 00:36:50,917 What a turning back of the clock, 560 00:36:51,000 --> 00:36:54,420 what a reversing of history we've been watching here 561 00:36:54,503 --> 00:36:57,423 in this beautiful Compiègne forest this afternoon. 562 00:37:13,606 --> 00:37:16,317 After the signing of the armistice, 563 00:37:16,400 --> 00:37:21,197 Hitler goes on a very early morning tour of Paris. 564 00:37:21,280 --> 00:37:24,367 And Paris is still asleep. It's very early in the morning. 565 00:37:24,450 --> 00:37:27,411 He goes to see the... the Eiffel Tower. 566 00:37:27,495 --> 00:37:29,163 He goes to the Panthéon. 567 00:37:35,169 --> 00:37:38,172 He visits Napoleon's monument 568 00:37:39,465 --> 00:37:46,264 and seems to imagine himself as the victor over Napoleon as well. 569 00:37:46,347 --> 00:37:50,434 It's as if he still needs to persuade himself 570 00:37:50,518 --> 00:37:53,479 that he has won that war, 571 00:37:53,562 --> 00:37:57,275 and then vanishes into the mist and goes back to Germany. 572 00:38:00,152 --> 00:38:02,381 All Germans thank the Führer 573 00:38:02,405 --> 00:38:04,657 for the greatest victory in history. 574 00:38:04,740 --> 00:38:07,410 The drive from the front back to the capital 575 00:38:07,493 --> 00:38:09,245 became a triumphant parade. 576 00:38:14,750 --> 00:38:19,255 {\an8}When Hitler returns from his victory in France, 577 00:38:20,006 --> 00:38:21,590 when he returns to Berlin, 578 00:38:22,508 --> 00:38:24,343 the celebrations are rapturous. 579 00:38:24,844 --> 00:38:25,844 They won. 580 00:38:26,929 --> 00:38:29,969 The German Volk has proved, above all, its inner attitude 581 00:38:30,016 --> 00:38:33,644 through its sons who are fighting on the battlefield. 582 00:38:33,728 --> 00:38:37,982 Within weeks, they have beaten Germany's strongest military adversary 583 00:38:38,065 --> 00:38:39,483 and have destroyed him. 584 00:38:39,567 --> 00:38:43,654 Their spirit was and remains the spirit of the German Homeland! 585 00:38:44,572 --> 00:38:47,283 Hitler has delivered everything he promised, 586 00:38:47,366 --> 00:38:51,537 and I suspect that if he had allowed elections at that point, 587 00:38:52,496 --> 00:38:55,041 it would have been a sweeping victory. 588 00:38:56,417 --> 00:38:58,817 Security teams can hardly resist 589 00:38:58,878 --> 00:39:00,296 the onslaught of the masses. 590 00:39:05,634 --> 00:39:07,636 The initial successes 591 00:39:07,720 --> 00:39:10,097 really gave Hitler a public relations boost, 592 00:39:10,181 --> 00:39:14,101 and so Germans felt that maybe this is going to be a quick war. 593 00:39:14,185 --> 00:39:18,147 ♪ You're the dream who makes me happy ♪ 594 00:39:18,647 --> 00:39:23,235 ♪ Who makes me happy tonight ♪ 595 00:39:24,320 --> 00:39:28,366 ♪ You are the rush That warmly embraces me ♪ 596 00:39:28,449 --> 00:39:33,329 ♪ And enriches me greatly tonight ♪ 597 00:39:34,121 --> 00:39:37,917 ♪ Don't you feel That you are the only one ♪ 598 00:39:38,417 --> 00:39:41,921 ♪ For whom I would have to die tonight? ♪ 599 00:39:49,553 --> 00:39:52,431 The future belongs to the young nations 600 00:39:52,515 --> 00:39:54,183 who will solve these questions. 601 00:39:54,266 --> 00:39:57,937 We have undertaken these solutions, and we shall see to them. 602 00:40:09,740 --> 00:40:12,618 At that point, Hitler's seriously considering, 603 00:40:12,701 --> 00:40:14,245 uh, invading Britain. 