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[fire crackling]
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[bright music playing]
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[dramatic music playing]
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[narrator] A team of
truthseekers is on a mission.
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Scientists.
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Historians.
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Archaeologists.
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All on the trail
of history's enigmas.
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[whooshing noise]
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Searching for the truth
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behind the greatest mysteries
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known to humanity.
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She was one
of the last pharaohs
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of the ancient
kingdom of Egypt.
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She schemed and she killed.
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She fought and died
for love.
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[snake hisses]
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But what is true
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and what is legend?
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What do we know
about the real Cleopatra?
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How did she die?
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And where was she
finally laid to rest?
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In London,
our team assemble.
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Our four truthseekers combine
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decades of experience
in different fields.
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But they all have one goal:
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to apply their knowledge
and reveal the truth.
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[Karen] There are mysteries
and then there are mysteries.
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[Fern] I have always loved
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uncovering the secrets
of the past.
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We need to go back and unpick
the untruths from the truths.
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[Mark] Age-old problems that
we've been asking ourselves
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for over 100 years, really,
can now be solved.
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[narrator] They'll follow
the clues left behind.
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Unravel the secrets
of the past.
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Separate fact from fiction.
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And together,
they'll uncover the truth
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behind the greatest
mysteries ever.
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[epic music playing]
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[solemn music playing]
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On the surface,
the story of Cleopatra
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is a terrible tragedy
that ends badly.
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But the reason that we're
enthralled with, fascinated,
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we're even supportive of her,
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is that she is a woman
in a man's world,
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and for a period of time,
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she holds her own
against all the odds.
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There are a few people
in history really
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when we talk
about their first names,
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we immediately know
who they are.
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Cleopatra was one
of these characters.
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We know immediately who she is,
when you say Cleopatra.
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These kind of
transformational figures,
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someone who really changed
the course of history,
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not only for Egypt but really
for the entire Roman Empire
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and what ultimately becomes
the entire Western history.
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So she is
a transformational character,
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and I think the fact
that we can just say her name,
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we know who she is,
makes it really important.
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I think Cleopatra is just one
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of the most fascinating women
in history,
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because so many people have
tried to define who she was,
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and yet she remains
this incredible mystery.
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[narrator] Cleopatra,
one of the most famous women
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who has ever lived.
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Two thousand years ago,
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she was the most powerful woman
in the world.
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She was one
of the most influential figures
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in the death throes
of the Roman Republic,
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but she wasn't a Roman.
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She made her kingdom
more powerful
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than it had been
for centuries,
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and then brought it
all crashing down,
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ending a dynasty that began
with Alexander the Great
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300 years before.
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[Karen] What I can
never stop thinking is,
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who is the real Cleopatra?
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There's got to be
a real woman in there.
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I think of a million
different images
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from art, from theater, film,
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literature
and historical sources.
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It's kind of embarrassing,
being an academic,
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but honestly, what I think of
when I think of Cleopatra
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is Elizabeth Taylor
in the 1963 film.
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[narrator] Our truthseekers
want to discover
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the truth of her death.
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Was she poisoned?
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Did she commit suicide,
or was she murdered?
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And where does she
lie in rest?
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To answer these questions,
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we must first understand
how she lived.
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Anthropologist
Dr. Karen Bellinger
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has been getting
behind the myth
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to understand the woman.
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I think the story
of Cleopatra,
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as people tell it
to themselves,
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has stood the test of time
because it's got endless appeal,
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it's the fallen woman,
and unfortunately
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in patriarchal society,
that's a very popular theme.
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[narrator] Cleopatra
VII Philopator
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was the 14th
and final Pharaoh
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of the Ptolemaic Kingdom
of Egypt.
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The Ptolemaic dynasty
was founded by a protégé
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of Alexander the Great,
who conquered Egypt
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and left behind
one of his generals
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who proclaimed himself
Pharaoh Ptolemy the First
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when Alexander moved on
to continue his conquests.
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The Ptolemaic rulers
were Macedonian Greeks,
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00:05:08,240 --> 00:05:11,600
who ruled from a Greek base
within Egypt,
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in a city that they set up
called Alexandria.
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And they continued
their cultural practices,
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which included
speaking Greek exclusively.
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[narrator] But Cleopatra
was different
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to all those who had gone
before her.
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She took the traditions
and beliefs of Egypt to heart.
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When she inherited the throne
alongside her younger brother,
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Ptolemy XIII in 51 BC,
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she changed the way
her people reigned.
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[Karen] Cleopatra was
really savvy,
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and she knew that to distinguish
herself from her brother,
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it would behoove her
to become the popular ruler
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among her subjects in Egypt.
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And so, she not only spoke
but also read
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Egyptian hieroglyphics.
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And she was distinct
in the Ptolemaic Dynasty
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for doing so.
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[narrator] Speaking and reading
Egyptian was something
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00:06:01,000 --> 00:06:04,560
previous Ptolemaic rulers
had deemed beneath them.
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To them, Greek superiority
was everything.
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Cultural historian
Dr. Fern Riddell
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has been looking
at what motivated Cleopatra
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to move away from three
centuries of tradition.
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[dramatic music playing]
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My name is Dr. Fern Riddell,
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and I'm a cultural historian.
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Her life is one
that is beset by challenges,
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really, from birth,
because she's female.
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So to have such
a strong personality, a leader,
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a kind of, someone who wanted
a lot from life,
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to be female straight off
the bat is already something
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that she's going to have to work
really hard to overcome.
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What we know of Cleopatra
is that she was someone
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who was desperate to learn.
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So we think of her
as someone
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who can speak
five to seven languages.
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Someone who is
very educated.
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[narrator] That education came
with being the daughter
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of one of the most powerful men
in the world,
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Pharaoh Ptolemy XII.
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The throne of Egypt
was in her family,
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00:07:02,120 --> 00:07:04,440
but that didn't make it
her birth right.
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[Fern] Cleopatra is one
of many siblings,
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00:07:08,880 --> 00:07:11,320
but she's obviously
quite special in her family
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when she's very young,
and she's made regent
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of her younger brother, Ptolemy.
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This is who she then
ends up marrying
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and who her father decides
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she should be co-ruler with
after his death.
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Now, Cleopatra
is supposed to have
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a very easy transition
to the throne.
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It's all set out legally
in the will,
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that she will be co-ruler
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and that this will be
the future of Egypt.
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But I think,
given her personality,
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she wasn't someone
who is going to accept
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being in control and being
married to her brother.
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So very quickly we see civil war
break out as Cleopatra decides
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that this is going to be
her throne alone.
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[narrator] This was not
the first Egyptian civil war
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of Cleopatra's life.
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Cleopatra's father
Ptolemy XII
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inherited an Egypt in danger
of being annexed by Rome.
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[solemn music playing]
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In a desperate bid
to maintain autonomy,
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the Pharaoh established
an alliance with the Republic.
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The Egyptians see Ptolemy's
alliance with the Romans,
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his closeness
to the Roman Republic
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as a betrayal of Egypt,
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and he's deposed
by his own daughter, Berenice.
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He's forced to flee
under the protection of Pompey,
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to Rome, and he takes
Cleopatra with him.
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Cleopatra's grown up
in a mighty city, Alexandria.
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But where she goes
to now, Rome,
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is the emerging center
of Mediterranean,
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and you could say,
global power.
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Rome is the new kid
on the block,
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but it's the kid that's going
to eventually rule everything
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in the Mediterranean.
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And she's exposed
to all the politicking,
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the intrigue,
the murderous plots.
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And you can't help feeling
that this culture
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rubs off on her a bit.
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If Cleopatra needs
an object lesson
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in how important Rome is
in Egyptian politics,
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well, she learns it
pretty early on
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because Rome helps
to put her father
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back in power in Egypt.
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He then executes
his own daughter Berenice,
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and proclaims Cleopatra
co-regent.
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All of this done
with the support of Rome.
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[narrator] It was a rule
that would only last a year.
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Ptolemy XII died in 51 BC
and instructed that the throne
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00:09:34,800 --> 00:09:37,560
should now be shared
between his trusted daughter,
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and his young son,
who would become Ptolemy XIII.
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It was a rapid ascension
for the 18-year-old Queen.
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Cleopatra is highly unusual as
a powerful woman at this time.
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Ancient societies
and the ancient world at large
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00:09:51,800 --> 00:09:54,200
was not interested
in women having power.
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We don't find incredible queens
in Roman or Greek society.
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It's really unusual
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00:10:00,880 --> 00:10:03,440
and it says a lot
about her personality.
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00:10:03,480 --> 00:10:06,400
[Tony] Cleopatra and her
brother, Ptolemy XIII,
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00:10:06,440 --> 00:10:08,960
are now in control of Egypt.
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00:10:09,000 --> 00:10:11,800
She's 18, he's 11.
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00:10:11,840 --> 00:10:16,600
But his advisers are able to tap
into the widespread feeling
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00:10:16,640 --> 00:10:19,280
that a woman
shouldn't be in charge.
217
00:10:19,320 --> 00:10:22,880
And so they plot against her,
relentlessly to the point
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00:10:22,920 --> 00:10:26,560
where eventually Cleopatra
has to flee to Syria.
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00:10:26,600 --> 00:10:29,320
And undoubtedly,
Ptolemy's people think,
220
00:10:29,360 --> 00:10:31,600
well, that's the end of her.
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But, they've underestimated Cleopatra.
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00:10:34,840 --> 00:10:36,840
[narrator] Cleopatra
formed an army
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00:10:36,880 --> 00:10:40,120
and went back for her throne,
sparking civil war in Egypt
224
00:10:40,160 --> 00:10:42,520
for the second time
in a few years.
225
00:10:42,560 --> 00:10:44,480
With the sides evenly matched,
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00:10:44,520 --> 00:10:47,560
both pharaohs see winning
the support of Julius Caesar
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00:10:47,600 --> 00:10:50,640
and the might of Rome
as the key to victory.
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00:10:50,680 --> 00:10:54,960
[Tony] The Roman Republic
is going into its death agonies.
229
00:10:55,000 --> 00:10:59,200
Yet this period is throwing up
some of the titanic figures.
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00:10:59,240 --> 00:11:01,800
Huge characters
in Roman history.
231
00:11:01,840 --> 00:11:06,680
And three men are vying for
control of the Roman Republic:
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00:11:06,720 --> 00:11:09,600
Crassus,
richest man in the republic,
233
00:11:09,640 --> 00:11:11,880
Pompey, a mighty general,
234
00:11:11,920 --> 00:11:13,640
and Julius Caesar.
235
00:11:13,680 --> 00:11:17,120
Officially then,
these three monster egos
236
00:11:17,160 --> 00:11:19,600
are supposed to run
the Republic together
237
00:11:19,640 --> 00:11:21,840
but that's just not
going to happen.
