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00:00:04,138 --> 00:00:05,771
WE ALL HAVE QUESTIONS.
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00:00:08,309 --> 00:00:09,375
BIG QUESTIONS.
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00:00:11,579 --> 00:00:13,078
WOMAN, VOICE-OVER:
HOW BIG IS THE UNIVERSE?
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00:00:15,816 --> 00:00:19,318
IT'S PART OF
WHAT IT MEANS TO BE A HUMAN.
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00:00:19,387 --> 00:00:21,720
MAN, VOICE-OVER: HOW FAR
AWAY ARE THE STARS?
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00:00:21,789 --> 00:00:22,721
JOY TO BOAT.
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00:00:25,526 --> 00:00:27,860
MY NAME IS STEPHEN HAWKING
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00:00:27,928 --> 00:00:29,895
AND I BELIEVE THAT
ANYONE CAN ANSWER
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00:00:29,964 --> 00:00:33,832
BIG QUESTIONS FOR THEMSELVES.
10
00:00:33,901 --> 00:00:35,300
THIS IS EXCITING.
11
00:00:35,369 --> 00:00:37,870
HAWKING: SO, WITH THE HELP
OF A FEW ORDINARY PEOPLE...
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00:00:40,374 --> 00:00:42,107
AND A TEAM OF EXPERTS...
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00:00:42,176 --> 00:00:46,879
MAN: WHERE YOU ARE CHANGES
HOW WE SEE THE UNIVERSE.
14
00:00:46,947 --> 00:00:49,681
HAWKING: WE ARE GOING
ON THE ULTIMATE VOYAGE.
15
00:00:49,750 --> 00:00:52,451
WOMAN: THESE DISTANCES ARE JUST
GETTING BIGGER AND BIGGER.
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00:00:52,520 --> 00:00:54,153
HAWKING: A QUEST
TO ANSWER THE GREATEST
17
00:00:54,221 --> 00:00:56,121
MYSTERIES OF THE UNIVERSE.
18
00:00:56,190 --> 00:00:58,457
RIGHT, LET'S BLOW
THIS BAD BOY UP.
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00:00:58,526 --> 00:01:00,659
HAWKING: USING THE POWER
OF THE HUMAN MIND.
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00:01:02,463 --> 00:01:03,328
WE MADE IT!
21
00:01:09,537 --> 00:01:12,471
BECAUSE ANYONE
CAN THINK LIKE A GENIUS.
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00:01:19,180 --> 00:01:20,813
ANNOUNCER: "GENIUS BY
STEPHEN HAWKING"
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00:01:20,881 --> 00:01:22,347
WAS MADE POSSIBLE IN PART BY
24
00:01:22,416 --> 00:01:24,850
CONTRIBUTIONS TO YOUR PBS
STATION FROM VIEWERS LIKE YOU.
25
00:01:24,919 --> 00:01:26,819
THANK YOU.
26
00:01:26,887 --> 00:01:28,087
VOICES: WHERE ARE WE?
27
00:01:34,395 --> 00:01:36,695
HAWKING: WHERE ARE WE?
28
00:01:36,764 --> 00:01:38,897
THAT'S A PRETTY
PROFOUND QUESTION.
29
00:01:41,869 --> 00:01:44,069
IF WE DIDN'T KNOW WHERE WE ARE,
30
00:01:44,138 --> 00:01:47,506
WE'D BE LIKE
MONKEYS IN A FOREST,
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00:01:47,575 --> 00:01:50,742
TOTALLY UNAWARE OF OUR POSITION
IN THE COSMOS.
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00:01:55,216 --> 00:01:58,917
FORTUNATELY, WE HUMANS
KNOW EVERYTHING,
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00:01:58,986 --> 00:02:03,322
FROM THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH
TO ITS PLACE IN THE UNIVERSE.
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00:02:05,960 --> 00:02:07,793
BUT HOW DID WE FIND OUT?
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00:02:12,466 --> 00:02:14,566
I BELIEVE ANYONE
CAN WORK IT OUT.
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00:02:16,003 --> 00:02:17,769
LET'S SEE IF I'M RIGHT.
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00:02:20,040 --> 00:02:22,107
I HAVE ASKED 3 ORDINARY PEOPLE
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00:02:22,176 --> 00:02:24,209
TO COME ON A JOURNEY
OF DISCOVERY.
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00:02:32,186 --> 00:02:35,320
THEY WILL HAVE
TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT,
40
00:02:35,389 --> 00:02:37,456
AND I WANT TO SEE
IF THEY CAN GRASP
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THE TRUE SCALE OF
THE UNIVERSE...
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00:02:41,662 --> 00:02:45,531
WITH SOME FUN EXPERIMENTS
TO FIND OUT WHERE WE ARE.
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00:02:47,268 --> 00:02:48,667
WHERE ARE WE?
44
00:02:48,736 --> 00:02:50,302
THAT'S A REALLY GOOD QUESTION.
45
00:02:50,371 --> 00:02:51,670
WE'RE ON EARTH.
46
00:02:51,739 --> 00:02:53,639
YET, THERE'S MORE
PLANETS OUT THERE.
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00:02:53,707 --> 00:02:55,107
IN MY SOLAR SYSTEM.
48
00:02:55,176 --> 00:02:56,708
AND THE MILKY WAY.
49
00:02:56,777 --> 00:02:57,643
THAT'S WHERE I'M AT.
50
00:03:00,314 --> 00:03:03,282
HAWKING: BUT HOW
DO WE KNOW FOR SURE?
51
00:03:03,350 --> 00:03:07,119
THE FIRST STEP IS
TO MEASURE OUR PLANET.
52
00:03:07,188 --> 00:03:09,922
HOW BIG IS IT
AND IS IT REALLY ROUND?
53
00:03:12,193 --> 00:03:15,827
THE VOLUNTEERS DON'T KNOW IT,
BUT THEY ARE GOING TO FIND OUT
54
00:03:15,896 --> 00:03:19,231
THE SIZE AND SHAPE OF THE WORLD,
RIGHT HERE IN NEVADA.
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00:03:21,268 --> 00:03:24,870
THEY'LL DO IT BY TACKLING
THEIR FIRST CHALLENGE:
56
00:03:24,939 --> 00:03:26,838
HOW FLAT IS THIS LAKE?
57
00:03:26,907 --> 00:03:30,442
CAT: HOW DO YOU MEASURE
THE FLATNESS OF A LAKE?
58
00:03:30,511 --> 00:03:32,010
WITH A HUGE RULER.
59
00:03:32,079 --> 00:03:34,379
[LAUGHTER]
60
00:03:34,448 --> 00:03:35,881
YEAH, SHE HAS
A POINT, THOUGH.
YOU NEED--
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00:03:35,950 --> 00:03:37,849
YOU NEED SOMETHING
THAT YOU KNOW IS FLAT
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00:03:37,918 --> 00:03:39,418
TO MEASURE THE SURFACE
OF THE WATER AGAINST.
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00:03:39,486 --> 00:03:40,352
YEAH.
64
00:03:44,992 --> 00:03:46,692
HAWKING: THIS LAKE
HOLDS THE SECRET
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00:03:46,760 --> 00:03:49,561
TO THE SIZE AND SHAPE
OF THE EARTH,
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00:03:49,630 --> 00:03:51,263
BUT CAN THE TEAM WORK IT OUT?
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00:03:54,001 --> 00:03:56,735
TO HELP THEM,
THEY NEED A FEW TOOLS.
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00:03:56,804 --> 00:03:59,371
2 FEET, 7 INCHES.
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00:03:59,440 --> 00:04:02,007
HAWKING: FIRST IS
A POWERFUL LASER
70
00:04:02,076 --> 00:04:04,443
WHICH PROJECTS
A STRAIGHT BEAM OF LIGHT
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00:04:04,511 --> 00:04:07,079
ACROSS THE SURFACE OF THE LAKE.
72
00:04:07,147 --> 00:04:09,314
NEXT, THEY'LL NEED A BOAT.
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00:04:12,987 --> 00:04:15,254
AH...WHOA, WE JUST
PASSED THROUGH IT.
74
00:04:15,322 --> 00:04:16,188
YEAH.
75
00:04:17,691 --> 00:04:19,224
JOY: JOY TO BOAT.
76
00:04:19,293 --> 00:04:21,727
CAT: THIS IS CAT, OVER.
77
00:04:21,795 --> 00:04:25,030
I WANT YOU TO GO AT
THE FRONT OF THE LASER.
78
00:04:25,099 --> 00:04:26,665
CAT: ROGER.
79
00:04:26,734 --> 00:04:28,333
NOW WE GOTTA TURN
A LITTLE TO THE RIGHT.
80
00:04:31,872 --> 00:04:37,843
HAWKING: IF THE LAKE IS FLAT,
THE LASER BEAM AND THE WATER
81
00:04:37,911 --> 00:04:40,212
WILL ALWAYS BE PARALLEL
TO EACH OTHER.
82
00:04:42,182 --> 00:04:45,050
SEEN FROM A BOAT,
THE BEAM WOULD ALWAYS STAY
83
00:04:45,119 --> 00:04:47,319
AT THE SAME HEIGHT
ABOVE THE WATER,
84
00:04:47,388 --> 00:04:49,788
NO MATTER HOW FAR YOU TRAVEL
INTO THE LAKE.
85
00:04:52,626 --> 00:04:55,227
BUT DOES THAT HAPPEN?
86
00:04:55,296 --> 00:04:57,029
AND CAN THE TEAM WORK OUT WHY?
87
00:04:58,632 --> 00:04:59,965
TIME TO FIND OUT.
88
00:05:01,969 --> 00:05:04,903
THE BOAT HAS A WHITEBOARD
ATTACHED TO IT,
89
00:05:04,972 --> 00:05:06,605
WHICH WILL BE A TARGET.
90
00:05:06,674 --> 00:05:08,440
CAT: WE'RE LOOKING
FOR THE LASER BEAM,
91
00:05:08,509 --> 00:05:10,976
SO THAT WE CAN MARK IT
ON THE WHITEBOARD.
92
00:05:11,045 --> 00:05:11,943
OH, IT'S HITTING
OFF THAT.
93
00:05:15,349 --> 00:05:16,982
JIM: AND WE MADE
THE FIRST MEASUREMENT
94
00:05:17,051 --> 00:05:19,584
AND I WAS PRETTY CONFIDENT THAT
WE WEREN'T GONNA FIND ANYTHING.
95
00:05:19,653 --> 00:05:21,586
CAT: A LITTLE MORE
TO THE RIGHT.
96
00:05:24,425 --> 00:05:26,224
JIM: ALMOST THERE.
THERE WE GO.
97
00:05:26,293 --> 00:05:30,696
HAWKING: THEY TAKE THEIR FIRST
READING 500 FEET FROM THE SHORE.
98
00:05:30,764 --> 00:05:33,732
JIM: OK, WHAT WAS
THE HEIGHT OF IT?
99
00:05:33,801 --> 00:05:34,666
GOT IT.
100
00:05:39,173 --> 00:05:41,039
HAWKING: FOR
THE NEXT MEASUREMENT,
101
00:05:41,108 --> 00:05:43,942
THEY'LL NEED TO GO
MUCH FURTHER OUT.
102
00:05:44,011 --> 00:05:45,711
JOY: OK, SO, NOW,
I NEED YOU GO OUT
103
00:05:45,779 --> 00:05:47,446
3 MILES AWAY FROM THE LASER.
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00:05:47,514 --> 00:05:48,780
CAT: ALL RIGHT.
105
00:05:48,849 --> 00:05:49,915
AWESOME.
106
00:06:03,397 --> 00:06:06,565
HAWKING: SO, 3 MILES AWAY,
WHERE'S THE LASER BEAM?
107
00:06:08,502 --> 00:06:11,069
REMEMBER, IF THE LAKE IS FLAT,
108
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IT WOULD BE
THE SAME HEIGHT AS BEFORE.
109
00:06:15,509 --> 00:06:17,309
JOY: CAT, YOU HAVE TO GO
SLIGHTLY TO THE LEFT.
110
00:06:19,279 --> 00:06:21,146
CAT: YOU SAY
GO SLIGHTLY TO THE LEFT?
111
00:06:21,215 --> 00:06:22,080
JOY: YEAH.
112
00:06:24,251 --> 00:06:25,317
A LITTLE BIT MORE
TO THE RIGHT.
113
00:06:27,020 --> 00:06:28,186
HERE WE GO.
114
00:06:28,255 --> 00:06:29,221
I DON'T EVEN
THINK THIS BEAM
115
00:06:29,289 --> 00:06:30,389
IS GONNA
HIT OUR BOAT.
116
00:06:33,794 --> 00:06:37,095
SO, WE'RE GONNA
HAVE TO MEASURE IT
ON SOMETHING ELSE.
117
00:06:37,164 --> 00:06:38,864
ALL RIGHT.
JIM: I'VE NO IDEA.
118
00:06:38,932 --> 00:06:41,333
HERE WE GO.
OH, IS THAT YOUR--
119
00:06:41,402 --> 00:06:43,201
IS THAT YOUR
MEASURING TOOL?
120
00:06:43,270 --> 00:06:44,770
CAT: DO YOU SEE IT?
JIM: YUP.
121
00:06:44,838 --> 00:06:45,704
CAN YOU MARK IT?
