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SNUFFLING
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Sauraha, Nepal.
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SNUFFLES AND GRUNTS
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00:00:52,280 --> 00:00:54,040
HORN BEEPS
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00:00:56,280 --> 00:00:58,500
DOG WHIMPERS
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00:00:58,500 --> 00:01:03,040
This rhino is not lost.
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He is on his way to find food.
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00:01:14,500 --> 00:01:19,480
To get it, he must travel through
a new and alien world.
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00:01:28,300 --> 00:01:30,920
This rhino in his lifetime
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00:01:30,920 --> 00:01:35,560
has seen more changes than
any of his previous generations.
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00:01:41,760 --> 00:01:43,160
Across the globe,
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00:01:43,160 --> 00:01:46,720
animals of all kinds
are now contending
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00:01:46,720 --> 00:01:49,200
with one newly dominant
species...
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00:01:50,600 --> 00:01:52,240
..us.
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HORN BEEPS, SIREN WAILS
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00:01:59,960 --> 00:02:03,960
Like so many wild creatures,
he's had to learn
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00:02:03,960 --> 00:02:08,160
how to live in the human world.
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00:02:23,720 --> 00:02:25,280
Some animals
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have changed their behaviour
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00:02:27,480 --> 00:02:30,880
to make the most
out of living amongst us.
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00:02:34,840 --> 00:02:39,200
These long-tailed macaques
live in Bali.
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00:02:49,120 --> 00:02:52,680
They have developed
new interests
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00:02:52,680 --> 00:02:55,680
brought by human visitors.
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00:03:04,520 --> 00:03:08,480
Every morning,
the troop heads for a building
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00:03:08,480 --> 00:03:11,440
in the centre
of their territory.
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Uluwatu Temple.
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MACAQUES SCREECH
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00:03:28,480 --> 00:03:32,080
Tourists come here every day -
in crowds.
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00:03:36,000 --> 00:03:39,680
So the temple grounds
are full of opportunities...
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00:03:41,720 --> 00:03:43,840
..if you know where to look.
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00:04:10,680 --> 00:04:12,760
WOMAN GASPS
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00:04:12,760 --> 00:04:15,720
There is a constant supply
of hats...
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00:04:16,760 --> 00:04:18,320
..and sunglasses.
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00:04:22,840 --> 00:04:26,640
And if you've mastered
the element of surprise...
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..it's easy to get them.
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00:04:44,200 --> 00:04:47,360
But this harvest
is not for eating.
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It's for bargaining.
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Seems like a fair trade.
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00:05:06,280 --> 00:05:09,720
But there are greater rewards
to be had
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00:05:09,720 --> 00:05:12,720
for those who know
how to get them.
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00:05:14,400 --> 00:05:16,160
CAMERA SHUTTERS CLICK
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00:05:18,400 --> 00:05:22,200
And this old male
appears to be doing...
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..very well.
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He and the other elders
in this troop
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have both experience
and knowledge.
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They've been working the temple
for over ten years,
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00:05:48,520 --> 00:05:51,120
and now concentrate
on the big stuff...
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00:05:56,960 --> 00:06:01,440
..things that human beings
just can't do without.
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00:06:05,240 --> 00:06:06,960
WOMAN GASPS
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00:06:08,640 --> 00:06:12,560
No-one wants to walk home
with just one shoe.
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WOMAN GASPS
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00:06:19,040 --> 00:06:21,640
And these old boys can't wait
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00:06:21,640 --> 00:06:25,320
to get their hands
on the latest tech.
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SHE EXCLAIMS
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They've worked out
that we simply can't survive
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00:06:47,160 --> 00:06:49,400
without our phones...
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..or our wallets.
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00:07:03,000 --> 00:07:04,360
WOMAN EXCLAIMS
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MACAQUE SCREECHES
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00:07:13,520 --> 00:07:15,280
WOMAN GASPS
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00:07:15,280 --> 00:07:17,480
The older males understand
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00:07:17,480 --> 00:07:20,280
something the youngsters
have yet to learn...
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00:07:22,960 --> 00:07:26,440
..the art of the deal.
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00:07:29,800 --> 00:07:31,280
A banana?
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00:07:33,320 --> 00:07:34,880
How dare you!
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00:07:34,880 --> 00:07:36,680
MACAQUE SCREECHES
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A bar of chocolate?
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That's better.
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00:07:44,920 --> 00:07:49,120
The real skill
is in the negotiations.
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The macaques are playing us
at our own game.
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00:08:01,320 --> 00:08:02,800
They demand...
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..whatever they want.
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Humanity has spread
to every corner of the globe.
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00:08:26,280 --> 00:08:29,120
We have become
a force of nature.
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00:08:38,200 --> 00:08:42,400
We have altered
80% of the land's surface.
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00:08:49,720 --> 00:08:54,080
Eight billion people
now live on this planet...
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..and we are changing
the world around us
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00:08:57,760 --> 00:08:59,080
at such speed...
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00:09:02,200 --> 00:09:07,040
..that, for animals,
the challenge is to keep up.
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00:09:11,400 --> 00:09:13,000
New York City.
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00:09:17,640 --> 00:09:20,000
Ants.
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00:09:20,000 --> 00:09:23,280
This particular species
is thought to have arrived here
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00:09:23,280 --> 00:09:25,760
with the first European settlers.
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They are now known as pavement ants
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00:09:32,280 --> 00:09:37,200
because they live almost exclusively
in our towns and cities.
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00:09:47,920 --> 00:09:52,640
And they're thriving
because of junk food.
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00:09:54,400 --> 00:09:56,760
And here on Broadway Avenue,
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there's a lot of it.
