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STEPHEN HAWKING:
WE ALL HAVE QUESTIONS.
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00:00:07,575 --> 00:00:08,941
BIG QUESTIONS.
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00:00:10,745 --> 00:00:11,977
MAN: AM I HERE
FOR A REASON?
4
00:00:15,249 --> 00:00:18,684
HAWKING: IT'S PART OF WHAT
IT MEANS TO BE A HUMAN.
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00:00:18,753 --> 00:00:20,319
MAN: DO I CONTROL
MY OWN DESTINY?
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00:00:24,825 --> 00:00:27,960
HAWKING: MY NAME IS STEPHEN
HAWKING AND I BELIEVE THAT
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00:00:28,029 --> 00:00:32,331
ANYONE CAN ANSWER BIG QUESTIONS
FOR THEMSELVES.
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00:00:32,400 --> 00:00:33,966
THAT'S AWESOME.
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00:00:34,035 --> 00:00:36,468
HAWKING: SO, WITH THE HELP OF
SOME ORDINARY PEOPLE...
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00:00:38,906 --> 00:00:40,873
OH!
HAWKING: AND A TEAM
OF EXPERTS...
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00:00:40,941 --> 00:00:43,142
MAN: IN A FLASH
CAME TO HIM THE NOTION THAT
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00:00:43,210 --> 00:00:44,676
THERE MIGHT BE A SINGLE WALL.
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00:00:48,416 --> 00:00:50,916
HAWKING: WE ARE GOING ON
THE ULTIMATE VOYAGE.
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00:00:50,985 --> 00:00:52,117
IT'S A COMPLETE
HEAD TRIP.
15
00:00:53,788 --> 00:00:55,487
HAWKING: A QUEST
TO ANSWER THE GREATEST
16
00:00:55,556 --> 00:00:57,489
MYSTERIES OF THE UNIVERSE.
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00:00:57,558 --> 00:00:58,757
I'M NOT READY
TO MAKE THAT LEAP.
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00:00:58,826 --> 00:01:00,526
IT'S SO MESSED UP.
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00:01:00,594 --> 00:01:02,928
HAWKING: USING THE POWER
OF THE HUMAN MIND.
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00:01:02,997 --> 00:01:04,596
IT'S A VERY
EXCITING MOMENT.
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00:01:04,665 --> 00:01:06,632
WOMAN: YES.
[LAUGHTER]
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00:01:10,004 --> 00:01:13,105
HAWKING: BECAUSE ANYONE
CAN THINK LIKE A GENIUS.
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00:01:18,779 --> 00:01:20,412
ANNOUNCER: "GENIUS BY
STEPHEN HAWKING"
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WAS MADE POSSIBLE IN PART BY
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CONTRIBUTIONS TO YOUR PBS
STATION FROM VIEWERS LIKE YOU.
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00:01:24,518 --> 00:01:25,784
THANK YOU.
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00:01:25,853 --> 00:01:28,053
VOICES AND NARRATOR:
WHY ARE WE HERE?
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HAWKING: HAVE YOU EVER WONDERED
WHY WE ARE HERE?
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00:01:34,195 --> 00:01:36,295
I THINK MOST PEOPLE HAVE.
30
00:01:38,199 --> 00:01:40,532
IF WE COULD ANSWER IT,
MAYBE WE COULD
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00:01:40,601 --> 00:01:43,869
ALL GET ALONG WITH EACH OTHER
A LITTLE BETTER,
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00:01:43,938 --> 00:01:45,037
WHICH WOULD BE GOOD.
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00:01:47,641 --> 00:01:52,177
SOME BELIEVE IN A HIGHER BEING
WHO CREATED US FOR A PURPOSE.
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00:01:52,246 --> 00:01:55,948
OTHERS SAY THAT LIFE IS JUST
A RANDOM CHAIN OF EVENTS
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00:01:56,016 --> 00:01:57,216
WITH NO REAL MEANING.
36
00:01:58,986 --> 00:02:02,988
BUT I BELIEVE THERE IS ANOTHER
WAY TO ANSWER THE QUESTION.
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00:02:03,057 --> 00:02:07,159
IF WE LOOK AT THE FACTS, WE CAN
WORK IT OUT FOR OURSELVES.
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SO, I'VE ASKED
3 ORDINARY PEOPLE
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TO COME ON A JOURNEY.
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A SERIES OF PUZZLES
AND CHALLENGES AWAITS THEM.
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THEY'LL BE GIVEN EQUIPMENT
AND INSTRUCTIONS TO HELP.
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CAN THEY SOLVE THE MYSTERIES
AND TRY TO ANSWER
43
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THIS FASCINATING QUESTION?
44
00:02:37,992 --> 00:02:40,225
WHY AM I HERE?
45
00:02:40,294 --> 00:02:41,860
I REALLY CAN'T TELL YOU.
46
00:02:41,929 --> 00:02:43,795
AM I AN ACCIDENT?
ARE WE ALL AN ACCIDENT?
47
00:02:43,864 --> 00:02:45,931
AH, I DON'T THINK WE ARE.
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00:02:46,000 --> 00:02:47,699
IS THERE A REASON WE'RE HERE?
49
00:02:47,768 --> 00:02:50,802
THAT WOULD ALMOST PRESUPPOSE
SOMEBODY PUTTING US HERE.
50
00:02:50,871 --> 00:02:53,472
I AM HERE, BUT
THAT'S ALL I KNOW. [LAUGHS]
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00:02:56,277 --> 00:02:59,244
HAWKING: TO START THIS JOURNEY,
I WANT MY VOLUNTEERS
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00:02:59,313 --> 00:03:02,314
TO MAKE A BASIC REALIZATION.
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SO, I HAVE BROUGHT THEM TO
THIS ANCIENT ENGLISH CASTLE.
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WHEN IT WAS BUILT
NEARLY 600 YEARS AGO,
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THE WORD "SCIENCE"
WAS ALMOST UNKNOWN.
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PEOPLE THOUGHT THE UNIVERSE
WAS MAGICALLY CONTROLLED
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00:03:23,604 --> 00:03:25,237
BY ALL-POWERFUL BEINGS.
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00:03:29,210 --> 00:03:33,912
BUT MAGIC IS NOT ALWAYS
THE BEST WAY TO EXPLAIN THINGS,
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00:03:33,981 --> 00:03:37,616
WHICH IS WHAT I WANT THEM TO
GRASP AT THIS SPECIAL DINNER.
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00:03:40,921 --> 00:03:42,087
KELLY: WOW.
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00:03:42,156 --> 00:03:44,223
ARJUN: IT'S SO WEIRD.
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ERIC: PRETTY SPOOKY.
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00:03:46,227 --> 00:03:47,559
ARJUN: ROMANTIC AND HAUNTING
AT THE SAME TIME.
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00:03:49,129 --> 00:03:51,263
KELLY: WHAT?
ERIC: SPINNING PLATES.
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00:03:51,332 --> 00:03:53,599
KELLY: OH, MY GOODNESS.
[LAUGHS]
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IT WAS SPOOKY.
IT WAS GREAT.
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00:03:55,302 --> 00:03:56,535
SO COOL.
68
00:03:56,604 --> 00:03:57,669
[LAUGHS]
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IT'S MAGICAL.
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00:04:01,842 --> 00:04:04,543
HAWKING: PERHAPS THE ROOM
IS FULL OF POLTERGEISTS.
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HOW ARE THEY
LEVITATING?
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NO IDEA.
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00:04:12,119 --> 00:04:13,385
ERIC: SLIGHTLY SCARY.
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00:04:13,454 --> 00:04:15,354
ARJUN: IF YOU HAD DONE THIS
SOME HUNDREDS OF YEARS AGO,
75
00:04:15,422 --> 00:04:16,488
YOU WOULD HAVE BEEN HUNG.
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00:04:18,058 --> 00:04:20,459
AND, YOU KNOW, THE FIRST THING
THAT CROSSED MY MIND IS,
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"WHERE ARE THE STRINGS?"
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00:04:23,430 --> 00:04:25,397
[BLOWING]
79
00:04:25,466 --> 00:04:26,832
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE
OF THAT BLOWING?
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00:04:26,900 --> 00:04:28,100
KELLY: IT COULD
BE MAGIC.
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00:04:28,168 --> 00:04:29,434
ARJUN: COULD BE MAGIC.
MAYBE IT IS.
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00:04:29,503 --> 00:04:30,869
I'M--I'M NOT
A BELIEVER.
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00:04:30,938 --> 00:04:32,504
[LAUGHTER]
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00:04:34,208 --> 00:04:37,309
HAWKING: OF COURSE, I DON'T
BELIEVE IN MAGIC EITHER.
85
00:04:39,580 --> 00:04:42,814
BUT I DO BELIEVE
IN HUMAN CURIOSITY.
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00:04:42,883 --> 00:04:44,116
ARJUN: MINE'S NOT SPINNING,
YOURS ARE.
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00:04:44,184 --> 00:04:45,350
YEAH.
88
00:04:45,419 --> 00:04:47,519
ERIC: WONDER WHY
THAT IS.
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00:04:47,588 --> 00:04:50,255
HAWKING: OUR DESIRE
TO UNDERSTAND HAS ALLOWED US
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00:04:50,324 --> 00:04:52,257
TO ACHIEVE GREAT THINGS
91
00:04:52,326 --> 00:04:55,427
AND FINDING OUT HOW
THINGS WORK IS FUN.
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00:04:55,496 --> 00:04:56,962
HA HA!
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00:04:57,031 --> 00:05:00,132
ARJUN: IN MY MIND, LOOKING AT
THE PLATES FLOATING,
94
00:05:00,200 --> 00:05:01,700
IT WAS ABOUT, "HOW
ARE THEY FLOATING?"
95
00:05:01,769 --> 00:05:04,469
AND MORE IMPORTANTLY,
"WHY ARE THEY FLOATING?"
96
00:05:04,538 --> 00:05:05,671
BON APPETIT.
97
00:05:05,739 --> 00:05:06,938
ERIC AND ARJUN: THANK YOU.
98
00:05:07,007 --> 00:05:08,240
KELLY: CHEERS, GUYS.
ARJUN AND ERIC: CHEERS.
99
00:05:11,979 --> 00:05:13,512
KELLY: I WANTED TO SEE IF
THERE WAS REALLY ANYTHING
100
00:05:13,580 --> 00:05:15,847
UNDERNEATH IT THAT
MIGHT HAVE BEEN HIDDEN,
101
00:05:15,916 --> 00:05:17,716
THAT COULD POSSIBLY
BE SPINNING IT,
102
00:05:17,785 --> 00:05:19,084
BUT THERE DIDN'T SEEM TO BE.
103
00:05:19,153 --> 00:05:20,619
AND SO THAT'S WHEN
I FIGURED IT HAD TO BE
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SOME KIND OF,
YOU KNOW, TECHNOLOGY.
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00:05:24,191 --> 00:05:26,224
[LAUGHS]
106
00:05:26,293 --> 00:05:27,726
SHE'S TAKEN IT
ALL APART.
107
00:05:27,795 --> 00:05:29,394
[LAUGHS] GUYS.
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ERIC: NICE.
109
00:05:30,898 --> 00:05:32,364
ARJUN: GONNA KICK YOU OUT.
110
00:05:32,433 --> 00:05:33,699
IT'S CLEARLY
A MAGNET.
MAGNETS.
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00:05:33,767 --> 00:05:34,800
IS THERE SOMEBODY
UNDER THERE?
112
00:05:36,537 --> 00:05:37,636
ARJUN: NO, THERE'S
NOBODY UNDER THERE.
113
00:05:39,440 --> 00:05:40,706
ERIC: ELECTROMAGNET.
114
00:05:40,774 --> 00:05:42,140
KELLY: IT'S A HEXAGON.
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HAWKING: THEY FOUND OUT
THE SECRET OF
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THE MAGICALLY FLOATING PLATES:
MAGNETS.
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00:05:54,154 --> 00:05:58,490
THE FORCE THAT THE TWO MAGNETS
EXERT AGAINST EACH OTHER
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00:05:58,559 --> 00:06:01,860
CAUSES THE PLATES TO HOVER
IN THE AIR ABOVE THE TABLE.
119
00:06:06,967 --> 00:06:09,501
BUT WHAT DO LEVITATING PLATES
HAVE TO DO WITH
120
00:06:09,570 --> 00:06:13,271
OUR CENTRAL QUESTION--
WHY ARE WE HERE?
121
00:06:13,340 --> 00:06:14,973
ARJUN: ONCE THE PLATES
HAVE FALLEN,
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00:06:15,042 --> 00:06:16,942
THE IDEA OF MAGIC
SOON KIND OF DISAPPEARS.
123
00:06:17,010 --> 00:06:18,710
IT COMES BACK TO
IT'S JUST A TRICK.
124
00:06:23,050 --> 00:06:24,683
SO, ONCE YOU
MIGHT HAVE BEEN HUNG,
125
00:06:24,752 --> 00:06:25,917
BUT NOW IT'S JUST MAGNETS.
126
00:06:25,986 --> 00:06:28,186
THAT'S PRETTY COOL.
127
00:06:28,255 --> 00:06:30,655
ERIC: IT JUST SHOWS
THE PROGRESSION OF HUMANITY
128
00:06:30,724 --> 00:06:33,992
FROM NOT UNDERSTANDING
TO COMPLETELY UNDERSTANDING
129
00:06:34,061 --> 00:06:35,427
HOW TO DO SOMETHING LIKE THAT
130
00:06:35,496 --> 00:06:36,728
AND NOT HAVING IT
BE MAGICAL ANY MORE.
131
00:06:38,832 --> 00:06:40,265
IT WAS ABOUT THE JOURNEY FROM
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00:06:40,334 --> 00:06:41,800
THE MAGICAL TO THE PRACTICAL
WITH SCIENCE.
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00:06:45,572 --> 00:06:47,973
HAWKING: NOW THEY ARE STARTING
TO UNLOCK THE MYSTERY.
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00:06:52,513 --> 00:06:55,514
THE UNIVERSE IS NOT
CONTROLLED BY MAGIC
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00:06:55,582 --> 00:06:58,984
BUT BY A SET OF RULES THAT
WE CALL THE LAWS OF NATURE.
136
00:07:01,655 --> 00:07:04,623
TO FIND OUT HOW WE
DISCOVERED THESE LAWS,
137
00:07:04,691 --> 00:07:06,925
WE'RE GOING TO MEET
ONE OF MY HEROES.