122
00:06:48,642 --> 00:06:49,641
CAT: [INDISTINCT]
123
00:06:52,746 --> 00:06:53,979
JIM: WE MADE
THE SECOND MEASUREMENT
124
00:06:54,047 --> 00:06:54,913
AND MY WHOLE WORLD FELL APART.
125
00:06:56,049 --> 00:06:57,416
IT'S LIKE 6 FEET.
126
00:06:57,484 --> 00:06:58,550
YEAH.
YEAH.
127
00:06:58,619 --> 00:07:00,485
IT SEEMS A LOT HIGHER.
OK.
128
00:07:00,554 --> 00:07:01,453
CAT: YOU GOT IT?
JIM: UH-HUH.
129
00:07:01,522 --> 00:07:02,988
ALL RIGHT.
130
00:07:03,056 --> 00:07:05,290
HAWKING: JUST 3 MILES AWAY,
131
00:07:05,359 --> 00:07:08,093
THE LASER SEEMS TO HAVE
RISEN BY 6 FEET.
132
00:07:10,297 --> 00:07:12,964
BUT WE KNOW THE BEAM IS LEVEL,
133
00:07:13,033 --> 00:07:17,469
SO, THAT SUGGESTS THAT THE LAKE
IS NOW 6 FEET LOWER.
134
00:07:17,538 --> 00:07:19,638
JIM: TO SEE A 6-FOOT DROP,
135
00:07:19,706 --> 00:07:21,840
WHEN EVERYTHING
LOOKED FLAT TO ME,
136
00:07:21,909 --> 00:07:23,942
WAS--WAS KIND OF MIND-BOGGLING.
137
00:07:24,011 --> 00:07:27,179
DEFINITELY KIND OF SHATTERED MY
PERSPECTIVE IN ABOUT ONE SECOND.
138
00:07:27,247 --> 00:07:28,713
IT MADE ME RETHINK
WHAT WAS GOING ON.
139
00:07:32,186 --> 00:07:34,853
PERCEPTION IS STILL
IT'S A FLAT LAKE, BUT...
140
00:07:34,922 --> 00:07:36,221
IT'S NOT A FLAT LAKE.
141
00:07:36,290 --> 00:07:37,155
IT'S NOT A FLAT LAKE.
142
00:07:38,992 --> 00:07:40,859
CAT: THAT WAS CRAZY.
143
00:07:40,928 --> 00:07:43,261
I WAS DEFINITELY BLOWN AWAY
BY THE FACT THAT
144
00:07:43,330 --> 00:07:45,030
THE LASER WAS THAT
HIGH OFF THE WATER.
145
00:07:50,938 --> 00:07:51,870
JIM: HEY.
146
00:07:51,939 --> 00:07:52,938
CAT: HEY, JOY.
147
00:07:53,006 --> 00:07:54,206
JIM: WHAT'S UP?
CAT: WE'RE BACK.
148
00:07:54,274 --> 00:07:55,207
JOY: SO, HOW WAS IT?
149
00:07:55,275 --> 00:07:57,042
THE LASER WAS
6 FEET UP IN THE AIR
150
00:07:57,110 --> 00:07:58,944
AND WE HAD TO USE THIS
BOARD TO MARK IT.
151
00:08:00,681 --> 00:08:03,148
HAWKING: THE LAKE
IS CLEARLY NOT FLAT.
152
00:08:03,217 --> 00:08:07,152
IT'S ALMOST AS IF
IT'S SLOPING DOWNHILL.
153
00:08:07,221 --> 00:08:10,789
WITH THIS REALIZATION,
MY VOLUNTEERS HAVE MADE
154
00:08:10,858 --> 00:08:14,526
THEIR FIRST STEP TOWARDS
MEASURING THE ENTIRE WORLD.
155
00:08:14,595 --> 00:08:16,394
I THINK WE SHOULD MAKE SOME MORE
MEASUREMENTS, FOR SURE.
156
00:08:16,463 --> 00:08:17,395
YEAH, AGREED.
157
00:08:17,464 --> 00:08:18,363
YEAH, TOTALLY.
158
00:08:22,936 --> 00:08:24,836
HAWKING: BUT THEY ARE
NOT THE FIRST PEOPLE
159
00:08:24,905 --> 00:08:26,638
TO DO IT, OF COURSE.
160
00:08:32,212 --> 00:08:36,281
IN FACT, THE FIRST PERSON
TO MEASURE THE EARTH ACCURATELY
161
00:08:36,350 --> 00:08:39,651
WAS AN ANCIENT GREEK GENIUS
NAMED ERATOSTHENES.
162
00:08:44,725 --> 00:08:47,759
MAN: MORE THAN
2,000 YEARS AGO, ERATOSTHENES,
163
00:08:47,828 --> 00:08:49,928
A VERY CLEVER PHILOSOPHER,
164
00:08:49,997 --> 00:08:52,831
MATHEMATICIAN, GEOMETER,
FROM GREECE,
165
00:08:52,900 --> 00:08:54,366
HE EMBARKED ON AN EXPERIMENT
166
00:08:54,434 --> 00:08:55,734
TO MEASURE THE DIAMETER
OF THE EARTH.
167
00:08:58,272 --> 00:09:00,539
IF THE EARTH WAS FLAT,
168
00:09:00,607 --> 00:09:03,675
ANYWHERE ON THE FLAT EARTH AT
A GIVEN TIME DURING THE DAY,
169
00:09:03,744 --> 00:09:06,778
WE WOULD SEE THE SUN SHINING
WITH THE SAME ANGLE.
170
00:09:06,847 --> 00:09:08,680
WHILE, IF IT IS ROUND,
THAT WON'T BE THE CASE.
171
00:09:10,484 --> 00:09:12,684
HAWKING: ERATOSTHENES HAD HEARD
THAT AT NOON
172
00:09:12,753 --> 00:09:14,920
ON THE LONGEST DAY OF THE YEAR,
173
00:09:14,988 --> 00:09:17,989
THE SUN SHINES DIRECTLY
DOWN THE WATER WELL
174
00:09:18,058 --> 00:09:20,458
IN WHAT IS NOW THE CITY
OF ASWAN IN EGYPT.
175
00:09:22,229 --> 00:09:25,063
HERE, THE SUN MUST BE
DIRECTLY OVERHEAD.
176
00:09:28,735 --> 00:09:33,104
SO, IN ANOTHER LOCATION,
500 MILES TO THE NORTH,
177
00:09:33,173 --> 00:09:35,974
HE MADE A SECOND OBSERVATION,
178
00:09:36,043 --> 00:09:39,978
AGAIN AT NOON ON
THE LONGEST DAY OF THE YEAR.
179
00:09:40,047 --> 00:09:45,984
DIEGO: HERE, 500 MILES NORTH,
HE PERFORMED THIS EXPERIMENT
180
00:09:46,053 --> 00:09:49,955
AND HE PLANTED A POLE VERTICAL
181
00:09:50,023 --> 00:09:53,024
AND REALIZED THAT THE POLE
WAS CASTING A SHADOW.
182
00:09:55,996 --> 00:09:57,963
HAWKING: THE SHADOW WAS
EVIDENCE THAT THE SUN
183
00:09:58,031 --> 00:10:00,298
IS NOT OVERHEAD,
BUT AT AN ANGLE.
184
00:10:03,604 --> 00:10:07,105
BY MEASURING THIS ANGLE,
185
00:10:07,174 --> 00:10:12,410
AND KNOWING THE DISTANCE
BETWEEN THE TWO LOCATIONS,
186
00:10:12,479 --> 00:10:16,181
HE WAS ABLE TO CALCULATE
THAT THE EARTH IS A BALL,
187
00:10:16,249 --> 00:10:18,683
ABOUT 8,000 MILES IN DIAMETER.
188
00:10:22,389 --> 00:10:26,291
BUT THE QUESTION IS,
WITH THE RIGHT TOOLS,
189
00:10:26,360 --> 00:10:30,261
CAN THE VOLUNTEERS MATCH
THIS ANCIENT GENIUS?
190
00:10:30,330 --> 00:10:34,099
DIEGO: TODAY, WE USE LASERS AND
GPS AND ALL KINDS OF TECHNOLOGY
191
00:10:34,167 --> 00:10:36,468
TO COME MORE OR LESS
TO THE SAME NUMBER.
192
00:10:36,536 --> 00:10:38,336
THIS IS WHAT SCIENCE IS ABOUT.
193
00:10:38,405 --> 00:10:41,973
IT'S ABOUT INVENTING NEW WAYS
OF INVESTIGATING NATURE,
194
00:10:42,042 --> 00:10:44,109
LOOKING FOR FACTS,
LOOKING FOR MEASUREMENTS,
195
00:10:44,177 --> 00:10:45,710
AND COMING WITH RESULTS
WHICH ARE ASTONISHING.
196
00:10:48,982 --> 00:10:53,818
HAWKING: MY VOLUNTEERS HAVE
DISCOVERED THE LAKE IS NOT FLAT,
197
00:10:53,887 --> 00:10:57,088
BUT IN ORDER TO MEASURE
THE WHOLE WORLD,
198
00:10:57,157 --> 00:11:00,492
THEY NEED TO MAKE A NEW
MEASUREMENT, MUCH FURTHER AWAY.
199
00:11:02,162 --> 00:11:05,263
AND TO DO THAT,
THEY WILL NEED SOME NEW TOOLS.
200
00:11:08,568 --> 00:11:09,768
OK, LET'S GET
THIS BOX OPEN.
201
00:11:09,836 --> 00:11:10,635
ALL RIGHT.
YEAH.
202
00:11:12,406 --> 00:11:14,072
HEY, WHAT DO
WE HAVE HERE?
203
00:11:14,141 --> 00:11:15,440
TRIPOD.
THAT'S LIKE A TRIPOD.
204
00:11:17,978 --> 00:11:20,178
HAWKING: NOW INSTEAD
OF THE LASER,
205
00:11:20,247 --> 00:11:23,081
A TELESCOPE WILL
ENABLE OUR VOLUNTEERS
206
00:11:23,150 --> 00:11:26,317
TO LOOK IN A STRAIGHT LINE
TO THE LAKE'S OPPOSITE SHORE.
207
00:11:27,988 --> 00:11:30,922
BUT THAT'S NOT THE ONLY
INSTRUMENT THEY'LL NEED.
208
00:11:30,991 --> 00:11:33,558
CAT: WE'RE WONDERING, OK, HOW
ARE WE GONNA GET THIS NEXT POINT
209
00:11:33,627 --> 00:11:35,393
IF IT'S SO HIGH,
IT'S PAST OUR BOARD.
210
00:11:40,200 --> 00:11:41,166
JOY: WHOA!
211
00:11:41,234 --> 00:11:42,067
JIM: VERY COOL.
212
00:11:43,904 --> 00:11:45,003
ARE WE GETTING
IN A HELICOPTER?
213
00:11:48,942 --> 00:11:51,176
THIS CHOPPER APPEARS
OUT OF NOWHERE.
214
00:11:53,547 --> 00:11:54,546
ALL RIGHT, THAT IS AWESOME.
215
00:11:56,283 --> 00:11:59,184
HAWKING: JUST AS THE TELESCOPE
REPLACES THE LASER,
216
00:11:59,252 --> 00:12:01,686
THE HELICOPTER TAKES
THE PLACE OF THE BOAT.
217
00:12:03,957 --> 00:12:05,023
JIM: I'LL STAY
WITH THE TELESCOPE.
218
00:12:05,092 --> 00:12:06,057
OK, GREAT.
219
00:12:06,126 --> 00:12:07,125
CAT: WE'LL GO
IN THE HELICOPTER.
220
00:12:07,194 --> 00:12:08,393
THAT'S A PLAN.
JIM: SOUNDS LIKE A PLAN.
221
00:12:08,462 --> 00:12:09,461
YEAH.
CAT: ALL RIGHT,
LET'S DO IT.
222
00:12:12,999 --> 00:12:15,300
PILOT: ALL RIGHT, WE'LL
GO AHEAD AND LIFT OFF.
223
00:12:15,368 --> 00:12:16,534
THIS IS EXCITING.
224
00:12:20,107 --> 00:12:22,307
JOY: I LOVE THAT
THERE ARE NO DOORS.
[LAUGHS]
225
00:12:25,512 --> 00:12:29,681
WE'RE FLYING TO PYRAMID ROCK.
DO YOU COPY THAT?
226
00:12:29,750 --> 00:12:31,883
I COPY THAT.
YOU ARE FLYING
TO THE PYRAMID.
227
00:12:34,988 --> 00:12:36,654
JOY: THE LAKE LOOKS
COMPLETELY FLAT FROM UP HERE.
228
00:12:40,627 --> 00:12:43,561
HAWKING: IF THEY ARE TWICE AS
FAR AWAY AS BEFORE,
229
00:12:43,630 --> 00:12:48,066
HOW MUCH LOWER WILL THE FAR
SHORE OF THE LAKE APPEAR TO BE?
230
00:12:48,135 --> 00:12:51,636
JOY: JIM, WE'RE GOING TO BE AT
THE TOP OF THE PYRAMID ROCK.
231
00:12:57,477 --> 00:12:58,376
OH, GOT 'EM.
232
00:13:00,347 --> 00:13:02,180
YEAH, I HAVE YOU
ON THE TELESCOPE.