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00:10:00,760 --> 00:10:04,920
This is what every pavement ant
desires.
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00:10:09,200 --> 00:10:10,760
And to get it...
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00:10:12,680 --> 00:10:16,200
..the ants use
the city's thousands of miles
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00:10:16,200 --> 00:10:17,800
of underground tunnels.
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00:10:26,640 --> 00:10:29,960
This scout is closing in
on its target.
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00:10:33,080 --> 00:10:35,760
But the animals with which
they share the pavement
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are 40 million times
their weight...
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00:10:38,720 --> 00:10:40,560
FOOTSTEPS STOMP
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00:10:42,320 --> 00:10:45,760
..so it's best
to stay in the cracks.
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00:10:54,120 --> 00:10:56,120
Jackpot!
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00:10:56,120 --> 00:10:58,080
A meat mountain.
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00:10:59,200 --> 00:11:02,960
This is too big a job
for just one ant.
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00:11:05,040 --> 00:11:07,560
This worker is female,
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00:11:07,560 --> 00:11:10,440
as they are
in all ant colonies,
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00:11:10,440 --> 00:11:15,320
and she leaves a trail of pheromones
to mark a path.
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00:11:18,920 --> 00:11:21,960
She communicates
with every sister she meets
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00:11:21,960 --> 00:11:25,280
as she returns to the nest,
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00:11:25,280 --> 00:11:28,440
and news on the street
spreads fast.
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00:11:41,480 --> 00:11:43,760
This ultra-processed meat
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00:11:43,760 --> 00:11:46,360
is very different
from their original food.
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00:11:48,280 --> 00:11:52,440
But their digestive system
is the key to their success.
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00:11:53,760 --> 00:11:56,000
It's able to keep up
with the way
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00:11:56,000 --> 00:11:59,040
humans constantly change
their diet.
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00:12:02,360 --> 00:12:06,080
Nowadays, the vast majority
of what they eat
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00:12:06,080 --> 00:12:08,280
comes from human food.
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00:12:15,200 --> 00:12:17,680
On Broadway alone,
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00:12:17,680 --> 00:12:20,400
pavement ants
eat the equivalent
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00:12:20,400 --> 00:12:25,080
of a staggering 60,000 hot dogs
every year.
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00:12:28,360 --> 00:12:31,120
The calories
in a single hot dog
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00:12:31,120 --> 00:12:32,760
could fuel the growth
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00:12:32,760 --> 00:12:35,400
of the entire ant colony
for a month...
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00:12:36,440 --> 00:12:39,880
..if only they can get it
back to the nest.
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00:12:53,560 --> 00:12:58,120
But this slow work
makes them vulnerable.
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00:12:58,120 --> 00:12:59,480
PIGEON COOS
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00:13:03,080 --> 00:13:07,240
They aren't the only ones
partial to fast food.
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00:13:10,320 --> 00:13:12,920
It's a race
to get their prize home.
125
00:13:19,160 --> 00:13:20,760
There may be losses...
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00:13:22,920 --> 00:13:26,640
..but the colony as a whole
will now thrive.
127
00:13:30,000 --> 00:13:34,520
In fact, pavement ants
are so successful here
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00:13:34,520 --> 00:13:38,080
that they outnumber
human New Yorkers 1,000 to 1.
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00:13:38,080 --> 00:13:39,920
PIGEONS COO
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00:13:43,160 --> 00:13:48,120
But success in the human world
can be harder to achieve
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00:13:48,120 --> 00:13:52,040
if your reputation precedes you.
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00:14:02,360 --> 00:14:03,960
Here in India,
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00:14:03,960 --> 00:14:08,160
this cobra is heading directly
for a village.
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00:14:11,280 --> 00:14:15,960
It has detected
the scent of prey.
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00:14:18,480 --> 00:14:20,200
Nearly two metres long,
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00:14:20,200 --> 00:14:23,360
it has enough venom
in a single bite
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00:14:23,360 --> 00:14:25,440
to kill ten people.
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00:14:39,560 --> 00:14:42,440
Snake bites are responsible
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00:14:42,440 --> 00:14:45,560
for nearly 60,000 deaths a year
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00:14:45,560 --> 00:14:47,360
in India alone.
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00:14:55,600 --> 00:14:58,240
They travel so silently
142
00:14:58,240 --> 00:15:01,720
that their presence
is often undetected.
143
00:15:13,760 --> 00:15:15,520
And when they are hunting...
144
00:15:16,840 --> 00:15:19,320
..there is no place
they won't go.
145
00:15:40,240 --> 00:15:41,640
A toad.
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00:16:18,960 --> 00:16:21,560
Each tip of its forked tongue
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00:16:21,560 --> 00:16:24,680
collects chemical signals
from the prey
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00:16:24,680 --> 00:16:27,440
and helps to reveal
its position.
149
00:16:32,840 --> 00:16:34,560
But up close...
150
00:16:34,560 --> 00:16:35,840
COBRA HISSES
151
00:16:35,840 --> 00:16:38,120
..the snake relies on movement
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00:16:38,120 --> 00:16:41,240
to precisely locate its prey.
153
00:16:48,960 --> 00:16:52,040
The toad must pick its moment
to escape.
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00:17:14,600 --> 00:17:16,960
Every time
it touches the ground...
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00:17:18,240 --> 00:17:21,560
..the toad leaves behind a scent.
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00:17:32,400 --> 00:17:34,120
It can hide...
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00:17:35,680 --> 00:17:38,880
..but the trail
will lead the snake to it.
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00:18:15,240 --> 00:18:19,360
These cobras
don't just hunt here.
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00:18:19,360 --> 00:18:21,280
They live here.