138
00:07:10,931 --> 00:07:14,766
HE LIVED IN A LITTLE ENGLISH
VILLAGE OVER 300 YEARS AGO.
139
00:07:20,140 --> 00:07:22,174
MAN: WHEN IT COMES TO
HUMAN KNOWLEDGE OF NATURE,
140
00:07:22,242 --> 00:07:24,943
THE PERIOD BETWEEN
ROUGHLY 1500 AND 1700
141
00:07:25,012 --> 00:07:27,112
GETS REMEMBERED AS
THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
142
00:07:27,181 --> 00:07:30,315
BECAUSE IT BRINGS IN A NUMBER OF
FUNDAMENTAL CHANGES IN OUTLOOK
143
00:07:30,384 --> 00:07:32,751
THAT REMAIN INDISPENSABLE
TO WHAT WE CALL SCIENCE.
144
00:07:36,723 --> 00:07:39,157
FOR MANY PEOPLE,
THE OUTSTANDING FIGURE OF
145
00:07:39,226 --> 00:07:41,593
THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION,
THE CULMINATING FIGURE
146
00:07:41,662 --> 00:07:42,994
IS ISAAC NEWTON.
147
00:07:46,400 --> 00:07:49,234
AND FOR GETTING A GRIP ON JUST
WHAT IT IS NEWTON ACHIEVED,
148
00:07:49,303 --> 00:07:52,938
WE COULD DO NO BETTER THAN TO BE
STANDING RIGHT HERE IN FRONT OF
149
00:07:53,006 --> 00:07:56,007
THE VERY APPLE TREE
FROM WHICH FELL THE APPLE
150
00:07:56,076 --> 00:07:59,744
THAT GAVE NEWTON THE IDEA
OF THE LAW OF UNIVERSAL
GRAVITATION,
151
00:07:59,813 --> 00:08:00,879
OR SO THE STORY GOES.
152
00:08:07,054 --> 00:08:08,920
IT'S 1666.
153
00:08:08,989 --> 00:08:11,289
HE WAS SITTING UNDER
THE APPLE TREE
154
00:08:11,358 --> 00:08:12,891
AND HE WATCHED AN APPLE
FALL TO THE GROUND.
155
00:08:17,531 --> 00:08:20,866
AND IN A FLASH CAME TO HIM
THE NOTION THAT THERE MIGHT BE
156
00:08:20,934 --> 00:08:23,401
A SINGLE LAW,
WHICH GOVERNS NOT JUST
157
00:08:23,470 --> 00:08:26,438
THE PULL OF THE EARTH
ON AN APPLE
158
00:08:26,507 --> 00:08:29,841
BUT THE PULL OF THE EARTH
ON THE MOON.
159
00:08:29,910 --> 00:08:32,844
A SINGLE LAW,
A LAW OF ATTRACTION
160
00:08:32,913 --> 00:08:36,281
BETWEEN ALL OF THE PARTICLES
ACROSS THE COSMOS.
161
00:08:36,350 --> 00:08:38,149
THAT WAS THE LAW OF
UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION.
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00:08:41,922 --> 00:08:44,589
HAWKING: BY THE AGE OF JUST 25,
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00:08:44,658 --> 00:08:47,092
ISAAC NEWTON
SINGLE-HANDEDLY CHANGED
164
00:08:47,160 --> 00:08:49,861
THE WAY WE SEE THE WORLD.
165
00:08:49,930 --> 00:08:54,266
MAGIC WAS NO LONGER NEEDED TO
EXPLAIN HOW THE UNIVERSE WORKED
166
00:08:54,334 --> 00:08:55,934
OR WHY WE MIGHT BE HERE.
167
00:08:58,338 --> 00:09:00,839
INSTEAD, THE LAWS OF NATURE
168
00:09:00,908 --> 00:09:04,276
COULD BE EXPLAINED
USING REASON...
169
00:09:04,344 --> 00:09:05,710
AND WRITTEN DOWN IN A BOOK.
170
00:09:08,081 --> 00:09:10,215
RADICK: HERE WE HAVE
ISAAC NEWTON'S MASTERWORK,
171
00:09:10,284 --> 00:09:11,850
HIS "PRINCIPIA MATHEMATICA,"
172
00:09:11,919 --> 00:09:14,653
THE MATHEMATICAL PRINCIPLES
OF NATURAL PHILOSOPHY,
173
00:09:14,721 --> 00:09:18,089
PUBLISHED IN 1687 IN LATIN.
174
00:09:18,158 --> 00:09:21,493
THIS IS WHERE NEWTON SET DOWN
HIS 3 LAWS OF MOTION
175
00:09:21,562 --> 00:09:23,461
AND THE LAW OF
UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION
176
00:09:23,530 --> 00:09:27,599
AND SET THEM TO WORK TO ACCOUNT
FOR THE SYSTEM OF THE HEAVENS:
177
00:09:27,668 --> 00:09:31,469
THE TIDES, COMETS, AND OTHER
NATURAL PHENOMENA.
178
00:09:31,538 --> 00:09:34,639
HAWKING: IN THIS EXTRAORDINARY
BOOK, NEWTON EXPLAINED
179
00:09:34,708 --> 00:09:37,943
HOW THE UNIVERSE WORKS
IN A WAY THAT
180
00:09:38,011 --> 00:09:39,978
NO ONE HAD BEEN ABLE TO BEFORE.
181
00:09:42,115 --> 00:09:46,084
HIS WORK USHERED IN
THE MODERN AGE OF REASON,
182
00:09:46,153 --> 00:09:47,586
UNDERPINNED BY SCIENCE.
183
00:09:50,657 --> 00:09:54,326
RADICK: NEWTON BECOMES THE FIRST
SCIENTIFIC CELEBRITY;
184
00:09:54,394 --> 00:10:00,065
HE IS REVERED AS A HERO
OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT.
185
00:10:00,133 --> 00:10:05,437
THIS BOOK BECOMES THE BACKGROUND
AND THE PLATFORM ON WHICH
186
00:10:05,505 --> 00:10:07,672
NATURAL SCIENCE
IN ALL ITS VARIETY
187
00:10:07,741 --> 00:10:09,107
GROWS UP IN THE 18TH CENTURY.
188
00:10:10,911 --> 00:10:13,345
HAWKING: THANKS TO
GENIUSES LIKE NEWTON,
189
00:10:13,413 --> 00:10:17,282
SCIENCE GRADUALLY BEGINS
TO EXPLAIN THE WORLD.
190
00:10:17,351 --> 00:10:20,151
AND EVEN, I THINK,
WHY WE ARE HERE.
191
00:10:24,992 --> 00:10:27,359
I'VE GOT
THE MAGIC TOUCH THEN.
OH.
192
00:10:27,427 --> 00:10:30,629
HAWKING: MY VOLUNTEERS
HAVE TAKEN THEIR FIRST STEP
193
00:10:30,697 --> 00:10:33,732
TO MAKING THAT REALIZATION
FOR THEMSELVES.
194
00:10:36,169 --> 00:10:39,738
KELLY: BEING IN THIS AMAZING
SETTING REALLY HELPED ME,
195
00:10:39,806 --> 00:10:42,240
I THINK, GET IN THE MINDSET
OF PEOPLE, FOR EXAMPLE,
196
00:10:42,309 --> 00:10:45,243
OF THE MIDDLE AGES AND HOW THEY
WOULD HAVE PERCEIVED SOMETHING
197
00:10:45,312 --> 00:10:47,879
AS BEING COMPLETELY MAGICAL.
198
00:10:47,948 --> 00:10:50,115
THAT'S REALLY COOL.
[LAUGHS]
199
00:10:50,183 --> 00:10:53,518
KELLY: I TOTALLY THINK WE CAN
USE THE LAWS OF SCIENCE
200
00:10:53,587 --> 00:10:56,488
TO UNDERSTAND THE UNIVERSE
AND THEREFORE DEDUCE
201
00:10:56,556 --> 00:10:57,656
WHY WE MIGHT BE HERE.
202
00:11:04,965 --> 00:11:09,968
HAWKING: WE HAVE SEEN THAT THE
UNIVERSE IS GOVERNED BY LAWS,
203
00:11:10,037 --> 00:11:12,904
BUT HOW DOES THAT HELP US
WORK OUT WHY WE ARE HERE?
204
00:11:15,375 --> 00:11:18,410
NOW I WANT MY VOLUNTEERS
TO UNDERSTAND
205
00:11:18,478 --> 00:11:21,846
HOW THE LAWS OF NATURE AFFECT
OUR INDIVIDUAL LIVES.
206
00:11:23,784 --> 00:11:27,285
AND TO HELP THEM, I HAVE
GIVEN THEM A NEW CHALLENGE.
207
00:11:40,701 --> 00:11:43,201
OH, A BAR.
NICE.
208
00:11:43,270 --> 00:11:44,602
[LAUGHTER]
209
00:11:44,671 --> 00:11:46,071
WHO'S THIRSTY?
210
00:11:46,139 --> 00:11:47,706
KELLY: FIRST THING WE SEE
IS A BARTENDER
211
00:11:47,774 --> 00:11:49,240
STANDING IN THE FAR CORNER,
212
00:11:49,309 --> 00:11:51,810
AND HE'S SHAKING A MIXED DRINK.
213
00:11:53,246 --> 00:11:55,747
AND THEN WE NOTICE THAT
THERE'S A TABLE SET OUT
214
00:11:55,816 --> 00:11:57,816
AND THERE'S ONE MARTINI GLASS
ON THE TABLE.
215
00:12:00,087 --> 00:12:01,486
ERIC: WHAT'S THAT NOTE SAY?
216
00:12:01,555 --> 00:12:02,620
OH.
217
00:12:03,990 --> 00:12:06,324
ARJUN: FINISH OFF THE MARTINI
WITH AN OLIVE
218
00:12:06,393 --> 00:12:08,326
WITHOUT TOUCHING THE GLASS.
219
00:12:08,395 --> 00:12:09,894
WHAT DO YOU THINK
THAT MEANS?
220
00:12:09,963 --> 00:12:12,197
I IMAGINE THAT
WE HAVE TO KNOCK THAT OLIVE
221
00:12:12,265 --> 00:12:14,232
INTO THE MARTINI
TO FINISH IT OFF.
222
00:12:14,301 --> 00:12:15,800
ARJUN: WITHOUT TOUCHING IT.
OK.
223
00:12:15,869 --> 00:12:17,469
ERIC: MY GUESS IS
WE'RE USING THAT.
224
00:12:20,340 --> 00:12:23,575
HAWKING: USING A PENDULUM
SUSPENDED BY A CHAIN,
225
00:12:23,643 --> 00:12:25,977
THEY MUST MAKE
THE PERFECT COCKTAIL
226
00:12:26,046 --> 00:12:28,079
BY KNOCKING THE OLIVE
INTO THE GLASS.
227
00:12:28,148 --> 00:12:29,280
[GLASS SHATTERS]
228
00:12:29,349 --> 00:12:30,515
[LAUGHTER]
229
00:12:30,584 --> 00:12:32,684
ARJUN: YEAH,
THAT WAS INEVITABLE.
230
00:12:32,753 --> 00:12:34,686
COULD WE GET
ANOTHER DRINK?
231
00:12:34,755 --> 00:12:35,820
THANK YOU.
232
00:12:37,057 --> 00:12:38,790
I HOPE THESE AREN'T
EXPENSIVE MARTINIS.
233
00:12:40,894 --> 00:12:42,060
ARJUN: WHO WANTS
A PERFECT MARTINI?
234
00:12:42,129 --> 00:12:43,728
KELLY: I DO.
235
00:12:43,797 --> 00:12:45,263
[GLASS SHATTERS]
236
00:12:45,332 --> 00:12:47,732
OH! THAT WAS NOT
THE PERFECT MARTINI.
237
00:12:47,801 --> 00:12:49,267
SMASHING GLASSES
WAS A LOT OF FUN.
238
00:12:51,638 --> 00:12:52,771
[GLASS SHATTERS]
239
00:12:52,839 --> 00:12:54,906
WE BROKE QUITE A FEW GLASSES.
240
00:12:54,975 --> 00:12:56,141
OH.
MAN: OH.
241
00:12:56,209 --> 00:12:58,476
UM, AND I WAS PRETTY GOOD
AT BREAKING THE GLASSES.
242
00:13:00,347 --> 00:13:02,280
KELLY: I'LL TRY NOT
TO DO IT SO STRONG.
243
00:13:06,119 --> 00:13:07,385
THAT WAS SO CLOSE.
244
00:13:07,454 --> 00:13:09,154
ARJUN: I THINK RIGHT DISTANCE,
JUST NOT THE RIGHT ANGLE.
245
00:13:09,222 --> 00:13:11,156
IT'S A MIXED BAG OF FEELINGS,
'CAUSE IT'S,
246
00:13:11,224 --> 00:13:14,759
"OH, MY GOD, I'M SO CLOSE,
IT'S ALMOST THERE."
247
00:13:14,828 --> 00:13:17,162
BUT THERE'S A FEAR OF, "I'VE GOT
TO GIVE YOU A LITTLE BIT MORE
248
00:13:17,230 --> 00:13:19,664
BUT IF I DO, THAT MAY
TIP ME OVER THE EDGE."
249
00:13:19,733 --> 00:13:21,332
UM, IT'S A VERY
EXCITING MOMENT.
250
00:13:23,203 --> 00:13:24,636
KELLY: IT'S CRAZY.
EVEN MINOR DIFFERENCES
251
00:13:24,704 --> 00:13:26,504
MAKE A BIG DIFFERENCE.
252
00:13:26,573 --> 00:13:28,373
[GLASS SHATTERS]
OH!
253
00:13:28,441 --> 00:13:29,941
OOH.
254
00:13:30,010 --> 00:13:31,543
[GLASS SHATTERS]
255
00:13:31,611 --> 00:13:32,577
THIS IS CLEARLY
NOT WORKING.
256
00:13:34,181 --> 00:13:38,149
HAWKING: TO GET IT RIGHT, THEY
NEED TO THINK LIKE SCIENTISTS.
257
00:13:38,218 --> 00:13:39,918
SO, WE'VE GOTTA
GET THE OLIVE
IN THE GLASS
258
00:13:39,986 --> 00:13:41,586
WITHOUT TOUCHING
THE GLASS.