238
00:11:21,880 --> 00:11:25,880
Somebody is going
to emerge triumphant.
239
00:11:25,920 --> 00:11:28,760
And that will be Caesar.
240
00:11:28,800 --> 00:11:30,880
[narrator]
On the verge of defeat in Rome,
241
00:11:30,920 --> 00:11:34,640
Pompey fled to Egypt
seeking sanctuary and support.
242
00:11:34,680 --> 00:11:38,000
With Pompey's ally Cleopatra
still in exile,
243
00:11:38,040 --> 00:11:42,880
young Ptolemy's advisors
saw an opportunity.
244
00:11:42,920 --> 00:11:46,640
Pompey flees to Alexandria,
hoping to regroup
245
00:11:46,680 --> 00:11:49,720
and then resume his war
against Caesar.
246
00:11:49,760 --> 00:11:51,760
Now, the young Ptolemy thinks
247
00:11:51,800 --> 00:11:55,160
that he'll be able
to gain favor with Caesar
248
00:11:55,200 --> 00:11:58,360
if he executes Pompey,
and that's exactly what he does.
249
00:11:58,400 --> 00:12:01,120
Has him beheaded
and then presents
250
00:12:01,160 --> 00:12:03,440
the head of Pompey to Caesar.
251
00:12:03,480 --> 00:12:06,320
Julius Caesar is devastated
by Pompey's murder,
252
00:12:06,360 --> 00:12:09,480
or at least is allowed to
kind of present his devastation
253
00:12:09,520 --> 00:12:11,000
for political gain.
254
00:12:11,040 --> 00:12:13,720
And it's a very dangerous
moment for Egypt
255
00:12:13,760 --> 00:12:16,240
because Caesar
could have swept in
256
00:12:16,280 --> 00:12:17,880
with the might
of the Roman armies
257
00:12:17,920 --> 00:12:20,400
and taken over.
258
00:12:20,440 --> 00:12:21,920
It's a massive misstep.
259
00:12:21,960 --> 00:12:23,560
He obviously does it
because he thinks
260
00:12:23,600 --> 00:12:25,440
it's going to ingratiate him
with Caesar,
261
00:12:25,480 --> 00:12:27,040
but he doesn't understand
262
00:12:27,080 --> 00:12:29,360
the political machinations
that are at play,
263
00:12:29,400 --> 00:12:31,000
and I don't think
this is a mistake
264
00:12:31,040 --> 00:12:32,440
Cleopatra would have made.
265
00:12:32,480 --> 00:12:34,280
[narrator]
An enraged Julius Caesar
266
00:12:34,320 --> 00:12:36,720
has the greatest fighting force
in the world
267
00:12:36,760 --> 00:12:40,640
at Alexandria's gates,
ready to seize Egypt for Rome.
268
00:12:40,680 --> 00:12:43,520
So how did Cleopatra,
the exiled Queen,
269
00:12:43,560 --> 00:12:45,720
save her people
from Roman rule,
270
00:12:45,760 --> 00:12:49,080
and will this incredible story
take us any closer
271
00:12:49,120 --> 00:12:52,120
to solving the mystery
of Cleopatra's tomb?
272
00:12:54,840 --> 00:12:57,800
Cleopatra,
the last Pharaoh of Egypt.
273
00:12:57,840 --> 00:13:00,760
Lover of Julius Caesar
and Mark Antony,
274
00:13:00,800 --> 00:13:04,120
a key player in one
of history's great episodes.
275
00:13:04,160 --> 00:13:08,080
But much of her life,
and her death, is a mystery.
276
00:13:08,120 --> 00:13:10,680
Now, a team of historians
and scientists
277
00:13:10,720 --> 00:13:13,800
has come together
to tease out the facts.
278
00:13:13,840 --> 00:13:15,800
At the investigation headquarters,
279
00:13:15,840 --> 00:13:18,640
they review
what we've learned so far.
280
00:13:20,040 --> 00:13:23,160
[Tony] Ptolemy has made
a terrible error,
281
00:13:23,200 --> 00:13:27,320
and Caesar is now
in Alexandria.
282
00:13:27,360 --> 00:13:29,960
And Cleopatra's going to show us
that she's learnt
283
00:13:30,000 --> 00:13:34,400
a few political tricks in Rome
and she has enormous savvy.
284
00:13:34,440 --> 00:13:36,120
She is not going to let
285
00:13:36,160 --> 00:13:38,560
her brother's mistake
be forgotten.
286
00:13:38,600 --> 00:13:43,080
She's going to ensure that this
leads to his destruction.
287
00:13:43,120 --> 00:13:46,200
So the civil war has reached
a moment of incredible peril
288
00:13:46,240 --> 00:13:47,720
for Cleopatra.
289
00:13:47,760 --> 00:13:51,080
Caesar is in Alexandria,
she's outside of it.
290
00:13:51,120 --> 00:13:55,240
So she has herself snuck in,
we think possibly in a rug,
291
00:13:55,280 --> 00:13:58,800
to meet him, seduce him,
we don't know.
292
00:13:58,840 --> 00:14:01,480
But this is the moment
that really changes
293
00:14:01,520 --> 00:14:03,680
the entire power dynamic.
294
00:14:03,720 --> 00:14:07,560
This is the moment that really
just changes the entire game.
295
00:14:07,600 --> 00:14:10,040
Cleopatra knew exactly
what she was doing
296
00:14:10,080 --> 00:14:12,960
when she threw her lot in
with Julius Caesar.
297
00:14:13,000 --> 00:14:16,080
And, in fact, he aided her
at the Battle of the Nile
298
00:14:16,120 --> 00:14:19,240
in obtaining sole control
over Egypt.
299
00:14:19,280 --> 00:14:21,200
[narrator] With the
assistance of Caesar,
300
00:14:21,240 --> 00:14:24,720
and after a prolonged battle
inside Alexandria itself,
301
00:14:24,760 --> 00:14:28,160
her brother is exiled
and dies during his retreat,
302
00:14:28,200 --> 00:14:30,600
and Cleopatra
reclaims her throne
303
00:14:30,640 --> 00:14:33,240
to become Pharaoh of Egypt
once more.
304
00:14:33,280 --> 00:14:36,920
She is once again master
of her own destiny.
305
00:14:36,960 --> 00:14:38,960
[Fern] When Cleopatra
accedes to the throne,
306
00:14:39,000 --> 00:14:41,920
not only is she facing
the challenges of being a woman,
307
00:14:41,960 --> 00:14:44,760
which was not really expected
in Egyptian society,
308
00:14:44,800 --> 00:14:46,400
that she would rule alone,
309
00:14:46,440 --> 00:14:49,320
she's also beset
by famine and war,
310
00:14:49,360 --> 00:14:51,400
and horror in civil society.
311
00:14:51,440 --> 00:14:53,400
[dramatic music playing]
312
00:14:53,440 --> 00:14:55,000
So beset by these challenges,
313
00:14:55,040 --> 00:14:57,320
she has to consolidate
her power base
314
00:14:57,360 --> 00:15:01,200
and really make sure that she
has support outside of Egypt.
315
00:15:01,240 --> 00:15:03,160
We don't know at what point
the relationship
316
00:15:03,200 --> 00:15:05,520
between Julius Caesar
and Cleopatra
317
00:15:05,560 --> 00:15:08,440
moved from diplomats
in conflict to lovers,
318
00:15:08,480 --> 00:15:11,440
but it definitely resulted
in a son, Caesarion,
319
00:15:11,480 --> 00:15:15,560
so Cleopatra is making sure
that the world knows
320
00:15:15,600 --> 00:15:18,400
that she has had a child
by Julius Caesar.
321
00:15:18,440 --> 00:15:20,560
[narrator] Cleopatra was
relentless in her mission
322
00:15:20,600 --> 00:15:23,320
to tie her fortune
to that of Caesar,
323
00:15:23,360 --> 00:15:26,200
and despite him making
no admission of fatherhood,
324
00:15:26,240 --> 00:15:28,560
it was known
throughout the whole world
325
00:15:28,600 --> 00:15:30,560
that the child was his son.
326
00:15:30,600 --> 00:15:33,280
A bond of blood was formed
that would cement
327
00:15:33,320 --> 00:15:35,360
the Queen's place
on the throne.
328
00:15:35,400 --> 00:15:38,200
[Fern] In a world
where dynasty is everything,
329
00:15:38,240 --> 00:15:41,360
what Cleopatra has done
is unite Egypt,
330
00:15:41,400 --> 00:15:44,040
which is no longer
at the height of its powers,
331
00:15:44,080 --> 00:15:47,840
with the intense power
of the Roman Empire.
332
00:15:47,880 --> 00:15:50,600
So Cleopatra is
in her late teens, early 20s
333
00:15:50,640 --> 00:15:52,120
when this is happening,
334
00:15:52,160 --> 00:15:55,400
and it says an awful lot
about her character,
335
00:15:55,440 --> 00:15:58,000
that she walks
into the political stage,
336
00:15:58,040 --> 00:16:01,080
this world of incredibly
powerful personalities,
337
00:16:01,120 --> 00:16:04,720
and she doesn't allow anyone
to push her around.
338
00:16:04,760 --> 00:16:07,080
Instead of being pushed
and used as a pawn
339
00:16:07,120 --> 00:16:08,600
by these powerful men,
340
00:16:08,640 --> 00:16:11,040
and by the men
in Egyptian society,
341
00:16:11,080 --> 00:16:14,080
she stands above them,
she really dominates,
342
00:16:14,120 --> 00:16:16,680
and makes sure that her word
343
00:16:16,720 --> 00:16:20,520
and her ideas and her attitudes
are what is being fulfilled.
344
00:16:20,560 --> 00:16:23,480
[narrator] And that meant the
re-birth of Egypt as a power.
345
00:16:23,520 --> 00:16:26,360
Cleopatra aided Caesar
in his campaigns,
346
00:16:26,400 --> 00:16:28,720
and they both reaped
the benefits.
347
00:16:28,760 --> 00:16:31,960
His grip on power in Rome
grew ever stronger,
348
00:16:32,000 --> 00:16:34,360
and in return
she and Egypt
349
00:16:34,400 --> 00:16:37,240
were gifted more lands
to govern.
350
00:16:37,280 --> 00:16:39,320
Cleopatra,
the Egyptian-speaking
351
00:16:39,360 --> 00:16:41,920
Macedonian Greek,
had returned Egypt
352
00:16:41,960 --> 00:16:44,240
to power,
strength, and glory,
353
00:16:44,280 --> 00:16:46,520
and for that,
she was loved.
354
00:16:46,560 --> 00:16:48,400
After decades of turmoil,
355
00:16:48,440 --> 00:16:51,640
Egypt was thriving
and at peace.
