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[ethereal music plays]
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[Randal Koene]
There are all kinds of situations
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where we would love to have more control
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over what the brain can do,
so that you have these choices
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of what exactly you are taking in,
what you're learning,
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and where you're going with that.
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And there are also situations where we
simply wish that we could experience more.
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Say, for example, that you would like
to be able to perceive
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things that we currently can't perceive.
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You want to be able
to see the ultraviolet,
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or you want to be able to hear ultrasound,
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or what if you wanted to be able to,
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uh, remember more things
than you normally can remember.
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[computer beeping, computer processing]
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The most exciting part of the future to me
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is the potential to achieve
humanistic intelligence.
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This idea that the late Marvin Minsky
talked about,
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which is being able
to create an environment
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where we have a symbiotic relationship
with artificial intelligence,
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uh, and we will see a blurring
of our physical, digital,
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and biological worlds,
and not so much being separate parts,
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but as being seamless parts
of one integrated human organism.
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It probably will be possible to read out
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what's inside a person's brain,
to understand what's there,
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by translating it
into something you can understand,
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and maybe even putting it back,
giving it to someone, teaching.
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When we make a decision now,
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we are under the impression that we are
the ones who are making the decision,
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and we make it because we want to make it,
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but if our brains are connected
to the net, to a computer cloud,
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uh, and their algorithms that
they are using are decision making,
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well, who is deciding?
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[theme music playing]
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[intense music playing]
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We are curious to understand who we are,
and why we think the way we think,
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and what is the reason of our thoughts,
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our memories, our imagination,
our feelings.
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[ethereal music playing]
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Understanding
this incredibly complex organ,
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that gives rise to everything
that makes us human.
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Everything we see, feel, hear,
our sense of identity,
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and so, given the vast
complexity of the brain,
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you know, a hundred billion neurons,
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you know, hundreds of trillions
of connections,
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um, operating in a dynamic
network that's constantly changing,
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it's just a really very,
very complicated system
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for us to study with science.
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So it's a big challenge,
but one that I really enjoy undertaking.
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In the human brain, you have about
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three million kilometers
of fibers connecting it,
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so it's enough to go around the Moon
a couple of times, just in one brain.
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[narrator] The place in the universe
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that is likely the most
complex and mysterious…
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the place where emotions,
thoughts and memories arise,
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that place in the universe that tries
tirelessly to understand itself,
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an unsolved enigma.
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We don't know and we cannot build
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today anything that is even as closely
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connected to what we see
in the human brain.
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There is one hypothesis
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that suggests that what brains are doing,
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what our brain is doing
is generating a virtual reality,
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a model of the world that is
running in our heads all the time.
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This has to do with ideas that have
been floating around in philosophy
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for a few centuries,
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in particular, with the suggestion
by Immanuel Kant, the German philosopher,
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that the reason why the world,
on our minds,
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our views of the world agree…
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is not because our minds reflect
the world.
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No, no, it's the opposite.
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Is that the world is created by our minds.
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In other words, that what we perceive
is not out there. It's in here.
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[narrator]
It weighs less than three pounds.
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It consumes scarcely 20
or 30 watts of power,
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and nevertheless,
it's able to make calculations
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more complex than a supercomputer.
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There are a hundred to a thousand trillion
synapses about the size of bacteria.
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They basically are chemical machines.
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They receive an electric pulse,
and then they release chemicals.
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They hit receptors, a very complex
machinery is triggered.
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These results in a change
in the behavior of the neurons.
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It causes genes to express,
new proteins to come in…
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The cascade of biochemical
and biophysical processes
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is enormously complex.
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If you would try to describe
how the networks of cells is working,
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I would say that imagine you are having
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phone calls for 10,000 people
at one and the same time,
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and the same what you are doing,
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everybody is doing, who is living
on our planet, on the Earth,
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about seven billion people.
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And when you then try
to describe all this communication
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that is going on
of all the seven billion people,
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and then you imagine that this is only
one-tenth, perhaps, of the capacity,
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and everything is only within your skull,
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it is restricted to one
and a half kilogram,
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and this is complexity in my view.
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[ethereal music continues]
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[dial rattling]
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In spite of a hundred years
of neuroscience,
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we still don't understand
how the brain works.
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We still don't have a general theory
of the function of the brain.
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The first reason why I would argue
is critical to understand
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how the brain works has to do
with our own definition as human beings.
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We are a mental species.
We are defined by our minds,
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not by our bodies,
so we are a very special type of animal.
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We don't understand the organ
that generates our minds,
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so when we understand how the brain works,
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we will be able to understand how
our mind is from the inside,
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and we'll understand ourselves
for the first time.
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[suspenseful music playing]
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The second reason has to do
with the clinic, with patients.
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Humankind should understand
how the brain works because we need…
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Uh, it's urgent
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that we help these patients that have
mental and neurological diseases,
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and we have to understand
the system in order to fix it.
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We estimate that, possibly,
one person out of two
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to one person out of three in Europe
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have some kind of a disorder
that is related to the brain.
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Altogether, it's maybe up to more than
200 million person in Europe
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who have one of these disorders.
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And it's also associated
with a huge cost for the society.
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The cost of all disease affecting
the brain is more than the cost
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of all cancer, plus all cardiovascular
disease, plus diabetes.
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[Rafael Yuste] And then the third reason
has to do with technology and the economy.
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And it is very likely that brains,
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not just of humans
but brains of all animals,
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have discovered through hundreds
of millions of years or evolution…
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ways to compute that could be
much more efficient and powerful
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than what we're doing currently
with our digital computers.
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So if this is the case, if we understood,
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if we were able to break this neural code
and understand how the brain computes,
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and what are the algorithms
that are present
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in our nervous systems,
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we will likely revolutionize, uh,
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computer science,
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computer technology,
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and I would say, the economy,
at the same time.
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[monitor whirring]
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[Tan Le]
The Holy Grail for this would be to create
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a much more symbiotic relationship
with artificial intelligence.
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As we can see today,
artificial intelligence
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is moving forward in leaps and bounds,
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offering us a myriad of new ways of being
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more productive and more efficient
in how we conduct our businesses,
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and how we manage our daily lives.
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With the introduction
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of more and more devices
that actually understand the human,
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and how humans optimize
their own performance,
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we will have a way to create a much more…
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a different type of intelligence.
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What I would call humanistic intelligence.
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The distinction
between the biological world,
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the physical world,
and the digital world will just blur,
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and we will integrate seamlessly across
all of these dimensions.
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[narrator]
A deep understanding of the functioning
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of the human brain could bring answers
to great philosophical questions
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such as what consciousness
is and how it is built,
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or if there is free will.
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Concepts such as the inner self, guilt,
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or even reality could change forever.
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We are opening the door to a world
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where we will communicate directly
with a computer through thought,
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a world where we will be able
to share our thoughts
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and our emotions through the internet.
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We can envision a future
in which we are able to read
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the thoughts of others
and even to manipulate them.
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We are building technology
to read the activity
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of all the neurons in these brains
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and to write activity to control
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and manipulate the activity
of these neurons in the brain.
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And these technologies are necessary
to be able to cure human patients.
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But the same technologies,
technology is neutral,
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it could be used for good or for a bad.
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The same technologies to read
and write activity into brains
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can be used to decipher
what people are thinking,
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or to influence the activity
of the minds of people.