259
00:13:41,655 --> 00:13:43,488
WITH THE PERFECT
AMOUNT OF PENDULUM SWING
260
00:13:43,557 --> 00:13:46,925
TO JUST TOUCH THE OLIVE
TO FALL IN THE GLASS.
261
00:13:46,993 --> 00:13:48,626
ARJUN: OK, AND WHERE DID YOU
SWING IT FROM LAST TIME?
262
00:13:48,695 --> 00:13:50,161
ERIC: I SWUNG IT FROM
SOMEWHERE UP HERE.
263
00:13:50,230 --> 00:13:52,230
ARJUN: SO, THESE HOLES
HERE ARE REPRESENTING?
264
00:13:52,299 --> 00:13:53,498
ERIC: NUMBER OF
DEGREES, RIGHT?
265
00:13:53,567 --> 00:13:54,833
SO, I BROUGHT IT
UP TO HERE.
266
00:13:54,901 --> 00:13:56,501
SO, IF WE MARK IT,
THE NEXT TIME.
267
00:13:56,570 --> 00:13:58,403
OK, SO--
SO, LET'S SAY WE
GO THERE, RIGHT?
268
00:14:04,878 --> 00:14:07,579
OH, YES.
YES. [LAUGHS]
269
00:14:07,647 --> 00:14:09,647
SUCCESS. [LAUGHS]
270
00:14:09,716 --> 00:14:11,683
HAWKING: IT'S A PERFECT SWING.
271
00:14:11,751 --> 00:14:13,918
NICELY DONE.
ALL RIGHT.
272
00:14:13,987 --> 00:14:15,420
HAWKING: BUT ONCE
IS NOT ENOUGH.
273
00:14:16,857 --> 00:14:18,423
ALL RIGHT.
LET ME TRY.
274
00:14:18,491 --> 00:14:19,791
HAWKING: TO PROVE THEY CAN MAKE
275
00:14:19,860 --> 00:14:22,427
THE PERFECT COCKTAIL
EVERY TIME...
276
00:14:22,495 --> 00:14:23,795
HOW'S THAT LOOK?
277
00:14:23,864 --> 00:14:26,264
HAWKING: THEY HAVE TO DO IT
3 TIMES IN A ROW.
278
00:14:29,202 --> 00:14:30,301
ARJUN: DANGEROUS.
ERIC: WHOA.
279
00:14:30,370 --> 00:14:33,938
[GLASS SHATTERS]
[LAUGHTER]
280
00:14:34,007 --> 00:14:38,376
WE KNOW THAT WE CAN
HIT THE OLIVE SOME OF THE TIME,
281
00:14:38,445 --> 00:14:42,146
BUT WE ALSO KNOW MANY TIMES
WE WILL PUSH IT
282
00:14:42,215 --> 00:14:44,182
AND IT WILL WRECK THE GLASS.
283
00:14:44,251 --> 00:14:46,584
IT'S SUCH A DELICATE OPERATION.
284
00:14:46,653 --> 00:14:48,519
ERIC: WHAT IF WE CAME UP
WITH A STICK OR SOMETHING,
285
00:14:48,588 --> 00:14:49,888
TO PUT THROUGH THE HOLES?
286
00:14:49,956 --> 00:14:51,289
OR SOMETHING
TO HOLD THE BALL.
287
00:14:51,358 --> 00:14:53,658
'CAUSE WE'VE GOT
THE RIGHT SPOT, I GUESS,
288
00:14:53,727 --> 00:14:55,193
BUT THE RELEASE
IS DIFFERENT.
289
00:14:55,262 --> 00:14:57,462
YOU'RE EITHER PUSHING IT
OR YOU DON'T LET IT OUT.
290
00:14:57,530 --> 00:14:58,730
KELLY: 'CAUSE YOU'RE STILL
EYEBALLING IT, REALLY.
291
00:14:58,798 --> 00:15:00,198
ERIC: OK.
292
00:15:00,267 --> 00:15:01,432
MAYBE THERE'S
SOMETHING ABOUT HERE.
293
00:15:02,569 --> 00:15:03,668
THERE'S A BATTERY.
294
00:15:05,038 --> 00:15:07,572
OH, EXCELLENT.
LOOK AT THIS.
295
00:15:07,641 --> 00:15:09,107
A MAGNET.
296
00:15:09,175 --> 00:15:10,675
ERIC: WHICH--WHICH HOLE
WERE WE IN?
297
00:15:10,744 --> 00:15:13,711
ARJUN: UH, WE WERE
IN 14, I BELIEVE.
298
00:15:13,780 --> 00:15:14,979
OK, SO,
IF WE INSERT THIS.
299
00:15:17,918 --> 00:15:19,150
KELLY: IT LOOKS GOOD.
300
00:15:19,219 --> 00:15:20,919
SHALL WE TRY IT?
301
00:15:20,987 --> 00:15:22,053
KELLY: YEAH.
OK.
302
00:15:22,122 --> 00:15:23,755
OK.
303
00:15:23,823 --> 00:15:25,189
NICE.
ERIC: PERFECT.
304
00:15:25,258 --> 00:15:26,457
ARJUN: BETTER.
305
00:15:26,526 --> 00:15:28,192
ERIC: SO, IT'S
ABOUT THE ALIGNMENT.
306
00:15:28,261 --> 00:15:31,863
KELLY: YEAH. BY USING THE MAGNET
TO SET THE STARTING CONDITIONS
307
00:15:31,932 --> 00:15:33,164
EXACTLY THE SAME EVERY TIME,
308
00:15:33,233 --> 00:15:36,034
AND THE RELEASE CONDITIONS
EXACTLY THE SAME EVERY TIME,
309
00:15:36,102 --> 00:15:37,969
THE RESULT IS PREDICTABLE.
310
00:15:38,038 --> 00:15:39,103
RIGHT.
311
00:15:40,807 --> 00:15:42,540
ERIC: MAKE SURE
THE CHAIN'S ALIGNED,
312
00:15:42,609 --> 00:15:44,409
THE GLASS IS ALIGNED.
313
00:15:44,477 --> 00:15:45,910
KELLY: OOPS.
OLIVE ISN'T ALIGNED.
314
00:15:45,979 --> 00:15:47,011
LET'S MAKE SURE
THAT THAT'S--
315
00:15:48,515 --> 00:15:49,881
OK. ALL IS ALIGNED.
316
00:15:49,950 --> 00:15:51,082
ERIC: YOU GUYS READY?
317
00:15:51,151 --> 00:15:52,350
ARJUN: YEAH.
318
00:15:54,087 --> 00:15:55,453
NICE.
319
00:15:55,522 --> 00:15:56,654
ERIC: ALL RIGHT.
LET'S TRY AGAIN.
320
00:15:56,723 --> 00:15:58,823
ARJUN: WHO CAN
GET IT 3 TIMES?
321
00:15:58,892 --> 00:16:00,091
ERIC: NO, DON'T MOVE ANYTHING.
322
00:16:00,160 --> 00:16:01,292
ARJUN: WE'VE DEFINITELY
GOT IT, YEAH.
323
00:16:04,397 --> 00:16:05,596
HOLD ON FOR A SEC.
324
00:16:07,701 --> 00:16:08,933
ERIC: THAT LOOKS PRETTY GOOD.
325
00:16:09,002 --> 00:16:10,134
NOW I'M HAPPY.
YOU THINK
IT'S GONNA WORK?
326
00:16:10,203 --> 00:16:11,970
SHE'S HAPPY.
ALL RIGHT, LET'S GO.
327
00:16:12,038 --> 00:16:13,171
OK.
328
00:16:14,641 --> 00:16:15,807
NICE.
AWESOME.
329
00:16:15,875 --> 00:16:17,909
RIGHT.
330
00:16:17,978 --> 00:16:19,510
HAWKING: DELICIOUS, I'M SURE.
331
00:16:23,283 --> 00:16:25,383
SO, HOW DOES THIS COCKTAIL
RELATE TO
332
00:16:25,452 --> 00:16:29,721
OUR CENTRAL QUESTION--
WHY ARE WE HERE?
333
00:16:29,789 --> 00:16:32,023
KELLY: SO, WHAT DO YOU GUYS
THINK THIS MEANS?
334
00:16:32,092 --> 00:16:34,192
ARJUN: DOING THE EXACT SAME
THING EVERY SINGLE TIME
335
00:16:34,260 --> 00:16:36,494
GIVES YOU THE EXACT
SAME RESULT.
336
00:16:36,563 --> 00:16:39,597
KELLY: I GUESS ONE COULD SAY,
IF THE LAWS OF PHYSICS
337
00:16:39,666 --> 00:16:42,066
APPLY EVERY TIME,
THEN WHATEVER HAPPENS
338
00:16:42,135 --> 00:16:43,434
IS WHATEVER WAS
SUPPOSED TO HAPPEN.
339
00:16:43,503 --> 00:16:44,669
IT'S ALWAYS
THE SAME RESULT.
340
00:16:44,738 --> 00:16:46,037
YEAH.
YEAH.
341
00:16:46,106 --> 00:16:48,272
HAWKING: THAT'S EXACTLY RIGHT.
342
00:16:48,341 --> 00:16:51,809
WHAT HAPPENS TO THE COCKTAIL
IS PREDETERMINED BY
343
00:16:51,878 --> 00:16:54,979
WHERE AND HOW THE PENDULUM
IS RELEASED.
344
00:16:58,685 --> 00:17:02,720
THE LAWS OF NATURE ARE ALWAYS
IN CONTROL AND THEY DON'T VARY.
345
00:17:04,991 --> 00:17:08,760
SO, THE START GUARANTEES
THE OUTCOME EVERY TIME.
346
00:17:08,828 --> 00:17:10,495
[GLASS SHATTERS]
[LAUGHTER]
347
00:17:10,563 --> 00:17:14,365
ERIC: THE PERFECT COCKTAIL
IS DEFINED BY A SET OF
348
00:17:14,434 --> 00:17:16,401
ALREADY EXISTING LAWS.
349
00:17:16,469 --> 00:17:18,703
IF THE LAWS THROUGHOUT
THE UNIVERSE ARE KNOWN
350
00:17:18,772 --> 00:17:23,674
AND WHOMEVER IS DOING THE
EXPERIMENT KNOWS WHAT TO EXPECT,
351
00:17:23,743 --> 00:17:25,943
THEY WILL ALWAYS KNOW
WHAT THE FUTURE HOLDS.
352
00:17:26,012 --> 00:17:27,745
AND THAT IS MIND BLOWING.
353
00:17:31,418 --> 00:17:34,552
HAWKING: WHEN IT COMES TO
WORKING OUT WHY WE ARE HERE,
354
00:17:34,621 --> 00:17:38,689
THIS IDEA HAS HUGE IMPLICATIONS
FOR MANKIND.
355
00:17:38,758 --> 00:17:41,759
IF THE WHOLE UNIVERSE
IS RIGIDLY DETERMINED
356
00:17:41,828 --> 00:17:46,297
BY THE LAWS OF NATURE,
ITS FUTURE IS ALREADY DICTATED
357
00:17:46,366 --> 00:17:49,233
BY WHAT HAPPENED BEFORE.
358
00:17:49,302 --> 00:17:54,305
SO, PERHAPS OUR DESTINY AS
A SPECIES AND AS INDIVIDUALS
359
00:17:54,374 --> 00:17:55,873
IS PREDETERMINED, TOO.
360
00:17:59,045 --> 00:18:03,181
THIS DISTURBING IDEAL
WAS FIRST SET OUT IN 1814
361
00:18:03,249 --> 00:18:05,616
BY A FRENCH GENIUS
NAMED LAPLACE.
362
00:18:08,021 --> 00:18:10,488
MAN: THE MARQUIS,
PIERRE SIMON DE LAPLACE,
363
00:18:10,557 --> 00:18:14,125
WAS A FRENCH PHILOSOPHER,
MATHEMATICIAN, AND PHYSICIST.
364
00:18:16,696 --> 00:18:19,097
IF YOU KNEW, LAPLACE SAID,
IF YOU KNEW EVERYTHING
365
00:18:19,165 --> 00:18:21,232
ABOUT THE UNIVERSE RIGHT NOW.
366
00:18:21,301 --> 00:18:23,668
WHICH MEANS IF YOU KNEW
WHERE EVERYTHING WAS,
367
00:18:23,736 --> 00:18:26,671
HOW IT WAS MOVING,
ALL THE LAWS OF PHYSICS,
368
00:18:26,739 --> 00:18:28,473
AND YOU WERE INFINITELY SMART--
369
00:18:28,541 --> 00:18:31,409
TODAY, WE WOULD SAY IF YOU HAD
A INFINITELY GOOD COMPUTER--
370
00:18:31,478 --> 00:18:35,246
LAPLACE SAYS, THEN YOU KNOW THE
ENTIRE FUTURE OF THE UNIVERSE
371
00:18:35,315 --> 00:18:37,915
AND YOU KNOW THE ENTIRE
PAST OF THE UNIVERSE.
372
00:18:37,984 --> 00:18:40,818
THE WHOLE HISTORY OF REALITY IS
373
00:18:40,887 --> 00:18:42,954
CONTAINED IMPLICITLY
IN EVERY MOMENT.
374
00:18:46,025 --> 00:18:48,126
HAWKING: LAPLACE BELIEVED
THAT THE UNIVERSE
375
00:18:48,194 --> 00:18:49,594
WORKED LIKE CLOCKWORK.
376
00:18:56,936 --> 00:19:00,972
IF YOU KNOW THE POSITION
OF EVERY COG IN THE MACHINE,
377
00:19:01,040 --> 00:19:04,342
THEN YOU CAN TELL ITS
POSITION WITH CERTAINTY
378
00:19:04,410 --> 00:19:06,777
AT ANY POINT IN
THE PAST OR FUTURE.
379
00:19:09,916 --> 00:19:12,617
THIS IDEA CAME TO BE KNOWN
AS DETERMINISM.
380
00:19:16,022 --> 00:19:20,191
IT DESCRIBED A UNIVERSE THAT
WOULD CONTINUE PREDICTABLY
381
00:19:20,260 --> 00:19:21,959
WITHOUT DIVINE INTERVENTION.
382
00:19:24,497 --> 00:19:25,897
CARROLL: LAPLACE WROTE
A VERY FAMOUS BOOK
383
00:19:25,965 --> 00:19:27,598
ON CELESTIAL MECHANICS--
384
00:19:27,667 --> 00:19:29,300
THE MOTIONS OF THE PLANETS
AND THE STARS
385
00:19:29,369 --> 00:19:32,136
THAT WAS PRESENTED TO
THE EMPEROR NAPOLEON.