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00:18:23,920 --> 00:18:27,960
They have found a home where
the Hindu villagers revere them
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00:18:27,960 --> 00:18:31,240
and consider them
to be demigods.
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00:18:34,080 --> 00:18:38,600
Remarkably, scientists believe
that this tolerance
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00:18:38,600 --> 00:18:41,320
has led to a change
in the snakes' behaviour.
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00:18:44,040 --> 00:18:46,840
They move more slowly
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00:18:46,840 --> 00:18:49,600
and are less likely
to strike if disturbed.
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00:18:53,120 --> 00:18:55,960
One of the most feared animals
on the planet
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has found a place
where they are accepted
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00:18:59,640 --> 00:19:02,480
and can coexist
with human beings.
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00:19:10,240 --> 00:19:13,600
But for many animals
living in the human world,
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00:19:13,600 --> 00:19:17,400
it pays to keep a low profile.
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00:19:22,360 --> 00:19:24,840
Here in Melbourne, Australia,
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one creature has perfected
the art of camouflage.
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A frogmouth chick.
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00:19:40,280 --> 00:19:43,280
Its father helps to hide it
during the day.
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00:19:48,200 --> 00:19:49,840
CHICK SQUAWKS
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00:19:51,000 --> 00:19:53,560
They are nocturnal birds,
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00:19:53,560 --> 00:19:56,200
and as day turns to night,
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00:19:56,200 --> 00:19:59,040
its parents come out
of the shadows
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00:19:59,040 --> 00:20:02,680
to reap the rewards
of urban living.
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00:20:06,320 --> 00:20:08,000
The city lights create
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00:20:08,000 --> 00:20:10,640
excellent conditions
for hunting.
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00:20:12,120 --> 00:20:13,880
Every night in the city
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00:20:13,880 --> 00:20:16,840
is as bright
as when there is a full moon.
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00:20:21,440 --> 00:20:23,600
BIRD SQUAWKS
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00:20:25,440 --> 00:20:28,800
So city frogmouths often...
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00:20:29,840 --> 00:20:32,160
..have their mouths full.
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00:20:36,640 --> 00:20:41,840
He's growing fast, and today
he just won't sit still.
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00:20:44,120 --> 00:20:45,920
DOG BARKS
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00:20:45,920 --> 00:20:48,480
And now he has revealed
his presence.
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00:20:50,800 --> 00:20:53,960
The first rule
of frogmouth behaviour is
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00:20:53,960 --> 00:20:56,680
don't move in the day.
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00:20:56,680 --> 00:21:00,320
But this is the one time
in a frogmouth's life
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when the urge to fly
simply cannot be suppressed.
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00:21:04,680 --> 00:21:06,520
DOG PANTS
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00:21:06,520 --> 00:21:09,000
BEAK CLICKS, DOG BARKS
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00:21:12,680 --> 00:21:18,200
But he's not ready
to leave home just yet.
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00:21:23,000 --> 00:21:24,800
Come night-time...
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00:21:26,000 --> 00:21:28,000
..he's hungry again.
199
00:21:37,680 --> 00:21:39,280
He is wide awake...
200
00:21:41,120 --> 00:21:44,840
..and wants to take off
where he left off.
201
00:21:49,840 --> 00:21:53,560
But he's getting
unwanted attention,
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00:21:53,560 --> 00:21:58,520
and this time his parent
is not nearby to protect him.
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00:22:02,200 --> 00:22:04,720
Humans bring pets,
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00:22:04,720 --> 00:22:10,240
and cats in Australia
kill a million birds a day.
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00:22:27,040 --> 00:22:29,960
COLLAR BELL TINKLES
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00:22:52,960 --> 00:22:56,560
His first proper flight.
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00:23:01,160 --> 00:23:04,560
But unless he can find
a safe place to roost,
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00:23:04,560 --> 00:23:06,680
he is still in peril.
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00:23:15,840 --> 00:23:17,360
Made it.
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00:23:20,040 --> 00:23:24,160
But if he is to survive
in the city, like the adults,
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00:23:24,160 --> 00:23:27,400
he'll have to learn
how to blend in.
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00:23:41,040 --> 00:23:44,520
Some animals are so bold
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00:23:44,520 --> 00:23:47,200
that they don't even
try to hide.
214
00:23:49,960 --> 00:23:55,400
To see a large predator in the
built-up world is a rare sight.
215
00:23:58,040 --> 00:24:02,120
And here in Lake Tahoe,
in North America,
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00:24:02,120 --> 00:24:06,280
these black bears
are particularly big...
217
00:24:08,920 --> 00:24:12,240
..and they're heading
right to the centre of town.
218
00:24:12,240 --> 00:24:13,720
BEAR CHOMPS
219
00:24:13,720 --> 00:24:16,440
Winter is approaching,
220
00:24:16,440 --> 00:24:19,360
and these bears need to put on
as much weight as possible
221
00:24:19,360 --> 00:24:21,440
before the snow arrives.
222
00:24:24,240 --> 00:24:27,680
This is a great place to gorge.
223
00:24:32,880 --> 00:24:34,280
HORN BLARES
224
00:24:34,280 --> 00:24:36,280
It's now bear country.
225
00:24:36,280 --> 00:24:39,360
FENCE CREAKS
226
00:24:39,360 --> 00:24:41,840
Why struggle for a meal...
227
00:24:44,160 --> 00:24:46,240
..when you can cross the street...
228
00:24:47,520 --> 00:24:49,280
..for a takeaway?
229
00:24:56,160 --> 00:24:58,520
There's so much food here
230
00:24:58,520 --> 00:25:01,680
that some of the bears
are 50% heavier
231
00:25:01,680 --> 00:25:03,520
than their country cousins.