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So you'll say,
"Well, this is science fiction."
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Well, not really.
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[ethereal music playing]
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[narrator] In the middle of the '90s,
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the last decade of the 20th century
and the second millennium,
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a whole revolution
in the world of neuroscience occurred,
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the neuro-imaging techniques appeared.
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Neuro-imaging techniques
are important for this revolution,
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out to learn and explore the brain
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because it's a nice non-invasive way
to get inside the brain.
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[narrator] One of the imaging techniques
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that had the greatest impact
was magnetic resonance imaging.
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For the first time ever, we could see
the inner functioning of the brain
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while it experiences sensations
and emotions.
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In fact, functional magnetic
resonance imaging,
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able to detect the presence of oxygen
in the blood in the brain,
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has allowed us to discover
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something unimaginable years ago,
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how different areas in the brain interact
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while the patient talks, sees an image,
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listens to a sound or simply thinks.
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But if you ask him to focus on one task,
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like listening to a sound,
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only the region from this specific task,
the auditory cortex, for example,
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will have more conception of oxygen,
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and this region will pop out into contrast
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if you analyze the data,
listening to sound
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against not listening to sound.
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The reason why we don't understand
how the brain works
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is not because of its complexity,
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but because we've been lacking methods
to study it at the right level.
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Now, if you think about it,
trying to understand
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a system as complex as the brain,
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that has a hundred billion neurons,
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by recording from one neuron
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is a little bit like trying to watch
a movie in a TV screen
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that has a million pixels
by looking at a single pixel.
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So no matter for how long you
study a single pixel,
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you study a single neuron,
you will be missing the figures
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in the screen and the shapes of the images
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because they are an emergent property
of the correlations in space
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and time between the individual pixels.
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[adventurous electronic music playing]
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We think that neuroscience should embark
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on this period of new technology,
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to develop the methods
so that neuroscientists
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and clinicians will be able
to see for the first time in the future
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the activity of complete neural circuits
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and be able to decipher
the functional meaning of this pattern.
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How can one measure the activity
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of each and every one of the neurons
in the brain at the same time?
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The methods that we and many other people
are using are optical methods.
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We use light because light can penetrate
the tissue in a non-invasive fashion.
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In particular, the method that
I pioneered is called Calcium Imaging,
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and we used it for the first time to
measure the activity of neural circuits.
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Every time a neuron fires,
every time it's activated,
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calcium comes into the neuron,
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so that means if you have
his little calcium indicators,
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these fluorescent molecules
in all the neurons,
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you can directly see who is firing,
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who is being activated
in the entire group at once,
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because you see these
as changes in fluorescence
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that are happening in different neurons
at different times.
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[narrator]
Thanks to neuro-imaging techniques,
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we have learned more about the brain
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the last 15 years than
in the whole history of humankind.
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The advances already made allow us
to think that in the near future,
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we will be able to solve
neurological damage,
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diseases like Parkinson's or Alzheimer's,
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depression or schizophrenia.
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Yeah, I think that the revolution
we're experiencing now is,
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first, the birth and the success
of human neuroscience.
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We now have fields
like cognitive neuroscience,
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where we use functional brain imaging
and non-invasive brain stimulation,
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to study the functioning human brain.
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And that was, I think, the first step.
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[adventurous electronic music playing]
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From my perspective, I've been
doing neuroscience research for 30 years
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and this is the revolution now.
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But now, it's the time that neuroscience
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is starting to reach
into people's lives directly.
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And to me, that's what we need
to have a revolution.
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We need to advance
from the lab into the real world.
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[Kim Old] This is a super application
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to be able to control
the puzzle box orbit.
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I'll first connect it
to the emotive NCIG headset.
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[app beeps]
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And it's now connected.
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What we have to do is train two patterns.
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Um, the first is a resting state,
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so that we understand when you want
to control the orbit versus no.
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And then, the second pattern is to control
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what you want to apply
for flying the orbit.
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[orbit whirring]
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-Woo-hoo!
-[orbit clattering]
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-[indistinct chatter]
-[laughter]
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[narrator]
This leap from the lab to the real world,
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can already be seen in the form
of the perfecting of what
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belonged to the realm of science fiction
just a few years ago,
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brain-computer association.
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The so-called Brain-Machine Interfaces
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have solidified this revolution
in the world of the neuroscience.
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BCI really just means
Brain Computer Interface,
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so anything that makes a connection
between processing going on
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inside your brain and a machine,
or some other devices.
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Brain computer interfaces
can be grouped as a group
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of technologies that can help both
from a hardware and software perspective,
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able to both decode, process and activate
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the interface interactions
between humans and machines,
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decoding the brain of course.
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But the typical definition would be
a platform that can help us interact
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from the brain to the world.
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[ethereal music playing]
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[narrator] The Brain-Machine Interfaces
are bringing great advances
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in various therapeutical applications.
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Up to now, one of the main
practical applications
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is the treatment of different pathologies
associated with paralysis.
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At the Federal Polytechnic School
of Lausanne, Switzerland,
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Dr José Millán has been working
for years on an ambitious project
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based on the development
of a brain-machine interface
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that allows paralytics to control a
robotic exoskeleton with their minds,
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thanks to which they can
walk again or move a hand.
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The patients wear an electrode helmet
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that detects their cerebral
electrical activity.
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What we ask people to do
at the very beginning,
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because they need to go through a training
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in order to acquire the capability to
modulate voluntarily their brain signals,
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is to imagine the movements
that they want to accomplish,
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and this requires some time
because it is not easy to do that.
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Our algorithms are capable
to discover which are the areas,
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the specific areas
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that they are activating
and de-activating,
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at which frequencies this is happening,
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and this is the input
to our machine-learning algorithms
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that will build the model of the decoder
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that will differentiate an opening,
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a closing of the hand, a right step,
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a left step and so on and so forth.
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So during this training,
people at the very beginning
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need to imagine the movement
of their own body,
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00:21:52,600 --> 00:21:56,560
and in many cases,
people, after some training,
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and because of the fact that, as they
imagine the movement of their body,
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00:22:01,040 --> 00:22:04,280
this is executed via the exoskeleton,
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they don't need to think any longer
about their own body.
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They think in terms of the exoskeleton
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because the exoskeleton
has been integrated, somehow,
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in people's body scheme
that we have in our brain.
326
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[amusing music playing]
327
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[narrator] The possibilities that this
technique offers to these patients,
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have allowed to a quadriplegic patient
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to be able to drive a Formula One car
just with his mind.
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In 2017, Rodrigo Hubner Mendes
became the first person
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to reach such a milestone.
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[Tan Le] This opportunity to work
with Rodrigo was incredible.
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Globo TV in Brazil created a vehicle,
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a Formula One vehicle
that was completely controlled
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just using the power of thought.
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So, what they used was
a 14-channel EPOC+ headset,
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00:22:59,120 --> 00:23:03,040
uh, measuring electrical fluctuations
from Rodrigo's brain.
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00:23:03,120 --> 00:23:07,360
He spent a few months mapping
and training the algorithms
339
00:23:07,440 --> 00:23:11,080
to understand how he associated
specific thoughts
340
00:23:11,160 --> 00:23:15,760
whether it'd be drive forward,
turn right, left, or stop,
341
00:23:15,840 --> 00:23:18,280
and then he was able to use those commands
342
00:23:18,360 --> 00:23:23,360
to drive this car completely
just using his mind.