356
00:16:51,680 --> 00:16:53,320
It couldn't last.
357
00:16:55,120 --> 00:16:56,920
[Tony]
It's 44 BC
358
00:16:56,960 --> 00:17:01,160
and Julius Caesar has seen off
his fellow triumvirs.
359
00:17:01,200 --> 00:17:05,520
Crassus is dead in Parthia,
and Pompey is dead in Egypt.
360
00:17:05,560 --> 00:17:09,560
So he is the master
of all that he surveys.
361
00:17:09,600 --> 00:17:12,680
He is the dictator of Rome.
362
00:17:12,720 --> 00:17:15,080
And for Cleopatra,
this is amazing.
363
00:17:15,120 --> 00:17:19,200
She has really hitched herself
to the right Roman horse.
364
00:17:19,240 --> 00:17:20,600
But as ever,
365
00:17:20,640 --> 00:17:23,840
pride comes before a fall
in Roman history
366
00:17:23,880 --> 00:17:27,720
and Caesar is assassinated
in the senate
367
00:17:27,760 --> 00:17:32,520
and Cleopatra now finds herself
back at square one.
368
00:17:32,560 --> 00:17:34,800
[narrator] Julius Caesar
had loomed large
369
00:17:34,840 --> 00:17:36,640
over Rome for decades
370
00:17:36,680 --> 00:17:39,280
and was incredibly popular
with the Roman people.
371
00:17:39,320 --> 00:17:41,760
His murder outraged
the population
372
00:17:41,800 --> 00:17:44,200
and civil war ensued.
373
00:17:44,240 --> 00:17:47,160
Cleopatra, robbed
of her strongest ally,
374
00:17:47,200 --> 00:17:49,240
had to pick a side.
375
00:17:49,280 --> 00:17:51,120
When Julius Caesar
is assassinated,
376
00:17:51,160 --> 00:17:55,120
this is another moment
of terrible peril for Cleopatra.
377
00:17:55,160 --> 00:17:56,800
And I think it's
very understandable
378
00:17:56,840 --> 00:17:58,880
why she sides with Octavian.
379
00:17:58,920 --> 00:18:02,720
He is Julius Caesar's heir,
it makes a lot of sense,
380
00:18:02,760 --> 00:18:04,960
but I don't think
she ever expected
381
00:18:05,000 --> 00:18:06,880
what would come next.
382
00:18:06,920 --> 00:18:09,280
[narrator] What came next
was a new Rome,
383
00:18:09,320 --> 00:18:12,480
led by the second triumvirate
of Octavian:
384
00:18:12,520 --> 00:18:15,080
Caesar's adopted son and heir,
385
00:18:15,120 --> 00:18:18,720
Marcus Aemilius Lepidus,
an accomplished statesman,
386
00:18:18,760 --> 00:18:23,120
and one of Caesar's most
trusted generals, Mark Antony.
387
00:18:23,160 --> 00:18:24,680
[Fern] Enter Mark Antony.
388
00:18:24,720 --> 00:18:26,680
You know, we have this image
of Mark Antony
389
00:18:26,720 --> 00:18:30,760
as incredibly powerful, strong,
a real military man.
390
00:18:30,800 --> 00:18:33,560
And I think it's a moment
when Cleopatra's diplomacy
391
00:18:33,600 --> 00:18:36,120
probably fails her.
392
00:18:36,160 --> 00:18:40,520
You know, she's been so clever
and so canny all of her life.
393
00:18:40,560 --> 00:18:44,080
But when Mark Antony walks in,
everything else just fades away.
394
00:18:44,120 --> 00:18:45,640
[narrator] Cleopatra
funded many
395
00:18:45,680 --> 00:18:48,200
of Mark Antony's
successful campaigns
396
00:18:48,240 --> 00:18:50,400
against the Parthian Empire
in the East,
397
00:18:50,440 --> 00:18:52,360
including the capture
of Jerusalem,
398
00:18:52,400 --> 00:18:55,520
and in return, he convinced
Octavian and Lepidus
399
00:18:55,560 --> 00:18:59,000
to reinstate much
of Egypt's old eastern Empire
400
00:18:59,040 --> 00:19:00,880
and empower their children.
401
00:19:00,920 --> 00:19:03,960
Egypt was as strong
as it has been in decades.
402
00:19:04,000 --> 00:19:06,040
Cleopatra was riding high.
403
00:19:06,080 --> 00:19:09,960
But Rome was uneasy
and power was quickly shifting.
404
00:19:10,000 --> 00:19:11,760
[Fern] I think there's
a real contrast
405
00:19:11,800 --> 00:19:13,520
with her relationship
with Caesar
406
00:19:13,560 --> 00:19:15,440
to her relationship
with Mark Antony.
407
00:19:15,480 --> 00:19:18,680
It's obvious that Caesar
was very much a protector,
408
00:19:18,720 --> 00:19:20,520
someone that
she relied on,
409
00:19:20,560 --> 00:19:23,880
whereas with Mark Antony,
she's bankrolling him.
410
00:19:23,920 --> 00:19:26,360
[narrator] And just as with
Julius Caesar before him,
411
00:19:26,400 --> 00:19:29,000
Cleopatra secured
her working alliance
412
00:19:29,040 --> 00:19:32,240
with Mark Antony
by getting close personally.
413
00:19:32,280 --> 00:19:35,120
But it was a partnership
that would bring about the end
414
00:19:35,160 --> 00:19:38,240
of a 3,000-year-old empire.
415
00:19:38,280 --> 00:19:42,280
Cleopatra has lived her life
as this incredible diplomat,
416
00:19:42,320 --> 00:19:44,040
and her relationship
with Mark Antony
417
00:19:44,080 --> 00:19:45,480
threatens everything.
418
00:19:45,520 --> 00:19:47,200
It's a terrible idea.
419
00:19:47,240 --> 00:19:50,280
Mark Antony is currently married
to Octavian's sister,
420
00:19:50,320 --> 00:19:54,320
so leaving her, abandoning her
and marrying Cleopatra,
421
00:19:54,360 --> 00:19:56,200
having three children,
422
00:19:56,240 --> 00:20:01,800
it's only going to spell
defeat, horror, war.
423
00:20:01,840 --> 00:20:04,360
You know, it's...
it's a terrible idea.
424
00:20:04,400 --> 00:20:07,360
So it's obvious
that they fall madly in love,
425
00:20:07,400 --> 00:20:11,680
that has to be
the motivation for it.
426
00:20:11,720 --> 00:20:13,640
[narrator] Throughout
Cleopatra's reign,
427
00:20:13,680 --> 00:20:16,360
she was committed
to the advancement of herself,
428
00:20:16,400 --> 00:20:18,920
her children,
and her Empire.
429
00:20:18,960 --> 00:20:21,160
Evidence suggests
that every move
430
00:20:21,200 --> 00:20:24,320
was carefully calculated.
431
00:20:24,360 --> 00:20:27,840
It's been argued that
Cleopatra actually delayed
432
00:20:27,880 --> 00:20:30,000
the fall of Egypt
to the Roman Empire
433
00:20:30,040 --> 00:20:32,880
for the 20 years
that she sat on the throne.
434
00:20:32,920 --> 00:20:37,800
And that's because she played
this game of placating Rome,
435
00:20:37,840 --> 00:20:39,400
like a master.
436
00:20:39,440 --> 00:20:42,760
She shifted alliances,
as she needed on the fly,
437
00:20:42,800 --> 00:20:46,800
in a way that men, I think,
could not even conceive of,
438
00:20:46,840 --> 00:20:50,080
going from her original
family association with Pompey,
439
00:20:50,120 --> 00:20:52,440
in quick succession
to Julius Caesar,
440
00:20:52,480 --> 00:20:54,800
and then in turn
to Mark Antony.
441
00:20:54,840 --> 00:20:56,960
She was a brilliant tactician.
442
00:20:57,000 --> 00:21:00,120
[narrator] But for once,
her tactics let her down.
443
00:21:00,160 --> 00:21:03,120
Whether she chose Mark Antony
for political gain
444
00:21:03,160 --> 00:21:06,480
or she fell in love with him,
it was the wrong choice,
445
00:21:06,520 --> 00:21:10,240
and one that would seal
her fate.
446
00:21:10,280 --> 00:21:12,880
There's a new triumvirate
running the Roman Republic,
447
00:21:12,920 --> 00:21:15,280
and essentially,
Cleopatra has got to decide
448
00:21:15,320 --> 00:21:17,840
which of them is going
to further her interest.
449
00:21:17,880 --> 00:21:21,760
But, this time around,
she does something different.
450
00:21:21,800 --> 00:21:26,040
She seems to go with her heart
instead of her head,
451
00:21:26,080 --> 00:21:28,400
and she goes with Mark Antony.
452
00:21:28,440 --> 00:21:32,400
And this proves to be
a terrible mistake.
453
00:21:32,440 --> 00:21:36,800
Mark Antony is spending
an increasing amount of time
454
00:21:36,840 --> 00:21:40,200
in Alexandria with Cleopatra.
455
00:21:40,240 --> 00:21:42,960
But the center of power
is Rome.
456
00:21:43,000 --> 00:21:45,600
And there is another
power struggle now
457
00:21:45,640 --> 00:21:48,600
between Octavian
and Mark Antony.
458
00:21:48,640 --> 00:21:52,920
Octavian, by being in Rome,
has the upper hand.
459
00:21:52,960 --> 00:21:55,480
Mark Antony,
by being in Alexandria,
460
00:21:55,520 --> 00:21:57,440
is in a weaker position.
461
00:21:57,480 --> 00:21:59,240
[narrator] The fear
was well founded.
462
00:21:59,280 --> 00:22:00,960
For the next five years,
463
00:22:01,000 --> 00:22:03,840
Octavian politically
destroyed Mark Antony,
464
00:22:03,880 --> 00:22:06,120
painting him
as a traitor to Rome,
465
00:22:06,160 --> 00:22:09,160
and in 31 BC,
Rome declared war
466
00:22:09,200 --> 00:22:13,480
on Egypt, Mark Antony,
and Cleopatra.
467
00:22:13,520 --> 00:22:17,160
It's really not much of a war
between Mark Antony and Octavian
468
00:22:17,200 --> 00:22:19,720
because Mark Antony's
Roman troops
469
00:22:19,760 --> 00:22:21,280
really don't want
to get involved
470
00:22:21,320 --> 00:22:23,760
in fighting
other Roman troops.
471
00:22:23,800 --> 00:22:27,080
And as for Cleopatra's
Egyptian military,
472
00:22:27,120 --> 00:22:28,480
well, they don't
really understand
473
00:22:28,520 --> 00:22:30,240
what the conflict
is about at all.
474
00:22:30,280 --> 00:22:33,120
They've got no interest
in getting involved in a war
475
00:22:33,160 --> 00:22:36,280
and losing their lives
for control of Rome.