386
00:19:32,205 --> 00:19:34,472
AND TO TEASE LAPLACE,
NAPOLEON SAID TO HIM,
387
00:19:34,541 --> 00:19:36,908
"I SEE NO MENTION
OF GOD IN YOUR WORK,"
388
00:19:36,976 --> 00:19:38,976
AND VERY HUFFILY
LAPLACE REPLIED,
389
00:19:39,045 --> 00:19:41,312
"I HAD NO NEED OF
THAT HYPOTHESIS,"
390
00:19:41,381 --> 00:19:44,649
AND HE KEPT MAKING THAT POINT
THROUGHOUT HIS LIFE.
391
00:19:44,717 --> 00:19:48,186
HE WAS VERY CLEAR THAT
THE UNIVERSE MOVED BY ITSELF,
392
00:19:48,254 --> 00:19:50,188
IT WAS NOT PUSHED ALONG
BY A HIGHER POWER.
393
00:19:52,392 --> 00:19:54,959
HAWKING: I DON'T BELIEVE
LAPLACE WAS CLAIMING
394
00:19:55,028 --> 00:19:58,162
THAT GOD DIDN'T EXIST,
395
00:19:58,231 --> 00:20:02,400
JUST THAT GOD DOESN'T INTERVENE
TO BREAK THE LAWS OF NATURE.
396
00:20:05,471 --> 00:20:09,407
AFTER ALL, A SCIENTIFIC LAW
ISN'T A LAW AT ALL
397
00:20:09,475 --> 00:20:12,376
IF ITS OUTCOME CAN BE
ALTERED BY A HIGHER POWER.
398
00:20:15,582 --> 00:20:17,014
I THINK THAT IF YOU'RE LISTING
399
00:20:17,083 --> 00:20:20,384
10 PEOPLE IN HUMAN HISTORY
WHO REALLY CHANGED THE WAY
400
00:20:20,453 --> 00:20:22,420
WE THINK ABOUT OURSELVES
AND THE UNIVERSE
401
00:20:22,488 --> 00:20:25,022
AND HOW WE FIT INTO IT--I WOULD
ARGUE THAT LAPLACE DESERVES
402
00:20:25,091 --> 00:20:26,958
A-A SPOT ON THAT ALL-STAR TEAM.
403
00:20:31,631 --> 00:20:33,564
HAWKING: IF LAPLACE IS RIGHT,
404
00:20:33,633 --> 00:20:36,500
THEN EVERY MOMENT
IN YOUR LIFE...
405
00:20:36,569 --> 00:20:43,474
WHO YOU FALL IN LOVE WITH,
YOUR CAREER, WHEN YOU DIE...
406
00:20:43,543 --> 00:20:46,410
IS ALREADY PRE-DETERMINED
BY THE STRICT LAWS
407
00:20:46,479 --> 00:20:47,979
THAT GOVERN THE UNIVERSE.
408
00:20:52,285 --> 00:20:57,021
THAT MEANS THAT ALTHOUGH WE MAY
THINK WE CHOOSE OUR DESTINY,
409
00:20:57,090 --> 00:20:59,123
FREE WILL IS AN ILLUSION,
410
00:20:59,192 --> 00:21:02,393
AND WE ARE JUST VERY COMPLICATED
COGS IN THE MACHINE.
411
00:21:04,797 --> 00:21:07,932
KELLY: I COULD SEE THE UNIVERSE
PLAYING OUT LIKE CLOCKWORK.
412
00:21:08,001 --> 00:21:09,300
I-I COULD ACTUALLY SEE THAT.
413
00:21:13,706 --> 00:21:17,008
ERIC: I WANT TO BELIEVE
THAT I STILL HAVE A CHOICE
414
00:21:17,076 --> 00:21:18,743
BUT IF PHYSICS IS
TAKING US TO A PLACE
415
00:21:18,811 --> 00:21:22,713
WHERE WE HAVE ALL
THE STEPS LAID OUT
416
00:21:22,782 --> 00:21:27,285
AND WE ALWAYS CAN PREDICT
WHAT THE FUTURE IS,
417
00:21:27,353 --> 00:21:29,387
THAT'S GOING TO BE A REALLY
HARD PILL TO SWALLOW.
418
00:21:31,991 --> 00:21:33,691
HAWKING: SO, IS YOUR
LIFE DETERMINED
419
00:21:33,760 --> 00:21:35,993
JUST LIKE THE COCKTAIL?
420
00:21:36,062 --> 00:21:38,529
OR ARE YOU FREE
TO MAKE YOUR OWN CHOICES?
421
00:21:41,467 --> 00:21:44,568
IT'S A QUESTION THAT SCIENTISTS
OF ALL DISCIPLINES
422
00:21:44,637 --> 00:21:47,638
HAVE WRESTLED WITH
FOR CENTURIES.
423
00:21:47,707 --> 00:21:52,610
BUT MODERN NEUROSCIENCE HAS
REVEALED SURPRISING RESULTS.
424
00:21:52,679 --> 00:21:55,413
MAN: IN THE LATE 1970S,
PEOPLE FOR THE FIRST TIME
425
00:21:55,481 --> 00:21:58,749
WERE ABLE TO MEASURE
SOME BRAIN ACTIVITY
426
00:21:58,818 --> 00:22:03,087
WHILE PEOPLE WERE ENGAGED IN
CONSCIOUS MENTAL ACTIVITY.
427
00:22:03,156 --> 00:22:07,491
LATER, PEOPLE STARTED DEVELOPING
BRAIN-SCANNING TECHNIQUES
428
00:22:07,560 --> 00:22:08,793
WITH WHICH IT'S POSSIBLE
429
00:22:08,861 --> 00:22:11,762
TO LOOK AT THE BRAIN ACTIVITY
IN MUCH MORE DETAIL.
430
00:22:11,831 --> 00:22:14,899
AND THE PSYCHOLOGIST
BENJAMIN LIBET
431
00:22:14,967 --> 00:22:17,401
PERFORMED A VERY
FAMOUS EXPERIMENT.
432
00:22:17,470 --> 00:22:19,603
HE GOT PEOPLE TO MAKE
VERY SIMPLE DECISIONS
433
00:22:19,672 --> 00:22:21,739
ABOUT MOVING THEIR FINGERS.
434
00:22:21,808 --> 00:22:24,141
AT THE SAME TIME HE RECORDED
THEIR BRAIN ACTIVITY.
435
00:22:26,979 --> 00:22:31,048
WHAT THESE EXPERIMENTS SHOW IS
THAT AT THE POINT IN TIME WHEN
436
00:22:31,117 --> 00:22:34,919
WE THINK WE'RE DECIDING; TO SOME
DEGREE AT LEAST THE DECISION
437
00:22:34,987 --> 00:22:37,755
HAS ALREADY BEEN MADE
BY UNCONSCIOUS BRAIN ACTIVITY.
438
00:22:40,159 --> 00:22:42,560
HAWKING: I WANT MY VOLUNTEERS
TO UNDERSTAND
439
00:22:42,628 --> 00:22:46,197
WHAT THIS EXPERIMENT
REALLY MEANS
440
00:22:46,265 --> 00:22:49,400
AND WHAT IT IMPLIES FOR
THE IDEA OF FREE WILL.
441
00:22:49,469 --> 00:22:53,104
SO, WE ARE GOING TO RUN
A VERSION OF IT AT THE CASTLE,
442
00:22:53,172 --> 00:22:55,272
USING SOME HIGH-TECH EQUIPMENT.
443
00:23:02,949 --> 00:23:06,384
ARJUN: HELLO.
WE'RE GONNA WATCH A MOVIE.
444
00:23:06,452 --> 00:23:08,185
NO. I'M GONNA
BE TESTED.
445
00:23:14,761 --> 00:23:15,860
WHAT IS HAPPENING?
446
00:23:17,230 --> 00:23:19,130
KELLY: WHAT IS THAT?
447
00:23:19,198 --> 00:23:20,798
THERE IT GOES.
IT'S READING.
448
00:23:23,102 --> 00:23:25,136
THAT'S ME.
UP ON A CASTLE.
449
00:23:26,873 --> 00:23:28,506
KELLY: THAT'S CRAZY.
450
00:23:28,574 --> 00:23:30,107
ERIC: I KNOW.
451
00:23:30,176 --> 00:23:32,676
I HAVE THIS--THIS
CONTRAPTION ON MY HEAD
452
00:23:32,745 --> 00:23:35,446
AND IT'S READING
ELECTRICAL PULSES.
453
00:23:35,515 --> 00:23:37,581
IT'S READING ACTIVITY
IN MY BRAIN.
454
00:23:39,385 --> 00:23:40,584
KELLY: YOU LOOK LIKE
YOU'RE THINKING HARD.
455
00:23:40,653 --> 00:23:42,253
I'M--I'M REALLY
FEELING IT.
456
00:23:42,321 --> 00:23:43,454
WHAT IS IT
TELLING YOU?
457
00:23:43,523 --> 00:23:44,688
YEAH, CAN YOU
MAKE IT CHANGE?
458
00:23:44,757 --> 00:23:45,890
I DON'T KNOW.
LET'S TRY.
459
00:23:45,958 --> 00:23:47,224
SHOULD I
GET ANGRY?
460
00:23:47,293 --> 00:23:48,426
GRR.
461
00:23:48,494 --> 00:23:49,660
[LAUGHS]
462
00:23:51,230 --> 00:23:54,999
HAWKING: THIS CONTRAPTION
IS CALLED AN EEG.
463
00:23:55,067 --> 00:23:56,801
IT'S THE SAME KIND OF DEVICE
464
00:23:56,869 --> 00:23:59,103
THAT LIBET USED
IN HIS EXPERIMENTS.
465
00:24:01,841 --> 00:24:04,909
HAYNES: WHAT YOU CAN SEE HERE
IS ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY
466
00:24:04,977 --> 00:24:07,344
OF THE 100 BILLION NERVE CELLS
IN YOUR BRAIN.
467
00:24:07,413 --> 00:24:08,712
OK.
468
00:24:08,781 --> 00:24:11,615
HAYNES: WE TEND TO THINK
THAT OUR MIND IS PRIVATE,
469
00:24:11,684 --> 00:24:14,585
THAT NOBODY CAN SEE OUR THOUGHTS
FROM THE OUTSIDE.
470
00:24:14,654 --> 00:24:18,389
EVERY THOUGHT YOU HAVE
HAS A UNIQUE SIGNATURE
471
00:24:18,458 --> 00:24:20,257
IN THIS BRAIN ACTIVITY.
472
00:24:20,326 --> 00:24:24,028
EVERY DECISION YOU MAKE LEAVES
A TRACE IN YOUR BRAIN ACTIVITY.
473
00:24:24,096 --> 00:24:26,664
THIS BRAIN ACTIVITY IS YOU.
474
00:24:26,732 --> 00:24:30,234
OOH, FANCY.
LOOK AT THAT.
475
00:24:31,704 --> 00:24:32,937
HAYNES: WHAT WE'RE GOING
TO DO IS WE'RE GOING TO
476
00:24:33,005 --> 00:24:34,839
MEASURE SOME
SPONTANEOUS DECISIONS
477
00:24:34,907 --> 00:24:36,173
THAT YOU'RE GOING TO MAKE.
478
00:24:36,242 --> 00:24:39,043
OK.
SO, I'D LIKE YOU,
TO SOME POINT,
479
00:24:39,111 --> 00:24:41,545
WHEN YOU FEEL THE URGE
TO DO SO,
480
00:24:41,614 --> 00:24:44,348
TO SPONTANEOUSLY
PRESS THIS BUTTON.
481
00:24:44,417 --> 00:24:47,084
OK.
WHAT I'D LIKE YOU TO ALSO DO IS
482
00:24:47,153 --> 00:24:49,453
TELL ME WHERE
THE DIAL IS ON THE SCREEN
483
00:24:49,522 --> 00:24:50,754
WHEN YOU MAKE UP YOUR MIND.
484
00:24:50,823 --> 00:24:52,156
OK.
485
00:24:56,796 --> 00:24:58,195
ERIC: THAT'S AWESOME.
486
00:24:58,264 --> 00:24:59,430
ARJUN: NICE.
487
00:24:59,499 --> 00:25:01,932
[LAUGHTER]
488
00:25:02,001 --> 00:25:04,034
INTERESTINGLY ENOUGH,
TURNS OUT EVERY TIME
489
00:25:04,103 --> 00:25:06,837
WE PRESS THE BUTTON,
FIREWORKS GO OFF. [LAUGHS]
490
00:25:06,906 --> 00:25:09,073
AND WE ALL ABOUT HAVE A MINI
HEART ATTACK. [LAUGHS]
491
00:25:13,012 --> 00:25:14,879
[LAUGHS]
492
00:25:16,549 --> 00:25:18,916
ERIC: IT WAS AROUND
THE 50 MARK.
493
00:25:18,985 --> 00:25:20,417
MY HEART'S RACING
A BIT.
494
00:25:20,486 --> 00:25:22,353
[LAUGHTER]
495
00:25:27,193 --> 00:25:28,359
IT DOESN'T GET OLD.
496
00:25:28,427 --> 00:25:29,693
NO, IT DOESN'T.
THAT'S AWESOME.
497
00:25:29,762 --> 00:25:30,895
HAYNES: WHERE WAS THE DIAL?
498
00:25:30,963 --> 00:25:32,263
ERIC: UH, 50ISH.
499
00:25:32,331 --> 00:25:33,864
KELLY: WHOA, LOOK AT IT.
500
00:25:33,933 --> 00:25:35,900
ERIC: YEAH, THAT'S COOL.
501
00:25:35,968 --> 00:25:37,701
I DON'T HAVE ANY FURTHER
URGE TO PRESS IT.
502
00:25:37,770 --> 00:25:38,836
OK.
503
00:25:47,179 --> 00:25:48,312
KELLY: 10.
504
00:25:48,381 --> 00:25:50,381
[ARJUN LAUGHS]
505
00:25:50,449 --> 00:25:51,515
THAT'S SO COOL.
506
00:25:54,320 --> 00:25:56,520
KELLY: I THINK
IT WAS AROUND 20. [LAUGHS]
507
00:25:58,291 --> 00:26:01,458
HAWKING: SO, CAN THEY WORK OUT
WHAT THIS EXPERIMENT HAS TO DO
508
00:26:01,527 --> 00:26:03,260
WITH DETERMINISM AND FREE WILL?