604 00:40:14,995 --> 00:40:17,790 {\an8}There is an operation being planned, 605 00:40:17,873 --> 00:40:22,420 {\an8}which is supposed to be an amphibious invasion of Britain. 606 00:40:24,255 --> 00:40:26,674 Hermann Goering, who is, among other things, 607 00:40:26,757 --> 00:40:28,968 the commander of the Luftwaffe 608 00:40:29,051 --> 00:40:32,972 and who was an ace pilot in World War I, 609 00:40:33,055 --> 00:40:37,268 promises that they can have aerial superiority over Britain. 610 00:40:38,227 --> 00:40:40,688 British fighters speed to engage the foe. 611 00:40:40,771 --> 00:40:44,442 In hundreds of desperate dogfights, the invaders are held at bay. 612 00:40:56,537 --> 00:40:57,455 And they fail. 613 00:41:01,792 --> 00:41:03,002 The Royal Air Force, 614 00:41:03,085 --> 00:41:06,213 especially with its newly-produced Spitfire, 615 00:41:07,173 --> 00:41:10,759 which are, uh, very good planes for that period, 616 00:41:10,843 --> 00:41:16,182 manages not only to hold off the Luftwaffe, the German air force, 617 00:41:16,265 --> 00:41:20,311 uh, but also to cause a great deal of damage to it. 618 00:41:22,855 --> 00:41:24,315 And so with the Blitz, 619 00:41:24,398 --> 00:41:27,943 that is the bombing of London and other cities, 620 00:41:28,819 --> 00:41:32,239 the evacuation of children from London to the countryside... 621 00:41:36,994 --> 00:41:39,747 ...both stiffens the back of the British population 622 00:41:39,830 --> 00:41:40,915 against the Germans... 623 00:41:41,665 --> 00:41:43,810 Never in history has an entire people 624 00:41:43,834 --> 00:41:46,295 borne so frightful an ordeal so bravely. 625 00:41:46,378 --> 00:41:48,464 Yes, England can take it! 626 00:41:48,547 --> 00:41:51,842 ...and, from the German perspective, 627 00:41:51,926 --> 00:41:56,347 makes an invasion of Britain clearly impossible. 628 00:41:58,474 --> 00:42:01,894 And now the question is, where do we go next? 629 00:42:08,108 --> 00:42:12,071 When Hitler took power, he went about transforming the economy. 630 00:42:12,821 --> 00:42:17,660 Hitler started the ball rolling, in a sense, by a sleight-of-hand, 631 00:42:18,285 --> 00:42:20,287 creating a kind of economy 632 00:42:20,371 --> 00:42:22,790 that made it look as if Germany was tremendously prosperous, 633 00:42:22,873 --> 00:42:26,502 but a lot of it was done on borrowed money and printing money. 634 00:42:34,426 --> 00:42:35,866 Even before the war starts, 635 00:42:35,928 --> 00:42:39,473 Hitler decides that, in a way, in order to pay a lot of this back, 636 00:42:39,557 --> 00:42:42,476 he's going to have to plunder, he's going to have to steal. 637 00:42:43,185 --> 00:42:46,814 And one of the things he does is, of course, plan to plunder the resources 638 00:42:46,897 --> 00:42:49,316 of the countries he's conquering. 639 00:42:49,400 --> 00:42:52,361 And one of the other things he plans to steal is labor, 640 00:42:53,195 --> 00:42:54,572 the labor of human beings, 641 00:42:54,655 --> 00:42:57,491 which, if you put people to work for free, 642 00:42:57,575 --> 00:43:00,119 then you don't have to pay your own workers. 643 00:43:00,995 --> 00:43:04,057 Following the decree of the Führer and Chancellor 644 00:43:04,081 --> 00:43:06,333 on the administration of the occupied Polish territories 645 00:43:06,417 --> 00:43:09,753 of October 12th, 1939, 646 00:43:10,546 --> 00:43:13,424 Jewish residents of the German Government 647 00:43:13,507 --> 00:43:16,760 will be forced to work with immediate effect. 