476
00:22:36,320 --> 00:22:39,400
[narrator] The invasion began
in the spring of 30 BC,
477
00:22:39,440 --> 00:22:42,280
and by August,
Egypt was all but defeated.
478
00:22:42,320 --> 00:22:46,240
Cleopatra and Mark Antony
had retreated to Alexandria,
479
00:22:46,280 --> 00:22:49,240
and when his naval force
and cavalry deserted him,
480
00:22:49,280 --> 00:22:51,000
the war was lost.
481
00:22:51,040 --> 00:22:54,640
But this is where
the mystery truly begins.
482
00:22:54,680 --> 00:22:57,520
We don't really have
a blow-by-blow account
483
00:22:57,560 --> 00:23:01,400
of this war between
Octavian and Mark Antony.
484
00:23:01,440 --> 00:23:04,320
Our main sources are Plutarch,
485
00:23:04,360 --> 00:23:07,720
who's writing something
like 200 years later.
486
00:23:07,760 --> 00:23:11,440
And then Strabo, who was writing
about 20 years later.
487
00:23:11,480 --> 00:23:14,600
Now, that Greek historian
may actually have been there
488
00:23:14,640 --> 00:23:17,280
and witnessed the events.
489
00:23:17,320 --> 00:23:20,120
[narrator] Strabo's version
is that with Octavian
490
00:23:20,160 --> 00:23:22,560
and his forces
at the walls of Alexandria,
491
00:23:22,600 --> 00:23:25,200
Cleopatra sends notice
to Mark Antony
492
00:23:25,240 --> 00:23:27,440
that she has
committed suicide
493
00:23:27,480 --> 00:23:30,440
rather than be captured
and paraded through Rome.
494
00:23:30,480 --> 00:23:34,160
Upon hearing this news,
Mark Antony draws his sword
495
00:23:34,200 --> 00:23:37,040
and plunges it
into his chest.
496
00:23:37,080 --> 00:23:39,120
The story goes
that the suicide note
497
00:23:39,160 --> 00:23:42,400
from Cleopatra
that Mark Antony received
498
00:23:42,440 --> 00:23:46,400
was actually a kind of notice
of intention to commit suicide
499
00:23:46,440 --> 00:23:48,400
as opposed to,
I'm doing it.
500
00:23:48,440 --> 00:23:50,920
Anyway Mark Antony takes it
very literally,
501
00:23:50,960 --> 00:23:53,120
stabs himself in the chest,
502
00:23:53,160 --> 00:23:56,720
and the dying Roman general
is taken
503
00:23:56,760 --> 00:24:00,960
to his beloved Cleopatra,
and dies in her arms.
504
00:24:01,000 --> 00:24:02,520
When we think
about what Cleopatra
505
00:24:02,560 --> 00:24:04,520
might have been feeling
at this time,
506
00:24:04,560 --> 00:24:07,880
she had lost the love of
her life, Mark Antony had died,
507
00:24:07,920 --> 00:24:10,840
and it's obvious that Egypt
was going to become
508
00:24:10,880 --> 00:24:14,440
really a vassal state to Rome
if Octavian had his way.
509
00:24:14,480 --> 00:24:18,720
So I think the--the terror,
the horror, the defeat,
510
00:24:18,760 --> 00:24:22,040
was certainly guiding
principles for her.
511
00:24:22,080 --> 00:24:24,760
But she was also
leaving behind her son.
512
00:24:24,800 --> 00:24:27,880
So we have to consider
that perhaps,
513
00:24:27,920 --> 00:24:29,880
maybe there is some truth
to the rumors
514
00:24:29,920 --> 00:24:32,840
that Octavian
had her murdered.
515
00:24:32,880 --> 00:24:35,640
On the one hand,
getting Cleopatra killed
516
00:24:35,680 --> 00:24:37,960
makes a lot of sense.
517
00:24:38,000 --> 00:24:40,280
But, there's another thought
in which,
518
00:24:40,320 --> 00:24:44,320
maybe he'd like to parade her
in his triumph to Rome.
519
00:24:44,360 --> 00:24:46,040
[dramatic music playing]
520
00:24:46,080 --> 00:24:48,280
[Fern] There are various
theories about why Cleopatra
521
00:24:48,320 --> 00:24:50,080
might have taken her own life,
522
00:24:50,120 --> 00:24:52,440
but for me, I think
it's certainly something
523
00:24:52,480 --> 00:24:54,600
that she would have
seen as being
524
00:24:54,640 --> 00:24:57,760
the final act
of a great leader.
525
00:24:57,800 --> 00:25:00,240
It's a final act of power.
526
00:25:00,280 --> 00:25:03,520
She's not going to be a victim,
she's not going to be used,
527
00:25:03,560 --> 00:25:07,200
and she's going to die
on her own terms.
528
00:25:07,240 --> 00:25:09,080
[narrator] While the suspicions
that Octavian
529
00:25:09,120 --> 00:25:12,080
could have had Cleopatra
murdered have always lingered,
530
00:25:12,120 --> 00:25:14,280
historians are
in broad agreement
531
00:25:14,320 --> 00:25:17,640
that suicide is
the most likely cause of death.
532
00:25:17,680 --> 00:25:20,840
How she committed suicide
is a different question.
533
00:25:20,880 --> 00:25:24,200
Details surrounding exactly what
happened at Cleopatra's death
534
00:25:24,240 --> 00:25:25,840
are quite few
and far between.
535
00:25:25,880 --> 00:25:27,520
But two things we do know,
536
00:25:27,560 --> 00:25:29,440
she was definitely
in Alexandria,
537
00:25:29,480 --> 00:25:32,880
and she died
with her two handmaidens.
538
00:25:32,920 --> 00:25:36,320
The most common story about
how Cleopatra committed suicide
539
00:25:36,360 --> 00:25:38,480
is, of course,
with the asp,
540
00:25:38,520 --> 00:25:40,040
a snake brought
to her breast.
541
00:25:40,080 --> 00:25:42,480
And it's impossible
to really say for sure
542
00:25:42,520 --> 00:25:44,600
if that is what happened,
543
00:25:44,640 --> 00:25:48,920
but there is a way
in which that story of a snake,
544
00:25:48,960 --> 00:25:51,440
death by snake bite,
really fits the narrative
545
00:25:51,480 --> 00:25:55,080
that Cleopatra told
about herself to the world.
546
00:25:55,120 --> 00:25:58,920
And that's because the snake was
highly symbolically connected
547
00:25:58,960 --> 00:26:01,640
to the notion of royalty
in ancient Egypt
548
00:26:01,680 --> 00:26:04,280
and to the goddess Isis.
549
00:26:04,320 --> 00:26:07,160
[narrator] Isis, the great
mother goddess of Egypt,
550
00:26:07,200 --> 00:26:10,440
was worshipped
for thousands of years,
551
00:26:10,480 --> 00:26:13,160
first as the sister
and wife of Osiris,
552
00:26:13,200 --> 00:26:15,680
the God of the Underworld,
553
00:26:15,720 --> 00:26:18,200
but eventually
as Queen of the Universe,
554
00:26:18,240 --> 00:26:21,320
controlling the power
of fate itself.
555
00:26:21,360 --> 00:26:24,720
Throughout her reign,
Cleopatra associated herself
556
00:26:24,760 --> 00:26:29,240
as the living embodiment
of this most powerful goddess.
557
00:26:29,280 --> 00:26:33,280
Isis was closely associated
with the cobra, or asp,
558
00:26:33,320 --> 00:26:35,320
and so it would be
considered fitting
559
00:26:35,360 --> 00:26:38,760
that her living embodiment
die by snake bite,
560
00:26:38,800 --> 00:26:43,120
but how likely
was that to happen?
561
00:26:43,160 --> 00:26:47,280
Octavian's forces mass
at the walls of Alexandria
562
00:26:47,320 --> 00:26:49,600
and then enter the city.
563
00:26:49,640 --> 00:26:53,560
Cleopatra is put effectively
under house arrest.
564
00:26:53,600 --> 00:26:56,480
Whether she tried
to negotiate her way out,
565
00:26:56,520 --> 00:27:00,520
or use her political savvy
to charm Octavian,
566
00:27:00,560 --> 00:27:02,120
we don't know.
567
00:27:02,160 --> 00:27:05,000
This is all a matter
of conjecture.
568
00:27:05,040 --> 00:27:07,840
Cleopatra, then,
is confined to her quarters
569
00:27:07,880 --> 00:27:10,760
and she's guarded
by Roman guards.
570
00:27:10,800 --> 00:27:15,760
And Octavian wants to parade her
through the streets of Rome
571
00:27:15,800 --> 00:27:17,320
like a trophy.
572
00:27:17,360 --> 00:27:19,360
Now, she doesn't want that,
573
00:27:19,400 --> 00:27:22,440
so she decides
to commit suicide.
574
00:27:22,480 --> 00:27:26,400
Now, the traditional story
is that she had an asp,
575
00:27:26,440 --> 00:27:28,320
a particular kind of snake,
576
00:27:28,360 --> 00:27:30,800
smuggled in
in a bowl of figs.
577
00:27:30,840 --> 00:27:32,680
Well, it must have been
a very big bowl
578
00:27:32,720 --> 00:27:34,880
because an asp is
about five feet long,
579
00:27:34,920 --> 00:27:37,000
and it just beggars belief
580
00:27:37,040 --> 00:27:38,920
that you could
smuggle in an asp,
581
00:27:38,960 --> 00:27:41,960
even covered in figs,
past Roman guards.
582
00:27:42,000 --> 00:27:46,680
So what is more likely
is that Cleopatra took poison.
583
00:27:46,720 --> 00:27:49,440
But visually,
that's not so interesting.
584
00:27:49,480 --> 00:27:51,040
And down the centuries,
585
00:27:51,080 --> 00:27:53,480
artists have far
preferred to depict
586
00:27:53,520 --> 00:27:58,240
Cleopatra's final moment
as clasping a poisonous snake
587
00:27:58,280 --> 00:28:02,480
and holding it preferably
to her breast.
588
00:28:02,520 --> 00:28:04,680
Some people have wondered
whether Octavian
589
00:28:04,720 --> 00:28:07,600
basically let her
commit suicide.
590
00:28:07,640 --> 00:28:09,160
It was a problem
out of the way
591
00:28:09,200 --> 00:28:11,120
in the same way
that Mark Antony was gone.
592
00:28:11,160 --> 00:28:14,160
Well, why not just let Cleopatra
do herself in?