509
00:26:05,631 --> 00:26:07,932
IT'S HARD TO IMAGINE
THAT IT'S NOT FREE WILL,
510
00:26:08,000 --> 00:26:10,768
'CAUSE WHO'S TELLING ME
OR FORCING ME
511
00:26:10,836 --> 00:26:13,637
TO PRESS IT AT
A CERTAIN TIME?
512
00:26:13,706 --> 00:26:15,573
SO, I THINK I'LL PUSH IT
ONE MORE TIME.
513
00:26:15,641 --> 00:26:16,840
HERE I GO.
514
00:26:16,909 --> 00:26:18,142
TRY NOT TO LOOK AT
THE CLOCK SO MUCH.
515
00:26:18,210 --> 00:26:20,444
ERIC: DON'T LOOK
AT THE CLOCK.
516
00:26:20,513 --> 00:26:22,813
KELLY: IT'S RIGHT AROUND--
BETWEEN 20 AND 25.
517
00:26:24,917 --> 00:26:27,051
HAWKING: WHEN THE DATA
IS COLLECTED,
518
00:26:27,119 --> 00:26:30,554
THIS EXPERIMENT CAN REVEAL
HOW A CONSCIOUS DECISION
519
00:26:30,623 --> 00:26:32,790
SUCH AS DECIDING
TO PRESS A BUTTON...
520
00:26:35,494 --> 00:26:36,694
IT WAS AT 20.
521
00:26:36,762 --> 00:26:39,330
HAWKING: IS PRECEDED BY
UNCONSCIOUS BRAIN ACTIVITY.
522
00:26:41,434 --> 00:26:45,636
AND AVERAGE RESULTS FROM
MANY OF THESE EXPERIMENTS
523
00:26:45,705 --> 00:26:47,838
POINT TO
A REMARKABLE CONCLUSION.
524
00:26:50,142 --> 00:26:53,677
AS MY VOLUNTEERS TRY
TO EXERCISE FREE WILL,
525
00:26:53,746 --> 00:26:57,047
IT APPEARS THAT THEIR BRAINS
ARE MAKING DECISIONS
526
00:26:57,116 --> 00:26:58,849
BEFORE THEY ARE
EVEN AWARE OF IT.
527
00:27:00,419 --> 00:27:01,619
WHAT WE'RE GONNA SHOW YOU IS
528
00:27:01,687 --> 00:27:05,089
THE AVERAGE
BRAIN ACTIVITY
BEFORE THE TIME
529
00:27:05,157 --> 00:27:06,957
WHEN YOU ACTUALLY
PRESS THE BUTTON.
530
00:27:07,026 --> 00:27:08,125
SO, WE CAN LOOK AT IT HERE.
531
00:27:11,063 --> 00:27:14,064
IT'S THE ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY
OF YOUR BRAIN
532
00:27:14,133 --> 00:27:15,733
AROUND THE TIME
OF THE MOVEMENT.
533
00:27:18,804 --> 00:27:22,406
HAWKING: THE GRAPH COVERS
A PERIOD OF 2.5 SECONDS.
534
00:27:24,110 --> 00:27:27,111
JUST AFTER THE PEAK
IS THE PRECISE MOMENT
535
00:27:27,179 --> 00:27:28,545
WHEN THE BUTTON IS PRESSED.
536
00:27:32,518 --> 00:27:34,351
HAYNES: THE BIG QUESTION IS,
537
00:27:34,420 --> 00:27:37,855
WHEN DID YOU CONSCIOUSLY
DECIDE TO MOVE?
538
00:27:37,923 --> 00:27:39,657
ARJUN: ONE SECOND
BEFORE WE MOVED.
539
00:27:39,725 --> 00:27:41,191
HAYNES: YOU THINK YOU MADE UP
YOUR MIND HERE?
540
00:27:41,260 --> 00:27:42,526
YEAH.
541
00:27:42,595 --> 00:27:45,496
HAYNES: SO, IN FACT,
WHAT HAPPENS IS THAT
542
00:27:45,564 --> 00:27:48,732
YOU DECIDE AROUND HERE
AND THAT YOUR BRAIN HAS STARTED
543
00:27:48,801 --> 00:27:51,201
PREPARING YOUR DECISION
LONG BEFORE
544
00:27:51,270 --> 00:27:52,536
YOUR CONSCIOUS MIND KICKS IN.
545
00:27:54,240 --> 00:27:55,939
HAWKING: THIS DATA
SHOWS US THAT
546
00:27:56,008 --> 00:27:59,943
THE SUBCONSCIOUS PART OF YOUR
BRAIN BEGINS TO MAKE A DECISION
547
00:28:00,012 --> 00:28:04,615
AS MUCH AS HALF A SECOND BEFORE
YOU DO IT CONSCIOUSLY.
548
00:28:04,684 --> 00:28:08,485
AND YOUR FINGER ACTUALLY MOVES
ANOTHER HALF-SECOND AFTER THAT.
549
00:28:11,857 --> 00:28:14,091
THIS SUGGESTS YOUR
SUBCONSCIOUS MIND
550
00:28:14,160 --> 00:28:19,329
MADE THE DECISION TO PRESS THE
BUTTON, NOT YOUR CONSCIOUS MIND.
551
00:28:20,733 --> 00:28:24,068
IF THIS IS RIGHT, THEN
YOU HAVE NO FREE WILL.
552
00:28:24,136 --> 00:28:25,636
ARJUN: I DEFINITELY
HAVE FREE WILL.
553
00:28:25,705 --> 00:28:28,072
IF I WAS JUST A BRAIN,
I WOULD BE JUST THE BRAIN.
554
00:28:28,140 --> 00:28:29,473
THERE WOULDN'T BE
ALL THESE OTHER THINGS
555
00:28:29,542 --> 00:28:32,209
THAT I FEEL AND THINK.
556
00:28:32,278 --> 00:28:33,911
IF THERE IS JUST
THE BRAIN FEELING IT,
557
00:28:33,979 --> 00:28:36,747
WHY DOES IT DETERMINE SO MANY
OTHER THINGS IN OUR LIVES?
558
00:28:39,785 --> 00:28:43,487
HAWKING: MY OPINION IS THAT THE
BRAIN IS MADE OF MATTER WHICH,
559
00:28:43,556 --> 00:28:47,458
LIKE THE REST OF THE UNIVERSE,
MUST FOLLOW THE LAWS OF NATURE.
560
00:28:49,562 --> 00:28:55,866
THERE IS NO SPECIAL STUFF IN OUR
HEADS, NO GHOST IN THE MACHINE.
561
00:28:55,935 --> 00:29:01,238
IF LIFE IS COMPLETELY
PREDETERMINED, BASED ON SCIENCE,
562
00:29:01,307 --> 00:29:04,842
THEN I CAN'T-- I'M NOT SURE
WHAT THE REASON
563
00:29:04,910 --> 00:29:07,211
FOR EVERYTHING WE'RE DOING IS.
564
00:29:07,279 --> 00:29:09,313
IT'S JUST--THAT'S
SO MESSED UP.
565
00:29:09,381 --> 00:29:11,381
IT'S REALLY MESSED UP.
566
00:29:11,450 --> 00:29:12,516
YEAH.
567
00:29:14,386 --> 00:29:17,721
HAWKING: MY VOLUNTEERS HAVE
LEARNED THAT THE UNIVERSE IS,
568
00:29:17,790 --> 00:29:20,524
AS FAR AS WE CAN TELL,
GOVERNED BY LAWS.
569
00:29:23,229 --> 00:29:25,863
AND IT SEEMS THAT IF
EVERYTHING IS DETERMINED,
570
00:29:25,931 --> 00:29:31,635
LIKE THE SWING OF A PENDULUM,
THEN THE FUTURE IS SET IN STONE.
571
00:29:38,577 --> 00:29:42,312
THAT MEANS WE HUMANS,
AS PART OF THE UNIVERSE,
572
00:29:42,381 --> 00:29:44,381
ARE TRAVELING ON A FIXED PATH.
573
00:29:46,986 --> 00:29:50,387
AND WHAT WE THINK OF AS FREE
WILL IS INDEED AN ILLUSION.
574
00:29:53,692 --> 00:29:56,593
KELLY: I AM NOT YET
CONCEDING THAT
575
00:29:56,662 --> 00:29:59,096
I AM A FIXED MACHINE
IN A FIXED UNIVERSE.
576
00:29:59,165 --> 00:30:03,133
I UNDERSTAND THAT WE CAN'T BE
IN CONTROL OF EVERYTHING.
577
00:30:03,202 --> 00:30:06,603
BUT I DON'T THINK THAT YOU CAN
SAY THAT THERE'S NO FREE WILL.
578
00:30:06,672 --> 00:30:07,738
I'M NOT READY
TO MAKE THAT LEAP.
579
00:30:11,377 --> 00:30:15,445
HAWKING: FORTUNATELY, THIS IS
NOT THE END OF KELLY'S JOURNEY.
580
00:30:15,514 --> 00:30:17,848
TO LEARN MORE ABOUT
WHY WE ARE HERE,
581
00:30:17,917 --> 00:30:20,184
WE NEED TO SEE IF THE LAWS THAT
582
00:30:20,252 --> 00:30:22,953
DETERMINE THE COSMOS
ON A LARGE SCALE
583
00:30:23,022 --> 00:30:25,422
HOLD UP WHEN WE
EXAMINE THE UNIVERSE
584
00:30:25,491 --> 00:30:28,158
AT THE SMALLEST OF SCALES.
585
00:30:28,227 --> 00:30:31,862
BECAUSE AS THEY SAY,
THE DEVIL IS IN THE DETAIL.
586
00:30:36,202 --> 00:30:38,335
HOW DO THE LAWS
OF NATURE APPLY TO
587
00:30:38,404 --> 00:30:41,471
THE TINIEST STRUCTURES--
TO ATOMS AND BEYOND?
588
00:30:42,808 --> 00:30:44,842
MAN: THE IDEA OF ATOMS
ACTUALLY GOES BACK
589
00:30:44,910 --> 00:30:46,076
TO THE ANCIENT GREEKS...
590
00:30:47,646 --> 00:30:51,281
DIRECT SEEING OF THE COMPONENTS
THAT MAKE UP ATOMS
591
00:30:51,350 --> 00:30:54,384
DON'T BEGIN TO COME UNTIL
THE LATE 19TH CENTURY,
592
00:30:54,453 --> 00:30:56,687
UH, WITH, FOR EXAMPLE,
THE DISCOVERY OF THE ELECTRON.
593
00:30:58,357 --> 00:31:00,290
HAWKING: IT WAS A BRITISH
SCIENTIST NAMED
594
00:31:00,359 --> 00:31:05,395
JOHN JOSEPH THOMPSON WHO
DISCOVERED ELECTRONS IN 1897.
595
00:31:08,067 --> 00:31:11,468
HE DISCOVERED THAT THEY ARE
TINY CHARGED PARTICLES,
596
00:31:11,537 --> 00:31:13,904
WHICH SPIN AROUND
THE OUTSIDE OF THE ATOM.
597
00:31:15,975 --> 00:31:18,408
THEY ORBIT A CENTRAL CORE
CALLED A NUCLEUS.
598
00:31:22,748 --> 00:31:26,516
AND THIS NUCLEUS IS MADE OF
TWO OTHER SUBATOMIC PARTICLES...
599
00:31:28,854 --> 00:31:30,687
KNOWN AS PROTONS AND NEUTRONS.
600
00:31:33,192 --> 00:31:34,825
THEY IN TURN ARE BUILT OF
601
00:31:34,894 --> 00:31:37,427
EVEN SMALLER PARTICLES
CALLED QUARKS.
602
00:31:39,431 --> 00:31:41,832
WELCOME TO THE WORLD
OF QUANTUM PHYSICS.
603
00:31:43,369 --> 00:31:45,102
JOHNSON: ALL OF A SUDDEN,
IT TURNED OUT THERE'S
604
00:31:45,170 --> 00:31:48,305
THIS WHOLE OTHER WORLD,
THIS QUANTUM WORLD
605
00:31:48,374 --> 00:31:49,806
UNDERLYING EVERYTHING
606
00:31:49,875 --> 00:31:52,809
THAT REQUIRED A WHOLE NEW SET
OF RULES TO BE DISCOVERED.
607
00:31:54,480 --> 00:31:57,114
NEWTON, CENTURIES EARLIER,
HAD EXPECTED THAT
608
00:31:57,182 --> 00:31:59,950
THOSE ATOMIC CONSTITUENTS
WOULD ALSO OBEY
609
00:32:00,019 --> 00:32:01,218
NEWTON'S LAWS OF MOTION.
610
00:32:01,287 --> 00:32:02,953
AND THAT TURNS OUT
TO BE WRONG, VERY WRONG.
611
00:32:05,291 --> 00:32:06,757
SO, IT WASN'T JUST DISCOVERING
612
00:32:06,825 --> 00:32:08,225
NEW PARTICLES THAT
MAKE THINGS UP,
613
00:32:08,294 --> 00:32:09,726
BUT THEY NEEDED NEW RULES.
614
00:32:09,795 --> 00:32:11,628
RELY NEW PHYSICS.
615
00:32:11,697 --> 00:32:14,264
AND THAT PHYSICS WAS LIKE
NOTHING WE'D EVER SEEN.
616
00:32:16,035 --> 00:32:19,436
HAWKING: THIS IS WHERE
THINGS START TO GET STRANGE
617
00:32:19,505 --> 00:32:22,105
AND THE IDEA THAT
EVERYTHING IS DETERMINED
618
00:32:22,174 --> 00:32:23,707
STARTS TO FACE PROBLEMS.
619
00:32:25,911 --> 00:32:30,614
BECAUSE SCIENTISTS HAVE
DISCOVERED AT VERY SMALL SCALES
620
00:32:30,683 --> 00:32:33,483
THE UNIVERSE DOES NOT
PLAY BY THE SAME RULES.
621
00:32:40,426 --> 00:32:43,894
FOR THEIR NEXT CHALLENGE,
I WANT MY VOLUNTEERS
622
00:32:43,963 --> 00:32:45,762
TO WORK OUT WHY.
623
00:32:45,831 --> 00:32:47,464
ALL RIGHT.
WE'VE GOT A GRID HERE
624
00:32:47,533 --> 00:32:51,001
WITH NUMBERS ON ONE SIDE
AND LETTERS ON THE OTHER.