232
00:25:07,200 --> 00:25:10,360
But why stop here?
233
00:25:12,000 --> 00:25:15,640
Some bears
just want to dine in.
234
00:25:19,960 --> 00:25:21,800
WOMAN GASPS
235
00:25:22,960 --> 00:25:28,320
A lucky few are able to get
an easy meal from the human world.
236
00:25:30,760 --> 00:25:34,520
But when WE venture to the natural
world in search of food...
237
00:25:36,200 --> 00:25:39,080
..the harvest
is on a different scale.
238
00:25:40,320 --> 00:25:42,440
In just four decades,
239
00:25:42,440 --> 00:25:46,880
fishing reduced
fish populations by half...
240
00:25:48,720 --> 00:25:52,240
..and created great problems
for the ocean predators
241
00:25:52,240 --> 00:25:54,880
that once had such food
to themselves.
242
00:25:57,080 --> 00:25:59,480
SHIP'S HORN BLOWS
243
00:26:02,680 --> 00:26:04,960
Off the coast
of Vancouver Island,
244
00:26:04,960 --> 00:26:08,080
humpback whales inhabit waters
245
00:26:08,080 --> 00:26:11,000
where herring
have been overfished.
246
00:26:15,920 --> 00:26:20,920
Humpbacks, however, are
renowned for their ingenuity.
247
00:26:22,920 --> 00:26:27,320
12 years ago, an adult male
called Conger
248
00:26:27,320 --> 00:26:30,840
adopted a totally new way
of feeding.
249
00:26:32,160 --> 00:26:35,360
When the density of fish
in the water is low,
250
00:26:35,360 --> 00:26:37,880
and birds are diving
to catch them...
251
00:26:39,960 --> 00:26:42,040
..the humpback opens its mouth
252
00:26:42,040 --> 00:26:46,080
and creates a space that
the fish mistake for shelter.
253
00:26:53,240 --> 00:26:55,120
The fish swim in...
254
00:26:58,120 --> 00:27:01,240
..and the trap is closed.
255
00:27:07,400 --> 00:27:11,800
Conger was the first humpback
whale to be seen doing this.
256
00:27:15,000 --> 00:27:19,680
Now 30 whales in the area
use this same technique.
257
00:27:25,720 --> 00:27:28,880
The population of humpbacks
here is growing,
258
00:27:28,880 --> 00:27:31,400
and you might think
that this would
259
00:27:31,400 --> 00:27:34,080
reduce fish stocks even more,
260
00:27:34,080 --> 00:27:36,880
but something surprising
is thought to be happening.
261
00:27:38,600 --> 00:27:42,720
These tiny phytoplankton
are the basis of the food chain
262
00:27:42,720 --> 00:27:46,360
and need a vital ingredient to grow.
263
00:27:47,680 --> 00:27:49,800
Iron.
264
00:27:57,560 --> 00:28:00,720
Whale faeces are rich in iron...
265
00:28:02,160 --> 00:28:06,760
..and great whales produce it
in enormous quantities...
266
00:28:08,280 --> 00:28:13,760
..so the phytoplankton flourishes,
and herring feed on it.
267
00:28:16,520 --> 00:28:18,960
Whale faeces, in fact,
268
00:28:18,960 --> 00:28:22,560
are helping to restore
the whole ecosystem.
269
00:28:24,720 --> 00:28:28,480
The herring attract seabirds,
270
00:28:28,480 --> 00:28:32,000
diving birds attack them
from beneath,
271
00:28:32,000 --> 00:28:35,760
and gulls and shearwaters
dive on them from above.
272
00:28:38,280 --> 00:28:41,640
Even bald eagles
benefit from this rich feast.
273
00:29:20,280 --> 00:29:23,840
Astonishingly, even though
Conger and all the other whales
274
00:29:23,840 --> 00:29:26,560
are feasting on fish,
275
00:29:26,560 --> 00:29:31,240
their role in fertilising
the ocean is so influential
276
00:29:31,240 --> 00:29:35,360
that herring numbers here are
actually predicted to increase.
277
00:29:42,560 --> 00:29:46,840
And the role they play in
rejuvenating the environment...
278
00:29:52,640 --> 00:29:56,800
..is having an even greater
impact on the human world.
279
00:30:05,640 --> 00:30:08,680
The flourishing plankton
also collects carbon
280
00:30:08,680 --> 00:30:11,000
from the atmosphere,
just as trees do...
281
00:30:13,520 --> 00:30:17,360
..so much so
that each great whale
282
00:30:17,360 --> 00:30:22,480
has the same impact
as a forest of 30,000 trees.
283
00:30:30,200 --> 00:30:33,040
Our great whales
were once hunted...
284
00:30:35,080 --> 00:30:38,320
..and if they return
to their pre-whaling numbers,
285
00:30:38,320 --> 00:30:42,000
it's estimated that this
would be equivalent to planting
286
00:30:42,000 --> 00:30:45,480
over 30 billion trees.
287
00:30:59,400 --> 00:31:03,960
Whales are now being recognised
as benefiting humanity.
288
00:31:08,360 --> 00:31:11,200
But for most large animals,
289
00:31:11,200 --> 00:31:15,440
competition with humans
brings conflict.
290
00:31:17,480 --> 00:31:21,800
This six-tonne African
bull elephant is in his prime.
291
00:31:21,800 --> 00:31:23,720
ELEPHANT GRUNTS
292
00:31:25,720 --> 00:31:29,040
To stand the best chance
of winning fights for females,
293
00:31:29,040 --> 00:31:30,960
he needs to be big.
294
00:31:32,920 --> 00:31:37,280
He can smell
highly nutritious food is near.