648 00:43:18,596 --> 00:43:21,140 Poland was occupied as a colony, 649 00:43:21,223 --> 00:43:22,863 not directly incorporated into the Reich, 650 00:43:22,891 --> 00:43:25,603 and was turned into something called the General Government. 651 00:43:25,686 --> 00:43:31,191 And it was overseen by, um, a civilian Nazi Party leader, 652 00:43:31,275 --> 00:43:32,610 Hans Frank. 653 00:43:32,693 --> 00:43:38,240 Hans Frank's job was to, uh, submit the Poles in this territory, 654 00:43:38,324 --> 00:43:41,243 make sure that they did not, uh, rise up, 655 00:43:41,327 --> 00:43:43,579 make sure that they did not form their own government. 656 00:43:43,662 --> 00:43:47,583 They imagined the Poles as truly second-class inhabitants 657 00:43:47,666 --> 00:43:51,837 who would be forced into a kind of slave subservience. 658 00:43:57,968 --> 00:43:59,888 Will you give your full name? 659 00:44:00,512 --> 00:44:01,512 Hans Frank. 660 00:44:11,148 --> 00:44:15,402 Witness, did Hitler give you any instructions 661 00:44:16,362 --> 00:44:22,201 as to how you should carry out your administration as Governor General? 662 00:44:22,993 --> 00:44:25,704 Adolf Hitler instructed me to see to it 663 00:44:25,788 --> 00:44:28,791 that this territory, which had been utterly devastated, 664 00:44:30,084 --> 00:44:32,086 was somehow put into order again. 665 00:44:33,796 --> 00:44:37,466 Did you yourself introduce forced labor in the General Government? 666 00:44:38,175 --> 00:44:40,260 Forced labor and compulsory labor service 667 00:44:40,344 --> 00:44:43,138 were introduced by me in one of the first decrees, 668 00:44:44,056 --> 00:44:48,143 but clearly, I had in mind only a labor service within the country 669 00:44:49,228 --> 00:44:55,442 for repairing the damage caused by the war, 670 00:44:56,151 --> 00:45:01,156 and for carrying out work necessary for the country itself. 671 00:45:15,295 --> 00:45:19,758 Witness, you have told us what you did for the welfare 672 00:45:20,259 --> 00:45:24,596 of the population of the General Government. 673 00:45:25,139 --> 00:45:28,350 The Prosecution, however, has charged you 674 00:45:30,060 --> 00:45:33,480 with making a series of statements 675 00:45:34,189 --> 00:45:36,275 which they found in your own diary, 676 00:45:36,984 --> 00:45:39,778 which seem to contradict that. 677 00:45:39,862 --> 00:45:41,822 How can you explain that contradiction? 678 00:45:44,283 --> 00:45:48,120 The documents, uh, are all, 679 00:45:48,203 --> 00:45:51,039 or nearly all, I imagine, in German... 680 00:45:53,417 --> 00:45:57,671 and can be put to the defendant in the course of his examination. 681 00:46:01,175 --> 00:46:06,472 In the turmoil of a country in flames, 682 00:46:08,223 --> 00:46:10,768 in the midst of a life-and-death struggle, 683 00:46:12,686 --> 00:46:15,063 such words may easily be used. 684 00:46:15,606 --> 00:46:17,649 Some of the words are terrible. 685 00:46:17,733 --> 00:46:22,404 I admit that I was shocked at many of the words which I used. 686 00:46:23,405 --> 00:46:26,700 At Nuremberg, Hans Frank disavowed responsibility. 