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Beneath the Yucatan Peninsula
of Mexico...
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..lies another world.
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00:01:02,960 --> 00:01:05,480
A labyrinth of caves...
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00:01:08,520 --> 00:01:12,240
..carved by freshwater...
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00:01:18,520 --> 00:01:22,120
..and essential for life on Earth.
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Freshwater shapes the land
and the creatures that live in it...
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..in the most surprising ways.
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00:02:08,320 --> 00:02:10,360
CHIRPING
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00:02:15,000 --> 00:02:18,160
The rainforest of Costa Rica.
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00:02:19,560 --> 00:02:24,000
As you might expect,
it rains most days.
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RUMBLE OF THUNDER
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00:02:26,000 --> 00:02:29,240
But it's only during the wet season
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00:02:29,240 --> 00:02:32,520
that the rains become torrential.
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00:02:41,040 --> 00:02:42,680
And with them...
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00:02:43,720 --> 00:02:46,760
..comes a most remarkable creature.
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Gliding tree frogs.
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00:03:10,360 --> 00:03:13,160
Thousands drop in...
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..to gather at this
newly-formed pond.
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They all have an urgent need.
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To breed.
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This female needs to find a leaf
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and lay her eggs.
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FROGS CROAK
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00:04:02,560 --> 00:04:06,520
The breeding frenzy
will only last one day...
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00:04:07,520 --> 00:04:10,480
..so she needs to get a move on.
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00:04:16,000 --> 00:04:18,760
There are lots of eager males.
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Nine for every female.
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00:04:31,040 --> 00:04:35,680
And all are ready to
spring into action.
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00:04:41,280 --> 00:04:45,480
So, for her, getting
a partner is no problem.
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00:04:55,120 --> 00:04:58,200
But the other males are desperate.
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00:05:18,840 --> 00:05:23,200
For this female,
mating is rather chaotic.
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Things are getting out of hand.
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There is one way to deal with this.
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A few well-placed kicks...
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..usually does the job.
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Problem solved.
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FROGS CROAK
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00:06:21,040 --> 00:06:25,000
She and her partner can now
finally mate...
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00:06:26,520 --> 00:06:28,480
..in relative peace.
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The eggs are positioned perfectly...
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..directly overhanging the pond.
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This is the ideal nursery
for tadpoles.
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For now, her work here is done.
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She'll be back next year
when the heavy rains return.
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As quickly as freshwater appears...
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..it can vanish.
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Southeast Sri Lanka.
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FLIES BUZZ
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00:08:09,280 --> 00:08:12,000
It's the middle of the dry season.
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WIND HOWLS
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This is the only remaining
water hole for miles around.
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DEER YELPS
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Mugger crocodiles -
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giants, five metres long.
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00:09:40,920 --> 00:09:43,200
Dozens are hiding...
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..beneath the surface.
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00:09:54,520 --> 00:09:56,320
And others...
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..are on their way.
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00:10:17,320 --> 00:10:20,480
This male has been
travelling for hours.
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00:10:27,320 --> 00:10:30,840
The water hole is the only place
where he has a chance
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to catch a deer.
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A single adult would be enough to
feed him for the entire dry season.
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00:11:00,560 --> 00:11:03,600
But hunting prey that
knows you're here...
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00:11:04,640 --> 00:11:07,760
..requires something
truly remarkable.
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He creates...
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..a trap.
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00:11:40,160 --> 00:11:43,200
He digs down into the mud...
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..deep enough to hide
beneath the vegetation.
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Perfect camouflage.
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00:12:31,560 --> 00:12:35,520
He has built his trap
right on the water's edge...
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..so it's the first place that
thirsty deer will come to drink.
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00:13:05,320 --> 00:13:07,360
SQUAWKING
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These crocodiles
have learned to exploit
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the deer's desperate need
for freshwater.
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00:14:56,760 --> 00:15:00,960
Freshwater transforms not only
the lives of animals...
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00:15:02,720 --> 00:15:05,240
..but entire landscapes.
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Every year,
over a trillion litres of water
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00:15:21,480 --> 00:15:24,520
flow into the Kalahari Desert.
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00:15:32,920 --> 00:15:37,520
It has travelled a thousand miles
from where it fell as rain.
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00:15:42,760 --> 00:15:44,600
And on arrival...
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00:15:46,520 --> 00:15:49,320
..it turns the Kalahari...
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00:15:49,320 --> 00:15:52,520
..into a vast oasis.