233
00:13:02,249 --> 00:13:03,114
GO AHEAD AND LAND.
234
00:13:14,094 --> 00:13:16,327
JIM: AS IT LANDS,
IT COMPLETELY DISAPPEARS
235
00:13:16,396 --> 00:13:17,395
FROM MY LINE OF SIGHT.
236
00:13:19,966 --> 00:13:20,999
JOY, ARE YOU STILL AIRBORNE?
237
00:13:22,803 --> 00:13:24,903
JOY: YEAH. CAN YOU
SEE US LANDING?
238
00:13:26,173 --> 00:13:27,438
JIM: THE REPORTS
FROM THE HELICOPTER,
239
00:13:27,507 --> 00:13:30,208
THEY'RE STILL FLYING,
BUT I CAN'T SEE IT.
240
00:13:34,514 --> 00:13:37,048
TO WRAP YOUR HEAD AROUND IT
IN THAT SHORT OF TIME
241
00:13:37,117 --> 00:13:38,650
WAS A LITTLE DIFFICULT FOR ME.
242
00:13:38,718 --> 00:13:40,785
I WAS LIKE, THIS IS CRAZY.
243
00:13:40,854 --> 00:13:42,453
WE HAVE LANDED
IN OUR POSITION.
244
00:13:44,424 --> 00:13:45,723
OK, JOY, GO AHEAD
AND LIFT OFF.
245
00:13:48,628 --> 00:13:49,994
HAWKING: THEY PLAN TO ASCEND
246
00:13:50,063 --> 00:13:53,398
UNTIL JIM CAN SEE THEM
ON THE HORIZON.
247
00:13:53,466 --> 00:13:55,433
THEN THEY'LL TELL HIM
THEIR ALTITUDE.
248
00:13:57,504 --> 00:13:59,871
LET ME KNOW WHEN
YOU CAN SEE US
249
00:13:59,940 --> 00:14:01,439
ON SPOT
ON THE HORIZON.
250
00:14:10,984 --> 00:14:13,585
OH, I GOT 'EM, I GOT 'EM.
251
00:14:13,653 --> 00:14:15,186
OK, WHAT'S YOUR
ELEVATION RIGHT NOW?
252
00:14:16,790 --> 00:14:18,656
CAT: ALL RIGHT, BRIAN, HOW MANY
FEET ARE WE ABOVE THE LAKE?
253
00:14:21,761 --> 00:14:22,727
BRIAN: 24 FEET.
254
00:14:24,865 --> 00:14:27,298
JOY: WHOO!
WE MADE IT!
255
00:14:27,367 --> 00:14:29,601
24 FEET.
256
00:14:29,669 --> 00:14:30,935
24 FEET, AWESOME.
257
00:14:33,740 --> 00:14:36,975
CAT: 24 FEET IS A LOT HIGHER
258
00:14:37,043 --> 00:14:40,245
THAN OUR OTHER TWO POINTS
THAT WE GOT.
259
00:14:40,313 --> 00:14:41,179
THAT WAS AWESOME.
IT WAS GREAT.
260
00:14:44,017 --> 00:14:46,384
HAWKING: AT 6 MILES,
THE LAKE HAS FALLEN
261
00:14:46,453 --> 00:14:48,253
4 TIMES LOWER THAN BEFORE.
262
00:14:50,790 --> 00:14:52,123
SO, WHAT IS GOING ON?
263
00:14:54,895 --> 00:14:56,427
OK, YOU GUYS,
CHECK THIS OUT.
264
00:14:56,496 --> 00:14:59,731
SO, IF THIS LINE
IS OUR LASER BEAM.
265
00:14:59,799 --> 00:15:01,332
RIGHT.
266
00:15:01,401 --> 00:15:03,434
THAT WE SHOT ACROSS THE LAKE.
267
00:15:03,503 --> 00:15:04,969
RIGHT? AND THAT'S THE SHORE.
268
00:15:05,038 --> 00:15:07,372
THIS IS THE LASER.
RIGHT THERE.
269
00:15:07,440 --> 00:15:11,042
AND WE JOIN OUR DATA POINTS,
270
00:15:11,111 --> 00:15:16,214
AT 6 FEET AND THEN
ALL THE WAY OUT TO 24,
271
00:15:16,283 --> 00:15:19,150
THIS IS OUR SOURCE,
THAT'S OUR FLAT LINE,
RIGHT?
272
00:15:19,219 --> 00:15:20,451
AND THIS IS THE SURFACE
OF THE LAKE.
273
00:15:23,256 --> 00:15:26,224
HAWKING: THE GREEN LINE
SHOWS THE PATH OF THE LASER
274
00:15:26,293 --> 00:15:27,859
AND THE VIEW
FROM THE TELESCOPE.
275
00:15:30,397 --> 00:15:33,131
AND THE GOLD LINE SHOWS
HOW THE DATA POINTS
276
00:15:33,199 --> 00:15:34,966
FORM THE BEGINNING OF A CURVE.
277
00:15:37,871 --> 00:15:41,873
CAT: SO, THAT MEANS,
THIS LAKE ISN'T FLAT.
278
00:15:41,942 --> 00:15:42,941
IT'S NOT EVEN CLOSE.
279
00:15:43,009 --> 00:15:44,676
NO.
280
00:15:44,744 --> 00:15:46,611
THAT'S CRAZY.
281
00:15:46,680 --> 00:15:48,546
JIM: IF WE CAN JUST
CONTINUE THAT CURVATURE
282
00:15:48,615 --> 00:15:50,815
ALL THE WAY AROUND
AND COMPLETE A CIRCLE,
283
00:15:50,884 --> 00:15:52,050
AND WE CAN MEASURE IT,
284
00:15:52,118 --> 00:15:53,217
THEN THAT GIVES US
285
00:15:53,286 --> 00:15:54,218
THE CIRCUMFERENCE
OF THE EARTH.
286
00:15:56,489 --> 00:15:59,624
HAWKING: WITH THESE
MEASUREMENTS ON THE LAKE,
287
00:15:59,693 --> 00:16:02,760
WE CAN CALCULATE THAT
THE EARTH'S CIRCUMFERENCE
288
00:16:02,829 --> 00:16:05,630
IS AROUND 25,000 MILES,
289
00:16:05,699 --> 00:16:09,500
WHICH MATCHES
ERATOSTHENES'S CALCULATION.
290
00:16:09,569 --> 00:16:11,369
I STILL HAVE A HARD TIME
WRAPPING MY HEAD AROUND THE FACT
291
00:16:11,438 --> 00:16:14,405
THAT WE MEASURED THE EARTH
AT THAT LAKE.
292
00:16:14,474 --> 00:16:16,074
CAT: I'LL NEVER LOOK AT
A LAKE THE SAME WAY,
293
00:16:16,142 --> 00:16:18,309
I'LL NEVER LOOK AT A BIG BODY
OF WATER THE SAME WAY,
294
00:16:18,378 --> 00:16:21,179
NOW THAT I KNOW IT'S FOLLOWING
THE CURVATURE OF THE EARTH.
295
00:16:26,553 --> 00:16:29,153
HAWKING: KNOWING
THE SHAPE AND SIZE OF THE EARTH
296
00:16:29,222 --> 00:16:32,123
IS JUST THE BEGINNING OF
FINDING OUT WHERE WE ARE.
297
00:16:34,227 --> 00:16:37,528
TO LEARN MORE, WE NEED
TO JOURNEY INTO SPACE,
298
00:16:37,597 --> 00:16:39,163
TO THE MOON AND BEYOND.
299
00:16:41,735 --> 00:16:43,968
THE MOON IS OUR
NEAREST NEIGHBOR,
300
00:16:44,037 --> 00:16:47,805
BUT VERY FEW PEOPLE REALIZE
ITS DISTANCE FROM EARTH.
301
00:16:47,874 --> 00:16:52,410
SO, THE NEXT CHALLENGE
IN FINDING OUT WHERE WE ARE
302
00:16:52,479 --> 00:16:55,713
IS TO FIND OUT HOW FAR AWAY
THE MOON REALLY IS.
303
00:16:59,586 --> 00:17:02,987
TO DISCOVER THIS,
WE NEED TO LEAVE THE LAKE
304
00:17:03,056 --> 00:17:05,456
AND HEAD DEEP INTO
THE VAST NEVADA DESERT.
305
00:17:07,627 --> 00:17:08,726
SO, WHAT'S
IN THE BOX?
306
00:17:12,399 --> 00:17:13,965
OK.
307
00:17:14,034 --> 00:17:16,834
SO, IT'S A TINY EARTH
AND A TINY MOON.
308
00:17:18,705 --> 00:17:22,140
HAWKING: THESE ARE SCALE MODELS
OF THE EARTH AND THE MOON.
309
00:17:22,208 --> 00:17:24,742
THEIR RELATIVE SIZE
WAS FIRST DISCOVERED
310
00:17:24,811 --> 00:17:29,013
BY THE ANCIENT GREEKS,
THOUSANDS OF YEARS AGO.
311
00:17:33,153 --> 00:17:36,487
BACK THEN, THE GENIUS
WHO WORKED IT OUT
312
00:17:36,556 --> 00:17:39,857
WAS A MAN CALLED ARISTARCHUS.
313
00:17:39,926 --> 00:17:42,927
MAN: IF YOU LOOK AT THE MOON,
THERE'S A BRIGHT CRATER,
314
00:17:42,996 --> 00:17:45,963
AND IT'S CALLED ARISTARCHUS,
NAMED THAT WAY
315
00:17:46,032 --> 00:17:48,766
TO HELP US REMEMBER THE MAN WHO
TOLD US THE SIZE OF THE MOON.
316
00:17:50,937 --> 00:17:52,570
SO, HOW DID ARISTARCHUS DO IT?
317
00:17:54,674 --> 00:17:56,441
THE ANSWER IS THAT
HE SIMPLY OBSERVED
318
00:17:56,509 --> 00:17:58,743
ITS PASSAGE THROUGH THE SKY.
319
00:17:58,812 --> 00:18:01,212
AND HE CALCULATED
THAT IT TOOK ONE HOUR
320
00:18:01,281 --> 00:18:03,281
TO COVER THE DISTANCE
OF ITS OWN DIAMETER.
321
00:18:05,752 --> 00:18:07,518
ONCE HE'D WORKED THAT OUT,
HE HAD TO FIND A WAY
322
00:18:07,587 --> 00:18:10,088
TO MAKE THAT FIGURE RELEVANT
TO THE SIZE OF THE EARTH.
323
00:18:11,791 --> 00:18:13,658
ARISTARCHUS REALIZED
THAT HE COULD USE
324
00:18:13,726 --> 00:18:16,027
A PHENOMENON CALLED
A TOTAL ECLIPSE.
325
00:18:16,096 --> 00:18:17,962
AND A TOTAL ECLIPSE OF THE MOON
IS A COMMON THING.
326
00:18:18,031 --> 00:18:20,231
IT HAPPENS ONCE
OR TWICE A YEAR,
327
00:18:20,300 --> 00:18:22,600
WHEN THE MOON PASSES
THROUGH THE EARTH'S SHADOW.
328
00:18:29,309 --> 00:18:32,743
HE DISCOVERED THAT
THE MOON TOOK ABOUT 2.7 HOURS
329
00:18:32,812 --> 00:18:34,745
TO CROSS THROUGH
THE EARTH'S SHADOW.
330
00:18:38,518 --> 00:18:41,652
AND SO, HE THEN KNEW
THAT THE EARTH'S SHADOW
331
00:18:41,721 --> 00:18:44,755
WAS 2.7 TIMES LARGER
THAN THE MOON ITSELF.
332
00:18:49,362 --> 00:18:51,529
ARISTARCHUS'S CALCULATION
SHOWED THAT THE MOON WAS
333
00:18:51,598 --> 00:18:54,232
3,000 MILES ACROSS IN DIAMETER
334
00:18:54,300 --> 00:18:55,867
AND WE NOW KNOW
THAT THE TRUE FIGURE
335
00:18:55,935 --> 00:18:58,703
IS JUST OVER 2,000 MILES.
336
00:18:58,771 --> 00:19:02,273
WHAT THIS DOES IS, IT EXTENDS
THE REACH OF MEASUREMENT
337
00:19:02,342 --> 00:19:04,575
OUT ABOVE THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE
AND INTO SPACE.
338
00:19:06,546 --> 00:19:08,312
HE SAYS THAT THE UNIVERSE
IS A PLACE
339
00:19:08,381 --> 00:19:10,047
THAT SCIENTISTS CAN
EXPLORE AS WELL.
340
00:19:12,418 --> 00:19:15,319
HAWKING: ONCE WE KNOW THE SIZE
OF THE EARTH AND THE MOON,
341
00:19:15,388 --> 00:19:17,955
IT'S POSSIBLE FOR MY VOLUNTEERS
342
00:19:18,024 --> 00:19:21,959
TO TAKE THE NEXT STEP AND FIND
OUT HOW FAR APART THEY ARE.
343
00:19:24,297 --> 00:19:25,763
BUT FIRST, A GUESS.
344
00:19:27,400 --> 00:19:32,236
I THINK IT'S CLOSER.
I THINK IT'S ABOUT THERE.
345
00:19:32,305 --> 00:19:34,639
CAT: THAT IS WHAT
I WAS GONNA DO.