625
00:32:51,070 --> 00:32:52,970
ARJUN: AND RED BALLOONS.
626
00:32:53,038 --> 00:32:55,706
KELLY: I'M THINKING WE MUST BE
DOWN AT THE SUBATOMIC LEVEL.
627
00:32:57,042 --> 00:33:00,210
HAWKING: IMAGINE WE WERE
IN THE SUBATOMIC WORLD
628
00:33:00,279 --> 00:33:04,047
AND AN ELECTRON WAS
THE SIZE OF A BALLOON.
629
00:33:04,116 --> 00:33:08,518
WHAT IF WE TRY TO PRECISELY
LOCATE THE ELECTRONS ON THE GRID
630
00:33:08,587 --> 00:33:11,021
TO FIND THEIR EXACT POSITION?
631
00:33:11,090 --> 00:33:12,489
KELLY: HERE, I'LL COVER THESE.
632
00:33:12,558 --> 00:33:13,890
ERIC: UH, SURE.
633
00:33:13,959 --> 00:33:16,293
ARJUN: OK.
634
00:33:16,362 --> 00:33:21,698
HAWKING: AN ELECTRON IS SO TINY
THAT IT CAN'T BE SEEN DIRECTLY,
635
00:33:21,767 --> 00:33:24,067
WHICH IS A BIT LIKE
LOOKING FOR SOMETHING
636
00:33:24,136 --> 00:33:25,869
WHEN WEARING A BLINDFOLD.
637
00:33:27,206 --> 00:33:28,305
I-I DON'T KNOW HOW
WE'RE GONNA DO THIS
638
00:33:28,374 --> 00:33:29,706
WITH BLINDFOLDS ON.
639
00:33:29,775 --> 00:33:31,141
KELLY: I HAVE NO IDEA.
640
00:33:37,883 --> 00:33:39,583
HAWKING: LET'S
SEE WHAT HAPPENS.
641
00:33:40,919 --> 00:33:43,086
A9.
KELLY: OH!
642
00:33:43,155 --> 00:33:44,921
THEY'RE GETTING
AWAY FROM ME.
643
00:33:44,990 --> 00:33:46,189
I'M PLAYING BASKETBALL
WITH THEM.
KELLY: HA HA!
644
00:33:49,194 --> 00:33:51,828
KELLY: WE START JUST
RANDOMLY GROPING ABOUT,
645
00:33:51,897 --> 00:33:52,996
UM, TRYING TO FIND THEM.
646
00:33:56,668 --> 00:33:57,634
ERIC: HOW MANY
DID YOU GUYS FIND?
647
00:33:59,471 --> 00:34:01,671
KELLY: I BUMPED INTO ONE.
648
00:34:01,740 --> 00:34:03,140
ARJUN: GOD'S SAKE.
[KELLY LAUGHS]
649
00:34:03,208 --> 00:34:05,509
ARJUN: NOTHING WITH REGARDS TO
THE ELECTRONS WERE CONSTANT.
650
00:34:05,577 --> 00:34:07,878
SO, WE WERE MOVING AROUND, THE
ELECTRONS WERE MOVING AROUND.
651
00:34:07,946 --> 00:34:09,946
ERIC: HOW IS IT POSSIBLE FOR ME
TO WALK THROUGH THIS WHOLE THING
652
00:34:10,015 --> 00:34:11,615
WITHOUT FINDING A BALLOON?
653
00:34:11,683 --> 00:34:13,683
KELLY: OOH, GOT ONE.
BOPPED ME ON THE NOSE.
654
00:34:15,054 --> 00:34:18,488
UH, THIS IS, UH, C14.
ARJUN: C14.
655
00:34:18,557 --> 00:34:19,756
KELLY: AS SOON AS WE PUT
THE BLINDFOLD BACK ON,
656
00:34:19,825 --> 00:34:21,525
IT'S MOVED AGAIN.
657
00:34:21,593 --> 00:34:23,527
AND SOMEBODY ELSE WILL
FIND THE SAME ONE
658
00:34:23,595 --> 00:34:25,162
BUT IN A DIFFERENT LOCATION.
659
00:34:25,230 --> 00:34:26,530
I'M WALKING
TOWARDS KELLY NOW.
660
00:34:26,598 --> 00:34:29,933
I'M JUST WALKING
AROUND IN CIRCLES. [LAUGHS]
661
00:34:30,002 --> 00:34:32,002
HAWKING: THE LIGHTER
AN OBJECT IS,
662
00:34:32,071 --> 00:34:34,137
THE HARDER IT IS TO PIN DOWN,
663
00:34:34,206 --> 00:34:37,107
SIMPLY BECAUSE IT'S
SO EASY TO DISTURB.
664
00:34:37,176 --> 00:34:39,743
ARJUN: OH.
I'VE JUST WALKED INTO ANOTHER.
665
00:34:39,812 --> 00:34:45,549
THIS IS E--
OH, I'M SORRY. E9. E9.
666
00:34:45,617 --> 00:34:46,850
KELLY: OH.
667
00:34:46,919 --> 00:34:48,552
ERIC: I DON'T KNOW
HOW MANY I HAVE FOUND NOW.
668
00:34:48,620 --> 00:34:49,986
ARJUN: NO, I KEEP FINDING MORE.
669
00:34:50,055 --> 00:34:51,555
KELLY: UH, E8.
670
00:34:52,991 --> 00:34:54,691
ERIC: I'VE SENT ONE FLYING.
671
00:34:54,760 --> 00:34:57,160
EVERYTHING WAS JUST
COMPLETELY RANDOM
672
00:34:57,229 --> 00:35:00,097
AND THERE WAS NO WAY TO PREDICT
WHERE IT WAS GONNA BE.
673
00:35:02,601 --> 00:35:04,000
ERIC: ALL RIGHT.
THIS IS NOT GONNA WORK.
674
00:35:04,069 --> 00:35:08,205
KELLY: YEAH, I-I TOTALLY AGREE.
THIS IS NOT GONNA WORK.
675
00:35:08,273 --> 00:35:09,372
ARJUN: I'M JUST TAKING
MY BLINDFOLD OFF.
676
00:35:14,012 --> 00:35:15,712
OH, WOW.
677
00:35:15,781 --> 00:35:17,981
DID I COMPLETELY
MISS ALL THESE?
678
00:35:18,050 --> 00:35:20,884
THERE IS REALLY NO WAY
TO FIGURE THIS OUT.
679
00:35:20,953 --> 00:35:22,419
IT'S COMPLETELY RANDOM
AND THERE'S NO WAY
680
00:35:22,488 --> 00:35:23,587
TO PREDICT WHAT'S GOING ON.
681
00:35:24,857 --> 00:35:26,323
HAWKING: I ADMIT IT.
682
00:35:26,391 --> 00:35:29,259
THIS CHALLENGE IS
NEXT TO IMPOSSIBLE,
683
00:35:29,328 --> 00:35:31,561
MUCH LIKE TRYING
TO LOCATE SOMETHING
684
00:35:31,630 --> 00:35:34,931
AS TINY AND LIGHT
AS AN ELECTRON.
685
00:35:35,000 --> 00:35:38,034
WE CAN'T HELP BUT DISTURB IT.
686
00:35:38,103 --> 00:35:41,938
SO ITS EXACT POSITION IS
FUNDAMENTALLY UNKNOWABLE.
687
00:35:42,007 --> 00:35:43,173
KELLY: WE'RE NEVER
GONNA GET IT.
688
00:35:43,242 --> 00:35:44,541
ARJUN: UNLESS WE
DON'T TOUCH IT.
689
00:35:44,610 --> 00:35:47,878
KELLY: YEAH, BUT WE CAN'T
FIND IT IF WE DON'T TOUCH IT.
690
00:35:47,946 --> 00:35:49,146
SO, IT'S A PARADOX.
691
00:35:49,214 --> 00:35:50,380
MAN: HA HA!
692
00:35:53,152 --> 00:35:55,919
HAWKING: BUT
HERE'S THE REAL ISSUE.
693
00:35:55,988 --> 00:36:00,056
IT ISN'T JUST A PROBLEM
OF LOCATING SMALL THINGS
694
00:36:00,125 --> 00:36:02,325
BUT SOMETHING ELSE
MUCH MORE PROFOUND.
695
00:36:04,663 --> 00:36:08,265
ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS
OF MATTER HARD TO PIN DOWN
696
00:36:08,333 --> 00:36:13,270
BECAUSE THEY ARE NOT ACTUALLY
IN A PERFECTLY DEFINED PLACE?
697
00:36:13,338 --> 00:36:17,340
THE UNIVERSE IS A BIT FUSSY
AT THE SMALL SCALE,
698
00:36:17,409 --> 00:36:21,111
LIKE ZOOMING TOO FAR
INTO A PHOTOGRAPH.
699
00:36:21,180 --> 00:36:26,116
THIS MIGHT SOUND CRAZY,
BUT IT APPEARS TO BE TRUE.
700
00:36:26,185 --> 00:36:28,618
ON THE VERY SMALLEST OF SCALES,
701
00:36:28,687 --> 00:36:31,087
MATTER BEHAVES IN
A VERY STRANGE,
702
00:36:31,156 --> 00:36:33,356
EVER SO SLIGHTLY
INDISTINCT WAY.
703
00:36:35,794 --> 00:36:40,497
IN 1927, A GERMAN GENIUS
NAMED WERNER HEISENBERG
704
00:36:40,566 --> 00:36:41,665
TOOK A BOLD STEP.
705
00:36:43,468 --> 00:36:46,036
HE CAME UP WITH AN IDEA CALLED
706
00:36:46,104 --> 00:36:49,906
THE UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE,
WHICH SUGGESTED THAT
707
00:36:49,975 --> 00:36:53,043
THE DIFFICULTY OF
LOCATING SMALL THINGS
708
00:36:53,111 --> 00:36:54,878
POINTS TO A DEEPER REALITY.
709
00:36:56,448 --> 00:36:59,583
THE BEHAVIOR OF SUBATOMIC
PARTICLES IS INDEED
710
00:36:59,651 --> 00:37:02,252
A BIT UNCERTAIN
AND ILL-DEFINED.
711
00:37:03,822 --> 00:37:05,889
WHICH IMPLIES
THE ENTIRE UNIVERSE
712
00:37:05,958 --> 00:37:07,591
HAS RANDOMNESS AT ITS CORE.
713
00:37:09,428 --> 00:37:12,729
KELLY: SO, AT THE ELECTRON
LEVEL, AT THE SUBATOMIC LEVEL,
714
00:37:12,798 --> 00:37:17,067
IF THINGS ARE TOTALLY RANDOM,
TO MY MIND THAT WOULD MEAN
715
00:37:17,135 --> 00:37:19,536
THAT YOU CAN'T SAY THAT
THINGS IN THE UNIVERSE
716
00:37:19,605 --> 00:37:21,238
WORK LIKE CLOCKWORK.
717
00:37:21,306 --> 00:37:23,707
IT ISN'T PREDETERMINED,
IT ISN'T PREDESTINED.
718
00:37:23,775 --> 00:37:26,309
IT ISN'T THE UNIVERSE
JUST PLAYING OUT AS IT MUST.
719
00:37:26,378 --> 00:37:27,811
AND THAT MAKES ME
FEEL REALLY LUCKY.
720
00:37:27,879 --> 00:37:30,647
[LAUGHS] SO, I'M
A CHEMICAL ACCIDENT.
721
00:37:30,716 --> 00:37:31,982
I GOT HERE THROUGH DUMB LUCK.
722
00:37:33,785 --> 00:37:37,687
HAWKING: KELLY MAY FEEL LUCKY,
BUT IN THE 1920S,
723
00:37:37,756 --> 00:37:39,489
SCIENTISTS FELT DIFFERENTLY.
724
00:37:43,395 --> 00:37:45,729
ONE OF
HEISENBERG'S CONTEMPORARIES
725
00:37:45,797 --> 00:37:48,231
WAS ALBERT EINSTEIN.
726
00:37:48,300 --> 00:37:50,400
HE HATED THE IDEA
THAT RANDOMNESS
727
00:37:50,469 --> 00:37:52,969
COULD EXIST IN NATURE.
728
00:37:53,038 --> 00:37:56,640
HE SAID, "GOD DOES NOT
PLAY DICE WITH THE WORLD."
729
00:37:58,977 --> 00:38:02,112
BUT TODAY, SCIENTISTS
HAVE PROVED THAT,
730
00:38:02,180 --> 00:38:05,081
AS DIFFICULT AS
IT IS TO COMPREHEND,
731
00:38:05,150 --> 00:38:07,851
THE UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE
IS INDEED CORRECT.
732
00:38:10,222 --> 00:38:13,290
SO, LAPLACE'S IDEA
OF DETERMINISM,
733
00:38:13,358 --> 00:38:16,693
OF A SINGLE UNIVERSE
OPERATING LIKE CLOCKWORK,
734
00:38:16,762 --> 00:38:18,528
CANNOT BE THE WHOLE PICTURE.
735
00:38:22,100 --> 00:38:24,668
SUBATOMIC RANDOMNESS
REVEALS THERE IS
736
00:38:24,736 --> 00:38:28,471
SOMETHING ELSE GOING ON, AND WE
WILL NEED A NEW UNDERSTANDING
737
00:38:28,540 --> 00:38:30,040
TO FIND OUT HOW IT WORKS.
738
00:38:34,112 --> 00:38:36,680
WE KNOW THAT
QUANTUM PHYSICS IS IMPORTANT.
739
00:38:36,748 --> 00:38:38,882
WE'RE STILL TRYING TO FIGURE OUT
HOW TO COMBINE
740
00:38:38,950 --> 00:38:41,951
QUANTUM PHYSICS AND GRAVITY,
IN ORDER TO UNDERSTAND
741
00:38:42,020 --> 00:38:43,586
HOW THE THINGS WE'RE
MADE OF GOT HERE.
742
00:38:46,258 --> 00:38:48,925
HAWKING: BUT WE ARE STARTING
TO FIND SOME ANSWERS
743
00:38:48,994 --> 00:38:50,927
TO WHY WE ARE HERE.
744
00:38:50,996 --> 00:38:54,798
WE HAVE FOUND OUT THAT
DESPITE NEWTON'S LAWS,
745
00:38:54,866 --> 00:38:58,234
THE UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE
SUGGESTS THAT THE UNIVERSE
746
00:38:58,303 --> 00:39:00,904
MIGHT ACTUALLY BE RANDOM...