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SQUAWKING
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The Okavango Delta.
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00:16:26,160 --> 00:16:30,000
These waters attract
millions of animals.
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00:16:38,800 --> 00:16:44,520
And for some, now is
the perfect time to raise a family.
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A lily-trotter.
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CRACKING
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00:17:06,040 --> 00:17:08,480
And he is a father...
CHIRPING
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..on duty.
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00:17:20,920 --> 00:17:23,000
SQUAWKING
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00:17:29,240 --> 00:17:31,360
He has not just one...
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00:17:33,120 --> 00:17:36,920
..but four newly-hatched chicks.
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00:17:52,560 --> 00:17:56,960
They won't be able to fly
for another six weeks...
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..so, until then, he alone
is their protector.
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00:18:08,960 --> 00:18:11,040
CHIRPING
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00:18:11,040 --> 00:18:15,240
Walking on water
is not straightforward...
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00:18:18,040 --> 00:18:22,680
..so he must show them how
to be a lily-trotter.
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The floodwaters make the perfect
training ground.
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00:19:04,160 --> 00:19:06,520
And in two weeks...
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00:19:07,800 --> 00:19:11,200
..his chicks not only
double in size...
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..they grow in confidence.
103
00:19:26,560 --> 00:19:30,520
But this is a dangerous place
to stray.
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00:19:37,240 --> 00:19:39,520
SQUAWKING
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00:19:39,520 --> 00:19:41,960
He sounds the alarm,
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00:19:41,960 --> 00:19:45,240
and his chicks instantly freeze.
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00:19:47,240 --> 00:19:49,800
They can't yet fly to safety.
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00:19:52,880 --> 00:19:56,240
But there is one thing
he can do to protect them.
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00:19:56,240 --> 00:19:58,480
SQUAWKING
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00:19:58,480 --> 00:20:00,760
And it's risky.
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00:20:00,760 --> 00:20:02,560
SQUAWKING
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00:20:03,600 --> 00:20:06,760
Get close enough to distract...
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00:20:08,040 --> 00:20:10,760
..and hopefully divert
the crocodile.
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00:20:14,080 --> 00:20:16,080
SQUAWKING
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00:20:29,960 --> 00:20:32,000
SQUAWKING
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00:20:41,240 --> 00:20:43,240
Mission accomplished.
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00:20:55,960 --> 00:20:58,000
SQUAWKING
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00:20:58,000 --> 00:21:00,520
He signals the all clear.
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00:21:13,520 --> 00:21:16,000
But one chick is missing.
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00:21:18,520 --> 00:21:20,560
SQUAWKING
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00:21:39,560 --> 00:21:42,000
His calls...
SQUAWKING
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00:21:42,000 --> 00:21:44,000
..go unanswered.
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00:22:37,600 --> 00:22:41,160
A little bedraggled
but alive and well.
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CHIRPING
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His chick just hadn't heard
his call.
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00:22:52,240 --> 00:22:54,480
And when danger threatens,
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00:22:54,480 --> 00:22:57,760
its always better
to be safe than sorry.
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00:23:26,040 --> 00:23:29,040
He's brought his chicks,
all four of them,
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00:23:29,040 --> 00:23:31,720
to the verge of independence.
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00:23:45,560 --> 00:23:48,240
Whilst lily-trotters
are well adapted
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00:23:48,240 --> 00:23:50,640
to life in this flooded world...
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PANTING
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..these residents of the delta
are not.
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00:24:02,760 --> 00:24:04,760
HIGH-PITCHED BARKING
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00:24:08,960 --> 00:24:11,520
African painted dogs.
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00:24:14,800 --> 00:24:18,520
Normally, they are remarkably
successful hunters.
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00:24:19,560 --> 00:24:23,840
But this pack of five
hasn't eaten in days.
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00:24:23,840 --> 00:24:25,880
PANTING
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00:24:29,520 --> 00:24:32,880
Finding prey isn't the problem.
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00:24:39,800 --> 00:24:44,200
This herd of lechwe is only
a few hundred metres away.
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00:24:48,960 --> 00:24:52,520
But between them is deep water.
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00:25:06,480 --> 00:25:08,560
HIGH-PITCHED WHINING
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00:25:15,960 --> 00:25:17,560
GRUNTING
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00:25:17,560 --> 00:25:19,520
HIGH-PITCHED SQUEALS
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00:25:28,240 --> 00:25:31,240
It's not safe to cross here.