346
00:19:34,707 --> 00:19:36,607
I WAS GONNA PUT THEM
CLOSE, I THINK.
347
00:19:36,676 --> 00:19:39,076
JIM: CLOSER
THAN FURTHER.
348
00:19:39,145 --> 00:19:43,381
I THINK THAT IT'S
A BIT FURTHER AWAY.
349
00:19:43,449 --> 00:19:45,416
WOW, THAT FAR?
GOING BIG.
350
00:19:45,485 --> 00:19:46,484
JOY: I PUT THIS
AS MY GUESS.
351
00:19:46,553 --> 00:19:47,418
OK.
352
00:19:49,389 --> 00:19:51,389
HAWKING: SO, HOW CAN
WE FIND OUT FOR SURE?
353
00:19:53,927 --> 00:19:57,228
THIS EVENING,
THERE IS A FULL MOON.
354
00:19:57,297 --> 00:19:59,497
THAT IS THE FINAL
CLUE THEY NEED,
355
00:19:59,566 --> 00:20:02,033
TO THINK LIKE ARISTARCHUS.
356
00:20:02,101 --> 00:20:04,168
CAT: MAYBE
WE TAKE THE EARTH
357
00:20:04,237 --> 00:20:05,636
AND PUT THE MOON
IN FRONT OF IT,
358
00:20:05,705 --> 00:20:08,139
UNTIL WE COVER UP THE MOON.
359
00:20:08,208 --> 00:20:10,575
SAME SIZE?
SAME SIZE.
360
00:20:10,643 --> 00:20:11,842
OK.
361
00:20:11,911 --> 00:20:13,077
CAT: TAKE IT TILL WE
LOSE SIGHT OF THE MOON.
362
00:20:15,448 --> 00:20:17,081
HAWKING: CAT HAS THE ANSWER.
363
00:20:17,150 --> 00:20:19,317
CAT: I'M LOOKING AT
THE REAL MOON IN THE SKY
364
00:20:19,385 --> 00:20:20,718
AND THE LITTLE MOON
THAT WE HAVE
365
00:20:20,787 --> 00:20:23,921
AND I'M THINKING,
"WELL, THEY'RE THE SAME."
366
00:20:23,990 --> 00:20:27,925
SO, MAYBE WE NEED TO BLACK OUT
THE REAL MOON IN THE SKY.
367
00:20:29,562 --> 00:20:32,230
CLOSER. CLOSER.
368
00:20:32,298 --> 00:20:33,231
A LITTLE--
A LITTLE CLOSER.
369
00:20:36,636 --> 00:20:38,436
ALL RIGHT.
I SAY THAT'S IT.
370
00:20:38,504 --> 00:20:39,503
JIM: IS THAT IT?
YEAH.
371
00:20:39,572 --> 00:20:40,805
SO, YOU WERE RIGHT.
372
00:20:40,873 --> 00:20:43,474
THE MOON IS PRETTY
FAR FROM THE EARTH.
373
00:20:43,543 --> 00:20:44,842
YEAH, A LOT FARTHER
THAN WE THOUGHT.
374
00:20:49,148 --> 00:20:52,416
HAWKING: WHEN THE SCALE MOON IS
JUST THE RIGHT DISTANCE AWAY,
375
00:20:52,485 --> 00:20:55,419
IT WILL COVER THE REAL MOON
PERFECTLY.
376
00:20:55,488 --> 00:20:57,521
THAT'S HOW YOU FIND
THE DISTANCE.
377
00:21:00,126 --> 00:21:02,326
IN THE DESERT, THE SCALE MODELS
378
00:21:02,395 --> 00:21:05,363
OF THE MOON AND EARTH
ARE 6 FEET APART.
379
00:21:05,431 --> 00:21:11,035
UP IN THE SKY, THE REAL MOON
IS ABOUT 240,000 MILES AWAY.
380
00:21:12,405 --> 00:21:13,771
CAT: IT WORKED.
381
00:21:13,840 --> 00:21:18,376
I'M NOT A SCIENTIST AND TO BE
ABLE TO JUST DO THAT OFF A WHIM
382
00:21:18,444 --> 00:21:21,512
AND IT JUST CAME TO ME,
THAT WAS--THAT WAS INCREDIBLE.
383
00:21:31,658 --> 00:21:35,126
BY MEASURING THE EARTH
AND OUR DISTANCE TO THE MOON,
384
00:21:35,194 --> 00:21:38,095
WE'VE TAKEN OUR FIRST STEP
OUT INTO SPACE.
385
00:21:42,068 --> 00:21:46,337
BUT TO FIND OUT WHERE WE TRULY
ARE IN THE UNIVERSE...
386
00:21:46,406 --> 00:21:47,605
JIM: GOT IT?
387
00:21:47,674 --> 00:21:50,574
HAWKING: THE NEXT STEP IS
TO FIGURE OUT OUR PLACE
388
00:21:50,643 --> 00:21:54,845
IN RELATION TO THE BRIGHTEST
OBJECT IN OUR SKY--THE SUN.
389
00:21:57,250 --> 00:22:02,186
TODAY, WE KNOW IT IS NEARLY
900,000 MILES IN DIAMETER.
390
00:22:02,255 --> 00:22:06,657
BUT AGAIN, PEOPLE DON'T REALIZE
HOW BIG THAT REALLY IS.
391
00:22:06,726 --> 00:22:07,892
JIM: WHOA.
[LAUGHS]
392
00:22:07,960 --> 00:22:09,760
THAT'S THE SUN.
393
00:22:09,829 --> 00:22:12,196
THAT'S MASSIVE.
IT LOOKS SO BIG.
394
00:22:12,265 --> 00:22:14,765
HAWKING: THIS IS THE SUN
AT THE SAME SCALE
395
00:22:14,834 --> 00:22:17,368
AS OUR TINY
EARTH AND MOON MODELS.
396
00:22:17,437 --> 00:22:18,669
CAT: GO THIS WAY.
397
00:22:18,738 --> 00:22:19,904
OK.
398
00:22:19,972 --> 00:22:22,673
UH, THIS THING.
[LAUGHS]
399
00:22:22,742 --> 00:22:23,841
AT FIRST, WHEN WE
TRIED TO LIFT IT,
400
00:22:23,910 --> 00:22:26,977
WE COULD BARELY PULL THE--
PULL THE MODEL OUT.
401
00:22:27,046 --> 00:22:28,846
IT'S GIANT.
402
00:22:28,915 --> 00:22:31,349
CAREFUL.
THIS IS REALLY
TO SCALE?
403
00:22:31,417 --> 00:22:32,616
JIM: AND THEN WE
START UNROLLING IT
404
00:22:32,685 --> 00:22:35,686
AND IT JUST KEEPS GOING
AND GOING AND GOING.
405
00:22:35,755 --> 00:22:36,987
'CAUSE I JUST WANTED
TO FILL IT UP WITH AIR
406
00:22:37,056 --> 00:22:39,123
AND SEE REALLY HOW BIG IT WAS.
407
00:22:39,192 --> 00:22:41,025
[JIM LAUGHS]
408
00:22:41,094 --> 00:22:42,727
[LAUGHS]
409
00:22:42,795 --> 00:22:44,495
CAT: IT JUST SEEMED LIKE
IT WAS MORE AND MORE FABRIC,
410
00:22:44,564 --> 00:22:47,064
MORE AND MORE, JUST KEEP
COMING, IT KEPT COMING.
411
00:22:47,133 --> 00:22:48,265
JIM: OH, WOW.
412
00:22:50,803 --> 00:22:51,769
RIGHT.
413
00:22:51,838 --> 00:22:52,670
LET'S BLOW THIS BAD BOY UP.
414
00:22:56,275 --> 00:22:58,142
[ENGINE RUNNING]
415
00:23:04,317 --> 00:23:08,085
I WAS JUST THINKING,
"WOW, HOW BIG IS THIS SUN?",
416
00:23:08,154 --> 00:23:11,522
COMPARED TO THIS TINY EARTH
THAT I HAD IN MY HAND.
417
00:23:11,591 --> 00:23:14,558
SO, IF THIS IS THE EARTH,
THEN THIS IS THE SUN.
418
00:23:24,003 --> 00:23:26,904
HAWKING: THE SUN
IS ALMOST 110 TIMES
419
00:23:26,973 --> 00:23:28,372
THE DIAMETER OF THE EARTH.
420
00:23:34,280 --> 00:23:38,416
NOW, THE NEXT BIG QUESTION.
ON THIS SCALE,
421
00:23:38,484 --> 00:23:41,218
WHAT IS THE DISTANCE BETWEEN
EARTH AND THE SUN?
422
00:23:41,287 --> 00:23:43,988
SO, HOW FAR DO WE
HAVE TO MOVE THAT MODEL
423
00:23:44,056 --> 00:23:45,756
TO GET THE DISTANCE
424
00:23:45,825 --> 00:23:48,526
AND HOW ARE WE GONNA
GET THE DISTANCE EXACT?
425
00:23:48,594 --> 00:23:49,460
CAT: I DON'T KNOW.
426
00:23:52,298 --> 00:23:54,265
HAWKING: MUCH LIKE
IT WAS WITH THE MOON,
427
00:23:54,333 --> 00:23:57,168
THE KEY TO ANSWERING THIS
QUESTION IS AN ECLIPSE.
428
00:24:00,306 --> 00:24:02,807
BUT THIS TIME,
IT'S A SOLAR ECLIPSE.
429
00:24:04,510 --> 00:24:07,344
WHEN THE MOON PASSES
IN FRONT OF THE SUN,
430
00:24:07,413 --> 00:24:09,680
SEEN FROM THE EARTH,
THE SUN AND MOON
431
00:24:09,749 --> 00:24:12,983
ARE EXACTLY THE SAME SIZE.
432
00:24:13,052 --> 00:24:15,953
SO, THEY SHOULD BE ABLE
TO FIND THE DISTANCE
433
00:24:16,022 --> 00:24:18,856
BY CREATING AN ECLIPSE
ON THEIR MODEL.
434
00:24:18,925 --> 00:24:22,860
CAT: IN THE SOLAR ECLIPSE,
WE CAN'T SEE THE SUN AT ALL.
435
00:24:22,929 --> 00:24:26,430
SO, WHEN THIS SUN DISAPPEARED,
YOU'D HAVE A SOLAR ECLIPSE.
436
00:24:28,634 --> 00:24:30,134
JIM: BOOM.
THERE WE GO.
437
00:24:30,203 --> 00:24:31,569
SO, ALL WE NEED IS
A SOLAR ECLIPSE.
438
00:24:31,637 --> 00:24:32,770
CAT: YEAH, EXACTLY.
439
00:24:35,975 --> 00:24:38,409
CAT: WE JUMP IN THE TRUCK
AND WE JUST GO.
440
00:24:38,478 --> 00:24:41,245
WE--WE GO IN THE DESERT AND WE
JUST DRIVE, DRIVE, DRIVE.
441
00:24:43,082 --> 00:24:44,715
HAWKING: HOW FAR DO THEY
NEED TO DRIVE?
442
00:24:46,619 --> 00:24:47,585
I THINK THAT'S ABOUT IT.
443
00:24:47,653 --> 00:24:48,652
[SLAPPING WINDOW]
444
00:24:51,023 --> 00:24:54,058
HAWKING: THEY DECIDE TO STOP
400 METERS FROM THE SUN.
445
00:24:55,962 --> 00:24:57,461
ALL RIGHT.
LET'S SEE.
446
00:24:59,832 --> 00:25:02,633
THE MOON RIGHT THERE.
447
00:25:04,036 --> 00:25:06,537
HAWKING: TO MAKE THE TINY MOON
ECLIPSE THE SUN,
448
00:25:06,606 --> 00:25:10,207
IT ALWAYS HAS TO BE
6 FEET FROM THE EARTH.
449
00:25:10,276 --> 00:25:11,942
OK, SO, I'VE GOT
THE EARTH HERE.
450
00:25:12,011 --> 00:25:12,977
ALL RIGHT.
451
00:25:13,045 --> 00:25:14,512
SO, WE KNOW
THIS DISTANCE
452
00:25:14,580 --> 00:25:16,180
AND NOW I'M GOING TO SEE
453
00:25:16,249 --> 00:25:19,617
WHETHER THE MOON IS
THE SAME SIZE AS THE SUN.
454
00:25:19,685 --> 00:25:21,452
IT'S ACTUALLY A BIT SMALLER,
455
00:25:21,521 --> 00:25:23,420
SO, WE HAVE TO GO A BIT
CLOSER TO THE SUN.
456
00:25:23,489 --> 00:25:24,788
ALL RIGHT, LET'S MOVE IT.
457
00:25:24,857 --> 00:25:26,690
LET'S DO IT.
458
00:25:26,759 --> 00:25:29,927
HAWKING: DO THEY NEED TO BE
CLOSER OR FURTHER AWAY?
459
00:25:29,996 --> 00:25:32,530
CAT: LET'S TRY HERE.
ABOUT THERE?
460
00:25:32,598 --> 00:25:33,464
JIM: YEAH, I THINK SO.
461
00:25:35,768 --> 00:25:37,468
JOY: THE SUN
IS STILL BIGGER.
462
00:25:37,537 --> 00:25:39,069
JIM: REALLY?
JOY: YEAH.
463
00:25:39,138 --> 00:25:41,238
CAT: THE SUN'S STILL
BIGGER THAN THE MOON?