593
00:28:14,200 --> 00:28:15,760
But knowing Octavian,
594
00:28:15,800 --> 00:28:18,720
his rather spiteful,
vengeful nature,
595
00:28:18,760 --> 00:28:21,800
and the fact that he'd made
so much effort
596
00:28:21,840 --> 00:28:23,520
to get his hands
on Cleopatra,
597
00:28:23,560 --> 00:28:27,360
he was going to want
his glorious triumph in Rome,
598
00:28:27,400 --> 00:28:30,760
and what was going to be
the showpiece of that triumph
599
00:28:30,800 --> 00:28:32,960
but Cleopatra herself.
600
00:28:33,000 --> 00:28:34,960
[narrator] Whether
by snakebite or poison,
601
00:28:35,000 --> 00:28:36,880
Cleopatra is dead.
602
00:28:36,920 --> 00:28:39,360
What happened next
is the true mystery,
603
00:28:39,400 --> 00:28:41,640
as no trace
of the Egyptian Queen
604
00:28:41,680 --> 00:28:44,680
or her Roman lover
have ever been found.
605
00:28:45,960 --> 00:28:47,440
The Pharaoh Cleopatra,
606
00:28:47,480 --> 00:28:49,520
the last ruler
of ancient Egypt,
607
00:28:49,560 --> 00:28:51,480
when facing defeat
and occupation
608
00:28:51,520 --> 00:28:52,840
by the Roman Empire,
609
00:28:52,880 --> 00:28:54,680
she and her lover Mark Antony
610
00:28:54,720 --> 00:28:56,280
took their own lives.
611
00:28:56,320 --> 00:28:59,080
What happened next
is a mystery.
612
00:28:59,120 --> 00:29:02,080
In London, a team
of scientists and historians
613
00:29:02,120 --> 00:29:04,000
is sifting
through the evidence,
614
00:29:04,040 --> 00:29:05,520
searching for clues.
615
00:29:05,560 --> 00:29:07,160
Seeking out the truth.
616
00:29:07,200 --> 00:29:11,000
Strabo wrote first
about Cleopatra's suicide,
617
00:29:11,040 --> 00:29:13,800
and though he probably was
in Alexandria
618
00:29:13,840 --> 00:29:16,480
at the time her suicide
was thought to occur,
619
00:29:16,520 --> 00:29:19,040
he did not write it down
until a bit later,
620
00:29:19,080 --> 00:29:21,040
10 to 20 years later.
621
00:29:21,080 --> 00:29:24,640
But he is quite clear that
she either committed suicide
622
00:29:24,680 --> 00:29:27,160
with a snake,
or perhaps by the application
623
00:29:27,200 --> 00:29:29,400
of a poison ointment
of some kind.
624
00:29:29,440 --> 00:29:31,800
[narrator] There is broad
agreement amongst historians
625
00:29:31,840 --> 00:29:33,920
that Strabo's account
is accurate,
626
00:29:33,960 --> 00:29:36,360
that both Cleopatra
and Mark Antony
627
00:29:36,400 --> 00:29:38,680
committed suicide
in Alexandria
628
00:29:38,720 --> 00:29:40,440
and were buried together.
629
00:29:40,480 --> 00:29:42,960
Shared tombs were not
uncommon at this time,
630
00:29:43,000 --> 00:29:45,520
but their deaths,
far from natural,
631
00:29:45,560 --> 00:29:48,400
were the result
of empirical power play.
632
00:29:48,440 --> 00:29:51,000
Would Octavian have let them
be buried together?
633
00:29:51,040 --> 00:29:53,280
And can we uncover
further clues
634
00:29:53,320 --> 00:29:55,880
about where to find
the missing tomb?
635
00:29:55,920 --> 00:29:58,680
Dr. Mark Altaweel
is an archaeologist.
636
00:29:58,720 --> 00:30:01,000
[Mark] The story of Cleopatra
was quite fascinating,
637
00:30:01,040 --> 00:30:03,000
not only today but certainly
has been fascinating
638
00:30:03,040 --> 00:30:05,080
for quite a long time,
since really the Roman period,
639
00:30:05,120 --> 00:30:06,520
until today.
640
00:30:06,560 --> 00:30:08,160
People have been
searching for her tomb,
641
00:30:08,200 --> 00:30:10,280
trying to find out where
she was ultimately buried.
642
00:30:10,320 --> 00:30:12,640
But until now, of course,
we haven't found any evidence.
643
00:30:12,680 --> 00:30:15,880
With the ravages of time,
records have been destroyed.
644
00:30:15,920 --> 00:30:18,920
[narrator] The sands of Egypt
have hidden a great many tombs
645
00:30:18,960 --> 00:30:21,480
across the centuries,
the final resting place
646
00:30:21,520 --> 00:30:24,320
of some of history's
most influential people
647
00:30:24,360 --> 00:30:26,560
potentially lost forever.
648
00:30:26,600 --> 00:30:29,440
There's been about 110,
100 or so, pharaohs
649
00:30:29,480 --> 00:30:31,240
that have been discovered
in ancient Egypt.
650
00:30:31,280 --> 00:30:33,120
But unfortunately,
I think the vast majority
651
00:30:33,160 --> 00:30:35,760
or even a large portion
of the 100-plus pharaohs
652
00:30:35,800 --> 00:30:37,120
that we haven't found
653
00:30:37,160 --> 00:30:38,920
are probably never going
to be found.
654
00:30:38,960 --> 00:30:41,120
[narrator] Cleopatra was
the 13th leader
655
00:30:41,160 --> 00:30:43,000
of Ptolemaic Egypt,
656
00:30:43,040 --> 00:30:46,840
a dynasty that had lasted
almost 300 years.
657
00:30:46,880 --> 00:30:50,400
But physical evidence of them
is practically non-existent.
658
00:30:50,440 --> 00:30:52,200
[Mark] Until this day,
we don't have a single tomb
659
00:30:52,240 --> 00:30:53,760
from the Ptolemaic period.
660
00:30:53,800 --> 00:30:55,800
This is the last great
period of ancient Egypt,
661
00:30:55,840 --> 00:30:57,840
yet we don't have
a single ruler,
662
00:30:57,880 --> 00:31:01,600
a single burial
from these last pharaohs.
663
00:31:01,640 --> 00:31:04,400
We think they may have been
buried in Alexandria,
664
00:31:04,440 --> 00:31:06,880
but other ideas may exist.
665
00:31:06,920 --> 00:31:09,320
One of the ideas is
at Taposiris Magna,
666
00:31:09,360 --> 00:31:11,360
which was found
by Ptolemy IV.
667
00:31:11,400 --> 00:31:12,920
Because it was founded
by a king,
668
00:31:12,960 --> 00:31:14,600
it may have been
a kind of royal city,
669
00:31:14,640 --> 00:31:16,960
so the idea that you have
kind of royal mummies
670
00:31:17,000 --> 00:31:18,360
buried in a royal city
671
00:31:18,400 --> 00:31:21,120
seems to have
potential traction.
672
00:31:21,160 --> 00:31:23,840
[narrator] The city in which
the Taposiris Magna Temple
673
00:31:23,880 --> 00:31:28,680
was built was founded
by Ptolemy II around 280 BC,
674
00:31:28,720 --> 00:31:31,400
just 48 kilometers west
of Alexandria.
675
00:31:31,440 --> 00:31:33,120
It was an important port,
676
00:31:33,160 --> 00:31:35,760
but the temple
soon dominated the skyline.
677
00:31:35,800 --> 00:31:38,240
It was dedicated
to the Egyptian gods,
678
00:31:38,280 --> 00:31:40,120
Isis and Osiris,
679
00:31:40,160 --> 00:31:44,120
the gods also associated
with Antony and Cleopatra.
680
00:31:44,160 --> 00:31:47,160
Over time, the importance
of the city faded,
681
00:31:47,200 --> 00:31:51,440
the temple fell out of use,
crumbled and decayed.
682
00:31:51,480 --> 00:31:55,560
For a thousand years,
Taposiris Magna was forgotten.
683
00:31:57,200 --> 00:32:00,520
[Mark] Napoleon invades Egypt
in late 18th century
684
00:32:00,560 --> 00:32:02,840
and, along with the discovery
of the Rosetta Stone,
685
00:32:02,880 --> 00:32:06,240
his forces also discovered
Taposiris Magna.
686
00:32:06,280 --> 00:32:09,120
Now Napoleon doesn't just
only bring in his soldiers
687
00:32:09,160 --> 00:32:12,280
but he also brings effectively
an army of scholars with him.
688
00:32:12,320 --> 00:32:14,160
They in fact helped lead
to the foundation
689
00:32:14,200 --> 00:32:16,120
of Egyptology as a study.
690
00:32:16,160 --> 00:32:18,600
[narrator] The city would be
studied and regularly excavated
691
00:32:18,640 --> 00:32:20,320
for the next two centuries,
692
00:32:20,360 --> 00:32:22,680
but it wasn't until 2005
693
00:32:22,720 --> 00:32:25,840
that the location
was linked to Cleopatra.
694
00:32:25,880 --> 00:32:28,640
[Mark] Kathleen Martinez
is determined to demonstrate
695
00:32:28,680 --> 00:32:30,240
that Taposiris Magna
696
00:32:30,280 --> 00:32:33,240
is the actual burial place
of Cleopatra.
697
00:32:33,280 --> 00:32:36,880
[narrator] Kathleen Martinez is
a Dominican lawyer and diplomat
698
00:32:36,920 --> 00:32:39,640
who turned a childhood
obsession with Cleopatra
699
00:32:39,680 --> 00:32:43,160
into a remarkable new life
in Egypt.
700
00:32:43,200 --> 00:32:44,600
Kathleen Martinez is one
701
00:32:44,640 --> 00:32:45,880
of these really
interesting figures.
702
00:32:45,920 --> 00:32:47,560
Unlike most Egyptologists,
703
00:32:47,600 --> 00:32:50,080
she comes at it
with a non-academic background.
704
00:32:50,120 --> 00:32:53,360
She's a lawyer by training,
has taught herself archaeology.
705
00:32:53,400 --> 00:32:56,960
She has self-funded
her own excavations,
706
00:32:57,000 --> 00:32:59,160
and sort of,
really changed her life.
707
00:32:59,200 --> 00:33:01,920
[narrator] In 2002,
she was granted permission
708
00:33:01,960 --> 00:33:04,920
by Dr. Zahi Hawass,
Secretary-General
709
00:33:04,960 --> 00:33:07,440
of Egypt's Supreme Council
of Antiquities,
710
00:33:07,480 --> 00:33:12,040
to take an Egyptian team
and excavate Taposiris Magna.
711
00:33:12,080 --> 00:33:14,920
[Mark] In 2010, there was
a discovery of a large statue,
712
00:33:14,960 --> 00:33:17,040
in fact without a head
or at least it was--
713
00:33:17,080 --> 00:33:19,680
there was no head
but a large statue was found.