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00:26:55,160 --> 00:26:56,640
LECHWE BARKS
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00:27:17,040 --> 00:27:21,720
On dry land,
the dogs can run at over 40mph.
148
00:27:28,040 --> 00:27:32,960
But when threatened, lechwe always
seek the safety of water.
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00:27:38,800 --> 00:27:42,200
With their splayed hooves
and long hind legs,
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00:27:42,200 --> 00:27:44,760
they can power their way
through the water.
151
00:27:46,480 --> 00:27:48,880
The dogs can't.
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00:28:12,560 --> 00:28:16,760
The pack won't be able
to outswim the lechwe.
153
00:28:16,760 --> 00:28:18,840
PANTING
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00:28:19,800 --> 00:28:22,200
But they do have a strategy.
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The dogs drive the lechwe to
where they have the advantage.
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Back towards dry land.
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00:28:59,760 --> 00:29:03,520
Now the pack can regain lost ground.
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00:29:51,120 --> 00:29:56,480
Success today, but tomorrow
the pack will need to hunt again.
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00:30:00,240 --> 00:30:02,000
In the Okavango,
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00:30:02,000 --> 00:30:07,480
animals must always adapt to the
coming and going of freshwater.
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00:30:12,280 --> 00:30:17,280
But there are a few rare places,
as here in Lake Malawi,
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where freshwater has lain
for millions of years.
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And that has enabled life to evolve
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00:30:27,040 --> 00:30:31,240
into a dazzling diversity
of species.
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00:30:37,960 --> 00:30:41,480
There are over a thousand
different kinds of fish here...
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..more than any other lake on Earth.
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00:30:56,560 --> 00:31:00,760
Competition in these waters
is intense.
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00:31:23,400 --> 00:31:27,760
Meet Nimbochromis livingstonii.
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00:31:31,000 --> 00:31:33,360
A master of deception
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00:31:33,360 --> 00:31:37,480
that tricks other fish
into thinking it's dead.
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Its mottled colouration
mimics decaying flesh.
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00:31:51,960 --> 00:31:54,400
But to appear dead...
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..one must at least...
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00:32:00,400 --> 00:32:02,440
..act dead.
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00:32:06,000 --> 00:32:09,120
This juvenile is fooling no-one.
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00:32:14,400 --> 00:32:18,520
Perhaps faking his death
will be more believable.
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Blown it.
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00:32:56,560 --> 00:32:59,520
A more subtle performance
will be needed.
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00:33:12,760 --> 00:33:15,360
This is more convincing.
180
00:33:27,920 --> 00:33:30,760
But his aim must be better
than that.
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00:33:38,120 --> 00:33:39,680
Nearly.
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It seems he's overstayed
his welcome.
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In a final effort...
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00:34:25,440 --> 00:34:28,760
..he appears to even
hold his breath.
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Success at last.
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00:35:11,840 --> 00:35:16,000
All it took was a million years
of evolution...
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00:35:24,800 --> 00:35:29,480
..and the unique stability
of this ancient lake.
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00:35:38,320 --> 00:35:42,160
Off the western coast
of Equatorial Africa
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lies the volcanic island of Bioko.
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RUMBLE OF THUNDER
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Freshwater here has
a turbulent nature.
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Few venture into such waters,
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but for those that do,
there can be great rewards.
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After months feeding and growing
out at sea,
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00:36:50,680 --> 00:36:53,760
these gobies are ready to breed.
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And the safest place
to lay their eggs
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is somewhere that
ocean predators can't reach.
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The top of this waterfall.
199
00:37:14,800 --> 00:37:18,200
Surely an impossible journey
for a fish.
200
00:37:22,280 --> 00:37:27,640
But over the coming days,
the gobies transform themselves.
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They change colour.
202
00:37:37,560 --> 00:37:43,520
Their mouth rotates and acts
like a kind of suction cup...
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00:37:45,000 --> 00:37:47,480
..which they will certainly need.
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00:37:53,000 --> 00:37:57,040
Because the only way...is up.
205
00:38:18,240 --> 00:38:21,520
It is 30 metres to the top.
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00:38:28,000 --> 00:38:31,520
They are only an inch long.
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00:38:34,560 --> 00:38:38,960
This is the equivalent of
a human being scaling a waterfall
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over a mile high.
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00:38:50,520 --> 00:38:53,240
Millions attempt the climb...
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..but less than 1% will make it.