464
00:25:41,307 --> 00:25:43,307
JOY: YEAH.
CAT: THAT MEANS
WE WOULD GO THAT WAY.
465
00:25:43,376 --> 00:25:44,975
I'M HAVING A DUMB STROKE.
I'M HAVING A DUMB MOMENT.
466
00:25:45,044 --> 00:25:46,610
[LAUGHS]
467
00:25:46,679 --> 00:25:47,645
LET'S GO BACK.
ALL RIGHT.
468
00:25:51,017 --> 00:25:52,550
JIM: I THINK WE ALL
FELT A BIT SILLY.
469
00:25:55,221 --> 00:25:57,288
WE'RE WALKING
ACROSS THE DESERT.
470
00:25:57,356 --> 00:25:58,222
WHAT WERE WE THINKING?
471
00:25:59,892 --> 00:26:01,592
CAT: HOW MUCH FURTHER
DO YOU GUYS THINK?
472
00:26:01,661 --> 00:26:02,826
JIM: I'M SAYING CHECK IT.
473
00:26:02,895 --> 00:26:03,761
CAT: CHECK IT.
474
00:26:09,201 --> 00:26:10,200
BAM, RIGHT THERE.
475
00:26:14,473 --> 00:26:15,406
OK, READY, WE LOOK.
476
00:26:17,777 --> 00:26:18,642
OH, WE GOT IT.
477
00:26:20,146 --> 00:26:21,612
CAT: YEAH.
JOY: WE GOT IT.
478
00:26:21,681 --> 00:26:22,546
YEAH.
479
00:26:25,251 --> 00:26:27,751
HAWKING: THEY'VE DONE IT.
480
00:26:27,820 --> 00:26:32,022
ON THIS SCALE, THE SUN IS JUST
UNDER HALF A MILE FROM EARTH.
481
00:26:35,261 --> 00:26:38,495
UP IN SPACE, THE DISTANCE
IS 93 MILLION MILES.
482
00:26:41,200 --> 00:26:45,769
CAT: TO SEE IT IN PERSPECTIVE, I
MEAN, OUR EARTH WAS ONLY SO BIG
483
00:26:45,838 --> 00:26:50,641
AND WE HAD TO TAKE IT ACROSS THE
DESERT IN ORDER TO SHOW DISTANCE
484
00:26:50,710 --> 00:26:55,846
AND I MEAN, THAT JUST
SHOWS HOW...HOW SMALL WE ARE.
485
00:26:57,883 --> 00:27:01,018
OUR VOLUNTEERS HAVE FIGURED OUT
THE DISTANCE BETWEEN
486
00:27:01,087 --> 00:27:06,757
THE SUN, MOON, AND EARTH USING
NOTHING MORE THAN 3 ROUND BALLS
487
00:27:06,826 --> 00:27:08,258
AND A LITTLE BIT OF LOGIC.
488
00:27:09,996 --> 00:27:11,595
BUT NOW WE NEED TO FIND OUT
489
00:27:11,664 --> 00:27:13,597
WHERE WE ARE ON
A MUCH LARGER SCALE.
490
00:27:16,102 --> 00:27:21,438
IF WE KNOW THE SUN IS
93 MILLION MILES AWAY,
491
00:27:21,507 --> 00:27:23,874
HOW BIG IS THE ENTIRE
SOLAR SYSTEM?
492
00:27:26,712 --> 00:27:30,447
THE ANCIENT ASTRONOMERS KNEW
FROM OBSERVING THE HEAVENS
493
00:27:30,516 --> 00:27:32,483
THAT THERE WAS MORE
TO THE UNIVERSE
494
00:27:32,551 --> 00:27:35,919
THAN THE EARTH, MOON,
SUN, AND STARS.
495
00:27:37,490 --> 00:27:39,823
THEY IDENTIFIED
5 POINTS OF LIGHT
496
00:27:39,892 --> 00:27:42,259
THAT MOVED IN A DIFFERENT WAY
FROM THE STARS.
497
00:27:43,929 --> 00:27:45,062
THESE ARE THE PLANETS.
498
00:27:47,400 --> 00:27:51,335
HERE ON OUR SCALE MODEL,
MERCURY IS CLOSEST TO THE SUN.
499
00:27:54,707 --> 00:27:58,342
AS WE HEAD FURTHER
INTO THE SOLAR SYSTEM,
500
00:27:58,411 --> 00:28:00,744
WE CAN SEE JUPITER
ON THE HORIZON.
501
00:28:09,188 --> 00:28:14,425
VIEWED FROM ABOVE, WE CAN SEE
ALL 8 PLANETS ALIGNED.
502
00:28:14,493 --> 00:28:17,528
NEPTUNE IS 9 MILES
AWAY FROM THE SUN,
503
00:28:17,596 --> 00:28:20,097
OR NEARLY 3 BILLION
MILES IN SPACE.
504
00:28:24,136 --> 00:28:29,640
AND THE ENTIRE SOLAR SYSTEM IS
180 BILLION MILES SIDE TO SIDE.
505
00:28:32,378 --> 00:28:34,845
CAT: WE KNOW WE HAVE
ALL THE PLANETS, THE STARS,
506
00:28:34,914 --> 00:28:41,351
THE SUN, BUT WHEN YOU SEE IT
FOR YOURSELF IN A PERSPECTIVE,
507
00:28:41,420 --> 00:28:44,254
OUR SOLAR SYSTEM IS MUCH BIGGER
THAN WE THINK IT IS.
508
00:28:54,700 --> 00:28:59,937
WE HAVE NOW FOUND OUT THE TRUE
SCALE OF OUR SOLAR SYSTEM
509
00:29:00,005 --> 00:29:01,638
AND OUR PLACE WITHIN IT.
510
00:29:04,877 --> 00:29:06,710
BUT WHERE IS OUR SOLAR SYSTEM?
511
00:29:12,184 --> 00:29:15,953
TO FIND OUT, THERE WAS
AN EVEN GREATER QUESTION
512
00:29:16,021 --> 00:29:17,855
WHICH HAD TO BE SOLVED BEFORE
513
00:29:17,923 --> 00:29:20,791
WE TRULY UNDERSTOOD
OUR PLACE IN THE COSMOS.
514
00:29:24,263 --> 00:29:27,598
LINTOTT: WELL, WORKING OUT
DISTANCES IS ALL VERY WELL,
515
00:29:27,666 --> 00:29:30,801
BUT YOU REALIZE PRETTY QUICKLY
THAT YOU NEED TO KNOW
516
00:29:30,870 --> 00:29:32,302
HOW THINGS RELATE
TO EACH OTHER.
517
00:29:36,342 --> 00:29:39,476
LOOK AT THE STARS AND YOU'LL
SEE THAT THEY MOVE.
518
00:29:39,545 --> 00:29:41,445
SO, IT'S NATURAL
TO CONCLUDE THAT
519
00:29:41,514 --> 00:29:43,380
THE STARS ARE MOVING AROUND US.
520
00:29:46,018 --> 00:29:48,018
HAWKING: IN THE 16TH CENTURY,
521
00:29:48,087 --> 00:29:51,155
A POLISH ASTRONOMER
CALLED COPERNICUS
522
00:29:51,223 --> 00:29:53,690
DARED TO CHALLENGE
THE TRADITIONAL ASSUMPTION
523
00:29:53,759 --> 00:29:57,427
THAT THE EARTH IS AT
THE CENTER OF THE UNIVERSE.
524
00:29:57,496 --> 00:29:59,763
LINTOTT: COPERNICUS REALIZED
THE COMMON SENSE VIEW
525
00:29:59,832 --> 00:30:02,199
OF THE UNIVERSE ISN'T RIGHT.
526
00:30:02,268 --> 00:30:04,601
AND HE STARTED TO WONDER WHETHER
SOMETHING ELSE IS GOING ON.
527
00:30:06,405 --> 00:30:08,472
HAWKING: COPERNICUS HAD
TWO BIG THEORIES.
528
00:30:11,777 --> 00:30:14,378
FIRSTLY, THE EARTH IS
SPINNING LIKE A TOP.
529
00:30:16,315 --> 00:30:18,615
AND SECONDLY, THE EARTH IS NOT
530
00:30:18,684 --> 00:30:20,584
AT THE CENTER OF
THE SOLAR SYSTEM.
531
00:30:23,589 --> 00:30:25,889
IN FACT, THE SUN
IS IN THE MIDDLE.
532
00:30:25,958 --> 00:30:28,458
AND WE ARE SPINNING
AROUND IT...
533
00:30:28,527 --> 00:30:30,360
LIKE ALL THE OTHER PLANETS.
534
00:30:32,131 --> 00:30:34,164
LINTOTT: HE KNEW THERE WAS
SOMETHING BEAUTIFUL
535
00:30:34,233 --> 00:30:36,099
ABOUT THE IDEA OF
A SUN-CENTERED UNIVERSE.
536
00:30:36,168 --> 00:30:38,035
IT SEEMED TO HIM SIMPLER.
537
00:30:41,440 --> 00:30:44,408
HAWKING: ALTHOUGH HIS THEORY
WAS MORE LOGICAL,
538
00:30:44,476 --> 00:30:47,144
COPERNICUS FACED
A SERIOUS PROBLEM.
539
00:30:47,213 --> 00:30:50,080
CAT: WOW,
WHAT IS THIS?
540
00:30:50,149 --> 00:30:52,549
THIS LOOKS SO COOL.
541
00:30:52,618 --> 00:30:55,953
HAWKING: AND THIS MACHINE WILL
HELP OUR VOLUNTEERS FIGURE OUT
542
00:30:56,021 --> 00:30:59,289
THAT THE PROBLEM IS ALL
A MATTER OF PERSPECTIVE.
543
00:30:59,358 --> 00:31:00,724
CAT: HOW DOES IT MOVE?
544
00:31:00,793 --> 00:31:02,259
JOY: I THINK SOMEONE
HAS TO PUSH IT.
545
00:31:02,328 --> 00:31:03,393
THAT'S MY JOB.
546
00:31:03,462 --> 00:31:04,628
CAT: YOUR JOB.
YOU'RE GONNA PUSH?
547
00:31:04,697 --> 00:31:06,230
YOU GUYS GET TO BE
THE TEST PILOTS.
548
00:31:12,438 --> 00:31:13,303
ALL RIGHT.
549
00:31:19,211 --> 00:31:22,846
CAT: WHOO!
[LAUGHTER]
550
00:31:22,915 --> 00:31:24,014
WOW. OK.
551
00:31:26,385 --> 00:31:30,854
CAT: SO, ARE WE SPINNING,
OR IS THE BACKGROUND SPINNING?
552
00:31:30,923 --> 00:31:34,291
FROM WHERE I'M SITTING,
YOU'RE NOT SPINNING.
553
00:31:38,964 --> 00:31:41,865
HAWKING: IF YOU ARE ON A PLANET
THAT IS TURNING SLOWLY,
554
00:31:41,934 --> 00:31:44,401
SO THAT YOU CAN'T
FEEL THE SPIN,
555
00:31:44,470 --> 00:31:47,237
HOW CAN YOU BE SURE THAT
THE EARTH IS SPINNING,
556
00:31:47,306 --> 00:31:48,572
AND NOT THE UNIVERSE?
557
00:31:51,410 --> 00:31:53,677
THAT'S THE PROBLEM
COPERNICUS FACED.
558
00:31:55,114 --> 00:31:58,148
CAT: IF WE'RE EARTH
AND WE'RE SPINNING,
559
00:31:58,217 --> 00:32:00,851
HOW DO WE TELL IT'S
ACTUALLY US SPINNING?
560
00:32:00,920 --> 00:32:03,153
JOY: OH, THAT IS SUCH
A DIFFICULT PROBLEM.
561
00:32:03,222 --> 00:32:05,822
I MEAN, YOU HAVE TO
HAVE A PINPOINT THAT
562
00:32:05,891 --> 00:32:08,025
IS NOT PART OF THE UNIVERSE
AND NOT PART OF THE EARTH.
563
00:32:10,696 --> 00:32:13,130
HAWKING: THE ONLY WAY
TO SEE THE EARTH SPINNING
564
00:32:13,198 --> 00:32:17,167
IS TO BE AT A FIXED POINT
OUT IN SPACE--JUST LIKE JIM.
565
00:32:20,439 --> 00:32:25,876
500 YEARS AGO, SPACE TRAVEL
WAS IMPOSSIBLE, OF COURSE.
566
00:32:25,945 --> 00:32:30,080
BUT IN 1609, AN ITALIAN SCHOLAR
CALLED GALILEO
567
00:32:30,149 --> 00:32:32,816
INVENTED THE NEXT BEST THING--
568
00:32:32,885 --> 00:32:34,551
THE ASTRONOMICAL TELESCOPE.
569
00:32:37,423 --> 00:32:40,791
DIEGO: GALILEO GALILEI
IS PERHAPS
570
00:32:40,859 --> 00:32:44,294
THE FOUNDER OF MODERN SCIENCE.
571
00:32:44,363 --> 00:32:48,065
HIS TELESCOPE WAS
GOING TO REVOLUTIONIZE
572
00:32:48,133 --> 00:32:50,067
OUR VIEW OF THE UNIVERSE.