714
00:33:19,720 --> 00:33:22,680
[narrator] The headless statue
was Ptolemy IV,
715
00:33:22,720 --> 00:33:24,400
founder of the temple.
716
00:33:24,440 --> 00:33:27,320
But they also found
a head with no statue,
717
00:33:27,360 --> 00:33:29,720
and it's believed
that this was a carving
718
00:33:29,760 --> 00:33:31,600
of the Pharaoh herself.
719
00:33:31,640 --> 00:33:34,080
This was Cleopatra.
720
00:33:34,120 --> 00:33:37,640
[Karen] There were a number
of associated Greco-Roman finds
721
00:33:37,680 --> 00:33:40,200
which got the team
even more excited.
722
00:33:40,240 --> 00:33:42,640
I mean, and among them
was about 40 coins
723
00:33:42,680 --> 00:33:45,800
bearing Cleopatra's image.
724
00:33:45,840 --> 00:33:47,600
[narrator] The discovery
of these coins
725
00:33:47,640 --> 00:33:49,520
is a clear indicator
that the temple
726
00:33:49,560 --> 00:33:53,040
was still in use
during Cleopatra's reign.
727
00:33:53,080 --> 00:33:55,960
Could it be that the coins
were left as an offering
728
00:33:56,000 --> 00:33:58,360
at the Queen's grave?
729
00:33:58,400 --> 00:34:01,080
The coins were found
in the temple itself,
730
00:34:01,120 --> 00:34:03,280
and traditionally,
Egyptian temples
731
00:34:03,320 --> 00:34:06,120
were only used for worship.
732
00:34:06,160 --> 00:34:08,880
Burials were elsewhere.
733
00:34:08,920 --> 00:34:11,120
Then Martinez made
a discovery
734
00:34:11,160 --> 00:34:14,280
that shook Egyptologists
to their core.
735
00:34:16,280 --> 00:34:18,800
The Martinez team made
a really exciting discovery
736
00:34:18,840 --> 00:34:20,560
at Taposiris Magna,
737
00:34:20,600 --> 00:34:23,760
and that was mummy burials
in a rock-cut shaft style
738
00:34:23,800 --> 00:34:26,640
that was distinctive
to the Greco-Roman period.
739
00:34:26,680 --> 00:34:28,280
[narrator] And some
of these burials
740
00:34:28,320 --> 00:34:31,080
were inside the temple,
a total departure
741
00:34:31,120 --> 00:34:33,800
from previously known
Egyptian behavior.
742
00:34:33,840 --> 00:34:36,960
It's believed that for anyone
to be buried inside,
743
00:34:37,000 --> 00:34:40,160
the temple itself must have
been of great importance,
744
00:34:40,200 --> 00:34:41,720
and these mummies,
745
00:34:41,760 --> 00:34:44,600
found in shafts
20 to 30 meters deep,
746
00:34:44,640 --> 00:34:47,040
were re-writing
what archaeologists
747
00:34:47,080 --> 00:34:48,560
thought they knew.
748
00:34:48,600 --> 00:34:51,000
Two of them were
particularly intriguing.
749
00:34:51,040 --> 00:34:53,400
Could this have been
what Martinez and her team
750
00:34:53,440 --> 00:34:54,840
were searching for?
751
00:34:54,880 --> 00:34:56,240
[Mark] There were
two mummies found,
752
00:34:56,280 --> 00:34:58,520
both of which had
these gold tongues,
753
00:34:58,560 --> 00:35:00,680
and the idea is that
these tongues would allow them
754
00:35:00,720 --> 00:35:02,360
to speak to the god Osiris.
755
00:35:02,400 --> 00:35:04,600
So when one passes
to the next life,
756
00:35:04,640 --> 00:35:06,560
one has to speak
to the god Osiris,
757
00:35:06,600 --> 00:35:08,080
who is the god of the dead.
758
00:35:08,120 --> 00:35:10,880
[Tony] The woman is
holding a statuette
759
00:35:10,920 --> 00:35:12,640
of Alexander the Great.
760
00:35:12,680 --> 00:35:14,960
She has an amulet
around her ankle,
761
00:35:15,000 --> 00:35:16,840
which has a snake-like emblem.
762
00:35:16,880 --> 00:35:20,160
So, she is mixing the symbols
763
00:35:20,200 --> 00:35:23,200
of the Macedonian
Ptolemy dynasty
764
00:35:23,240 --> 00:35:24,640
with ancient Egypt,
765
00:35:24,680 --> 00:35:27,440
very much in keeping
with Cleopatra.
766
00:35:27,480 --> 00:35:29,920
And the man who
is buried next to her,
767
00:35:29,960 --> 00:35:32,720
his funerary mask
has a cleft chin,
768
00:35:32,760 --> 00:35:36,040
has that kind of look
of Mark Antony.
769
00:35:36,080 --> 00:35:39,720
And the temple behind them
is the Temple of Isis,
770
00:35:39,760 --> 00:35:41,960
which is the goddess
that Cleopatra
771
00:35:42,000 --> 00:35:45,800
most closely associated
herself with.
772
00:35:45,840 --> 00:35:49,040
[narrator] But there was to be
a find outside the temple walls
773
00:35:49,080 --> 00:35:51,200
that added
even more credibility
774
00:35:51,240 --> 00:35:53,720
to Martinez's claims.
775
00:35:53,760 --> 00:35:58,080
[Tony] Kathleen Martinez
also points to a necropolis
776
00:35:58,120 --> 00:36:01,360
that's been found
nearby to this couple.
777
00:36:01,400 --> 00:36:03,880
And it's a graveyard, essentially,
778
00:36:03,920 --> 00:36:08,280
full of rich, well-to-do
people of that time.
779
00:36:08,320 --> 00:36:09,960
Now her theory runs that,
780
00:36:10,000 --> 00:36:12,280
if you were
a high-status person,
781
00:36:12,320 --> 00:36:14,200
you would want to be buried
782
00:36:14,240 --> 00:36:18,400
near to somebody
very, very powerful indeed.
783
00:36:18,440 --> 00:36:21,520
And what better
than to be buried
784
00:36:21,560 --> 00:36:25,000
next to Mark Antony
and Cleopatra?
785
00:36:25,040 --> 00:36:26,680
[narrator] The design
of the tombs
786
00:36:26,720 --> 00:36:29,080
is consistent
with the era of Cleopatra,
787
00:36:29,120 --> 00:36:33,640
and all were carefully oriented
in the direction of the temple.
788
00:36:33,680 --> 00:36:37,880
Could they just be believers,
or is Kathleen Martinez right?
789
00:36:37,920 --> 00:36:42,280
Is this a sign that someone of
huge importance is buried here?
790
00:36:42,320 --> 00:36:46,520
Some of the mummies recovered
might hold the answers.
791
00:36:46,560 --> 00:36:49,280
The mummies were not
in a great state of repair,
792
00:36:49,320 --> 00:36:53,480
but there were two that were
extraordinary nonetheless.
793
00:36:53,520 --> 00:36:55,840
They were wrapped
in gilded cartonnage,
794
00:36:55,880 --> 00:36:59,400
which would have been reserved
for the most elite of society.
795
00:36:59,440 --> 00:37:02,520
It was a male and a female
buried together,
796
00:37:02,560 --> 00:37:04,760
and the male bore
gilded trappings
797
00:37:04,800 --> 00:37:07,200
associated with the god Osiris.
798
00:37:07,240 --> 00:37:09,040
The female was crowned,
799
00:37:09,080 --> 00:37:12,280
and she had a cobra
perched at her forehead
800
00:37:12,320 --> 00:37:14,320
and a necklace with a symbol
801
00:37:14,360 --> 00:37:17,560
of the falcon god of Horus
at her breast.
802
00:37:17,600 --> 00:37:20,120
Gilded mummies
are typically only found
803
00:37:20,160 --> 00:37:22,920
in royal kinds of tombs
or burials,
804
00:37:22,960 --> 00:37:25,600
so we think
out of the ten mummies,
805
00:37:25,640 --> 00:37:27,040
two of which are gilded,
806
00:37:27,080 --> 00:37:28,480
these are
very important burials,
807
00:37:28,520 --> 00:37:31,200
perhaps even royal burials.
808
00:37:31,240 --> 00:37:34,240
[narrator] The mummies are
clearly people of great import,
809
00:37:34,280 --> 00:37:37,640
but could they really be
Antony and Cleopatra?
810
00:37:37,680 --> 00:37:40,240
What's more likely
after the suicides
811
00:37:40,280 --> 00:37:41,800
of Mark Antony and Cleopatra
812
00:37:41,840 --> 00:37:44,120
is that their bodies
were simply discarded,
813
00:37:44,160 --> 00:37:46,640
so that they didn't become
the focal point
814
00:37:46,680 --> 00:37:49,080
of rebellion
or even worship.
815
00:37:49,120 --> 00:37:52,200
So, more than likely,
what we're looking at here
816
00:37:52,240 --> 00:37:55,080
are the graves
of two priests
817
00:37:55,120 --> 00:37:58,320
as opposed to two people
of royalty.
818
00:37:58,360 --> 00:38:00,360
[narrator] And the golden
tongues found there
819
00:38:00,400 --> 00:38:04,880
may also not be as significant
as first thought.
820
00:38:04,920 --> 00:38:07,440
The golden tongues
found in the mummies
821
00:38:07,480 --> 00:38:08,920
were intriguing, too.
822
00:38:08,960 --> 00:38:11,440
You know, clearly,
this is further evidence
823
00:38:11,480 --> 00:38:13,120
for high status.
824
00:38:13,160 --> 00:38:15,040
But it does not,
in and of itself,
825
00:38:15,080 --> 00:38:17,760
indicate that they are
royal bodies.
826
00:38:17,800 --> 00:38:20,520
And one has to ask, okay,
827
00:38:20,560 --> 00:38:23,240
the tongue is something
to enable the deceased
828
00:38:23,280 --> 00:38:26,400
to communicate with Osiris
in the afterlife.
829
00:38:26,440 --> 00:38:29,280
What would Mark Antony
want to be doing that for?
830
00:38:29,320 --> 00:38:31,520
[narrator] So far,
the evidence doesn't add up,
831
00:38:31,560 --> 00:38:35,120
but that doesn't mean we should
rule out Taposiris Magna
832
00:38:35,160 --> 00:38:39,720
as a potential location
for the tomb of Cleopatra.
833
00:38:39,760 --> 00:38:43,120
[Mark] There's still quite a lot
to be discovered in this site.
834
00:38:43,160 --> 00:38:47,120
We know Taposiris Magna
is this large temple complex.
835
00:38:47,160 --> 00:38:49,800
But these temples are often part
of much larger towns.
836
00:38:49,840 --> 00:38:51,800
There might be other
kind of major discoveries
837
00:38:51,840 --> 00:38:53,520
yet to be found.