343
00:23:23,440 --> 00:23:28,880
So no steering wheel, no pedals,
just him inside the vehicle.
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00:23:35,120 --> 00:23:39,280
This was a very fortuitous moment
when Lewis Hamilton,
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00:23:39,360 --> 00:23:42,640
who is obviously world's
reigning F1 champion,
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00:23:42,720 --> 00:23:46,560
was in the same place
as Rodrigo in the UAE.
347
00:23:46,640 --> 00:23:52,280
Rodrigo posted a very exciting challenge
for Lewis, which is,
348
00:23:52,360 --> 00:23:54,080
"Would you like to race me?"
349
00:23:54,160 --> 00:23:57,600
Surprisingly,
Lewis accepted the challenge,
350
00:23:57,680 --> 00:23:59,480
so I'm not sure when we are going to start
351
00:23:59,560 --> 00:24:01,480
seeing the two of them start practicing,
352
00:24:01,560 --> 00:24:05,400
but I know that Rodrigo is very excited
about the ability
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00:24:05,480 --> 00:24:09,120
and the opportunity to race
with the reigning world champion
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00:24:09,200 --> 00:24:11,200
just using his mind.
355
00:24:11,280 --> 00:24:12,760
[keyboard clacking]
356
00:24:15,920 --> 00:24:18,880
[narrator] Around the world,
a wide variety of projects
357
00:24:18,960 --> 00:24:20,960
based on brain-machine interfaces
358
00:24:21,040 --> 00:24:22,840
are currently being developed.
359
00:24:24,160 --> 00:24:28,800
In Boston, the company Neuroelectrics
has developed a technology
360
00:24:28,880 --> 00:24:31,760
based on the use
of mind-controlled video games
361
00:24:31,840 --> 00:24:34,400
to learn to regulate brain activity.
362
00:24:36,440 --> 00:24:38,440
Okay. So, today, we are going to measure
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00:24:38,520 --> 00:24:40,960
your brain waves with this device.
364
00:24:41,040 --> 00:24:43,360
Uh, this device physically uses
dry electrodes
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00:24:43,440 --> 00:24:45,280
to measure your brain waves like this.
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00:24:45,360 --> 00:24:46,200
[man] Mm-hmm.
367
00:24:46,280 --> 00:24:49,880
And today, we are going to measure
your, specifically, alpha brainwaves,
368
00:24:49,960 --> 00:24:51,920
and you're going to be able
to control an object
369
00:24:52,000 --> 00:24:54,040
in these screen going up and down.
370
00:24:54,720 --> 00:24:56,800
So I'm gonna put you the cap.
371
00:25:01,800 --> 00:25:05,520
Then we are first going
to measure your baseline,
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00:25:05,600 --> 00:25:08,120
which is the baseline of your brain waves,
373
00:25:08,200 --> 00:25:11,080
the level in which your brain
is right now.
374
00:25:11,160 --> 00:25:13,120
[techno music playing]
375
00:25:18,400 --> 00:25:21,280
So the way we have developed
our brain-computer interface is,
376
00:25:21,360 --> 00:25:23,880
we are collecting brain signals,
for example,
377
00:25:23,960 --> 00:25:27,480
alpha or beta or gamma,
which are different frequencies, right?
378
00:25:27,560 --> 00:25:31,800
And we are capering your brain
or power spectrum, your brain bands,
379
00:25:31,880 --> 00:25:35,440
to something in the screen,
which is, in this case, a little avatar
380
00:25:35,520 --> 00:25:36,840
that goes up and down,
381
00:25:36,920 --> 00:25:39,920
according to if your brain waves
are up or down.
382
00:25:41,840 --> 00:25:43,200
So this submarine here,
383
00:25:43,280 --> 00:25:45,680
this is going up and down
according to your brainwaves
384
00:25:45,760 --> 00:25:47,240
and you're controlling it.
385
00:25:47,320 --> 00:25:49,680
So you need to focus on it
and keep relaxed
386
00:25:49,760 --> 00:25:52,480
and try to control it,
moving it up and down.
387
00:25:53,920 --> 00:25:55,440
[game ringing]
388
00:25:59,680 --> 00:26:01,640
[narrator] The mind-controlled video games
389
00:26:01,720 --> 00:26:04,560
are proving to be an efficient treatment
for diseases
390
00:26:04,640 --> 00:26:08,000
like depression
or hyperactivity disorder in children.
391
00:26:10,200 --> 00:26:13,440
At Neuroscape,
a neuro-technological company
392
00:26:13,520 --> 00:26:15,040
based in San Francisco,
393
00:26:15,120 --> 00:26:18,400
they are using these video games
controlled by the mind
394
00:26:18,480 --> 00:26:20,200
for therapeutic uses.
395
00:26:24,680 --> 00:26:26,160
All of our research right now
396
00:26:26,240 --> 00:26:30,600
relies on using the closed-loop
video games that we've created,
397
00:26:30,680 --> 00:26:34,320
so far, just using the performance, not
the cognitive brain computer interface.
398
00:26:34,400 --> 00:26:35,960
That's still very much a research,
399
00:26:36,040 --> 00:26:37,200
in the research phase.
400
00:26:37,280 --> 00:26:41,800
And then we apply these, uh,
these closed-loop video game treatments
401
00:26:41,880 --> 00:26:44,360
to see if they can improve
attention abilities
402
00:26:44,440 --> 00:26:46,520
in many different clinical populations,
403
00:26:46,600 --> 00:26:50,720
including ADHD, which is attention
deficit hyperactivity disorder,
404
00:26:50,800 --> 00:26:53,480
but also post-traumatic stress disorder,
405
00:26:53,560 --> 00:26:56,200
traumatic brain injury, depression
and autism.
406
00:26:56,280 --> 00:26:58,440
We developed this closed-loop video games
407
00:26:58,520 --> 00:27:02,320
that record your performance
and use that data to challenge you
408
00:27:02,400 --> 00:27:04,200
in a very personalized manner.
409
00:27:04,280 --> 00:27:07,240
So if it's too hard,
the game could back off.
410
00:27:07,320 --> 00:27:09,040
If it's too easy,
it can make it more challenging.
411
00:27:09,120 --> 00:27:11,080
Just puts it right at that sweet spot.
412
00:27:11,160 --> 00:27:14,240
And then the game mechanics
target different neural networks
413
00:27:14,320 --> 00:27:15,800
that we're trying to improve.
414
00:27:15,880 --> 00:27:17,800
So it could be a prescribable treatment,
415
00:27:17,880 --> 00:27:21,720
just like we currently use stimulants
to help improve attention abilities
416
00:27:21,800 --> 00:27:24,040
in children that are suffering ADHD.
417
00:27:24,120 --> 00:27:25,560
[dreamy music playing]
418
00:27:31,840 --> 00:27:35,040
[narrator] In the last few years,
there has been a progressive
419
00:27:35,120 --> 00:27:38,000
blossoming of neuro-tech start-ups
that are revolutionizing
420
00:27:38,080 --> 00:27:41,080
the way to intervene
in our mental processes.
421
00:27:42,440 --> 00:27:45,360
Nowadays, most of them
are focused on helping patients
422
00:27:45,440 --> 00:27:49,720
with different types of damage
or neurological disorders.