687 00:46:26,784 --> 00:46:31,497 He claimed that as he was just a civilian governor of one territory, 688 00:46:31,580 --> 00:46:33,415 that is of occupied Poland, 689 00:46:33,499 --> 00:46:36,752 that he had played really no fundamental role. 690 00:46:37,544 --> 00:46:38,921 That's utterly belied 691 00:46:39,004 --> 00:46:43,300 by the fact that he was, uh, instrumental in setting up the ghettos, 692 00:46:43,383 --> 00:46:46,470 in creating starvation, uh, conditions in the ghettos 693 00:46:46,553 --> 00:46:49,014 and forced labor conditions in the ghettos, 694 00:46:49,097 --> 00:46:53,435 and the very act of ghettoization was understood from the start 695 00:46:53,936 --> 00:46:55,646 to be a form of murder. 696 00:46:58,148 --> 00:47:00,692 The idea was that they would die, 697 00:47:00,776 --> 00:47:03,403 and the idea was they would die in very short order. 698 00:47:09,660 --> 00:47:12,287 By the winter of 1940-41, 699 00:47:12,371 --> 00:47:13,956 Hitler is in a situation 700 00:47:14,039 --> 00:47:18,919 where he has, um, you know, won the war in the west, 701 00:47:19,461 --> 00:47:21,672 except that he can't conquer Britain. 702 00:47:22,297 --> 00:47:23,382 France has fallen. 703 00:47:23,465 --> 00:47:27,511 The Soviets have invaded and annexed the Baltic states 704 00:47:27,594 --> 00:47:29,930 of Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia. 705 00:47:30,013 --> 00:47:33,851 At this point, Hitler or Ribbentrop, they reach out to Stalin 706 00:47:33,934 --> 00:47:37,521 and let him know that Molotov should come to... to Germany, 707 00:47:37,604 --> 00:47:40,148 and, "We should have some more discussions." 708 00:47:40,232 --> 00:47:44,695 And so, Molotov goes to Berlin in November 1940. 709 00:47:46,405 --> 00:47:49,992 A dark, drizzling day, and Molotov arrived. 710 00:47:50,617 --> 00:47:53,412 His reception extremely stiff and formal. 711 00:47:54,204 --> 00:47:55,372 For more than a year, 712 00:47:55,455 --> 00:47:57,374 ever since Ribbentrop signed the pact 713 00:47:57,457 --> 00:48:00,544 which brought the two archenemies of this Earth together, 714 00:48:00,627 --> 00:48:03,171 we've had rumors that the number two Bolshevik 715 00:48:03,255 --> 00:48:04,548 would repay the visit. 716 00:48:06,550 --> 00:48:10,929 And at stake was the division of Eastern Europe once again 717 00:48:11,430 --> 00:48:14,016 between the Soviets and the Germans. 718 00:48:14,683 --> 00:48:15,851 Issues were becoming tense 719 00:48:15,934 --> 00:48:19,062 about the fate of the Baltics, about the fate of the Balkans. 720 00:48:19,938 --> 00:48:23,525 Molotov goes with a whole number of questions from Stalin 721 00:48:23,609 --> 00:48:27,279 about what is it exactly that Hitler intends 722 00:48:27,362 --> 00:48:29,364 for the shape of Europe? 723 00:48:29,448 --> 00:48:33,493 Why is it that Germany has troops in Finland, right? 724 00:48:33,577 --> 00:48:36,204 Why are they there? What are the intentions? 725 00:48:36,288 --> 00:48:41,418 And really pushes, presses Ribbentrop and Hitler on these questions. 726 00:48:41,501 --> 00:48:46,131 Whereas the first round of talks in 1939 had gone very well, 727 00:48:46,214 --> 00:48:48,342 in this second round of talks, 728 00:48:48,425 --> 00:48:51,970 the real conflicts between the two powers started to surface. 729 00:48:53,138 --> 00:48:57,017 And one of the things that Hitler is trying to convince Molotov 730 00:48:57,100 --> 00:49:00,354 is that the war against Britain will soon be won. 731 00:49:01,647 --> 00:49:04,399 And on the second day of the negotiations... 