295
00:31:47,000 --> 00:31:49,080
But crossing the boundary
to reach it
296
00:31:49,080 --> 00:31:51,520
is a dangerous journey.
297
00:31:57,480 --> 00:32:00,920
He must wait
for the cover of darkness.
298
00:32:06,080 --> 00:32:08,160
FIRE CRACKLES
299
00:32:10,560 --> 00:32:16,280
These Kenyan farmers are
preparing for the night ahead.
300
00:32:18,440 --> 00:32:21,680
They have had to guard
their crops every night
301
00:32:21,680 --> 00:32:23,280
for the last two months.
302
00:32:26,120 --> 00:32:29,760
With only two days
until harvest,
303
00:32:29,760 --> 00:32:32,960
this is a critical time.
304
00:32:39,720 --> 00:32:41,240
MAN SHOUTS
305
00:32:41,240 --> 00:32:42,760
In a single night,
306
00:32:42,760 --> 00:32:46,040
a bull elephant
can destroy the entire crops
307
00:32:46,040 --> 00:32:47,880
produced by ten farmers.
308
00:32:47,880 --> 00:32:49,840
SHOUTING
309
00:32:49,840 --> 00:32:51,800
ELEPHANT ROARS
310
00:32:56,360 --> 00:32:57,800
MAN SHOUTS
311
00:33:04,600 --> 00:33:07,320
But he's taking a huge risk.
312
00:33:07,320 --> 00:33:08,600
ELEPHANT ROARS
313
00:33:08,600 --> 00:33:10,760
SHOUTING
314
00:33:21,760 --> 00:33:23,640
ELEPHANT SCREECHES
315
00:33:23,640 --> 00:33:26,040
SHOUTING
316
00:33:26,040 --> 00:33:27,560
ELEPHANT ROARS
317
00:33:31,160 --> 00:33:33,480
ELEPHANT TRUMPETS
318
00:33:37,480 --> 00:33:38,960
ELEPHANT ROARS
319
00:33:42,680 --> 00:33:44,040
ELEPHANT ROARS
320
00:33:44,040 --> 00:33:46,400
He's twice the height
of a man...
321
00:33:46,400 --> 00:33:48,880
ELEPHANT ROARS
322
00:33:48,880 --> 00:33:50,920
..and he won't back down easily.
323
00:33:50,920 --> 00:33:52,640
SHOUTING
324
00:33:55,200 --> 00:34:00,120
This human-wildlife conflict
happens night after night.
325
00:34:02,640 --> 00:34:05,560
And each year,
it takes the lives
326
00:34:05,560 --> 00:34:10,440
of up to 200 elephants
and 20 people in Kenya alone.
327
00:34:12,400 --> 00:34:13,840
LOW RUMBLING
328
00:34:13,840 --> 00:34:17,080
This standoff
is potentially lethal.
329
00:34:19,920 --> 00:34:22,320
The farmers
have had to call for help
330
00:34:22,320 --> 00:34:25,400
from a team
of highly experienced rangers.
331
00:34:42,480 --> 00:34:43,880
Although they're armed,
332
00:34:43,880 --> 00:34:47,280
their task is to drive
the elephant out of the field
333
00:34:47,280 --> 00:34:48,800
without harming it.
334
00:34:51,920 --> 00:34:54,320
But the bull is determined...
335
00:34:54,320 --> 00:34:56,280
ELEPHANT TRUMPETS
336
00:34:56,280 --> 00:34:58,080
..to hold ground.
337
00:35:00,080 --> 00:35:03,040
LOW RUMBLING
338
00:35:03,040 --> 00:35:06,240
The rangers
will have to get closer...
339
00:35:06,240 --> 00:35:08,240
ELEPHANT ROARS
340
00:35:08,240 --> 00:35:09,720
..on foot.
341
00:35:11,240 --> 00:35:13,360
ELEPHANT GROWLS
342
00:35:20,360 --> 00:35:22,080
LOW RUMBLING
343
00:35:26,400 --> 00:35:29,480
The rangers have to resort...
FIRECRACKER BANGS
344
00:35:29,480 --> 00:35:32,800
ELEPHANT GROWLS
..to firecrackers.
345
00:35:35,480 --> 00:35:38,280
FIRECRACKER BANGS,
ELEPHANT ROARS
346
00:35:46,120 --> 00:35:47,880
ELEPHANT GROWLS
347
00:35:51,800 --> 00:35:53,840
The bull is driven
from this field...
348
00:35:53,840 --> 00:35:55,160
ELEPHANT GROWLS
349
00:35:55,160 --> 00:35:57,920
..and retreats deep into the bush.
350
00:36:07,640 --> 00:36:09,320
Fortunately for this bull,
351
00:36:09,320 --> 00:36:12,800
the battle
has been resolved peacefully.
352
00:36:12,800 --> 00:36:16,840
And efforts like these are seeing
fewer elephants killed,
353
00:36:16,840 --> 00:36:21,240
and their population in Kenya
is starting to rise again.
354
00:36:22,800 --> 00:36:25,040
But conflict with wildlife
355
00:36:25,040 --> 00:36:27,800
is now occurring
on a far greater scale
356
00:36:27,800 --> 00:36:29,040
as a consequence
357
00:36:29,040 --> 00:36:31,840
of the way we are changing
the world's climate.
358
00:36:35,760 --> 00:36:37,280
Some arid regions
359
00:36:37,280 --> 00:36:40,920
are now experiencing
unusually high rainfall.
360
00:36:45,640 --> 00:36:48,160
And that is good
for growing crops
361
00:36:48,160 --> 00:36:50,280
here in northeastern Africa.