423
00:27:49,800 --> 00:27:52,840
However, in the not-so-distant future,
424
00:27:52,920 --> 00:27:54,800
these companies will end up transferring
425
00:27:54,880 --> 00:27:57,320
all these advances to our daily lives,
426
00:27:57,400 --> 00:27:59,840
radically modifying the way we interact
427
00:27:59,920 --> 00:28:03,960
with each other
and even understand the world.
428
00:28:06,440 --> 00:28:09,560
Investing in novel neuro-technology today
429
00:28:09,640 --> 00:28:14,600
could be the best way to generate
an economic revolution
430
00:28:14,680 --> 00:28:18,440
in the future by the development
of this new technology,
431
00:28:19,320 --> 00:28:23,400
which instead of biotechnology,
in the case of the Human Genome Project,
432
00:28:23,480 --> 00:28:25,840
now it would be neuro-technology.
433
00:28:25,920 --> 00:28:27,800
And this is something
that is starting to happen.
434
00:28:27,880 --> 00:28:33,640
Last year, Elon Musk created
a neuro-technology company, Neuralink.
435
00:28:33,720 --> 00:28:36,240
Brian Johnson, another billionaire,
436
00:28:36,320 --> 00:28:39,680
has created a similar company
called Kernel,
437
00:28:39,760 --> 00:28:43,080
so we start to have some new companies
438
00:28:43,160 --> 00:28:46,920
that are based on the promise
439
00:28:47,000 --> 00:28:48,920
that these new neuro-technologies
440
00:28:49,000 --> 00:28:51,520
are going to be causing
an economic revolution.
441
00:28:56,960 --> 00:28:59,160
Emotiv is a neuro-informatics company,
442
00:28:59,240 --> 00:29:03,000
so what we do is we are a platform
that allows us
443
00:29:03,080 --> 00:29:06,400
to interface directly with the brain.
444
00:29:06,480 --> 00:29:09,680
Today, it's using non-invasive methods.
445
00:29:09,760 --> 00:29:12,280
So we start from the sensor input,
446
00:29:12,360 --> 00:29:15,120
so measuring the brain activity itself,
447
00:29:15,200 --> 00:29:17,160
through to the translation
448
00:29:17,240 --> 00:29:19,520
of the electrical signals from the brain
449
00:29:19,600 --> 00:29:22,200
and then we map those to control
450
00:29:22,280 --> 00:29:24,560
and influence the environment around us.
451
00:29:24,640 --> 00:29:27,560
-[Tan Le] Look at your brain, Kim.
-[both laugh]
452
00:29:27,640 --> 00:29:30,720
So you're wearing a 14-channel EEG,
453
00:29:30,800 --> 00:29:34,200
and this is just picking up
electrical fluctuations
454
00:29:34,280 --> 00:29:37,480
that resolve from neurons
firing inside your brain.
455
00:29:37,560 --> 00:29:40,120
The brain is made up
of billions of neurons
456
00:29:40,200 --> 00:29:42,400
and when they interact,
the chemical reaction
457
00:29:42,480 --> 00:29:45,560
just emits an electrical impulse
that we can pick up.
458
00:29:45,640 --> 00:29:48,440
You can see the different parts
of your brain is lighting up
459
00:29:48,520 --> 00:29:50,720
depending on what you might be thinking
460
00:29:50,800 --> 00:29:53,720
or whether you're paying
attention to what I'm saying.
461
00:29:53,800 --> 00:29:57,680
So, what we're doing here is we're mapping
those electrical fluctuations
462
00:29:57,760 --> 00:30:01,600
into a 3D model
of what your brain is doing,
463
00:30:01,680 --> 00:30:04,600
and each of the colors represent
a different frequency band,
464
00:30:04,680 --> 00:30:08,280
which indicates how fast
the information is traveling
465
00:30:08,360 --> 00:30:10,480
from one part of the brain to another.
466
00:30:12,600 --> 00:30:14,000
[ethereal music playing]
467
00:30:23,000 --> 00:30:26,120
[narrator] Located in Lausanne,
Switzerland, in the centre of Europe,
468
00:30:26,200 --> 00:30:28,880
is the headquarters of MindMaze,
469
00:30:28,960 --> 00:30:32,120
one of the largest neuro-technological
companies in the world.
470
00:30:32,720 --> 00:30:36,840
Our big goals are really to disrupt
industries from health care,
471
00:30:36,920 --> 00:30:40,480
so really improving quality of life
after a neurological injury,
472
00:30:40,560 --> 00:30:43,800
all the way to being able
to help healthy individuals,
473
00:30:43,880 --> 00:30:46,560
you know, enable the ability
of the brain to learn,
474
00:30:46,640 --> 00:30:49,440
to play, to interact, and entertain.
475
00:30:53,200 --> 00:30:55,040
[narrator] One of those technologies
476
00:30:55,120 --> 00:30:58,120
designed to help
the rehabilitation of patients
477
00:30:58,200 --> 00:31:00,880
who have suffered stroke
is MindMotion PRO.
478
00:31:02,120 --> 00:31:04,760
It's the first device a stroke or a brain,
479
00:31:04,840 --> 00:31:07,360
a brain injury patient sees
after the injury.
480
00:31:07,440 --> 00:31:08,560
You know, the first two days
481
00:31:08,640 --> 00:31:10,720
when they come out
and they need to recover.
482
00:31:10,800 --> 00:31:13,920
It's one of the first devices
that's able to start training
483
00:31:14,000 --> 00:31:16,280
of both the brain and the body.
484
00:31:16,360 --> 00:31:19,440
So it's about neuro-plasticity,
tricking the brain.
485
00:31:23,840 --> 00:31:25,680
So we're gonna put markers
486
00:31:26,640 --> 00:31:31,040
on you so that the camera
can see your arms
487
00:31:31,120 --> 00:31:34,320
while we do some activity.
488
00:31:35,360 --> 00:31:36,440
So it's pretty intuitive.
489
00:31:36,520 --> 00:31:40,800
You just need to move your hand
to the start button,
490
00:31:41,680 --> 00:31:44,200
and similarly, if you move it
491
00:31:44,280 --> 00:31:48,480
in the direction that isn't indicated,
you'll see how to correct it.
492
00:31:49,200 --> 00:31:50,720
So let's say, someone who has a stroke
493
00:31:50,800 --> 00:31:52,720
cannot move the left hand,
494
00:31:52,800 --> 00:31:54,440
and he can move the right hand,
495
00:31:54,520 --> 00:31:58,000
the camera in the MindMotion PRO
tracks the right hand
496
00:31:58,080 --> 00:32:01,000
and puts it on an avatar on the left side.
497
00:32:01,080 --> 00:32:02,840
And then the brain suddenly says,
498
00:32:02,920 --> 00:32:05,360
something's happening there,
so I should try more,
499
00:32:05,440 --> 00:32:09,720
and it starts activating the pathways
that used to control that hand,
500
00:32:09,800 --> 00:32:11,400
and slowly accelerates recovery.
501
00:32:11,480 --> 00:32:13,120
[upbeat electronic music playing]
502
00:32:14,920 --> 00:32:18,000
[narrator] The latest and most ambitious
proposal of MindMaze,
503
00:32:18,080 --> 00:32:20,720
the CogniChip, goes one step further
504
00:32:20,800 --> 00:32:25,360
and merges neuro-technology
with artificial intelligence.