838
00:38:53,560 --> 00:38:55,600
[narrator] Martinez
herself estimates
839
00:38:55,640 --> 00:38:59,280
that they've excavated less
than 10% of the ancient city.
840
00:38:59,320 --> 00:39:04,040
There are undoubtedly great
discoveries still to be made.
841
00:39:04,080 --> 00:39:05,880
Potentially
geophysical techniques,
842
00:39:05,920 --> 00:39:08,120
GPR, for instance, magnetometry,
843
00:39:08,160 --> 00:39:09,960
as well as
remote sensing methods
844
00:39:10,000 --> 00:39:13,120
could enable us to discover
the bounds of this site
845
00:39:13,160 --> 00:39:15,080
and perhaps try to get
a better understanding
846
00:39:15,120 --> 00:39:17,840
of where other tombs might be
located in other buildings even.
847
00:39:17,880 --> 00:39:20,880
[narrator] It's too soon
to dismiss Taposiris Magna,
848
00:39:20,920 --> 00:39:24,120
but the most obvious
and most likely location
849
00:39:24,160 --> 00:39:26,880
is the home
of the Ptolemaic dynasty,
850
00:39:26,920 --> 00:39:29,280
Alexandria itself.
851
00:39:29,320 --> 00:39:32,200
Has one of the most explored
cities in history
852
00:39:32,240 --> 00:39:36,120
managed to keep a secret
for 2,000 years?
853
00:39:36,160 --> 00:39:39,760
[dramatic music playing]
854
00:39:39,800 --> 00:39:42,000
The final resting place
of Cleopatra,
855
00:39:42,040 --> 00:39:43,800
the last Pharaoh of Egypt,
856
00:39:43,840 --> 00:39:46,520
has been a puzzle
for countless generations.
857
00:39:46,560 --> 00:39:49,360
The temple of Osiris
at Taposiris Magna
858
00:39:49,400 --> 00:39:51,520
has offered tantalizing clues
859
00:39:51,560 --> 00:39:55,000
that greater secrets
may lay undiscovered there,
860
00:39:55,040 --> 00:39:56,880
but most historians believe
861
00:39:56,920 --> 00:39:58,920
the tomb
is more likely to be found
862
00:39:58,960 --> 00:40:01,400
in the Ptolemaic capital Alexandria,
863
00:40:01,440 --> 00:40:05,040
now a bustling metropolis
of five million people.
864
00:40:05,080 --> 00:40:07,480
[Tony] Alexandria
was the capital
865
00:40:07,520 --> 00:40:09,400
of the Ptolemaic Empire.
866
00:40:09,440 --> 00:40:12,560
It was the seat of power
of all the Ptolemies,
867
00:40:12,600 --> 00:40:13,880
and they were buried there.
868
00:40:13,920 --> 00:40:15,200
The problem is,
we don't know
869
00:40:15,240 --> 00:40:17,080
where any of the Ptolemies are.
870
00:40:17,120 --> 00:40:19,360
We don't know where
any of their shrines,
871
00:40:19,400 --> 00:40:21,920
their tombs,
their mausoleums are located.
872
00:40:21,960 --> 00:40:23,720
It is a complete mystery.
873
00:40:23,760 --> 00:40:27,520
[narrator] Alexandria
was founded in 331 BC
874
00:40:27,560 --> 00:40:30,080
by Alexander the Great
of Macedon
875
00:40:30,120 --> 00:40:32,200
who, at the age of just 25,
876
00:40:32,240 --> 00:40:35,520
had already conquered much
of the known world.
877
00:40:35,560 --> 00:40:38,800
He wanted the city named
in his honor to rival Rome
878
00:40:38,840 --> 00:40:41,200
as the greatest city
in the ancient world.
879
00:40:41,240 --> 00:40:43,200
It would remain
the Egyptian capital
880
00:40:43,240 --> 00:40:46,400
for almost a thousand years,
and it remains a hub
881
00:40:46,440 --> 00:40:50,040
of trade, culture and education
to this day.
882
00:40:50,080 --> 00:40:52,600
Alexandria was
an incredibly important city.
883
00:40:52,640 --> 00:40:54,520
It probably housed
something like one fifth
884
00:40:54,560 --> 00:40:55,960
of Egypt's population.
885
00:40:56,000 --> 00:40:57,960
It had two great
Wonders of the World,
886
00:40:58,000 --> 00:40:59,480
the Lighthouse of Alexandria,
887
00:40:59,520 --> 00:41:02,120
but also the Great Library
of Alexandria,
888
00:41:02,160 --> 00:41:04,000
which was, of course,
the center of knowledge
889
00:41:04,040 --> 00:41:06,000
in many ways,
in the eastern Mediterranean,
890
00:41:06,040 --> 00:41:08,360
but also across much
of the world at the time.
891
00:41:08,400 --> 00:41:11,760
[narrator] The library was
lost in a blaze in 48 BC,
892
00:41:11,800 --> 00:41:14,760
but the great lighthouse
would continue to be in use
893
00:41:14,800 --> 00:41:16,640
for another 14 centuries,
894
00:41:16,680 --> 00:41:19,360
as Alexandria remained
a vital port,
895
00:41:19,400 --> 00:41:22,520
linking the powers of Europe
to those in the East
896
00:41:22,560 --> 00:41:24,920
and the Christian
and Islamic worlds.
897
00:41:24,960 --> 00:41:27,800
Theories abound that
the Ptolemaic Pharaohs,
898
00:41:27,840 --> 00:41:31,080
Cleopatra included,
are most likely to be entombed
899
00:41:31,120 --> 00:41:33,200
in the city
that was their home,
900
00:41:33,240 --> 00:41:34,880
like the great ancient Pharaohs
901
00:41:34,920 --> 00:41:37,000
of Memphis and Giza
before them.
902
00:41:37,040 --> 00:41:39,560
The still-teeming streets
of Alexandria
903
00:41:39,600 --> 00:41:42,000
could hold the answer
to this mystery.
904
00:41:42,040 --> 00:41:46,160
[Tony] Cleopatra's Alexandria
is now either under water
905
00:41:46,200 --> 00:41:49,720
or under layer after layer
of modern Alexandria
906
00:41:49,760 --> 00:41:53,760
because it's a mega city
that's never stopped growing.
907
00:41:53,800 --> 00:41:57,120
So for archaeologists,
it's a complete nightmare.
908
00:41:57,160 --> 00:41:59,280
But, in 2018,
909
00:41:59,320 --> 00:42:04,520
a huge black sarcophagus
was unearthed.
910
00:42:04,560 --> 00:42:06,600
[narrator] The black
granite sarcophagus
911
00:42:06,640 --> 00:42:08,720
weighing more than 30 tons
912
00:42:08,760 --> 00:42:12,800
could only have belonged
to someone very important.
913
00:42:12,840 --> 00:42:14,960
Its size and weight
would have made it
914
00:42:15,000 --> 00:42:18,920
very expensive to craft,
move, and bury.
915
00:42:18,960 --> 00:42:22,240
However it's too plain
to be a realistic contender
916
00:42:22,280 --> 00:42:24,960
as the sarcophagus
of Cleopatra.
917
00:42:25,000 --> 00:42:27,160
But as it dates
from the same period,
918
00:42:27,200 --> 00:42:29,320
it has given
archaeologists hope
919
00:42:29,360 --> 00:42:31,680
that there are
other undisturbed tombs
920
00:42:31,720 --> 00:42:33,400
under the city,
921
00:42:33,440 --> 00:42:38,360
though they face massive
geographical challenges.
922
00:42:38,400 --> 00:42:40,400
The coastline that we see today
around the Mediterranean
923
00:42:40,440 --> 00:42:42,040
and particularly
the Eastern Mediterranean,
924
00:42:42,080 --> 00:42:44,760
is quite different
from how it was in the past,
925
00:42:44,800 --> 00:42:46,840
say, around the time
of Cleopatra,
926
00:42:46,880 --> 00:42:49,200
roughly 2,000 or so
years ago.
927
00:42:49,240 --> 00:42:53,880
There's been massive upheaval,
changes in level of land,
928
00:42:53,920 --> 00:42:55,720
massive tsunamis even,
929
00:42:55,760 --> 00:42:57,880
which has really transformed
the coastline.
930
00:42:57,920 --> 00:42:59,560
And so a lot
of these ancient cities
931
00:42:59,600 --> 00:43:01,360
that would have been located
along the coastline
932
00:43:01,400 --> 00:43:03,280
have really submerged
in many cases,
933
00:43:03,320 --> 00:43:05,160
and this is particularly true
in Egypt,
934
00:43:05,200 --> 00:43:06,840
where the coastline
that we see today
935
00:43:06,880 --> 00:43:09,640
is quite different
from how it was in the past.
936
00:43:09,680 --> 00:43:11,960
[narrator] The areas
of Alexandria that remain
937
00:43:12,000 --> 00:43:15,080
have been built upon again
and again for two millennia,
938
00:43:15,120 --> 00:43:16,840
often with little
regard paid
939
00:43:16,880 --> 00:43:18,880
to the preservation
of antiquities.
940
00:43:18,920 --> 00:43:21,600
It's only recently
that the Egyptian government
941
00:43:21,640 --> 00:43:24,160
are allowing archaeologists
the opportunity
942
00:43:24,200 --> 00:43:27,800
to study any finds
and prevent further loss.
943
00:43:27,840 --> 00:43:30,800
This new policy has seen
remarkable discoveries
944
00:43:30,840 --> 00:43:33,480
right across the city,
but it's feared
945
00:43:33,520 --> 00:43:36,840
it may already be too late
for Cleopatra.
946
00:43:36,880 --> 00:43:40,120
[Tony] It's hard to escape
the fact that Alexandria
947
00:43:40,160 --> 00:43:44,240
has kept on growing
for 2,000 years.
948
00:43:44,280 --> 00:43:46,920
Hoping to find
Cleopatra's tomb,
949
00:43:46,960 --> 00:43:49,280
well, it's hoping
against hope.
950
00:43:49,320 --> 00:43:54,600
The tragedy is we may never find
her final resting place
951
00:43:54,640 --> 00:43:57,440
because the city
that was her capital
952
00:43:57,480 --> 00:44:00,000
grinds on unforgivingly,
953
00:44:00,040 --> 00:44:02,360
and somewhere
deep down below it,
954
00:44:02,400 --> 00:44:04,000
Cleopatra may be resting.
955
00:44:04,040 --> 00:44:06,840
But I'm afraid she'll be
resting undisturbed
956
00:44:06,880 --> 00:44:09,120
for all eternity.
957
00:44:09,160 --> 00:44:10,960
[narrator] Alexandria
was a Greek city
958
00:44:11,000 --> 00:44:12,560
in the center of Egypt.