747
00:39:00,972 --> 00:39:02,939
AND NOT DETERMINED AFTER ALL.
748
00:39:07,245 --> 00:39:10,080
IN THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE,
THIS IS ABOUT
749
00:39:10,148 --> 00:39:12,382
AS BIG A CHANGE
AS CAN BE IMAGINED.
750
00:39:15,987 --> 00:39:19,989
IN THEIR NEXT CHALLENGE, I WANT
MY VOLUNTEERS TO WORK OUT
751
00:39:20,058 --> 00:39:22,759
HOW THE RANDOMNESS
OF THE QUANTUM WORLD
752
00:39:22,828 --> 00:39:26,296
CAN AFFECT THE UNIVERSE
ON OUR LARGE SCALE.
753
00:39:26,365 --> 00:39:27,831
MAYBE STEPHEN
JUST WANTS US NOW
754
00:39:27,899 --> 00:39:30,367
TO PAINT AND DECORATE
THE CASTLE.
755
00:39:30,435 --> 00:39:32,202
AFTER ALL THE DAMAGE
WE'VE CAUSED.
756
00:39:32,270 --> 00:39:34,137
BROKEN GLASSES...
757
00:39:34,206 --> 00:39:35,739
KELLY: A LITTLE DIY.
ARJUN: YEAH, EXACTLY.
758
00:39:40,879 --> 00:39:42,345
OH, BOY, WHAT HAVE
WE GOT HERE?
759
00:39:43,882 --> 00:39:45,949
HAWKING: THIS MAY HURT...
760
00:39:46,017 --> 00:39:49,219
BUT I AM HOPING THIS MACHINE
WILL POINT THE WAY
761
00:39:49,287 --> 00:39:51,554
TO THE REAL REASON
BEHIND WHY WE ARE HERE.
762
00:39:53,291 --> 00:39:56,626
ARJUN: IT SEEMS LIKE WHICHEVER
COLOR IT LANDS ON,
763
00:39:56,695 --> 00:40:00,463
THAT PERSON IS EITHER GOING TO
GET SHOT, ELECTROCUTED,
764
00:40:00,532 --> 00:40:02,165
OR MAYBE WET.
765
00:40:02,234 --> 00:40:04,000
I DON'T KNOW WHICH ONE'S WORSE.
766
00:40:04,069 --> 00:40:06,035
KELLY: WE REALIZED, OF COURSE,
WE'RE SUPPOSED TO STAND THERE
767
00:40:06,104 --> 00:40:07,270
AND BE TARGET PRACTICE.
768
00:40:09,274 --> 00:40:11,908
HAWKING: THESE CANNONS
SHOOT WET SPONGES
769
00:40:11,977 --> 00:40:14,110
COMPLETELY RANDOMLY.
770
00:40:14,179 --> 00:40:15,245
[EXHALES]
771
00:40:16,581 --> 00:40:18,181
ERIC: IT'S GONNA SHOOT US.
772
00:40:18,250 --> 00:40:20,350
BUT WHO?
[LAUGHS]
773
00:40:20,419 --> 00:40:21,885
ERIC: A DISPROPORTIONATE
AMOUNT--AAH!
774
00:40:21,953 --> 00:40:23,086
ARJUN AND KELLY: OH!
775
00:40:23,155 --> 00:40:24,287
YOU [BLEEP].
776
00:40:24,356 --> 00:40:25,855
DOES IT HURT?
777
00:40:25,924 --> 00:40:27,190
SOUNDED LIKE
IT HURT, BUT
778
00:40:27,259 --> 00:40:28,558
HE'S STILL
LAUGHING.
779
00:40:28,627 --> 00:40:32,162
IT WAS JUST A QUICK SHOT.
AND, UH, DEFINITELY STUNG A BIT.
780
00:40:32,230 --> 00:40:34,230
[LAUGHS]
781
00:40:34,299 --> 00:40:35,498
ERIC: YOU GUYS SHOULD
PAY ATTENTION
782
00:40:35,567 --> 00:40:37,033
AND KEEP LOOKING
OVER THERE!
783
00:40:37,102 --> 00:40:38,201
YEAH.
KELLY:
MY COLOR.
784
00:40:38,270 --> 00:40:39,502
AAH!
[LAUGHS]
785
00:40:39,571 --> 00:40:41,237
ARJUN: FINALLY.
OUCH.
[MEN LAUGH]
786
00:40:41,306 --> 00:40:42,472
I ENJOYED THAT
TOO MUCH.
787
00:40:42,541 --> 00:40:44,073
DID YOU NOW,
DID YOU?!
788
00:40:44,142 --> 00:40:45,942
[MEN LAUGH]
IT HURT!
789
00:40:48,980 --> 00:40:50,814
HERE WE GO.
790
00:40:50,882 --> 00:40:53,383
HAWKING: SO, NOW,
CAN THEY USE THESE GUNS
791
00:40:53,452 --> 00:40:57,921
TO WORK OUT WHAT HAPPENS WHEN
THE RANDOM SUBATOMIC WORLD
792
00:40:57,989 --> 00:41:02,225
INTERACTS WITH THE WORLD
GOVERNED BY THE LAWS OF NATURE?
793
00:41:02,294 --> 00:41:03,960
ARJUN: SO, HOW ARE WE
IMPORTANT IN THIS,
794
00:41:04,029 --> 00:41:05,462
APART FROM
THE FACT THAT
WE'RE GETTING HIT?
795
00:41:05,530 --> 00:41:07,063
IT'S HARD TO THINK WHEN
THAT THING IS SPINNING.
796
00:41:08,900 --> 00:41:10,099
AAH!
797
00:41:10,168 --> 00:41:11,367
[MAN LAUGHS]
798
00:41:11,436 --> 00:41:14,471
ARJUN: THE EXPERIMENT IS
PROBABLY THE HARDEST FOR ME,
799
00:41:14,539 --> 00:41:17,006
BUT I GUESS THAT'S THE SAME AS
TRYING TO DESCRIBE THE UNIVERSE
800
00:41:17,075 --> 00:41:19,609
OR THE WORLD OR OURSELVES.
801
00:41:19,678 --> 00:41:21,077
THERE ARE SO MANY DIFFERENT
FACTORS AT PLAY.
802
00:41:24,983 --> 00:41:28,551
HAWKING: THE VOLUNTEERS HAVE
BEEN TOLD THAT, INSIDE THIS BOX,
803
00:41:28,620 --> 00:41:30,887
A WEAK RADIOACTIVE
SOURCE RELEASES
804
00:41:30,956 --> 00:41:32,455
A PARTICLE OF RADIATION.
805
00:41:34,426 --> 00:41:39,195
BECAUSE THIS IS A SUBATOMIC
PARTICLE WHICH BEHAVES RANDOMLY,
806
00:41:39,264 --> 00:41:42,632
THERE IS NO WAY OF KNOWING
WHEN IT WILL BE RELEASED.
807
00:41:42,701 --> 00:41:45,201
BUT WHEN IT IS,
A GEIGER COUNTER
808
00:41:45,270 --> 00:41:47,437
DETECTS IT AND STOPS THE WHEEL.
809
00:41:47,506 --> 00:41:49,806
THE COLOR DETERMINES
WHO GETS SHOT.
810
00:41:59,251 --> 00:42:00,483
ERIC: SO, LET'S
WALK THROUGH IT.
811
00:42:00,552 --> 00:42:03,086
YOU'VE GOT THE GEIGER COUNTER
THAT'S THE TRIGGER.
812
00:42:03,154 --> 00:42:04,454
YEAH.
YEAH.
813
00:42:04,523 --> 00:42:05,822
WE KNOW THAT'S RANDOM.
814
00:42:05,891 --> 00:42:07,991
KELLY: BUT THE SPINNING
OF THE WHEEL IS CONSTANT.
815
00:42:08,059 --> 00:42:10,360
ERIC: RIGHT, BUT THAT'S OUR
INTERACTION WITH THE RANDOM.
816
00:42:10,428 --> 00:42:12,362
[LAUGHTER]
817
00:42:12,430 --> 00:42:14,397
WHAT WE KNOW FROM
THE PREVIOUS EXPERIMENT
818
00:42:14,466 --> 00:42:17,667
IS THAT ON THE SUBATOMIC LEVEL,
EVERYTHING IS RANDOM.
819
00:42:17,736 --> 00:42:20,270
WE'RE DEALING WITH SOMETHING
THAT'S ON THE SUBATOMIC LEVEL,
820
00:42:20,338 --> 00:42:22,705
RIGHT, RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL
THAT'S DECAYING.
821
00:42:22,774 --> 00:42:24,407
ARJUN: YEAH.
822
00:42:24,476 --> 00:42:26,809
WHAT THIS EXPERIMENT
IS SHOWING IS
823
00:42:26,878 --> 00:42:28,778
THE UNIVERSE IS A BIT
LIKE A ROULETTE WHEEL
824
00:42:28,847 --> 00:42:30,380
LIKE THIS WHEEL
HERE, WHERE
825
00:42:30,448 --> 00:42:32,282
THE POTENTIAL OUTCOMES
ARE DETERMINED
826
00:42:32,350 --> 00:42:34,517
BUT WHERE THE BALL LANDS
IS COMPLETELY RANDOM.
827
00:42:34,586 --> 00:42:36,719
ERIC: SO, IT IS DETERMINED THAT
WE'RE HIT,
828
00:42:36,788 --> 00:42:38,288
BUT IT'S COMPLETELY
RANDOM WHEN!
829
00:42:38,356 --> 00:42:40,790
[KELLY LAUGHS]
830
00:42:40,859 --> 00:42:41,925
ERIC: HA HA!
831
00:42:43,495 --> 00:42:46,663
KELLY: SO, WE'RE NEITHER
DETERMINED OR RANDOM.
832
00:42:46,731 --> 00:42:47,931
ERIC: WE'RE A HYBRID
OF THE TWO.
833
00:42:47,999 --> 00:42:49,432
WHICH MEANS WE SHOULD
HAVE FREE WILL.
834
00:42:49,501 --> 00:42:50,600
SO, LET'S GET
OUT OF HERE!
835
00:42:50,669 --> 00:42:52,535
[LAUGHTER]
836
00:42:55,941 --> 00:42:59,042
HAWKING: THEY ARE GETTING
CLOSE TO AN ANSWER.
837
00:42:59,110 --> 00:43:01,778
THE RESULT IS RANDOM,
BUT ONLY WITHIN
838
00:43:01,846 --> 00:43:05,048
A FIXED SET OF POSSIBILITIES.
839
00:43:05,116 --> 00:43:11,120
NOTHING CRAZY HAPPENS, JUST
ONE OF 3 POSSIBLE OUTCOMES.
840
00:43:11,189 --> 00:43:14,924
WE CAN SAY THAT SOMEONE
WILL CERTAINLY GET SHOT.
841
00:43:14,993 --> 00:43:16,492
THAT IS DETERMINED.
842
00:43:16,561 --> 00:43:19,095
BUT WE DO NOT KNOW
WHO OR WHEN.
843
00:43:21,833 --> 00:43:24,167
IT'S AS IF THE UNIVERSE
IS DETERMINED,
844
00:43:24,235 --> 00:43:29,539
BUT THAT IT HAS OPTIONS,
ALMOST LIKE FORKS IN THE ROAD.
845
00:43:29,608 --> 00:43:34,544
SO, THE QUESTION REMAINS--ARE WE
FREE TO CHOOSE OUR OWN PATH?
846
00:43:37,449 --> 00:43:40,149
AND CAN WE REALLY TAKE CREDIT
FOR OUR ACTIONS?
847
00:43:44,122 --> 00:43:48,191
AS A SPECIES, WE HAVE
TRAVELED TO THE MOON...
848
00:43:48,259 --> 00:43:52,362
FOUNDED GREAT CIVILIZATIONS...
849
00:43:52,430 --> 00:43:56,099
AND WE'VE EVEN DONE OUR BEST TO
BRING THIS PLANET TO ITS KNEES.
850
00:44:01,339 --> 00:44:05,208
BUT HAVE WE ACTIVELY
CHOSEN THESE OUTCOMES?
851
00:44:05,276 --> 00:44:07,677
OR HAS MAN'S ACTIONS
BEEN PREDETERMINED?
852
00:44:11,016 --> 00:44:13,816
I BELIEVE THE ANSWERS
LIE IN AN IDEA CALLED
853
00:44:13,885 --> 00:44:16,352
THE MANY WORLDS THEORY,
WHICH SUGGESTS
854
00:44:16,421 --> 00:44:18,321
ALL POSSIBLE OUTCOMES OCCUR.
855
00:44:20,258 --> 00:44:21,524
IT'S A STRANGE IDEA.
856
00:44:23,094 --> 00:44:26,262
LET'S SEE IF
THE VOLUNTEERS CAN GRASP IT
857
00:44:26,331 --> 00:44:28,865
BY COMING FACE TO FACE
WITH THEMSELVES.
858
00:44:40,378 --> 00:44:45,348
KELLY: A MASS OF PEOPLE WALK,
SWARM OUT OF THE CASTLE...
859
00:44:48,086 --> 00:44:50,053
AND THEY'RE ALL
WEARING OUR FACES.
860
00:44:51,456 --> 00:44:53,322
[LAUGHS]
861
00:44:56,127 --> 00:44:58,127
ERIC: OH, MY GOD.
862
00:44:58,196 --> 00:45:00,029
[ARJUN LAUGHS]
THAT IS WEIRD.
863
00:45:00,098 --> 00:45:01,864
ERIC: THAT IS SO MESSED UP.
864
00:45:01,933 --> 00:45:04,600
[ARJUN LAUGHS]
865
00:45:04,669 --> 00:45:07,637
HAWKING: I'M HOPING
THIS FINAL DEMONSTRATION
866
00:45:07,706 --> 00:45:09,772
WILL EXPLAIN WHY WE ARE HERE.
867
00:45:09,841 --> 00:45:15,478
IT'S TOO MUCH.
IT REALLY JUST FREAKED ME OUT.
868
00:45:15,547 --> 00:45:18,181
AND YOU'RE LIKE, WHAT--WHAT IS
THIS, WHAT IS GOING ON!
869
00:45:19,684 --> 00:45:21,517
HAWKING: THE RULES ARE SIMPLE.