362
00:36:52,720 --> 00:36:55,640
But it's also
the perfect conditions
363
00:36:55,640 --> 00:36:58,240
for one particular insect.
364
00:37:13,320 --> 00:37:15,600
Desert locusts.
365
00:37:19,160 --> 00:37:22,600
They're normally solitary creatures,
366
00:37:22,600 --> 00:37:25,440
but emerging from the sand
in great numbers
367
00:37:25,440 --> 00:37:28,200
triggers a dramatic physical change.
368
00:37:35,840 --> 00:37:37,920
They turn a vivid yellow
369
00:37:37,920 --> 00:37:40,040
and become highly social.
370
00:37:41,680 --> 00:37:45,840
Together,
they are an unstoppable army.
371
00:37:47,160 --> 00:37:51,760
On foot,
they can cover a mile a day.
372
00:37:57,600 --> 00:38:00,680
But they can only go so far
in this way.
373
00:38:06,640 --> 00:38:08,680
They need to find height.
374
00:38:19,640 --> 00:38:24,120
Up here, they begin
their final transformation.
375
00:38:31,720 --> 00:38:34,360
Normally,
it takes an individual insect
376
00:38:34,360 --> 00:38:37,560
at least a month
to become a winged adult...
377
00:38:39,160 --> 00:38:42,920
..but in their social form,
their development speeds up.
378
00:38:47,800 --> 00:38:50,480
SQUELCHING
379
00:38:58,800 --> 00:39:02,960
Now all they need
is for their wings to harden.
380
00:39:14,560 --> 00:39:18,960
Once airborne, they can travel
60 miles in a day.
381
00:39:39,880 --> 00:39:44,280
Swarms merge
and they become a plague.
382
00:39:48,000 --> 00:39:52,520
This one contains
billions of individuals,
383
00:39:52,520 --> 00:39:54,800
and eats as much in a day
384
00:39:54,800 --> 00:39:58,320
as the entire population
of Germany.
385
00:40:25,360 --> 00:40:28,480
Today in northeastern Africa,
386
00:40:28,480 --> 00:40:31,840
as a consequence
of climate change...
387
00:40:32,840 --> 00:40:35,400
..devastating surges of locusts
388
00:40:35,400 --> 00:40:37,760
are becoming more frequent.
389
00:40:48,360 --> 00:40:52,560
Two worlds are colliding.
390
00:41:00,840 --> 00:41:05,840
Unintentionally, humanity has
created exactly the conditions
391
00:41:05,840 --> 00:41:10,280
that cause this species
to explode in numbers.
392
00:41:35,720 --> 00:41:38,440
But another group of animals
has seen
393
00:41:38,440 --> 00:41:40,920
an even more dramatic rise
394
00:41:40,920 --> 00:41:43,720
as a consequence of OUR actions.
395
00:41:47,720 --> 00:41:50,880
We have increased the numbers
of a few species
396
00:41:50,880 --> 00:41:52,920
almost astronomically.
397
00:41:52,920 --> 00:41:54,680
CHICKS CHEEP
398
00:41:54,680 --> 00:41:56,200
By weight,
399
00:41:56,200 --> 00:42:00,120
70% of the world's birds
are now chickens
400
00:42:00,120 --> 00:42:02,800
or other domesticated fowl.
401
00:42:13,480 --> 00:42:18,360
We rear 70 billion farm animals
each year...
402
00:42:18,360 --> 00:42:19,960
PIG GRUNTS
403
00:42:19,960 --> 00:42:22,720
..and every one of them
needs feeding.
404
00:42:24,040 --> 00:42:26,040
Producing the food
405
00:42:26,040 --> 00:42:29,280
for such numbers
of domesticated animals
406
00:42:29,280 --> 00:42:33,000
is having a profound impact
on the natural world.
407
00:42:33,000 --> 00:42:34,920
CHICKENS CLUCK
408
00:42:41,080 --> 00:42:43,640
The Amazon rainforest -
409
00:42:43,640 --> 00:42:46,520
twice the size of India.
410
00:42:48,800 --> 00:42:50,360
It's so rich,
411
00:42:50,360 --> 00:42:55,000
it contains one in every ten
species on the planet.
412
00:42:56,160 --> 00:43:00,840
And it's home to this sloth
and her ten-month-old baby.
413
00:43:08,000 --> 00:43:11,680
He was born into an environment
414
00:43:11,680 --> 00:43:14,760
virtually untouched by humanity.
415
00:43:19,440 --> 00:43:21,480
CHAINSAW BUZZES
416
00:43:23,480 --> 00:43:28,880
But now human beings
are claiming even this space.
417
00:43:56,560 --> 00:44:00,600
Year after year, we clear
over two million hectares
418
00:44:00,600 --> 00:44:02,480
of the Amazon forest -
419
00:44:02,480 --> 00:44:05,960
an area the size of Wales.
420
00:44:12,760 --> 00:44:15,200
And we use nearly all of it
421
00:44:15,200 --> 00:44:17,680
to make more space
for cattle...
422
00:44:19,000 --> 00:44:22,840
..and to grow soya
to feed our livestock.
423
00:44:27,560 --> 00:44:31,720
Today, habitat destruction
is the biggest problem
424
00:44:31,720 --> 00:44:35,280
we have created for wildlife
around the world.
425
00:44:37,920 --> 00:44:40,080
BRANCHES RUSTLE
426
00:44:41,400 --> 00:44:44,720
This porcupine
has survived the fire...
427
00:44:47,880 --> 00:44:49,880
..and is being rescued.
428
00:44:58,680 --> 00:45:03,360
It's being relocated
to pristine forests.
429
00:45:08,880 --> 00:45:11,640
This will be its new home.