505
00:32:33,600 --> 00:32:36,560
Some entrepreneurs are looking
into augmenting our brains
506
00:32:36,640 --> 00:32:38,480
so that we can develop super-intelligence
507
00:32:38,560 --> 00:32:42,840
that allows us to collaborate
with artificial intelligence.
508
00:32:42,920 --> 00:32:46,000
It would be a way to reduce
the risk for human beings
509
00:32:46,080 --> 00:32:50,480
to become irrelevant due to the rise
of artificial intelligence.
510
00:32:59,080 --> 00:33:02,360
It is the next frontier.
Neuroscience and neuro-technology,
511
00:33:02,440 --> 00:33:04,680
brain technology,
is definitely the next frontier.
512
00:33:04,760 --> 00:33:06,280
Now, we truly are at the frontier
513
00:33:06,360 --> 00:33:09,280
where we can do some
impactful things with the brain.
514
00:33:09,360 --> 00:33:12,800
So, yeah, neuro-technology
is now really going to kick off.
515
00:33:14,840 --> 00:33:17,560
[NASA operator] Ignition sequence starts.
516
00:33:17,640 --> 00:33:19,800
Six, five,
517
00:33:19,880 --> 00:33:22,320
four, three, two,
518
00:33:22,400 --> 00:33:24,480
one, zero.
519
00:33:24,560 --> 00:33:26,360
All engines running.
520
00:33:27,320 --> 00:33:28,960
[narrator]
One of the greatest technological
521
00:33:29,040 --> 00:33:31,320
and scientific milestones in history
522
00:33:31,400 --> 00:33:34,280
was the arrival of man on the moon.
523
00:33:34,360 --> 00:33:35,840
[surreal music playing]
524
00:33:36,760 --> 00:33:39,600
The Kennedy era was one of the periods
525
00:33:39,680 --> 00:33:43,200
of the greatest scientific splendor
the world has ever known.
526
00:33:43,280 --> 00:33:47,120
As a consequence,
an important economy grew around it,
527
00:33:47,200 --> 00:33:49,520
which led in a very short time,
528
00:33:49,600 --> 00:33:53,000
to unprecedented technological
development.
529
00:33:56,520 --> 00:33:58,160
[water splashes]
530
00:33:58,240 --> 00:34:00,800
Ideas are what power our economy.
531
00:34:00,880 --> 00:34:04,320
We do innovation better than anybody else.
532
00:34:05,720 --> 00:34:07,880
And that makes our economy stronger.
533
00:34:07,960 --> 00:34:09,920
We have had many interactions
534
00:34:10,000 --> 00:34:14,199
with the White House Office
of Science and Technology Policy
535
00:34:14,280 --> 00:34:18,280
and they had explained to us that
they were interested in grand challenges
536
00:34:18,360 --> 00:34:21,800
for the US government to pursue
any different areas of science
537
00:34:21,880 --> 00:34:25,280
that they thought could really be
of the same ilk
538
00:34:25,360 --> 00:34:27,960
as, for instance,
the Apollo moon landings,
539
00:34:28,040 --> 00:34:32,880
a big project that really would allow
the entire US community
540
00:34:32,960 --> 00:34:36,199
to get behind something that would make
a huge impact in science.
541
00:34:36,280 --> 00:34:37,960
[upbeat synth-wave music playing]
542
00:34:38,840 --> 00:34:42,480
[narrator] They found that great
science project in the BRAIN Initiative,
543
00:34:42,560 --> 00:34:46,840
a research megaproject
that Obama announced in 2013,
544
00:34:46,920 --> 00:34:50,040
with the goal of unveiling
the mysteries of the brain.
545
00:34:55,159 --> 00:34:57,080
It's a very exciting moment, uh,
546
00:34:57,160 --> 00:35:00,080
there are many groups around the world
developing new methods,
547
00:35:00,600 --> 00:35:05,240
and this is now leading
to reenergizing of neuroscience,
548
00:35:05,320 --> 00:35:07,920
and to the perception
that we can really do it,
549
00:35:08,000 --> 00:35:10,440
that this is doable,
that we can actually end up
550
00:35:10,520 --> 00:35:13,760
being able to record the activity
of every neuron in a brain
551
00:35:13,840 --> 00:35:17,320
and decipher it, and this could really
revolutionize neuroscience
552
00:35:17,400 --> 00:35:20,560
just like the Human Genome Project
revolutionized genetics.
553
00:35:24,560 --> 00:35:27,840
[narrator] Very soon after the launching
of the BRAIN Initiative,
554
00:35:27,920 --> 00:35:30,200
the European Union announced
its own megaproject,
555
00:35:30,920 --> 00:35:32,320
the Human Brain Project.
556
00:35:33,880 --> 00:35:36,200
[Rafael Yuste]
It turns out that similar initiatives
557
00:35:36,280 --> 00:35:38,480
have been created in different countries.
558
00:35:40,360 --> 00:35:43,720
So there is a brain initiative in Japan,
559
00:35:44,360 --> 00:35:50,920
in Canada, in China, in Australia,
South Korea and Israel.
560
00:35:51,000 --> 00:35:52,480
[whooshing, crackling]
561
00:35:54,120 --> 00:35:56,320
[narrator]
The development of all these projects
562
00:35:56,400 --> 00:35:59,200
could change the scenario
of brain research
563
00:35:59,280 --> 00:36:03,160
and lead humanity
to unprecedented advances.
564
00:36:03,240 --> 00:36:05,680
So this is very exciting.
This is just happening,
565
00:36:05,760 --> 00:36:12,040
and I hope that this will provide
the ability to generate, uh, knowledge
566
00:36:12,120 --> 00:36:15,800
and send this knowledge throughout
the world, into different countries,
567
00:36:15,880 --> 00:36:18,760
uh, in a way in which no one
is left behind,
568
00:36:18,840 --> 00:36:22,920
and we're all part of the same
exciting moment in history.
569
00:36:23,000 --> 00:36:24,480
[surreal music playing]
570
00:36:27,520 --> 00:36:29,720
[narrator]
We've started the path to a new world
571
00:36:29,800 --> 00:36:31,960
in which a deeper knowledge of the brain
572
00:36:32,040 --> 00:36:34,760
will radically transform
our human condition.
573
00:36:44,040 --> 00:36:45,200
[powering up]
574
00:36:49,440 --> 00:36:50,880
[sweeping music playing]
575
00:36:51,920 --> 00:36:53,480
[whirring]
576
00:36:55,760 --> 00:36:57,320
[computer beeping]
577
00:36:59,520 --> 00:37:04,320
Brain-machine communication will grow
progressively more efficient and precise,
578
00:37:04,400 --> 00:37:08,080
and will open up a vast range
of possibilities for human beings
579
00:37:08,160 --> 00:37:12,960
to benefit from the potential offered
to us by artificial intelligence.
580
00:37:13,040 --> 00:37:14,800
[sweeping music continues]
581
00:37:24,840 --> 00:37:28,600
With the introduction
of more and more devices
582
00:37:28,680 --> 00:37:30,760
that actually understand the human
583
00:37:30,840 --> 00:37:33,600
and how humans optimize
their own performance,
584
00:37:33,680 --> 00:37:36,800
we will have a way to create a much more…
585
00:37:36,880 --> 00:37:38,560
a different type of intelligence,
586
00:37:38,640 --> 00:37:41,040
what I would call,
"Humanistic intelligence."