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00:39:07,800 --> 00:39:11,320
This goby has been
climbing for days.
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00:39:19,720 --> 00:39:21,480
Made it!
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00:39:25,880 --> 00:39:30,240
Those that reach the top
can now prepare to breed.
214
00:39:33,520 --> 00:39:38,760
And when the time comes, their young
will be washed back out to sea.
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00:39:59,800 --> 00:40:02,560
The extraordinary power
of flowing water
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00:40:02,560 --> 00:40:06,000
makes it our planet's
greatest architect.
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00:40:26,560 --> 00:40:31,000
This may look like the surface
of an alien planet...
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00:40:44,080 --> 00:40:49,640
..but these strange patterns
are channels of freshwater...
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00:40:51,840 --> 00:40:54,240
.flowing towards the sea.
220
00:41:08,480 --> 00:41:11,520
For 3.8 billion years,
221
00:41:11,520 --> 00:41:14,360
ever since the first rains fell...
222
00:41:15,840 --> 00:41:19,120
..freshwater has been
making this journey.
223
00:41:34,840 --> 00:41:39,520
But today, two thirds
of our world's great rivers
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00:41:39,520 --> 00:41:42,160
no longer reach the sea.
225
00:41:54,360 --> 00:41:58,200
CREAKING
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00:42:14,560 --> 00:42:18,760
There is a finite amount
of freshwater on Earth...
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00:42:31,040 --> 00:42:34,920
..so humans have devised
extraordinary means
228
00:42:34,920 --> 00:42:40,520
to ensure that it is always
available to meet our every demand.
229
00:42:50,760 --> 00:42:54,000
We now control freshwater...
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00:42:55,520 --> 00:42:57,760
..on a colossal scale.
231
00:43:02,560 --> 00:43:05,480
The largest irrigation system
on Earth
232
00:43:05,480 --> 00:43:08,920
has been built here in Pakistan.
233
00:43:10,440 --> 00:43:14,480
HORNS BLARE
234
00:43:18,000 --> 00:43:21,840
A vast network of dams and canals...
235
00:43:24,560 --> 00:43:29,000
..that diverts and drains
the great Indus River.
236
00:43:35,040 --> 00:43:39,760
It's used to irrigate an area
the size of England.
237
00:43:44,520 --> 00:43:47,360
This man-made freshwater world
238
00:43:47,360 --> 00:43:50,200
provides water and a livelihood
239
00:43:50,200 --> 00:43:52,480
for millions of people...
240
00:43:52,480 --> 00:43:54,560
LAUGHTER
241
00:43:56,640 --> 00:44:00,520
CHATTER
242
00:44:00,520 --> 00:44:04,240
..but at a cost
to the natural world.
243
00:44:04,240 --> 00:44:07,840
CHATTER
244
00:44:17,040 --> 00:44:22,480
A rare creature has become stranded
in this irrigation canal.
245
00:44:26,000 --> 00:44:28,960
And the water will soon be gone,
246
00:44:28,960 --> 00:44:32,520
used to supply the surrounding land.
247
00:44:38,800 --> 00:44:43,760
Endangered, they number fewer
than 2,000 individuals.
248
00:44:49,240 --> 00:44:51,840
An Indus river dolphin.
249
00:44:53,400 --> 00:44:57,560
CHATTER, YELLING
250
00:45:05,800 --> 00:45:11,520
This female dolphin is 150 miles
from the main river.
251
00:45:15,200 --> 00:45:17,920
She can't return on her own,
252
00:45:17,920 --> 00:45:23,000
so the only option is for
this rescue team to take her.
253
00:45:23,000 --> 00:45:27,120
CHATTER
254
00:45:34,960 --> 00:45:38,040
CHATTER CONTINUES
255
00:45:47,040 --> 00:45:50,800
Out of water,
she cannot survive for long.
256
00:45:50,800 --> 00:45:54,840
CHATTER
257
00:45:57,560 --> 00:46:00,920
The journey back to the river
will take hours.
258
00:46:00,920 --> 00:46:05,640
CHATTER
259
00:46:10,560 --> 00:46:15,200
Her life now depends
on these people.
260
00:46:36,520 --> 00:46:39,920
SIREN WAILS
261
00:47:33,640 --> 00:47:39,120
CHATTER
262
00:48:06,280 --> 00:48:12,040
Nearly 30 dolphins had to be
rescued in one month alone.
263
00:48:42,280 --> 00:48:46,760
Freshwater is not only
a resource for humans.