959
00:44:12,600 --> 00:44:14,560
Greek was spoken throughout,
960
00:44:14,600 --> 00:44:17,920
and only Greeks could hold
senior roles within its walls.
961
00:44:17,960 --> 00:44:19,880
Up until the reign
of Cleopatra,
962
00:44:19,920 --> 00:44:22,320
it was rare
for a Ptolemaic Pharaoh
963
00:44:22,360 --> 00:44:24,880
to even set foot
outside the city.
964
00:44:24,920 --> 00:44:26,640
This was their safe haven.
965
00:44:26,680 --> 00:44:28,320
The Pharaohs
felt the need
966
00:44:28,360 --> 00:44:30,200
to separate themselves
from their people,
967
00:44:30,240 --> 00:44:33,760
and they did so on an island
called Antirhodos.
968
00:44:33,800 --> 00:44:36,320
[Tony] So according
to the historian Strabo,
969
00:44:36,360 --> 00:44:40,560
the area known as Antirhodos,
Ancient Alexandria,
970
00:44:40,600 --> 00:44:43,680
is where the Ptolemies
built their palaces.
971
00:44:43,720 --> 00:44:48,680
And he also specifies
that Cleopatra built her tomb
972
00:44:48,720 --> 00:44:51,240
in the grounds
of her palace.
973
00:44:51,280 --> 00:44:54,360
So, find her palace,
you find her tomb.
974
00:44:54,400 --> 00:44:56,640
[narrator] The only problem
is that Antirhodos
975
00:44:56,680 --> 00:44:58,040
no longer exists.
976
00:44:58,080 --> 00:44:59,680
In the 4th century,
977
00:44:59,720 --> 00:45:01,720
a great earthquake
in the Mediterranean
978
00:45:01,760 --> 00:45:04,360
created a tsunami
that brought devastation
979
00:45:04,400 --> 00:45:06,040
to the coast of Egypt.
980
00:45:06,080 --> 00:45:08,240
It destroyed much
of Alexandria's harbor
981
00:45:08,280 --> 00:45:10,680
and submerged the island completely.
982
00:45:10,720 --> 00:45:12,920
For more than 1,500 years,
983
00:45:12,960 --> 00:45:14,840
the ruins lay undisturbed
984
00:45:14,880 --> 00:45:17,720
until they were rediscovered
in the 1990s
985
00:45:17,760 --> 00:45:21,520
by an underwater archaeologist
called Franck Goddio.
986
00:45:21,560 --> 00:45:25,360
So Cleopatra's tomb then
is going to be found underwater.
987
00:45:25,400 --> 00:45:27,880
And luckily, in 1992,
988
00:45:27,920 --> 00:45:30,320
marine archaeologist
Franck Goddio
989
00:45:30,360 --> 00:45:34,600
discovered Antirhodos,
underneath the sea,
990
00:45:34,640 --> 00:45:37,280
just out from modern Alexandria,
991
00:45:37,320 --> 00:45:42,160
and he has been exploring
that area ever since.
992
00:45:42,200 --> 00:45:44,760
Using satellite
and radar technology,
993
00:45:44,800 --> 00:45:48,960
Franck has been mapping out
ancient Alexandria
994
00:45:49,000 --> 00:45:51,640
under the waves,
and he's exploring
995
00:45:51,680 --> 00:45:54,320
an area the size of Paris.
996
00:45:54,360 --> 00:45:58,360
And it has streets,
palaces, statues,
997
00:45:58,400 --> 00:46:01,960
and really points
to a sumptuous capital
998
00:46:02,000 --> 00:46:04,040
that Cleopatra ruled over.
999
00:46:04,080 --> 00:46:06,280
[narrator] With some
of the best preserved ruins
1000
00:46:06,320 --> 00:46:09,360
in the world lying just
meters below the surface,
1001
00:46:09,400 --> 00:46:12,160
Goddio and his team
have been able to get a glimpse
1002
00:46:12,200 --> 00:46:15,600
of how Antirhodos looked
in the time of Cleopatra,
1003
00:46:15,640 --> 00:46:17,600
and the proof
that it was occupied
1004
00:46:17,640 --> 00:46:20,880
during the Ptolemaic dynasty
is there to see.
1005
00:46:20,920 --> 00:46:24,640
[Mark] Antirhodos was laid out
in a very rectilinear manner,
1006
00:46:24,680 --> 00:46:27,440
so it followed this kind of
Greek or Hellenistic style
1007
00:46:27,480 --> 00:46:30,320
of planning
that we know existed oftentimes
1008
00:46:30,360 --> 00:46:32,600
when cities or places
were found by Greeks
1009
00:46:32,640 --> 00:46:34,600
when they went around
and colonizing regions.
1010
00:46:34,640 --> 00:46:37,680
And Alexandria, being
effectively a Greek colony,
1011
00:46:37,720 --> 00:46:39,480
was certainly laid out
in this way.
1012
00:46:39,520 --> 00:46:42,960
Quite a large bit of Alexandria
is buried underwater,
1013
00:46:43,000 --> 00:46:46,000
so effectively they found
palaces and large ruins
1014
00:46:46,040 --> 00:46:48,160
and a number of artifacts
have been found
1015
00:46:48,200 --> 00:46:50,240
off the coast of Egypt.
1016
00:46:50,280 --> 00:46:53,240
[narrator] On dives through the
submerged ruins of Antirhodos,
1017
00:46:53,280 --> 00:46:56,200
Goddio and his team
found themselves surrounded
1018
00:46:56,240 --> 00:46:59,080
by an ancient Egyptian
treasure trove.
1019
00:46:59,120 --> 00:47:01,320
A number of archaeological
features have been found
1020
00:47:01,360 --> 00:47:04,520
under water, including
statues, architecture,
1021
00:47:04,560 --> 00:47:06,320
lots of small finds.
1022
00:47:06,360 --> 00:47:08,000
For instance,
just things like coins
1023
00:47:08,040 --> 00:47:10,080
and other pottery
and those kinds of things.
1024
00:47:10,120 --> 00:47:13,360
[narrator] With everything from
Sphinxes and giant statues,
1025
00:47:13,400 --> 00:47:15,960
to columns engraved
with hieroglyphs,
1026
00:47:16,000 --> 00:47:17,640
the importance and grandeur
1027
00:47:17,680 --> 00:47:20,480
of this area of Alexandria
is clear.
1028
00:47:20,520 --> 00:47:22,480
[Mark] The most
important palaces
1029
00:47:22,520 --> 00:47:24,320
were located on this island.
1030
00:47:24,360 --> 00:47:27,440
Now, we do think that
potentially some tombs
1031
00:47:27,480 --> 00:47:32,000
should be found along this area
of Old Alexandria.
1032
00:47:32,040 --> 00:47:34,840
[narrator] With the search
narrowed down to this one area,
1033
00:47:34,880 --> 00:47:38,360
is it possible that the quest
to find Cleopatra's tomb
1034
00:47:38,400 --> 00:47:40,160
may soon be over?
1035
00:47:40,200 --> 00:47:42,840
Logically there's
every reason to suppose
1036
00:47:42,880 --> 00:47:44,760
that the tombs
of the Ptolemies
1037
00:47:44,800 --> 00:47:49,240
will be in this underwater city
waiting to be discovered.
1038
00:47:49,280 --> 00:47:50,800
It makes complete sense.
1039
00:47:50,840 --> 00:47:53,440
Why wouldn't they
be buried there?
1040
00:47:53,480 --> 00:47:56,360
But you know, the romantic in me
wants to believe
1041
00:47:56,400 --> 00:48:01,080
that we are going to chance
upon the tomb of Cleopatra.
1042
00:48:01,120 --> 00:48:04,480
What an event that would be
to see that discovered.
1043
00:48:04,520 --> 00:48:08,320
But the historian in me says,
fat chance.
1044
00:48:08,360 --> 00:48:11,160
There's really
a very slim likelihood
1045
00:48:11,200 --> 00:48:14,040
of coming across
that incredible tomb.
1046
00:48:14,080 --> 00:48:16,400
[narrator] Even today,
more than 2,000 years
1047
00:48:16,440 --> 00:48:19,120
after her death,
Cleopatra continues
1048
00:48:19,160 --> 00:48:21,440
to fascinate
and enchant the public
1049
00:48:21,480 --> 00:48:23,680
and the historical community alike.
1050
00:48:23,720 --> 00:48:27,040
The hunt for her shared tomb
with Mark Antony goes on,
1051
00:48:27,080 --> 00:48:29,760
and if it can be found,
then perhaps we will have
1052
00:48:29,800 --> 00:48:32,360
a greater understanding
of one of history's
1053
00:48:32,400 --> 00:48:35,440
most powerful
and influential women.
1054
00:48:35,480 --> 00:48:39,280
But until it is discovered,
it, and much of her life,
1055
00:48:39,320 --> 00:48:43,240
remains one of history's
most fascinating mysteries.
1056
00:48:43,280 --> 00:48:47,040
Cleopatra is one of history's
most recognizable figures,
1057
00:48:47,080 --> 00:48:48,800
and she was the consort
1058
00:48:48,840 --> 00:48:52,320
of two of the world's
most powerful men at the time.
1059
00:48:52,360 --> 00:48:56,440
And all of these things put her
at a really dangerous crossroads
1060
00:48:56,480 --> 00:48:58,960
between womanhood and power.
1061
00:48:59,000 --> 00:49:02,320
And contemporary historians
have punished her for that.
1062
00:49:02,360 --> 00:49:04,680
And that's the record
we have today,
1063
00:49:04,720 --> 00:49:07,280
and it bears correction.
1064
00:49:07,320 --> 00:49:09,240
[Fern] I think
Cleopatra has endured
1065
00:49:09,280 --> 00:49:12,200
because she is a woman
who manages to stand out.
1066
00:49:12,240 --> 00:49:15,760
You know, we don't allow
powerful women in history.
1067
00:49:15,800 --> 00:49:19,680
And the fact that
she's never been forgotten
1068
00:49:19,720 --> 00:49:24,280
shows just what an impact
she had in her own lifetime.
1069
00:49:24,320 --> 00:49:27,400
The truth is out there somewhere.
1070
00:49:27,440 --> 00:49:31,720
The quest for Cleopatra's tomb continues.
1071
00:49:31,760 --> 00:49:35,840
She is so fascinating,
so alluring, so compelling,
1072
00:49:35,880 --> 00:49:38,400
her story still inspires us.
1073
00:49:38,440 --> 00:49:41,800
And so, we go on,
looking for this tomb,
1074
00:49:41,840 --> 00:49:44,440
looking for her final
resting place.
1075
00:49:44,480 --> 00:49:47,320
That quest never ends.
1076
00:49:47,360 --> 00:49:49,680
[bright music playing]
85999