573
00:32:50,135 --> 00:32:54,037
HAWKING: GALILEO POINTED
HIS TELESCOPE AT JUPITER
574
00:32:54,106 --> 00:32:57,140
AND HE SKETCHED OUT
WHAT HE OBSERVED.
575
00:32:57,209 --> 00:33:00,610
THERE WERE MOONS
SPINNING AROUND IT.
576
00:33:00,679 --> 00:33:02,612
THIS WAS IMMEDIATE PROOF THAT
577
00:33:02,681 --> 00:33:04,815
NOT EVERYTHING MOVES
AROUND THE EARTH.
578
00:33:04,883 --> 00:33:09,753
AND WHEN HE LOOKED AT VENUS,
HE MADE A STAGGERING DISCOVERY.
579
00:33:09,822 --> 00:33:12,689
DIEGO: HE SEES
VENUS AS A DISC,
580
00:33:12,758 --> 00:33:15,325
BUT THEN THE DISC
IS CHANGING IN SIZE
581
00:33:15,394 --> 00:33:17,127
AND IT'S CHANGING IN SHAPE.
582
00:33:17,196 --> 00:33:18,595
IT BECOMES A THIN CRESCENT.
583
00:33:22,668 --> 00:33:25,969
HAWKING: HE FOUND THAT JUST AS
THE MOON WAXES AND WANES
584
00:33:26,038 --> 00:33:28,438
AS IT MOVES AROUND THE EARTH,
585
00:33:28,507 --> 00:33:31,541
VENUS DOES THE SAME THING
AS IT ROTATES AROUND THE SUN.
586
00:33:34,646 --> 00:33:36,179
DIEGO: GALILEO COMES
WITH THE PROOF,
587
00:33:36,248 --> 00:33:37,714
THAT THE SUN WAS AT THE CENTER
588
00:33:37,783 --> 00:33:39,383
WITH THE PLANETS GOING
AROUND THE SUN.
589
00:33:41,420 --> 00:33:43,787
EVERYBODY CAN BUILD A TELESCOPE,
LOOK AT THE PHASES OF VENUS,
590
00:33:43,856 --> 00:33:45,322
AND THERE IS
NO OTHER CONCLUSION.
591
00:33:45,391 --> 00:33:46,390
THAT'S A FACT.
592
00:33:50,662 --> 00:33:55,065
HAWKING: GALILEO PROVED
THAT COPERNICUS WAS RIGHT.
593
00:33:55,134 --> 00:33:57,467
THE EARTH IS A BALL
CIRCLING THE SUN.
594
00:34:04,109 --> 00:34:05,742
BUT TO PROVE IT WAS SPINNING
595
00:34:05,811 --> 00:34:07,844
WOULD TAKE
A WONDERFUL REVELATION.
596
00:34:13,652 --> 00:34:18,688
AS A CHILD, I USED TO GO
TO LONDON'S SCIENCE MUSEUM,
597
00:34:18,757 --> 00:34:21,892
WHERE I COULD WITNESS THIS
REVELATION WITH MY OWN EYES.
598
00:34:26,098 --> 00:34:29,833
FOR ME, IT'S ONE OF THE MOST
STRIKING DEMONSTRATIONS
599
00:34:29,902 --> 00:34:31,334
IN THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE.
600
00:34:35,174 --> 00:34:37,974
THE BEST EXPERIMENTS
ARE INCREDIBLY SIMPLE
601
00:34:38,043 --> 00:34:40,143
BUT POINT US
TO PROFOUND TRUTH.
602
00:34:40,212 --> 00:34:41,178
AND THAT'S WHAT WE'VE GOT HERE.
603
00:34:44,483 --> 00:34:47,017
IT'S CALLED FOUCAULT'S PENDULUM
AND IT'S REALLY VERY SIMPLE.
604
00:34:47,086 --> 00:34:48,952
IT'S JUST A VERY LONG PENDULUM
605
00:34:49,021 --> 00:34:51,121
SWINGING UNDER
THE INFLUENCE OF GRAVITY.
606
00:34:53,325 --> 00:34:55,258
AND THE FIRST OF THESE
LARGE-SCALE PENDULA
607
00:34:55,327 --> 00:34:59,262
WAS SET UP IN 1851 BY
A GUY CALLED LEON FOUCAULT,
608
00:34:59,331 --> 00:35:01,064
WHO WANTED
A SIMPLE DEMONSTRATION
609
00:35:01,133 --> 00:35:02,332
THAT THE EARTH WAS TURNING.
610
00:35:07,072 --> 00:35:08,972
HAWKING: FOUCAULT SET
A PENDULUM MOVING
611
00:35:09,041 --> 00:35:11,108
IN FRONT OF A CROWD FOR A DAY.
612
00:35:12,845 --> 00:35:14,644
AND WHAT THEY SAW
WAS ASTONISHING.
613
00:35:19,051 --> 00:35:21,118
OVER THE COURSE OF THE DAY,
614
00:35:21,186 --> 00:35:24,221
THE PENDULUM'S DIRECTION
OF SWING WOULD MOVE,
615
00:35:24,289 --> 00:35:26,189
A BIT LIKE THE HANDS
OF A CLOCK.
616
00:35:28,660 --> 00:35:30,660
WHAT WAS THE SOURCE
OF THIS ROTATION?
617
00:35:37,536 --> 00:35:41,171
BACK IN THE DESERT,
WE CAN SEE A DIRECT PARALLEL
618
00:35:41,240 --> 00:35:43,073
BETWEEN THIS MACHINE
AND THE PENDULUM.
619
00:35:44,376 --> 00:35:47,677
TO SHOW IT, ALL WE NEED
IS A BALL.
620
00:35:47,746 --> 00:35:50,413
CAT: SO, IF I THROW
A BALL TO YOU,
621
00:35:50,482 --> 00:35:51,348
ARE YOU GOING TO
CATCH IT?
622
00:35:52,885 --> 00:35:54,151
READY?
YEAH.
623
00:35:54,219 --> 00:35:57,521
[LAUGHTER]
624
00:35:57,589 --> 00:36:00,056
DOES IT LOOK LIKE
THE BALL'S CURVING
WHEN YOU THROW IT?
625
00:36:00,125 --> 00:36:01,825
JOY: YEAH. YEAH.
626
00:36:01,894 --> 00:36:02,959
JIM: THAT'S CRAZY.
627
00:36:03,028 --> 00:36:03,994
THE BALL TRAVELS
IN A STRAIGHT LINE.
628
00:36:07,699 --> 00:36:10,667
HAWKING: HE'S RIGHT--THE LINE
IS DEAD STRAIGHT.
629
00:36:10,736 --> 00:36:11,868
OK, CAT, YOU READY?
630
00:36:13,639 --> 00:36:15,805
HAWKING: THE BALL ONLY
APPEARS TO BE CURVING
631
00:36:15,874 --> 00:36:18,208
FROM CAT AND JOY'S PERSPECTIVE,
632
00:36:18,277 --> 00:36:19,776
BECAUSE THEY ARE SPINNING.
633
00:36:19,845 --> 00:36:20,644
CAT: YOU READY?
JOY: I'M READY.
634
00:36:23,782 --> 00:36:25,782
[LAUGHTER]
635
00:36:28,820 --> 00:36:30,020
JIM: IT ABSOLUTELY DEMONSTRATED
636
00:36:30,088 --> 00:36:32,789
THAT THEY WERE TURNING
AROUND ON AN AXIS
637
00:36:32,858 --> 00:36:35,592
AND THAT EVERYTHING WAS
NOT TURNING AROUND THEM.
638
00:36:37,763 --> 00:36:38,762
IT'S THE COOLEST THING EVER.
I LOVE IT.
639
00:36:40,966 --> 00:36:43,333
HAWKING: SO, WHAT YOU SEE
DEPENDS ON WHERE YOU ARE.
640
00:36:46,038 --> 00:36:49,039
AND IT'S JUST THE SAME WITH
THE PENDULUM IN THE MUSEUM.
641
00:36:50,742 --> 00:36:52,909
THE BEST WAY TO THINK
ABOUT THIS EXPERIMENT
642
00:36:52,978 --> 00:36:55,412
ISN'T ACTUALLY
TO BE SITTING HERE.
643
00:36:55,480 --> 00:36:58,715
IT'S TO IMAGINE YOU'RE
ON THE PENDULUM ITSELF.
644
00:36:58,784 --> 00:37:01,251
YOU JUST GO BACKWARDS
AND FORWARDS ALL DAY LONG.
645
00:37:01,320 --> 00:37:03,587
WHAT YOU WILL HAVE SEEN
IS THE EARTH IS ROTATING
646
00:37:03,655 --> 00:37:06,489
UNDERNEATH THIS PENDULUM,
WHICH CONTINUES GOING
647
00:37:06,558 --> 00:37:08,325
BACKWARDS AND FORWARDS
AND BACKWARDS AND FORWARDS
648
00:37:08,393 --> 00:37:09,893
REGARDLESS OF WHAT'S
HAPPENING UNDERNEATH IT.
649
00:37:14,866 --> 00:37:18,235
HAWKING: WITH HIS PENDULUM,
FOUCAULT CONVINCED THE WORLD
650
00:37:18,303 --> 00:37:20,637
THAT COPERNICUS
AND GALILEO WERE RIGHT.
651
00:37:22,074 --> 00:37:25,208
AND ANYONE CAN SEE THE EARTH
TURNING WITH THEIR OWN EYES.
652
00:37:28,580 --> 00:37:30,880
LINTOTT: I LOVE IT
BECAUSE IT'S SO SIMPLE
653
00:37:30,949 --> 00:37:33,817
AND YET IT DEMONSTRATES
TWO FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES.
654
00:37:33,885 --> 00:37:37,587
ONE IS THE IDEA THAT
THE EARTH IS TURNING.
655
00:37:37,656 --> 00:37:39,256
AND THE SECOND THING
IT DEMONSTRATES
656
00:37:39,324 --> 00:37:41,858
IS THAT PERSPECTIVE MATTERS.
657
00:37:41,927 --> 00:37:45,595
WHERE YOU ARE CHANGES
HOW WE SEE THE UNIVERSE.
658
00:37:58,010 --> 00:38:00,110
OUR VOLUNTEERS HAVE DISCOVERED
659
00:38:00,178 --> 00:38:01,878
HOW WE ARE JUST ONE OF MANY
660
00:38:01,947 --> 00:38:04,781
SPINNING BALLS ORBITING OUR SUN
661
00:38:04,850 --> 00:38:07,951
IN A PLANETARY COMMUNITY
CALLED A SOLAR SYSTEM.
662
00:38:09,921 --> 00:38:14,190
BUT NOW I WANT TO TAKE US
FURTHER INTO THE COSMOS
663
00:38:14,259 --> 00:38:17,260
AND EXPLORE WHERE WE ARE
IN RELATION TO THE STARS.
664
00:38:20,432 --> 00:38:25,568
ON A CLEAR NIGHT, THERE ARE
3,000 VISIBLE STARS.
665
00:38:25,637 --> 00:38:27,304
BUT HOW FAR AWAY ARE THEY?
666
00:38:31,376 --> 00:38:33,743
BY THE 19TH CENTURY,
667
00:38:33,812 --> 00:38:36,246
TELESCOPES HAD BECOME
POWERFUL ENOUGH
668
00:38:36,315 --> 00:38:39,416
TO HONE IN ON INDIVIDUAL STARS.
669
00:38:39,484 --> 00:38:44,354
AND IN 1838, GERMAN ASTRONOMER
FREDERICH BESSEL
670
00:38:44,423 --> 00:38:48,425
WAS ABLE TO MAKE
A MOMENTOUS CALCULATION.
671
00:38:48,493 --> 00:38:52,228
BESSEL KNEW THAT BECAUSE
THE EARTH GOES AROUND THE SUN,
672
00:38:52,297 --> 00:38:56,800
IT MUST TRAVEL HUGE DISTANCES
IN SPACE THROUGHOUT THE YEAR.
673
00:38:56,868 --> 00:39:02,038
584 MILLION MILES, TO BE EXACT.
674
00:39:02,107 --> 00:39:07,043
SO, HE DECIDED TO OBSERVE
A STAR CALLED 61 CYGNI
675
00:39:07,112 --> 00:39:09,879
AT DIFFERENT TIMES OF YEAR.
676
00:39:09,948 --> 00:39:11,581
AND THAT MEANT HE COULD SEE IT
677
00:39:11,650 --> 00:39:13,616
MOVING SLIGHTLY
AGAINST THE BACKGROUND.
678
00:39:15,520 --> 00:39:18,221
THEN, BY USING TRIGONOMETRY,
679
00:39:18,290 --> 00:39:21,825
BESSEL COULD TRIANGULATE
THE STAR'S POSITION IN THE SKY
680
00:39:21,893 --> 00:39:22,959
AND FIND THE DISTANCE.
681
00:39:24,796 --> 00:39:27,831
USING THIS METHOD,
BESSEL WORKED OUT THAT
682
00:39:27,899 --> 00:39:32,802
61 CYGNI WAS AROUND 67 TRILLION
MILES AWAY FROM EARTH.
683
00:39:34,940 --> 00:39:37,107
THIS WAS FAR GREATER
THAN ANY DISTANCE
684
00:39:37,175 --> 00:39:39,576
WE HAD ENCOUNTERED
IN OUR SOLAR SYSTEM.