430
00:45:19,520 --> 00:45:21,840
Only a fortunate few animals
431
00:45:21,840 --> 00:45:25,240
are being given
such a second chance.
432
00:45:47,920 --> 00:45:52,040
A healthy natural world is
not only vital for wildlife....
433
00:45:53,240 --> 00:45:57,120
..but for our own very existence.
434
00:46:02,080 --> 00:46:06,840
Somehow we must find ways
to redress the balance.
435
00:46:14,200 --> 00:46:18,680
Currently, the vast majority
of agricultural land,
436
00:46:18,680 --> 00:46:20,880
more than 75%,
437
00:46:20,880 --> 00:46:23,600
is used to raise livestock,
438
00:46:23,600 --> 00:46:26,160
and this is very inefficient.
439
00:46:30,040 --> 00:46:31,960
There are solutions.
440
00:46:33,760 --> 00:46:36,640
One is considering what we eat.
441
00:46:46,200 --> 00:46:49,520
If we shift away
from eating meat and dairy
442
00:46:49,520 --> 00:46:52,680
and move towards
a plant-based diet,
443
00:46:52,680 --> 00:46:57,400
then the sun's energy goes directly
into growing our food.
444
00:47:04,720 --> 00:47:07,240
And because
that's so much more efficient,
445
00:47:07,240 --> 00:47:10,800
we could still produce
enough to feed us,
446
00:47:10,800 --> 00:47:14,560
but do so
using a quarter of the land.
447
00:47:18,600 --> 00:47:23,200
This could free up an area
the size of the United States,
448
00:47:23,200 --> 00:47:28,720
China, the European Union
and Australia combined...
449
00:47:31,200 --> 00:47:36,120
..space that could then
be given back to nature.
450
00:47:41,640 --> 00:47:44,200
And human innovations
may be able
451
00:47:44,200 --> 00:47:46,920
to do even more for wildlife.
452
00:47:49,960 --> 00:47:54,480
High-tech farms
now grow plants vertically,
453
00:47:54,480 --> 00:47:59,760
yielding up to 350 times
the food grown in the same area.
454
00:48:04,000 --> 00:48:07,360
This is one of many solutions
we already have,
455
00:48:07,360 --> 00:48:10,600
and others
are surely on the horizon.
456
00:48:23,200 --> 00:48:26,480
To find ways
to protect all life on Earth
457
00:48:26,480 --> 00:48:31,520
means reimagining how we live
on this planet in the future.
458
00:48:31,520 --> 00:48:33,440
Human ingenuity,
459
00:48:33,440 --> 00:48:36,840
our extraordinary ability
to find solutions,
460
00:48:36,840 --> 00:48:40,200
gives me hope that we can.
461
00:48:40,200 --> 00:48:42,520
It will be the major challenge
462
00:48:42,520 --> 00:48:45,480
for this generation
and the next.
463
00:49:12,280 --> 00:49:14,080
To film the impact
464
00:49:14,080 --> 00:49:16,160
that fires are having
on the Amazon,
465
00:49:16,160 --> 00:49:17,520
the Planet Earth III team
466
00:49:17,520 --> 00:49:21,160
joined a local
volunteer fire brigade.
467
00:49:23,320 --> 00:49:25,560
The fire brigade
are responding to a patch
468
00:49:25,560 --> 00:49:28,080
of primary rainforest
that is burning.
469
00:49:28,080 --> 00:49:29,800
It's been burning
for two days now.
470
00:49:29,800 --> 00:49:32,520
It's difficult to know
what we're going to see.
471
00:49:35,160 --> 00:49:38,080
The fires
are mainly lit illegally...
472
00:49:39,680 --> 00:49:42,000
..to clear space for cattle.
473
00:49:49,480 --> 00:49:51,880
TRANSLATION:
474
00:49:58,840 --> 00:50:01,920
Battling fires
is dangerous work.
475
00:50:01,920 --> 00:50:06,000
But the firefighters
face them every day.
476
00:50:07,480 --> 00:50:09,520
For the wildlife film crew,
477
00:50:09,520 --> 00:50:12,480
this is a totally new
experience.
478
00:50:13,520 --> 00:50:17,440
And these fires
can be unpredictable.
479
00:50:17,440 --> 00:50:19,760
Neil, don't spend long
in there.
480
00:50:22,680 --> 00:50:24,800
TRANSLATION:
481
00:50:41,360 --> 00:50:42,600
Oh!
482
00:50:44,440 --> 00:50:46,080
TRANSLATION:
483
00:50:52,880 --> 00:50:55,680
With the ground team
retreating,
484
00:50:55,680 --> 00:50:59,720
the safest way to carry on
filming is with the drone.
485
00:51:26,600 --> 00:51:29,600
Have we lost the drone?
I think Abi has seen it.
486
00:51:29,600 --> 00:51:30,880
Abi is on her way.
487
00:51:30,880 --> 00:51:33,600
Can you confirm you're on
your way to the drone, Abi?
488
00:51:36,640 --> 00:51:38,560
TRANSLATION:
489
00:51:40,800 --> 00:51:42,240
MAN SHOUTS
490
00:51:44,480 --> 00:51:47,000
ABI:
491
00:51:52,320 --> 00:51:55,640
The drone is damaged
beyond repair.
492
00:51:57,040 --> 00:51:58,680
Don't worry about it.
I mean it.
493
00:51:58,680 --> 00:52:01,200
Don't worry about it.
It's absolutely fine.
494
00:52:01,200 --> 00:52:02,880
It's not OK. It is. It's OK.
495
00:52:02,880 --> 00:52:04,600
It's equipment.
We've got a spare.