732 00:49:05,859 --> 00:49:07,319 ...things are cut short 733 00:49:08,320 --> 00:49:11,281 because there are British bombers over Berlin. 734 00:49:12,324 --> 00:49:14,368 The British came over early that evening. 735 00:49:14,451 --> 00:49:18,580 Shortly after nine o'clock, the air-raid sirens began to whine, 736 00:49:18,664 --> 00:49:22,042 and soon, you could hear the thunder of the flak guns, 737 00:49:22,125 --> 00:49:25,545 and in between them, the hum of the bombers overhead. 738 00:49:26,296 --> 00:49:29,299 Hitler's meeting with Molotov is a little bit of an embarrassment 739 00:49:29,383 --> 00:49:31,093 because Hermann Goering has promised 740 00:49:31,176 --> 00:49:34,179 that no Western planes would ever hit Berlin. 741 00:49:34,262 --> 00:49:37,349 And Ribbentrop, he's trying to continue to make the point 742 00:49:37,432 --> 00:49:39,768 that the war against Britain will soon be won. 743 00:49:39,851 --> 00:49:43,647 At which point, Molotov apparently makes a quip about, 744 00:49:43,730 --> 00:49:45,774 "Then why are we sitting here in this bunker?" 745 00:49:46,733 --> 00:49:48,568 So Molotov leaves, 746 00:49:48,652 --> 00:49:51,279 and it's really shortly after that 747 00:49:51,363 --> 00:49:55,575 that Hitler begins to initiate war plans against the Soviet Union. 748 00:49:57,327 --> 00:50:02,916 Hitler was dedicated to creating German living space in the east. 749 00:50:04,084 --> 00:50:07,671 For Hitler, it was impossible not to attack the Soviet Union. 750 00:50:07,754 --> 00:50:09,548 Again, the question was when. 751 00:50:18,473 --> 00:50:23,228 William L. Shirer has kind of reached the end of the line for him. 752 00:50:23,311 --> 00:50:25,188 He can't deal with the censorship. 753 00:50:25,272 --> 00:50:27,649 {\an8}Mind you, the British are now bombing Berlin. 754 00:50:27,733 --> 00:50:29,333 They're now bombing other German cities. 755 00:50:32,487 --> 00:50:33,864 There are nights of bombing 756 00:50:33,947 --> 00:50:36,366 where shrapnel's falling all over the place, 757 00:50:36,450 --> 00:50:38,910 and him running across parking lots. 758 00:50:38,994 --> 00:50:40,829 It becomes intolerable. 759 00:50:41,496 --> 00:50:43,331 At some point that fall, 760 00:50:44,207 --> 00:50:46,334 he begins to fear he's gonna get arrested. 761 00:50:47,002 --> 00:50:50,756 The thing that he really wants to get out are his diaries. 762 00:50:50,839 --> 00:50:53,258 If he's smart and he wants to play it safe, 763 00:50:53,341 --> 00:50:54,718 he should destroy them. 764 00:50:54,801 --> 00:50:56,303 But he doesn't want to do that. 765 00:50:56,386 --> 00:50:59,097 It's valuable information that he wants to get out. 766 00:50:59,181 --> 00:51:02,434 Things he wasn't able to say on the air, things he observed... 767 00:51:03,518 --> 00:51:04,518 For weeks, 768 00:51:04,561 --> 00:51:07,731 I had mulled over how to get my diaries safely out of Berlin. 769 00:51:08,231 --> 00:51:12,110 At some moments, I had thought I ought to destroy them before leaving. 770 00:51:12,194 --> 00:51:15,947 There was enough in them to get me hanged if the Gestapo ever discovered them, 771 00:51:16,448 --> 00:51:19,367 but I wanted very much to preserve them if I could. 772 00:51:20,035 --> 00:51:22,454 Suddenly, the solution became clear. 