587
00:37:41,120 --> 00:37:46,360
The idea is that you can create a myriad
of devices and sensors around us
588
00:37:46,440 --> 00:37:49,840
that interface and interplay
with artificial intelligence
589
00:37:49,920 --> 00:37:55,240
in a way that makes humans much more
symbiotic with their environment.
590
00:37:55,320 --> 00:37:58,960
So, you know, the distinction
between the biological world,
591
00:37:59,040 --> 00:38:02,560
the physical world,
and the digital worlds will just blur,
592
00:38:02,640 --> 00:38:06,600
and we will integrate seamlessly
across all of these dimensions.
593
00:38:06,680 --> 00:38:10,000
And so, when you feel confused,
594
00:38:10,080 --> 00:38:13,480
your AI will recognize that
and will prompt you with commands.
595
00:38:13,560 --> 00:38:15,680
If it recognizes your fatigue,
596
00:38:15,760 --> 00:38:17,680
it will send a command
to brew the coffee pot,
597
00:38:17,760 --> 00:38:20,480
or a message to your phone
reminding you to go out
598
00:38:20,560 --> 00:38:22,640
and take a short walk
and stretch your legs.
599
00:38:22,720 --> 00:38:25,280
So you will become integrated
with your environment,
600
00:38:25,360 --> 00:38:27,840
and your environment becomes
an extension of your brain.
601
00:38:27,920 --> 00:38:30,080
And I think that's the type
of humanistic intelligence
602
00:38:30,160 --> 00:38:32,640
is really what we are going
to see the future go.
603
00:38:33,440 --> 00:38:35,280
[electronic whirring]
604
00:38:37,120 --> 00:38:38,840
[coffee dripping]
605
00:38:47,560 --> 00:38:49,520
[electronic whirring, beeps]
606
00:38:55,360 --> 00:38:59,600
[narrator] The cognitive capacities
of human beings will be enhanced.
607
00:39:00,880 --> 00:39:02,880
There are experiments by colleagues, um,
608
00:39:02,960 --> 00:39:05,840
such as Roi Cohen Kadosh, that have shown
609
00:39:05,920 --> 00:39:10,000
that you can improve
numerical abilities in children,
610
00:39:10,080 --> 00:39:13,200
um, that have dyscalculia,
611
00:39:13,280 --> 00:39:18,880
people who have difficulties
in doing arithmetic and so on.
612
00:39:18,960 --> 00:39:24,600
I think enhancement via implants, um,
and things like this
613
00:39:24,680 --> 00:39:26,160
is definitely gonna be possible.
614
00:39:26,240 --> 00:39:27,760
[beeping, electronic whirring]
615
00:39:33,960 --> 00:39:36,120
[Rafael Yuste]
Technologies are going to enable humans
616
00:39:36,200 --> 00:39:38,280
to augment ourselves mentally.
617
00:39:38,360 --> 00:39:40,640
Just like holding an iPhone,
618
00:39:40,720 --> 00:39:43,200
we can have access
to an enormous amount of information.
619
00:39:43,280 --> 00:39:45,400
If that comes directly piped
into our brains,
620
00:39:45,480 --> 00:39:48,640
we are going to be able to operate
at the cognitive level
621
00:39:48,720 --> 00:39:51,760
above what we operate at normally.
622
00:39:51,840 --> 00:39:54,120
So they're going to be augmented humans.
623
00:39:54,200 --> 00:39:59,400
So this could cause major difference
in the society.
624
00:39:59,480 --> 00:40:01,280
Can accentuate the difference
625
00:40:01,360 --> 00:40:03,240
between different social groups
and different countries.
626
00:40:03,320 --> 00:40:06,920
And we have to ensure that
there is equal access to all of that.
627
00:40:07,000 --> 00:40:08,880
That there is a principle of fairness
628
00:40:08,960 --> 00:40:12,640
that runs across the application
of these new neuro-technologies
629
00:40:12,720 --> 00:40:14,800
and artificial intelligence algorithms.
630
00:40:14,880 --> 00:40:17,840
-[surreal music playing]
-[electronic whirring]
631
00:40:23,040 --> 00:40:26,680
It gets more interesting
when you can think about neuro-prosthesis
632
00:40:26,760 --> 00:40:28,760
in the cognitive parts of the brain.
633
00:40:28,840 --> 00:40:31,960
So let's take for instance
this hippocampus prosthesis.
634
00:40:32,840 --> 00:40:35,400
The patients who are going
to be the first ones
635
00:40:35,480 --> 00:40:38,080
to use these devices
are going to be the first people
636
00:40:38,160 --> 00:40:41,000
with some kind of superhuman
memory ability.
637
00:40:41,760 --> 00:40:43,440
The very first type of memory ability
638
00:40:43,520 --> 00:40:45,400
is going to be that they can choose
639
00:40:45,480 --> 00:40:49,600
when they do remember something
and when they don't.
640
00:40:49,680 --> 00:40:52,600
Because they can say,
"Okay, the stuff that I…
641
00:40:52,680 --> 00:40:56,440
The experiences that were coming
through at three o'clock yesterday…
642
00:40:57,320 --> 00:40:59,200
I want those to be enhanced."
643
00:40:59,280 --> 00:41:01,280
[surreal music continues]
644
00:41:04,040 --> 00:41:05,680
[electronic whirring, beeps]
645
00:41:18,520 --> 00:41:19,920
[piano music playing]
646
00:41:24,560 --> 00:41:27,360
[narrator]
Brain-Computer communication will make way
647
00:41:27,440 --> 00:41:30,160
for Brain-Computer-Brain Interfaces.
648
00:41:32,000 --> 00:41:34,400
You take what this person has learnt,
649
00:41:34,480 --> 00:41:38,160
you run it through the translator,
and you give it to someone else's brain.
650
00:41:38,960 --> 00:41:41,760
Or you just want to be able to communicate
651
00:41:41,840 --> 00:41:43,680
through something like telepathy.
652
00:41:43,760 --> 00:41:46,560
You can read out
what a person is trying to say
653
00:41:46,640 --> 00:41:49,000
or what they're imaging,
what they are imagining,
654
00:41:49,080 --> 00:41:51,280
and you can try to give those imaginings,
655
00:41:51,360 --> 00:41:54,000
or those sounds, to someone else.
656
00:41:54,080 --> 00:41:55,440
[dramatic music playing]
657
00:42:01,320 --> 00:42:04,040
Or you could try to detect
what a person is feeling,
658
00:42:04,120 --> 00:42:07,320
and you can translate that in a way,
and then give it to someone else.
659
00:42:07,400 --> 00:42:08,960
So you can imagine this as a…
660
00:42:09,040 --> 00:42:13,840
as a communication pathway
that wouldn't just work for words,
661
00:42:13,920 --> 00:42:16,280
but it would work for images,
it would work for feelings.
662
00:42:16,360 --> 00:42:19,320
It would work for anything
that we share in a sense
663
00:42:19,400 --> 00:42:21,560
where you can say,
because we are all humans,
664
00:42:21,640 --> 00:42:25,240
we all have feelings of happiness,
and of sadness and of pain,
665
00:42:25,320 --> 00:42:28,360
and we have a smell, and we have vision.