685
00:39:48,153 --> 00:39:50,353
SO, A NEW UNIT OF MEASUREMENT
WAS NEEDED
686
00:39:50,422 --> 00:39:52,422
TO TAKE US TO
INTERSTELLAR SPACE.
687
00:39:56,294 --> 00:39:57,861
IT'S CALLED THE LIGHT YEAR.
688
00:40:03,168 --> 00:40:05,969
IT'S THE DISTANCE THAT
LIGHT TRAVELS IN ONE YEAR.
689
00:40:07,539 --> 00:40:11,875
WHIZZING ALONG AT 186,000
MILES A SECOND.
690
00:40:13,478 --> 00:40:16,613
THAT'S AROUND 5.8
TRILLION MILES A YEAR.
691
00:40:20,819 --> 00:40:25,088
61 CYGNI IS FOUND TO BE
ABOUT 11 LIGHT YEARS AWAY.
692
00:40:35,700 --> 00:40:40,370
TO TRY AND UNDERSTAND SUCH HUGE
DISTANCES, I WANT TO EXPLORE
693
00:40:40,439 --> 00:40:43,473
WHAT THE SPEED OF LIGHT
LOOKS LIKE ON OUR SCALE MODEL.
694
00:40:45,343 --> 00:40:46,643
JIM: HOW FAST IS
THE SPEED OF LIGHT?
695
00:40:46,711 --> 00:40:48,611
WELL, IT'S
FAST, RIGHT?
696
00:40:48,680 --> 00:40:51,614
HAWKING: IT TAKES SUNLIGHT
8 MINUTES AND 20 SECONDS
697
00:40:51,683 --> 00:40:55,185
TO TRAVEL FROM
THE SUN TO EARTH.
698
00:40:55,253 --> 00:40:58,588
SO, IN OUR MODEL, THE SPEED OF
LIGHT IS THE SPEED NEEDED
699
00:40:58,657 --> 00:41:01,658
TO GET FROM THE SUN
TO THE MODEL EARTH
700
00:41:01,726 --> 00:41:04,828
IN 8 MINUTES AND 20 SECONDS.
701
00:41:04,896 --> 00:41:06,563
HOW FAST IS THAT?
702
00:41:06,631 --> 00:41:08,498
CAT: WE KNOW IT TAKES
8 1/2 MINUTES,
703
00:41:08,567 --> 00:41:10,733
SO, HOW FAST
DO WE NEED TO MOVE
704
00:41:10,802 --> 00:41:14,070
TO GET FROM OUR MODEL
SUN TO OUR MODEL EARTH?
705
00:41:14,139 --> 00:41:15,205
JOY: LET'S BE THE LIGHT.
706
00:41:15,273 --> 00:41:18,641
LET'S WALK 750 METERS
707
00:41:18,710 --> 00:41:20,410
AND TIME IT AND SEE
HOW LONG IT TAKES.
708
00:41:20,479 --> 00:41:21,344
ALL RIGHT.
ALL RIGHT.
709
00:41:21,413 --> 00:41:22,545
I'LL GET THE WATCH.
710
00:41:22,614 --> 00:41:23,546
LET'S GO.
711
00:41:28,119 --> 00:41:32,121
HAWKING: ON THE SCALE, EVERY
FOOT THAT MY VOLUNTEERS TRAVEL
712
00:41:32,190 --> 00:41:34,891
REPRESENTS OVER 40,000 MILES.
713
00:41:37,329 --> 00:41:39,329
CAT: HOW MUCH TIME
HAVE WE BEEN WALKING?
714
00:41:39,397 --> 00:41:40,430
JIM: 40 SECONDS.
715
00:41:40,499 --> 00:41:42,732
[LAUGHS]
ONLY 40 SECONDS?
716
00:41:42,801 --> 00:41:44,033
YEAH.
717
00:41:44,102 --> 00:41:45,535
AND WE'VE
GONE PRETTY FAR.
718
00:41:45,604 --> 00:41:46,870
I MEAN, I CAN SEE
THE EARTH FROM HERE.
719
00:41:55,380 --> 00:41:57,780
HAWKING: HOW FAST IS THE SPEED
OF LIGHT ON THIS SCALE?
720
00:42:00,785 --> 00:42:02,118
JIM:
ALMOST THERE,
ALMOST THERE.
721
00:42:03,855 --> 00:42:05,555
PASSING
THE MOON.
722
00:42:05,624 --> 00:42:06,489
HELLO, MOON.
723
00:42:08,059 --> 00:42:09,192
AND BAM.
724
00:42:09,261 --> 00:42:11,060
WHAT DID YOU GET?
725
00:42:11,129 --> 00:42:14,297
8 MINUTES,
35 SECONDS.
726
00:42:14,366 --> 00:42:15,331
CAT: WOW.
727
00:42:15,400 --> 00:42:17,800
SO, WE
PRETTY MUCH WALKED
728
00:42:17,869 --> 00:42:19,302
FROM THE SUN TO EARTH
IN THE SPEED OF LIGHT.
729
00:42:22,440 --> 00:42:25,475
HAWKING: EVEN THOUGH IT'S THE
FASTEST SPEED IN THE UNIVERSE,
730
00:42:25,544 --> 00:42:30,246
THE SPEED OF LIGHT ON THIS SCALE
IS JUST OVER 3 MILES PER HOUR.
731
00:42:30,315 --> 00:42:31,915
THAT'S WALKING PACE.
732
00:42:34,452 --> 00:42:37,153
SO, LIGHT ISN'T AS FAST
AS WE PERCEIVE IT TO BE.
733
00:42:37,222 --> 00:42:39,188
I CAN WALK THE SPEED OF LIGHT?
734
00:42:39,257 --> 00:42:41,791
IT'S FAST BUT IT'S NOT FAST.
IT'S CRAZY.
735
00:42:41,860 --> 00:42:44,894
IN THE ENTIRE UNIVERSE, LIGHT
APPEARS TO TRAVEL REALLY SLOW.
736
00:42:47,832 --> 00:42:48,698
WOW.
737
00:42:50,535 --> 00:42:53,903
HAWKING: IT'S
A STRANGE PARADOX.
738
00:42:53,972 --> 00:42:56,973
ALTHOUGH THE SPEED
OF LIGHT IS FAST,
739
00:42:57,042 --> 00:43:00,176
DISTANCES IN SPACE ARE SO HUGE
740
00:43:00,245 --> 00:43:03,046
THAT EVEN ONE LIGHT YEAR
IS NOT VERY FAR AT ALL.
741
00:43:06,952 --> 00:43:10,086
JIM: IT'S SUCH A REVELATION,
BUT THEN IT ALTERS,
742
00:43:10,155 --> 00:43:12,388
IT JUST ALTERS YOUR THOUGHTS,
743
00:43:12,457 --> 00:43:14,457
AND I HAVE TO SIT--
I HAVE TO SIT IN A QUIET PLACE
744
00:43:14,526 --> 00:43:16,025
AND WRAP MY HEAD
AROUND IT FOR A WHILE.
745
00:43:20,098 --> 00:43:21,664
HAWKING: IF IT TAKES 8 MINUTES
746
00:43:21,733 --> 00:43:25,134
FOR MY VOLUNTEERS TO REACH
THEIR MODEL EARTH,
747
00:43:25,203 --> 00:43:28,738
IMAGINE HOW LONG IT WOULD TAKE
TO GET TO OUR NEAREST STAR.
748
00:43:30,875 --> 00:43:33,076
IT'S CALLED PROXIMA CENTAURI.
749
00:43:35,347 --> 00:43:41,317
ON OUR SCALE MODEL, IT WOULD BE
126,000 MILES AWAY FROM THE SUN.
750
00:43:43,488 --> 00:43:45,888
SO, OUR VOLUNTEERS
WOULD HAVE TO WALK
751
00:43:45,957 --> 00:43:47,991
HALFWAY TO THE REAL MOON
TO REACH IT.
752
00:43:50,428 --> 00:43:54,664
IN SPACE, THE TOTAL DISTANCE
IS 4.2 LIGHT YEARS.
753
00:43:56,735 --> 00:43:59,669
JIM: I'D HAVE TO WALK FOR
4.2 YEARS CONTINUOUSLY
754
00:43:59,738 --> 00:44:00,970
TO GET TO MY NEAREST STAR.
755
00:44:03,074 --> 00:44:04,507
IF I WAS GONNA SHRINK THAT DOWN
756
00:44:04,576 --> 00:44:08,678
FOR THE PURPOSE
OF DEMONSTRATIONS,
757
00:44:08,747 --> 00:44:10,613
WELL, OUR SCALE MODEL'S
GONNA BE LIKE A SPECK OF SAND.
758
00:44:18,189 --> 00:44:19,889
HAWKING: EVEN ON THIS SCALE,
759
00:44:19,958 --> 00:44:23,960
DISTANCES HAVE NOW BECOME
TOO LARGE TO COMPREHEND.
760
00:44:24,029 --> 00:44:26,929
WE NEED TO SHRINK OUR
MODEL SUN FROM THIS...
761
00:44:28,767 --> 00:44:29,866
TO THIS.
762
00:44:32,237 --> 00:44:33,536
WOW.
763
00:44:33,605 --> 00:44:35,338
THIS IS OUR SUN?
764
00:44:35,407 --> 00:44:40,143
FROM THAT BIG, GIANT SUN
WE HAD EARLIER, IS NOW THIS.
765
00:44:40,211 --> 00:44:41,477
JIM: YEAH.
THAT LITTLE DOT.
766
00:44:46,551 --> 00:44:48,551
HAWKING: EVEN ON
THIS TINY SCALE,
767
00:44:48,620 --> 00:44:52,055
THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE TINY
SUN AND OUR NEAREST STAR
768
00:44:52,123 --> 00:44:53,856
WOULD BE 17 MILES.
769
00:44:58,163 --> 00:45:00,563
WE CAN TRY AND GET
A GRIP ON THIS
770
00:45:00,632 --> 00:45:05,702
IF WE LIGHT A FLARE 17 MILES
AWAY ACROSS THE DESERT.
771
00:45:07,405 --> 00:45:09,205
THERE IT IS.
772
00:45:09,274 --> 00:45:10,673
WHOA.
773
00:45:10,742 --> 00:45:11,774
THAT IS
INCREDIBLE.
774
00:45:14,546 --> 00:45:17,880
JOY: TO SEE THE NEAREST STAR
SO FAR AWAY,
775
00:45:17,949 --> 00:45:20,817
WHEN OUR SUN IS THAT SMALL,
WAS JUST AMAZING.
776
00:45:20,885 --> 00:45:24,420
IT MADE ME THINK ABOUT
ALL THE STARS IN THE SKY.
777
00:45:24,489 --> 00:45:27,323
THESE ARE THE THINGS THAT
FEEL SO FAMILIAR TO US,
778
00:45:27,392 --> 00:45:28,958
BUT YET, WE DON'T KNOW
ANYTHING ABOUT THEM.
779
00:45:36,901 --> 00:45:40,737
HAWKING: AFTER CENTURIES OF
OBSERVATIONS, WE NOW KNOW THAT
780
00:45:40,805 --> 00:45:44,607
OUR SUN AND ITS NEAREST
NEIGHBOR, PROXIMA CENTAURI,
781
00:45:44,676 --> 00:45:48,511
ARE PART OF A SMALL
COMMUNITY OF 33 STARS,
782
00:45:48,580 --> 00:45:51,047
ALL WITHIN 15
LIGHT YEARS OF EARTH.
783
00:45:54,419 --> 00:45:56,185
AND THIS SYSTEM
SITS IN A NETWORK
784
00:45:56,254 --> 00:45:59,288
OF AN ESTIMATED
300 BILLION STARS
785
00:45:59,357 --> 00:46:00,790
CALLED THE MILKY WAY.
786
00:46:13,004 --> 00:46:15,671
AND UNTIL RECENTLY,
ASTRONOMERS BELIEVED
787
00:46:15,740 --> 00:46:18,407
THAT THIS GALAXY WAS
THE ENTIRE UNIVERSE.
788
00:46:20,245 --> 00:46:24,147
THAT WAS THE WHOLE ANSWER TO
THE QUESTION "WHERE ARE WE?"
789
00:46:26,351 --> 00:46:30,987
THEN IN THE 20TH CENTURY,
A NEW GENERATION OF TELESCOPES
790
00:46:31,055 --> 00:46:34,857
ALLOWED US TO EXPLORE
NEW FORMATIONS,
791
00:46:34,926 --> 00:46:37,360
AND THEY SEEM TO BE
MUCH FURTHER AWAY.
792
00:46:38,930 --> 00:46:40,530
WOMAN: PEOPLE HAD BEEN
SEEING DIFFERENT
793
00:46:40,598 --> 00:46:43,232
SMUDGY PATCHES OF LIGHT
ON THE SKY
794
00:46:43,301 --> 00:46:45,535
AND THEY STRUGGLED
WITH WHAT THESE
795
00:46:45,603 --> 00:46:48,337
FAINT SMUDGES ON
THE SKY ACTUALLY ARE.
796
00:46:50,675 --> 00:46:52,275
HAWKING: ENTER EDWIN HUBBLE,
797
00:46:52,343 --> 00:46:55,945
20TH-CENTURY
AMERICAN ASTRONOMER.