773 00:51:22,537 --> 00:51:24,748 It was risky, but it was worth a try. 774 00:51:25,248 --> 00:51:28,543 I laid out the diaries in two big suitcases I had bought. 775 00:51:29,044 --> 00:51:32,923 Over them, I placed a number of my broadcast scripts, 776 00:51:33,006 --> 00:51:37,010 each page of which had been stamped by the military and civilian censors 777 00:51:37,094 --> 00:51:39,012 as "passed for broadcast." 778 00:51:39,805 --> 00:51:44,351 On top, I put a few maps I had picked up from friends on the general staff. 779 00:51:46,978 --> 00:51:50,357 His plan is to put layers of old broadcast notes, 780 00:51:50,440 --> 00:51:52,025 which were all approved by the censors, 781 00:51:52,109 --> 00:51:54,361 so they wouldn't particularly care about that. 782 00:51:54,861 --> 00:51:57,656 On top of that goes some military maps, 783 00:51:57,739 --> 00:52:01,368 and he thought that maybe they would take those and not dig any deeper. 784 00:52:01,993 --> 00:52:04,538 So he actually goes to Gestapo headquarters. 785 00:52:06,873 --> 00:52:09,084 And they open it up, and they see the maps. 786 00:52:09,167 --> 00:52:10,544 They take the maps. 787 00:52:12,170 --> 00:52:14,047 He's scared. 788 00:52:15,924 --> 00:52:18,218 "What else you got there?" one of the men said, 789 00:52:18,301 --> 00:52:20,470 putting his paw on the pile of papers. 790 00:52:21,721 --> 00:52:24,391 "The texts of my broadcasts," I said. 791 00:52:24,474 --> 00:52:25,892 "Every page, as you can see, 792 00:52:25,976 --> 00:52:29,229 stamped for approval by the High Command and the two ministries." 793 00:52:32,357 --> 00:52:36,486 Both men studied the censors' stamps. I could see they were impressed. 794 00:52:38,405 --> 00:52:42,033 They poked a little deeper, each man now working a suitcase. 795 00:52:43,243 --> 00:52:45,328 Soon, they would reach the diaries. 796 00:52:46,288 --> 00:52:49,249 I now wished... I now wished I had not come. 797 00:52:50,000 --> 00:52:52,127 I felt myself beginning to perspire. 798 00:52:52,669 --> 00:52:55,505 I had deliberately got myself into this jam. 799 00:52:55,589 --> 00:52:56,673 What a fool. 800 00:52:59,176 --> 00:53:03,096 "You reported on the German army?" one of the agents looked up to ask. 801 00:53:03,180 --> 00:53:07,058 "All the way to Paris and the Armistice at Compiègne," I said. 802 00:53:07,142 --> 00:53:08,560 "It will go down in history." 803 00:53:13,064 --> 00:53:14,941 That apparently clinched it. 804 00:53:15,025 --> 00:53:16,568 "Okay," one of them said, 805 00:53:16,651 --> 00:53:19,154 obviously proud of his one word of English... 806 00:53:22,490 --> 00:53:24,993 and without a word, sealed the two bags. 807 00:53:27,078 --> 00:53:28,413 I was free at last. 808 00:53:32,209 --> 00:53:34,089 And here is William L. Shirer, 809 00:53:34,127 --> 00:53:36,922 CBS correspondent recently returned from Berlin. 810 00:53:37,005 --> 00:53:38,131 Mr. Shirer. 811 00:53:39,549 --> 00:53:42,010 Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia tonight 812 00:53:42,093 --> 00:53:44,179 are fighting it out on a 2,000-mile front, 813 00:53:44,262 --> 00:53:46,723 stretching from the Arctic Sea to the Black Sea. 814 00:53:47,974 --> 00:53:51,144 Germany struck today against her late friend and helpmate 815 00:53:51,228 --> 00:53:53,313 with the same kind of lightning force 816 00:53:53,396 --> 00:53:56,024 which she unleashed on the Western Front a year ago. 817 00:54:04,616 --> 00:54:06,536 When the Germans invade the Soviet Union 818 00:54:06,618 --> 00:54:09,120 on the 22nd of June, 1941, 819 00:54:09,204 --> 00:54:12,832 the German army numbers over three million soldiers. 