666
00:42:28,440 --> 00:42:30,400
So you can transfer smells,
667
00:42:30,480 --> 00:42:33,840
you can transfer vision,
you can transfer auditory, you can…
668
00:42:33,920 --> 00:42:35,480
eventually, with enough translation,
669
00:42:35,560 --> 00:42:37,960
even translate knowledge and memory.
670
00:42:39,600 --> 00:42:41,880
Connecting brains is gonna be done.
671
00:42:41,960 --> 00:42:43,520
Um, there are definitely hurdles,
672
00:42:43,600 --> 00:42:46,760
and it's gonna take very important
technological breakthroughs.
673
00:42:47,560 --> 00:42:50,800
I think in the future,
we will definitely have
674
00:42:51,480 --> 00:42:54,640
uh, very powerful synthetic
telepathy technologies.
675
00:42:55,760 --> 00:42:57,600
[energy pulsating]
676
00:43:00,800 --> 00:43:02,800
[computer alarming]
677
00:43:02,880 --> 00:43:06,280
[narrator] It will be possible
not only to read other's thoughts,
678
00:43:06,360 --> 00:43:08,560
but also to manipulate them.
679
00:43:10,480 --> 00:43:12,240
Let's think about it a little bit more,
680
00:43:12,320 --> 00:43:14,720
about the impact and repercussions
681
00:43:14,800 --> 00:43:18,440
of this new knowledge to society,
to humanity.
682
00:43:19,160 --> 00:43:21,480
[electronic whirring]
683
00:43:21,560 --> 00:43:23,720
We can, uh, using mice.
684
00:43:23,800 --> 00:43:26,280
We cannot read the activity
of every neuron in the brain from ours,
685
00:43:26,360 --> 00:43:28,280
but if you look at the visual cortex,
686
00:43:28,360 --> 00:43:31,400
you can actually read the activity
of a few thousand neurons there.
687
00:43:32,280 --> 00:43:36,840
And we can decipher
some of the patterns of activity,
688
00:43:36,920 --> 00:43:39,320
as they relate
to what the animal is seeing,
689
00:43:39,400 --> 00:43:40,720
what the animal is looking at.
690
00:43:41,360 --> 00:43:45,120
And then we can go in
with optical methods, with optogenetics,
691
00:43:45,200 --> 00:43:48,160
and selectively change
the patterns of activity
692
00:43:48,240 --> 00:43:52,640
and fool the animal into thinking that
he's seeing one thing or the other thing
693
00:43:53,400 --> 00:43:56,760
by essentially playing the piano
with his neural circuits
694
00:43:56,840 --> 00:43:59,520
in the visual cortex of the brain.
695
00:43:59,600 --> 00:44:01,680
This is something we can do today.
696
00:44:01,760 --> 00:44:03,480
[circuits scrambling]
697
00:44:06,400 --> 00:44:11,160
People could do this
with humans, not today.
698
00:44:11,240 --> 00:44:13,560
We don't have the methods to control,
699
00:44:13,640 --> 00:44:15,960
to read the activity of a…
700
00:44:16,040 --> 00:44:19,920
of many neurons in the brain
of humans and to change that,
701
00:44:20,000 --> 00:44:21,960
but these methods
are going to be developed
702
00:44:22,040 --> 00:44:24,040
because we need them for the patients.
703
00:44:24,120 --> 00:44:27,800
In fact, there is a project
supported by DARPA,
704
00:44:27,880 --> 00:44:30,920
by the foundation of military research,
705
00:44:31,000 --> 00:44:33,120
to build an electronic chip
706
00:44:33,200 --> 00:44:36,120
to record the activity
of one million neurons…
707
00:44:37,120 --> 00:44:38,880
in a human, in a human patient,
708
00:44:38,960 --> 00:44:42,800
and to stimulate 100,000 neurons
at the same time.
709
00:44:43,480 --> 00:44:45,200
And this is not science fiction.
710
00:44:45,280 --> 00:44:47,840
This is something
that is being built as we speak.
711
00:44:48,760 --> 00:44:50,160
In fact, we are helping to build them
712
00:44:50,240 --> 00:44:53,400
because they need to use this
for patients.
713
00:44:53,480 --> 00:44:57,280
And this could be in the clinic
in four years.
714
00:45:02,040 --> 00:45:04,320
[dramatic music playing]
715
00:45:04,400 --> 00:45:07,400
[narrator] A whole new world
of opportunities is opening up
716
00:45:07,480 --> 00:45:08,760
before our eyes,
717
00:45:08,840 --> 00:45:11,240
a world where we will have the ability
718
00:45:11,320 --> 00:45:14,600
to co-evolve
with the artificial intelligence.
719
00:45:14,680 --> 00:45:18,040
There is even a hypothesis
that in the distant future,
720
00:45:18,120 --> 00:45:20,680
we won't need our biological structures.
721
00:45:20,760 --> 00:45:24,920
If all we are, are our thoughts,
our memories, our emotions,
722
00:45:25,000 --> 00:45:28,600
our whole "self" can be transferred
into a computer,
723
00:45:28,680 --> 00:45:32,240
our biological bodies
will no longer be necessary.
724
00:45:33,080 --> 00:45:36,040
So now we are getting
into the more far future
725
00:45:36,120 --> 00:45:39,000
science fiction aspect
of this whole endeavor.
726
00:45:39,080 --> 00:45:41,960
There is a science fiction term
called "mind uploading."
727
00:45:47,280 --> 00:45:50,600
What it means is that, mind,
or who we are,
728
00:45:50,680 --> 00:45:53,640
is then no longer dependent
on the biological brain as such.
729
00:45:54,200 --> 00:45:55,320
You still need a brain, of course,
730
00:45:55,400 --> 00:45:58,000
there is no such thing as no device
731
00:45:58,080 --> 00:46:02,200
running your mind,
but it could be all sorts of devices.
732
00:46:02,280 --> 00:46:04,680
It could be a device
that is better suited for, say,
733
00:46:04,760 --> 00:46:08,560
for example, living in space,
or living on another planet,
734
00:46:08,640 --> 00:46:10,720
or living underwater,
or something like that.
735
00:46:15,800 --> 00:46:19,960
So when you get to a far future where
the technology of all brain emulation,
736
00:46:20,040 --> 00:46:22,080
which is, really,
the more scientific concept,
737
00:46:22,160 --> 00:46:23,640
what is it you're actually doing here?
738
00:46:23,720 --> 00:46:26,520
You are trying to emulate
what's going on in the circuitry.
739
00:46:26,600 --> 00:46:28,760
When you have that,
then you can start thinking
740
00:46:28,840 --> 00:46:33,600
about the personal and social
consequences of doing that,
741
00:46:33,680 --> 00:46:35,760
which is really what mind uploading means.
742
00:46:35,840 --> 00:46:38,480
It's a very philosophical term,
in a sense.
743
00:46:38,560 --> 00:46:40,640
It's, like, what happens
if you can take who I am,
744
00:46:40,720 --> 00:46:43,240
my mind and move me to something else.
745
00:46:43,320 --> 00:46:46,520
So many things are then,
potentially, possible.