496
00:52:04,600 --> 00:52:07,200
The main thing is,
we're all safe. No-one's hurt.
497
00:52:09,880 --> 00:52:11,800
The team regroup...
498
00:52:13,800 --> 00:52:16,200
..and decide to move away
from the heart of the fire
499
00:52:16,200 --> 00:52:18,400
to its fringes
500
00:52:18,400 --> 00:52:21,440
to look for animals
caught up in the flames.
501
00:52:23,680 --> 00:52:26,880
There's been reports
of a monkey in the trees, so...
502
00:52:28,240 --> 00:52:29,200
Ah!
503
00:52:29,200 --> 00:52:31,560
THEY SPEAK PORTUGUESE
504
00:52:31,560 --> 00:52:33,760
The problem is, there's fires
all the way along here,
505
00:52:33,760 --> 00:52:36,240
as well as all along here, so...
506
00:52:36,240 --> 00:52:38,400
It's hard to know what all
this wildlife is going to do
507
00:52:38,400 --> 00:52:40,640
when their home
is burnt up like this.
508
00:52:42,600 --> 00:52:46,600
I don't know what it's like
for these rainforest animals
509
00:52:46,600 --> 00:52:48,080
to be experiencing a fire.
510
00:52:48,080 --> 00:52:50,000
It's horrific for me, so...
511
00:52:51,160 --> 00:52:53,680
..I don't know
what it is for them.
512
00:52:57,240 --> 00:53:00,280
The fires burn into the night.
513
00:53:12,280 --> 00:53:14,400
The following day,
514
00:53:14,400 --> 00:53:17,320
the crew accompany
the firefighters
515
00:53:17,320 --> 00:53:21,080
in the search for animals
in the aftermath.
516
00:53:22,560 --> 00:53:25,280
Oh, my God, there are flames
all inside of it.
517
00:53:25,280 --> 00:53:26,920
Little termite...
518
00:53:28,440 --> 00:53:30,560
Oh, my God!
519
00:53:32,320 --> 00:53:36,240
Remarkably,
some animals have survived.
520
00:53:45,000 --> 00:53:47,280
TRANSLATION:
521
00:54:33,640 --> 00:54:35,520
Clearing land for farming
522
00:54:35,520 --> 00:54:37,960
is not a problem
unique to the Amazon.
523
00:54:40,040 --> 00:54:43,880
Agriculture now takes up
half of the habitable land
524
00:54:43,880 --> 00:54:45,760
on the planet.
525
00:54:47,640 --> 00:54:50,560
To produce food with less impact
on the natural world
526
00:54:50,560 --> 00:54:53,400
requires new approaches.
527
00:54:54,680 --> 00:54:58,600
And that led the wildlife
film crew to a farm
528
00:54:58,600 --> 00:55:00,760
in a warehouse.
529
00:55:05,280 --> 00:55:07,080
We're in the middle of the city!
530
00:55:07,080 --> 00:55:09,360
I can't believe so much food
531
00:55:09,360 --> 00:55:11,840
being grown
in such a small space!
532
00:55:14,680 --> 00:55:19,160
Here in Los Angeles,
6,000 miles from the Amazon,
533
00:55:19,160 --> 00:55:22,760
this farm is part of
a burgeoning food revolution.
534
00:55:24,280 --> 00:55:27,600
This is the most productive
farm in the world,
535
00:55:27,600 --> 00:55:30,360
and it's our goal to reduce the
amount of land and resources
536
00:55:30,360 --> 00:55:32,760
necessary to grow
down to the bare minimum.
537
00:55:32,760 --> 00:55:35,120
It took a while
to understand that, for nature,
538
00:55:35,120 --> 00:55:37,240
agricultural use of land
539
00:55:37,240 --> 00:55:40,920
was the primary, like, destructive
behaviour of humanity.
540
00:55:40,920 --> 00:55:44,120
As we expand
this means of growing,
541
00:55:44,120 --> 00:55:47,320
I'm very hopeful that
this approach can ultimately
542
00:55:47,320 --> 00:55:49,520
give a lot of land back
to nature
543
00:55:49,520 --> 00:55:52,280
and allow that biodiversity
to re-establish and flourish.
544
00:55:54,640 --> 00:55:58,080
Not only does this farm
use less space...
545
00:55:59,240 --> 00:56:03,440
..but it also uses 90% less water,
546
00:56:03,440 --> 00:56:05,840
no pesticides,
547
00:56:05,840 --> 00:56:08,240
and cuts food miles.
548
00:56:10,960 --> 00:56:13,960
It does feel
like a really good start.
549
00:56:13,960 --> 00:56:20,120
Ideas like this can reduce
our footprint on the planet,
550
00:56:20,120 --> 00:56:24,840
giving the natural world
a chance to bounce back.
551
00:56:34,160 --> 00:56:35,960
Next time,
552
00:56:35,960 --> 00:56:39,880
the heroes on the frontline
saving wildlife.
553
00:56:42,480 --> 00:56:45,320
They're exploring remote jungles...
554
00:56:47,160 --> 00:56:50,440
..working undercover to catch
criminals...
555
00:56:52,000 --> 00:56:55,320
..and leading endangered creatures
to safety.
556
00:56:58,400 --> 00:57:02,560
Habitat Explorer brings animals
and their habitats to life.
557
00:57:02,560 --> 00:57:06,120
Explore this free interactive
and make origami animals.
558
00:57:06,120 --> 00:57:10,320
Go to...
559
00:57:10,320 --> 00:57:12,520
..and follow the links to the
Open University.
560
00:57:12,520 --> 00:57:15,840
Or to order a free printed version,
visit the website
561
00:57:15,840 --> 00:57:18,480
or call the number on the screen.
41016
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