798
00:46:56,014 --> 00:47:00,883
USING THIS TELESCOPE AT
THE MOUNT WILSON OBSERVATORY
IN CALIFORNIA,
799
00:47:00,952 --> 00:47:04,120
HE MADE
A SENSATIONAL DISCOVERY.
800
00:47:04,189 --> 00:47:05,955
HE REALIZED THAT THESE SMUDGES
801
00:47:06,024 --> 00:47:08,691
WERE MILLIONS OF
LIGHT YEARS FROM US.
802
00:47:08,760 --> 00:47:11,160
KOLLMEIER: IT WAS
EDWIN HUBBLE'S DISCOVERY
803
00:47:11,229 --> 00:47:14,397
OF THE DISTANCE TO
THESE SMUDGY PATCHES
804
00:47:14,465 --> 00:47:17,900
THAT INDICATED THAT INDEED,
THESE WERE OTHER GALAXIES,
805
00:47:17,969 --> 00:47:20,903
JUST LIKE THE MILKY WAY,
AT GREAT DISTANCES FROM US.
806
00:47:23,107 --> 00:47:24,740
HAWKING: HUBBLE FOUND
THAT THE SKY WAS
807
00:47:24,809 --> 00:47:27,677
STUDDED WITH DISTANT GALAXIES,
808
00:47:27,745 --> 00:47:31,948
GIANT COLLECTIONS OF STARS
FAR BEYOND OUR OWN GALAXY.
809
00:47:32,016 --> 00:47:33,883
KOLLMEIER: SO, THIS JUST
SHATTERS EVERYTHING.
810
00:47:33,952 --> 00:47:35,618
IT SHATTERS THE SMALL MILKY WAY
811
00:47:35,687 --> 00:47:36,986
AND IT SHATTERS THE NOTION THAT
812
00:47:37,055 --> 00:47:40,056
THE UNIVERSE CAN BE
CONTAINED IN THE MILKY WAY.
813
00:47:40,124 --> 00:47:42,725
NOW THESE DISTANCES ARE JUST
GETTING BIGGER AND BIGGER.
814
00:47:45,663 --> 00:47:49,031
HAWKING: DISTANCES ARE INDEED
BECOMING ASTRONOMICAL.
815
00:47:49,100 --> 00:47:54,370
OUR NEXT ONE IS 2.5
MILLION LIGHT YEARS AWAY.
816
00:47:54,439 --> 00:47:57,440
THAT'S THE DISTANCE
BETWEEN THE MILKY WAY
817
00:47:57,508 --> 00:48:00,409
AND OUR NEAREST GALAXY,
ANDROMEDA.
818
00:48:07,886 --> 00:48:10,653
NOW THAT WE ARE
TALKING GALAXIES,
819
00:48:10,722 --> 00:48:13,456
IT'S TIME TO INTRODUCE
A NEW SCALE MODEL.
820
00:48:16,527 --> 00:48:20,062
OUR NEXT CHALLENGE
IS PRETTY SIMPLE.
821
00:48:20,131 --> 00:48:23,099
IF WE COULD FIT OUR GALAXY
ON A SMARTPHONE
822
00:48:23,167 --> 00:48:25,401
AND ANDROMEDA ON A TABLET,
823
00:48:25,470 --> 00:48:28,337
HOW FAR APART WOULD THEY BE?
824
00:48:28,406 --> 00:48:30,907
SO, THESE ARE
OUR GALAXIES.
825
00:48:30,975 --> 00:48:32,942
THIS IS
THE MILKY WAY
826
00:48:33,011 --> 00:48:35,044
AND THIS IS OUR
CLOSEST GALAXY,
ANDROMEDA.
827
00:48:39,918 --> 00:48:41,017
HAWKING: THE MILKY WAY IS
828
00:48:41,085 --> 00:48:43,653
100,000 LIGHT YEARS
SIDE TO SIDE.
829
00:48:45,089 --> 00:48:48,958
WITH THAT INFORMATION, I WANT
MY VOLUNTEERS TO WORK OUT
830
00:48:49,027 --> 00:48:52,328
THE DISTANCE BETWEEN
THE TWO GALAXIES.
831
00:48:52,397 --> 00:48:55,031
CAT: SO, OUR MILKY WAY IS
832
00:48:55,099 --> 00:48:58,701
100,000 LIGHT YEARS WIDE
833
00:48:58,770 --> 00:49:04,173
AND ANDROMEDA IS 2.5
MILLION LIGHT YEARS AWAY.
834
00:49:04,242 --> 00:49:08,277
SO, ON THIS SCALE,
COMPARING THIS TO THIS,
835
00:49:08,346 --> 00:49:12,248
HOW FAR AWAY
IS THIS GALAXY?
836
00:49:12,317 --> 00:49:15,151
SO, THIS IS 100,000
LIGHT YEARS ACROSS
837
00:49:15,219 --> 00:49:18,988
AND THERE'S 10 TIMES
THAT IS A MILLION,
838
00:49:19,057 --> 00:49:22,858
AND SO, THAT'S
2.5 MILLION
LIGHT YEARS AWAY.
839
00:49:22,927 --> 00:49:24,160
SO, THAT WOULD MAKE...
840
00:49:24,228 --> 00:49:25,594
CAT: 25 OF THOSE.
841
00:49:25,663 --> 00:49:27,496
25 OF THESE.
842
00:49:27,565 --> 00:49:28,397
SHALL WE
MEASURE IT?
843
00:49:30,335 --> 00:49:31,867
1, 2, 3.
844
00:49:33,671 --> 00:49:34,804
25.
845
00:49:41,412 --> 00:49:42,478
JIM:
THAT'S IT?
846
00:49:42,547 --> 00:49:43,679
THAT'S IT.
847
00:49:43,748 --> 00:49:45,681
AND THAT'S OUR
NEAREST GALAXY.
848
00:49:51,189 --> 00:49:53,823
HAWKING: THE MILKY WAY AND
ANDROMEDA ARE JUST THE START.
849
00:49:56,094 --> 00:49:58,794
THEY ARE SURROUNDED
BY DOZENS OF GALAXIES
850
00:49:58,863 --> 00:50:02,431
IN THE LOCAL
GALACTIC NEIGHBORHOOD,
851
00:50:02,500 --> 00:50:04,200
AND IT DOESN'T STOP THERE.
852
00:50:13,378 --> 00:50:18,214
IN 1990, THE HUBBLE SPACE
TELESCOPE IS LAUNCHED.
853
00:50:25,723 --> 00:50:30,192
AFTER A DECADE OF OBSERVATIONS,
THIS PICTURE IS RELEASED,
854
00:50:30,261 --> 00:50:33,863
SHOWING THOUSANDS OF GALAXIES
WHICH STRETCH AWAY
855
00:50:33,931 --> 00:50:37,733
INTO THE FAR DISTANCE, FOR
UP TO 13 BILLION LIGHT YEARS.
856
00:50:39,504 --> 00:50:42,705
AND THIS IS JUST
A TINY PART OF THE SKY,
857
00:50:42,774 --> 00:50:46,342
LIKE LOOKING AT A POSTAGE STAMP
FROM 100 FEET AWAY.
858
00:50:49,247 --> 00:50:51,480
MY BRAIN WILL NEVER
GET AROUND THIS.
859
00:50:51,549 --> 00:50:53,849
[LAUGHS] THIS IS
GONNA TAKE ME WEEKS.
860
00:50:53,918 --> 00:50:54,884
THE REST OF MY LIFE MAYBE.
861
00:50:57,088 --> 00:51:00,222
HAWKING: IN THE DESERT,
OUR VOLUNTEERS HAVE FIGURED OUT
862
00:51:00,291 --> 00:51:03,192
DISTANCES AROUND THE EARTH
TO OUR SUN.
863
00:51:03,261 --> 00:51:04,193
IT'S LIKE
PERFECT RIGHT NOW.
864
00:51:06,064 --> 00:51:08,464
HAWKING: AND ACROSS
OUR SOLAR SYSTEM.
865
00:51:08,533 --> 00:51:10,099
JOY: THE THING THAT WILL
STICK WITH ME THE MOST
866
00:51:10,168 --> 00:51:13,069
IS JUST HOW TINY WE ARE.
867
00:51:13,137 --> 00:51:15,905
HAWKING: THEN OUT INTO
OUR GALAXY AND BEYOND.
868
00:51:15,973 --> 00:51:17,606
THERE IT IS!
869
00:51:17,675 --> 00:51:21,377
IN THE GRAND SCHEME OF THINGS,
WE ARE INFINITELY SMALL.
870
00:51:26,784 --> 00:51:28,751
AND NOW, BACK ON EARTH,
871
00:51:28,820 --> 00:51:30,853
WE RETURN TO OUR
FIRST QUESTION.
872
00:51:33,391 --> 00:51:34,323
WHERE ARE WE?
873
00:51:37,929 --> 00:51:39,562
WE HAVE LEARNED THAT OUR PLANET
874
00:51:39,630 --> 00:51:41,630
IS A LITTLE SPHERE
ORBITING A STAR...
875
00:51:45,203 --> 00:51:48,370
IN A MODEST NEIGHBORHOOD
CALLED THE SOLAR SYSTEM.
876
00:51:54,779 --> 00:51:58,747
WE ARE SURROUNDED BY A LOCAL
GROUP OF A FEW DOZEN STARS,
877
00:51:58,816 --> 00:52:00,783
UP TO 50 LIGHT YEARS DISTANT.
878
00:52:06,124 --> 00:52:10,292
AND WE ALL OCCUPY ONE LITTLE
PART OF A SPINNING ARM,
879
00:52:10,361 --> 00:52:13,629
IN A MEDIUM-SIZED GALAXY
KNOWN AS THE MILKY WAY.
880
00:52:19,337 --> 00:52:21,804
ALONG WITH MORE THAN 50 OTHERS,
881
00:52:21,873 --> 00:52:24,673
WE FORM A LOCAL
GROUP OF GALAXIES
882
00:52:24,742 --> 00:52:26,876
10 MILLION LIGHT YEARS ACROSS.
883
00:52:32,884 --> 00:52:35,384
AND TOGETHER,
WE INHABIT ONE CORNER
884
00:52:35,453 --> 00:52:37,953
OF A VAST COLLECTION
OF GALAXIES,
885
00:52:38,022 --> 00:52:40,289
KNOWN AS THE LANIAKEA
SUPERCLUSTER.
886
00:52:43,594 --> 00:52:46,095
IT'S LIKE A HUGE GALACTIC CITY,
887
00:52:46,164 --> 00:52:48,764
FILLED WITH HUNDREDS OF
THOUSANDS OF GALAXIES
888
00:52:48,833 --> 00:52:50,032
SIMILAR TO OUR OWN.
889
00:52:53,538 --> 00:52:56,405
GROUPED WITH MANY MORE
MILLIONS OF CLUSTERS,
890
00:52:56,474 --> 00:52:59,775
THEY FORM GIGANTIC ARMS WHICH
STRETCH THROUGH THE COSMOS.
891
00:53:02,113 --> 00:53:04,580
THE LARGEST STRUCTURES
KNOWN TO HUMANITY.
892
00:53:14,225 --> 00:53:16,258
AND THIS IS JUST
ONE SMALL CORNER
893
00:53:16,327 --> 00:53:17,993
OF THE OBSERVABLE UNIVERSE...
894
00:53:22,400 --> 00:53:25,000
WHICH IS BILLIONS OF
LIGHT YEARS, SIDE TO SIDE.
895
00:53:50,394 --> 00:53:54,463
EVEN THOUGH THE DISTANCES
ARE UNIMAGINABLE,
896
00:53:54,532 --> 00:53:56,999
THE FACT THAT MOST PEOPLE
CAN UNDERSTAND
897
00:53:57,068 --> 00:53:59,301
SUCH A UNIVERSE DOES EXIST
898
00:53:59,370 --> 00:54:01,737
IS A REMARKABLE FEAT
OF THE HUMAN MIND.
899
00:54:07,912 --> 00:54:10,913
SO, NOW I HOPE YOU ARE
BEGINNING TO REALIZE
900
00:54:10,982 --> 00:54:13,048
THAT WITH A LITTLE BIT
OF THINKING,
901
00:54:13,117 --> 00:54:19,388
YOU HAVE THE GENIUS
TO FIGURE OUT WHERE WE ARE.
902
00:54:19,457 --> 00:54:21,657
ANNOUNCER:
"GENIUS BY STEPHEN HAWKING"
903
00:54:21,726 --> 00:54:23,892
IS AVAILABLE ON DVD.
904
00:54:23,961 --> 00:54:26,095
TO ORDER, VISIT SHOPPBS.ORG
905
00:54:26,163 --> 00:54:29,531
OR CALL 1-800-PLAY-PBS.
906
00:54:29,600 --> 00:54:31,300
THIS PROGRAM IS ALSO AVAILABLE
907
00:54:31,369 --> 00:54:34,670
FOR DOWNLOAD ON iTUNES.
908
00:54:34,739 --> 00:54:36,372
ANNOUNCER: "GENIUS BY
STEPHEN HAWKING"
909
00:54:36,440 --> 00:54:37,906
WAS MADE POSSIBLE IN PART BY
910
00:54:37,975 --> 00:54:40,409
CONTRIBUTIONS TO YOUR PBS
STATION FROM VIEWERS LIKE YOU.
911
00:54:40,478 --> 00:54:41,493
THANK YOU.
76358
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