820 00:54:12,916 --> 00:54:14,834 They have about 3,000 tanks, 821 00:54:16,169 --> 00:54:20,924 about 600,000 horses, close to 3,000 aircraft, 822 00:54:21,007 --> 00:54:23,260 and they invade along a vast front, 823 00:54:23,343 --> 00:54:26,471 from the Baltic all the way to the Black Sea. 824 00:54:27,889 --> 00:54:29,683 {\an8}Barbarossa is chosen as the name 825 00:54:29,766 --> 00:54:34,729 {\an8}because this was a medieval German emperor, 826 00:54:35,397 --> 00:54:38,233 and he's a kind of mythical figure for the Nazis. 827 00:54:40,235 --> 00:54:44,364 The Red Army has two, two and a half million troops, 828 00:54:44,447 --> 00:54:46,283 has a lot of artillery. 829 00:54:46,366 --> 00:54:48,576 And so what you have here 830 00:54:48,660 --> 00:54:53,123 is the largest military confrontation in military history. 831 00:54:55,458 --> 00:54:57,961 With the launching of Operation Barbarossa, 832 00:54:58,044 --> 00:55:01,131 Hitler moved his, uh, military headquarters 833 00:55:01,214 --> 00:55:04,092 {\an8}to the swampy marshes of southern East Prussia 834 00:55:04,175 --> 00:55:05,969 {\an8}in this region called Masuria. 835 00:55:07,470 --> 00:55:11,224 {\an8}The Wolf's Lair was this elaborate set of underground bunkers 836 00:55:11,308 --> 00:55:13,810 and conference rooms and dining halls. 837 00:55:15,312 --> 00:55:19,941 This was a very isolated, very desolate, 838 00:55:20,025 --> 00:55:24,029 uh, very unpleasant place with a terrible climate. 839 00:55:24,112 --> 00:55:26,448 Full of mosquitoes and bugs in the summer, 840 00:55:26,531 --> 00:55:28,742 deathly cold and damp in the winter. 841 00:55:29,993 --> 00:55:31,953 And Hitler was going to carry out 842 00:55:32,037 --> 00:55:35,665 what he thought was going to be a few weeks campaign in this Wolf's Lair. 843 00:55:36,166 --> 00:55:38,251 Hitler was wildly confident 844 00:55:38,335 --> 00:55:41,254 that the Soviet Union would collapse in a matter of weeks. 845 00:55:44,466 --> 00:55:46,593 Hitler gives a speech to his generals 846 00:55:47,302 --> 00:55:49,888 that this war will not be a conventional war. 847 00:55:49,971 --> 00:55:53,141 This war will not be fought like the war we fought in Western Europe. 848 00:55:54,601 --> 00:55:58,521 This will be a culmination of his race war for Lebensraum. 849 00:55:59,898 --> 00:56:02,901 Barbarossa was designed to be brutal from the start. 850 00:56:05,070 --> 00:56:07,530 It was designed to show no mercy. 851 00:56:13,286 --> 00:56:16,998 It's a war against Germany's military and racial enemies. 852 00:56:19,709 --> 00:56:21,628 It's a genocidal war. 853 00:56:25,715 --> 00:56:29,427 Hitler the conqueror, deliberately, out of his own madness, 854 00:56:29,511 --> 00:56:33,306 decided to turn on his friend and ally, the Soviet Union. 855 00:56:34,140 --> 00:56:35,934 It led to his doom. 856 00:56:37,102 --> 00:56:41,731 From then on, the road for Adolf Hitler stretched down to utter disaster. 857 00:56:42,482 --> 00:56:46,444 The ensuing bloody nightmare has no parallel in history.