746
00:46:46,600 --> 00:46:48,320
You could make backups of your mind,
747
00:46:48,400 --> 00:46:52,640
so that if something happens,
you can restore and it's not, uh…
748
00:46:52,720 --> 00:46:53,760
You know, it's not as devastating.
749
00:46:53,840 --> 00:46:55,000
[whooshing]
750
00:46:59,960 --> 00:47:01,760
[mellow music playing]
751
00:47:03,000 --> 00:47:04,920
[narrator] The knowledge
we have acquired in recent years
752
00:47:05,000 --> 00:47:08,280
about the brain has given us possibilities
753
00:47:08,360 --> 00:47:10,880
until recently-considered science-fiction.
754
00:47:11,520 --> 00:47:14,320
We're advancing at very high speed.
755
00:47:14,400 --> 00:47:18,120
We can't know where a deeper knowledge
of the brain will lead us,
756
00:47:18,200 --> 00:47:21,320
but it's in our hands
to steer it in the right direction.
757
00:47:24,680 --> 00:47:29,600
It's critical to have guidelines,
758
00:47:30,240 --> 00:47:32,960
ethical guidelines, for the development
of these technologies.
759
00:47:33,680 --> 00:47:39,080
We propose to add
to the human universal declaration
760
00:47:39,160 --> 00:47:41,400
of human rights, new rights,
761
00:47:41,480 --> 00:47:45,200
to protect individuals from the abuse
762
00:47:45,280 --> 00:47:49,040
of neuro-technologies
and artificial intelligence.
763
00:47:49,120 --> 00:47:52,520
So this is what we call the neuro rights.
764
00:47:52,600 --> 00:47:57,720
And they have to do with protecting
the mental privacy of people,
765
00:47:57,800 --> 00:47:59,520
so this is our first one.
766
00:47:59,600 --> 00:48:03,000
Not just the data privacy of our phone.
No, no, the mental privacy.
767
00:48:03,080 --> 00:48:07,480
Our thoughts, and even worse,
our subconscious thoughts,
768
00:48:07,560 --> 00:48:11,080
things that we don't even know,
we are not aware of knowing them.
769
00:48:11,160 --> 00:48:13,680
Those should be protected, should be…
770
00:48:13,760 --> 00:48:17,080
This is the ultimate human right,
our mental privacy.
771
00:48:17,160 --> 00:48:19,040
[ethereal music playing]
772
00:48:21,960 --> 00:48:25,080
We should also have protection
as we connect ourselves
773
00:48:25,720 --> 00:48:28,560
to computers
through brain computer interfaces.
774
00:48:28,640 --> 00:48:31,920
Look at the effect that connecting us
to the net through our iPhones
775
00:48:32,000 --> 00:48:33,280
has had in our culture.
776
00:48:33,360 --> 00:48:35,800
Well, imagine if that connection
could be direct
777
00:48:35,880 --> 00:48:42,080
through some brain-computer interface
that could be, maybe, wireless and, uh…
778
00:48:42,160 --> 00:48:46,480
and non-invasive.
That could happen in the future.
779
00:48:46,560 --> 00:48:51,560
So this is going to affect our sense
of identity, of who we are.
780
00:48:51,640 --> 00:48:56,600
We need to protect the sense
of identity, the I, the self.
781
00:48:56,680 --> 00:49:00,000
This is something that humans never had
to worry about in the past. [chuckles]
782
00:49:00,080 --> 00:49:02,000
No one ever had that problem before.
783
00:49:02,080 --> 00:49:03,800
[computer alarming]
784
00:49:07,680 --> 00:49:11,320
Related to this is also our sense
of agency, our free will.
785
00:49:11,400 --> 00:49:15,480
There could be someone who wants to
actually change the way you're operating.
786
00:49:15,560 --> 00:49:19,440
So that's another fundamental right
that has to be protected.
787
00:49:25,760 --> 00:49:29,040
So these are the neuro rights
and now we have to convince…
788
00:49:29,120 --> 00:49:32,000
um, the leaders of the world
789
00:49:32,080 --> 00:49:34,000
and the leaders of the society
790
00:49:34,080 --> 00:49:35,640
that this is a very important issue.
791
00:49:35,720 --> 00:49:40,280
Discussing the future of our society,
the future of humankind,
792
00:49:40,360 --> 00:49:42,560
and that we have to make sure
793
00:49:42,640 --> 00:49:44,840
that these technologies,
which are so powerful,
794
00:49:44,920 --> 00:49:47,880
and they could cause so much good,
795
00:49:48,640 --> 00:49:51,240
not just in patients
but in among ourselves,
796
00:49:51,320 --> 00:49:53,280
we'll be able to finally understand
who we are.
797
00:49:53,360 --> 00:49:55,800
It's like a new renaissance,
798
00:49:55,880 --> 00:49:58,760
that these technologies
are not used against us. [chuckles]
799
00:49:58,840 --> 00:50:00,920
Um, we have to be vigilant
800
00:50:01,000 --> 00:50:04,720
and we have to put this ethical framework
in place,
801
00:50:04,800 --> 00:50:06,520
so that doesn't happen.
802
00:50:11,720 --> 00:50:14,480
[Randal Koene] This understanding
is just going to give us the tools
803
00:50:14,560 --> 00:50:17,400
to develop in many different directions,
804
00:50:17,480 --> 00:50:19,040
to explore in many directions,
805
00:50:19,120 --> 00:50:21,800
and also to be versatile and adaptable.
806
00:50:21,880 --> 00:50:25,320
So that maybe the human species
has a really long-term future,
807
00:50:25,400 --> 00:50:27,400
not the kind of future where, you know,
808
00:50:27,480 --> 00:50:31,080
it works for a while and then we're
not adapted well enough and that's it,
809
00:50:31,160 --> 00:50:33,040
but a really long-term future.
810
00:50:33,120 --> 00:50:35,440
That's what I'm hoping,
that this could ultimately lead to.
811
00:50:35,520 --> 00:50:39,800
I hope it could provide us
with the tools to have basically, uh…
812
00:50:39,880 --> 00:50:42,240
like, you might call it
another Cambrian explosion
813
00:50:42,320 --> 00:50:47,000
where the new species develop in all kinds
of directions, except it's us.
814
00:50:47,080 --> 00:50:49,320
It's the human species deciding
815
00:50:49,400 --> 00:50:51,640
that we want to try out this direction,
816
00:50:51,720 --> 00:50:53,800
try out that direction and so forth.
817
00:50:58,600 --> 00:51:00,440
[Rafael Yuste]
Science can change the world.
818
00:51:00,520 --> 00:51:03,040
It can change society,
it can change the course of history,
819
00:51:03,120 --> 00:51:04,840
and it can do that for good or for bad.
820
00:51:04,920 --> 00:51:09,040
It's up to us to make sure
that it goes in the right direction.
821
00:51:14,240 --> 00:51:16,000
[narrator] We've entered a new age,
822
00:51:16,080 --> 00:51:18,520
the age of neuroscience,
823
00:51:18,600 --> 00:51:21,760
an age in which the way
we experience and feel the world
824
00:51:21,840 --> 00:51:24,240
will radically change.
825
00:51:24,880 --> 00:51:27,760
Welcome to the world of tomorrow.
826
00:51:27,840 --> 00:51:29,840
[upbeat epic music playing]
827
00:52:52,400 --> 00:52:53,800
[music ends]
67757
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