264
00:48:52,800 --> 00:48:57,560
It is the home for
countless species
265
00:48:57,560 --> 00:49:02,680
that simply cannot survive
without it.
266
00:49:21,520 --> 00:49:25,240
Freshwater is the lifeblood
267
00:49:25,240 --> 00:49:27,720
of Planet Earth.
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To film the story of the most
endangered freshwater dolphin,
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the Planet Earth team joined the
world's leading expert - Uzma Khan.
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The first time I saw Indus dolphin,
I was just amazed.
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It's a beautiful creature, you know,
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it's like love at first sight.
It's so unique.
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Uzma has been studying
the last remaining population
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for over 20 years.
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There's a dolphin that surfaced
just right there.
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Indus river dolphin
can only live in freshwater.
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It is only found in Pakistan
and nowhere else.
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And we only have about 2,000
of them left in the Indus River.
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So, you know, each individual
is special.
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Following the dolphins in the murky
water is extremely challenging.
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They only surface for a split second
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and that makes protecting them
difficult, too.
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Their greatest threat is becoming
trapped in the irrigation canals.
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But Uzma may have a solution,
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and teams up with a rescue unit...
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..to attempt something
never done before.
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This is the first time
we'll be putting satellite tags
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on river dolphins in Asia.
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Sensors has not been tested
on this species,
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there's a little bit of anxiety,
but if they work,
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then it's going to be a breakthrough
for conservation.
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SIREN WAILS
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Uzma has been developing
a suitable tag for over ten years
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and hopes it will help her
collect critical data
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on how the dolphins are moving
through the dams and canals.
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But in order to tag, she will
first need a successful rescue.
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CHATTER
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I'm usually very concerned
when a rescue is happening.
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You know, the divers,
they are very experienced,
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but a part of me is always
very worried.
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They are wild animals
that have never been handled.
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It's really quite a risky thing
that they're undertaking here.
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There's a good chance
the dolphin might die.
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But, of course, they're balancing
that against the fact
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that they definitely will die
if they stay in here,
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so it's a risk they have to take.
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CHATTER
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Have they got the dolphin?
Yeah, I think so. They've got it.
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Now speed is key.
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CHATTER
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We're now bombing across the field
on the way to the release site,
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and I think Uzma went ahead of us,
so I'm really hopeful
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that she'll get her opportunity
to tag the dolphin.
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SIREN WAILS
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But rescue missions
don't always go to plan.
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LOUD RELEASE OF AIR
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A puncture.
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The dolphin is quickly moved
to the film crew's truck.
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ANXIOUS CHATTER
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But with no roof for shelter,
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the dolphin is at greater risk
of dehydration.
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The stakes are high, even right now.
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It's a cute little animal
and we don't want it to die.
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The team re-route
to the closest release site.
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There can be no more delay.
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Uzma calls off the tagging.
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It's unfortunate
because we were all prepared,
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we were very excited since morning,
all geared up,
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but hopefully we'll get an
opportunity to tag the next rescue.
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A few days later,
Uzma finally gets her chance.
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It's a very exciting day for us.
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It's OK.
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The moment that we have been
waiting for, over ten years.
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Just stay calm.
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OK, it's good to go.
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Congratulations.
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Well done.
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I am very happy, very happy.
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I think it's a great accomplishment.
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It's the happiest moment of my life.
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APPLAUSE
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Within a few weeks, the tags begin
to reveal some new insights.
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They are moving quite a lot,
which we never expected.
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So one of the dolphins actually
went about 46km upstream
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from the release site, and the
other thing is that we thought
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that they will stay
in the main river stream,
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but they are using side channels.
It is extremely interesting.
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Tracking the movement
of the tagged dolphins
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will help Uzma better understand
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when and where
they become trapped...
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..helping safeguard the future
of this most endangered animal.
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Next time...
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..forests.
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A hidden world...
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CHIRPING
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..where lives are
intimately entwined...
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..in the most unexpected ways.
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Habitat Explorer brings animals
and their habitats to life.
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00:57:37,760 --> 00:57:41,320
Explore this free interactive
and make origami animals.
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00:57:41,320 --> 00:57:45,160
Go to bbc.co.uk/planetearth3
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00:57:45,160 --> 00:57:47,600
and follow the links
to the Open University.
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Or to order a free printed version,
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00:57:50,040 --> 00:57:53,200
visit the website or call
the number on the screen.
26757
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