870
00:45:21,586 --> 00:45:25,822
WHEN THEY HEAR THE SIGNAL,
EVERYONE HAS TO MOVE.
871
00:45:25,890 --> 00:45:30,460
THE CHOICE IS THEIRS, BUT THEY
ONLY HAVE FINITE OPTIONS--
872
00:45:30,528 --> 00:45:33,663
EITHER ONE STEP LEFT,
OR ONE STEP RIGHT.
873
00:45:33,732 --> 00:45:34,864
[HONK]
874
00:45:37,235 --> 00:45:38,301
[HONK]
875
00:45:40,271 --> 00:45:41,337
[HONK]
876
00:45:42,907 --> 00:45:44,407
[HONK]
877
00:45:44,476 --> 00:45:45,541
[HONK]
878
00:45:47,145 --> 00:45:48,644
[HONK HONK]
879
00:45:52,016 --> 00:45:53,950
[HONK]
880
00:45:54,018 --> 00:45:58,321
SO, WHAT DO MY VOLUNTEERS
MAKE OF ALL THIS?
881
00:45:58,389 --> 00:46:01,424
AND CAN THEY SEE WHAT IT HAS
TO DO WITH OUR BIG QUESTION?
882
00:46:02,694 --> 00:46:04,193
ARJUN: I SEEM TO BE
SCATTERED EVERYWHERE.
883
00:46:06,297 --> 00:46:07,597
WHAT ARE THEY
DOING BEHIND ME?
884
00:46:09,534 --> 00:46:11,234
I GUESS THEY'RE MOVING
EVERY TIME I MOVE.
885
00:46:13,471 --> 00:46:14,937
ARJUN: I DON'T KNOW,
I CAN'T PINPOINT IT,
886
00:46:15,006 --> 00:46:16,305
BUT THERE ARE A LOT OF DIFFERENT
THINGS RUNNING THROUGH MY MIND.
887
00:46:17,575 --> 00:46:20,042
ERIC: I'M SPEECHLESS.
888
00:46:20,111 --> 00:46:22,945
IT'S DEFINITELY THE MOST BIZARRE
THING I'VE EVER SEEN.
889
00:46:23,014 --> 00:46:27,784
[LAUGHS]
IT'S A COMPLETE HEAD TRIP.
890
00:46:30,855 --> 00:46:32,722
HAWKING: IT MAY
TAKE TIME TO GET TO
891
00:46:32,791 --> 00:46:35,024
THE BOTTOM OF THIS EXPERIMENT.
892
00:46:35,093 --> 00:46:36,692
LET'S TRY IT AGAIN.
893
00:46:36,761 --> 00:46:37,827
[HONK]
894
00:46:40,999 --> 00:46:42,064
[HONK]
895
00:46:46,738 --> 00:46:47,804
[HONK]
896
00:46:48,773 --> 00:46:49,972
[HONK]
897
00:46:51,309 --> 00:46:52,842
[HONK]
898
00:46:52,911 --> 00:46:54,010
[HONK]
899
00:46:59,651 --> 00:47:02,151
ERIC: IT SEEMS LIKE
EVERY TIME I DO SOMETHING,
900
00:47:02,220 --> 00:47:05,321
THE OTHER ME DOES
SOMETHING COMPLETELY DIFFERENT.
901
00:47:05,390 --> 00:47:07,657
THE OTHERS.
902
00:47:07,725 --> 00:47:11,661
I GUESS IT REPRESENTS SOME FORM
OF MULTIDIMENSIONAL THING.
903
00:47:11,729 --> 00:47:14,163
HAWKING: THEY'VE NEARLY
SOLVED THE PUZZLE.
904
00:47:14,232 --> 00:47:16,666
LET'S DO IT ONE LAST TIME.
905
00:47:16,734 --> 00:47:17,834
[HONK]
906
00:47:21,906 --> 00:47:23,105
[HONK]
907
00:47:23,174 --> 00:47:25,141
ARJUN: IT COULD HAVE BEEN
ABOUT TIME.
908
00:47:25,210 --> 00:47:26,776
YOU KNOW, WE--WE MOVE AROUND
IN DIFFERENT TIMES,
909
00:47:26,845 --> 00:47:28,077
OR WAS IT PART OF
THE UNIVERSES?
910
00:47:28,146 --> 00:47:29,745
[HONK]
911
00:47:29,814 --> 00:47:32,348
KELLY: MAYBE THE GRID WAS
ALMOST LIKE A TIMELINE.
912
00:47:32,417 --> 00:47:34,717
AND IT WAS KIND OF REPRESENTING
DIFFERENT POINTS
913
00:47:34,786 --> 00:47:36,853
WHERE I COULD HAVE SWERVED
LEFT OR RIGHT, BUT I DIDN'T.
914
00:47:36,921 --> 00:47:37,987
[HONK]
915
00:47:47,498 --> 00:47:50,266
HAWKING: NOW THEY NEED TO WORK
OUT WHAT ALL OF THIS MEANS.
916
00:47:51,769 --> 00:47:53,069
ARJUN: HOW CRAZY WAS IT?
917
00:47:53,137 --> 00:47:55,504
SO MANY DIFFERENT VERSIONS
OF YOURSELF, EVERYWHERE.
918
00:47:55,573 --> 00:47:57,106
I FOUND IT ACTUALLY
ALMOST OPPRESSIVE,
919
00:47:57,175 --> 00:47:59,775
SEEING THAT MUCH OF ME,
STARING BACK AT ME.
920
00:47:59,844 --> 00:48:02,445
HA HA! IT'S AS IF THERE WERE
MANY DIFFERENT, YOU KNOW,
921
00:48:02,513 --> 00:48:03,679
VERSIONS OF
WHAT WE WERE.
922
00:48:03,748 --> 00:48:05,014
KELLY: YEAH,
EXACTLY.
923
00:48:05,083 --> 00:48:07,383
IT WAS KIND OF LIKE, WELL,
WHAT IF IT REPRESENTED
924
00:48:07,452 --> 00:48:09,986
ONE PATH IN LIFE THAT
I COULD HAVE GONE DOWN,
925
00:48:10,054 --> 00:48:11,487
BUT MAYBE DIDN'T?
926
00:48:11,556 --> 00:48:12,755
AHA.
927
00:48:12,824 --> 00:48:14,023
EVERY TIME YOU HAD
MULTIPLES OF YOU,
928
00:48:14,092 --> 00:48:16,292
IT WAS A DIFFERENT OPTION
WITHIN THAT PATH.
929
00:48:16,361 --> 00:48:17,493
KELLY: YEAH.
LIKE IT WAS LIKE
930
00:48:17,562 --> 00:48:18,694
A DIFFERENT
PATH OF LIFE,
931
00:48:18,763 --> 00:48:20,897
WHERE I MAYBE EXIST
IN A DIFFERENT UNIVERSE.
932
00:48:20,965 --> 00:48:22,365
YOU GET TO MAKE
DIFFERENT CHOICES.
933
00:48:22,433 --> 00:48:23,833
KELLY: YEAH.
THEY'RE ON
DIFFERENT PATHS.
934
00:48:23,902 --> 00:48:25,301
ARJUN: RIGHT, COOL.
935
00:48:25,370 --> 00:48:26,669
[HONK]
936
00:48:26,738 --> 00:48:29,305
HAWKING: THE THEORY OF
MANY WORLDS IS ACTUALLY
937
00:48:29,374 --> 00:48:32,308
A THEORY OF MANY UNIVERSES.
938
00:48:32,377 --> 00:48:36,178
AND THAT THEORY SUGGESTS
THAT IN THOSE UNIVERSES,
939
00:48:36,247 --> 00:48:39,448
ALL POSSIBLE OUTCOMES
WILL OCCUR.
940
00:48:39,517 --> 00:48:43,986
SO, EVERYTHING THAT COULD HAPPEN
DOES HAPPEN,
941
00:48:44,055 --> 00:48:47,223
JUST IN AN ANOTHER UNIVERSE.
942
00:48:47,292 --> 00:48:52,862
EACH COPY OF THE VOLUNTEERS
REPRESENTS A PARALLEL UNIVERSE.
943
00:48:52,931 --> 00:48:55,665
AND THE HISTORY OF
THIS PARTICULAR UNIVERSE,
944
00:48:55,733 --> 00:48:58,301
AND THIS PARTICULAR VERSION
OF YOU IN IT,
945
00:48:58,369 --> 00:49:00,937
HAS LED TO WHERE
YOU ARE RIGHT NOW.
946
00:49:03,841 --> 00:49:06,175
PARALLEL UNIVERSES
ARE MORE THAN
947
00:49:06,244 --> 00:49:08,878
JUST AN INTERESTING THEORY.
948
00:49:08,947 --> 00:49:11,614
IN FACT, IF OUR
CURRENT UNDERSTANDING
949
00:49:11,683 --> 00:49:13,783
OF THE UNIVERSE IS CORRECT,
950
00:49:13,851 --> 00:49:15,418
I BELIEVE THEY ARE INEVITABLE.
951
00:49:17,188 --> 00:49:19,989
WHAT'S MORE,
THESE BELIEFS ARE SHARED BY
952
00:49:20,058 --> 00:49:22,325
RENOWNED SCIENTISTS
ALL OVER THE WORLD.
953
00:49:24,462 --> 00:49:25,861
CARROLL: I THINK THAT
THE MANY WORLDS VERSION
954
00:49:25,930 --> 00:49:27,296
OF QUANTUM MECHANICS IS RIGHT.
955
00:49:27,365 --> 00:49:29,432
I THINK THERE ARE
MANY OTHER COPIES OF ME
956
00:49:29,500 --> 00:49:32,068
THAT ARE SLIGHTLY DIVERGING
AS TIME GOES ON.
957
00:49:32,136 --> 00:49:34,770
AND IT'S A FUNNY QUESTION
BECAUSE WE MAY NEVER SEE
958
00:49:34,839 --> 00:49:37,573
THE OTHER UNIVERSES.
959
00:49:37,642 --> 00:49:40,743
BUT THEY ARE PREDICTED
BY OUR BEST UNDERSTANDING
960
00:49:40,812 --> 00:49:42,478
OF WHAT WE DO SEE.
961
00:49:42,547 --> 00:49:45,414
AND IN MY MIND, IT'S
THE DUTY OF A SCIENTIST
962
00:49:45,483 --> 00:49:48,117
TO COME UP WITH
THE BEST UNDERSTANDING
OF THE PHYSICAL WORLD
963
00:49:48,186 --> 00:49:50,886
THAT YOU CAN AND THEN
ACCEPT ITS CONSEQUENCES,
964
00:49:50,955 --> 00:49:52,388
EVEN THE CONSEQUENCES
YOU CAN'T SEE.
965
00:49:54,592 --> 00:49:57,393
HAWKING: SO, WHAT DO MY
VOLUNTEERS MAKE OF THIS IDEA?
966
00:49:59,697 --> 00:50:01,230
ARJUN: WE HAVE
MULTIPLE UNIVERSES,
967
00:50:01,299 --> 00:50:02,865
MULTIPLE DIFFERENT
VERSIONS OF OURSELVES,
968
00:50:02,934 --> 00:50:05,167
BUT LOOKING BACK AT
EVERYTHING WE'VE DONE,
969
00:50:05,236 --> 00:50:07,236
THIS POSITION HERE,
WHERE WE ARE RIGHT NOW,
970
00:50:07,305 --> 00:50:08,671
ISN'T A DETERMINED FACTOR.
971
00:50:08,740 --> 00:50:11,374
WE WEREN'T ALWAYS
GONNA LEAD HERE.
972
00:50:11,442 --> 00:50:12,641
IT WAS JUST DOWN
TO OUR CHOICES.
973
00:50:12,710 --> 00:50:14,276
IT'S JUST ONE OF
THE POSSIBILITIES.
974
00:50:14,345 --> 00:50:15,478
WE'RE HERE SIMPLY
'CAUSE OF THE CHOICES
975
00:50:15,546 --> 00:50:17,680
WE MADE AT THAT GIVEN POINT.
976
00:50:17,749 --> 00:50:19,415
YEAH.
FULLY WITH THAT.
977
00:50:19,484 --> 00:50:20,716
KELLY: YEAH.
978
00:50:20,785 --> 00:50:22,451
ERIC: OUT OF
POTENTIAL POSSIBILITIES.
979
00:50:22,520 --> 00:50:24,053
LIMITED POSSIBILITIES,
CONSTRAINED BY
980
00:50:24,122 --> 00:50:25,287
THE LAWS OF PHYSICS.
981
00:50:25,356 --> 00:50:28,190
ERIC: YEAH, THAT'S GOOD.
[LAUGHTER]
982
00:50:28,259 --> 00:50:31,027
JUST AS I'M RESPONSIBLE
FOR MY OWN CHOICES,
983
00:50:31,095 --> 00:50:33,062
I DO BELIEVE I'M RESPONSIBLE
FOR MY OWN FUTURE.
984
00:50:33,131 --> 00:50:35,898
I CAN'T SEE IT BUT
IT'S MY OWN MAKING.
985
00:50:35,967 --> 00:50:37,199
KELLY: OK.
YEAH, THAT'S COOL.
986
00:50:37,268 --> 00:50:39,135
KELLY: ALL RIGHT.
I CHOOSE GROUP HUG.
987
00:50:39,203 --> 00:50:41,771
ARJUN: I'M DOWN WITH THAT.
[LAUGHS]
988
00:50:41,839 --> 00:50:43,639
KELLY: YOU KNOW YOU LOVE IT.
[LAUGHS]
989
00:50:47,712 --> 00:50:50,546
HAWKING: OUR BRAINS ARE BOUND
BY THE LAWS OF NATURE.
990
00:50:53,484 --> 00:50:57,520
THESE LAWS IMPLY THAT THERE ARE
MULTIPLE UNIVERSES
991
00:50:57,588 --> 00:51:00,423
WHICH ALLOW FOR EACH AND EVERY
POSSIBLE OUTCOME.
992
00:51:01,859 --> 00:51:06,162
THIS LEADS US TO THE MOST
EXTRAORDINARY IDEA--
993
00:51:06,230 --> 00:51:08,631
THE UNIVERSE YOU
FIND YOURSELF IN
994
00:51:08,699 --> 00:51:10,566
MAY BE YOUR OWN UNIQUE VERSION.
995
00:51:12,503 --> 00:51:15,237
ARJUN: THE WHOLE UNIVERSE
CAME TOGETHER JUST TO MAKE ME.
996
00:51:15,306 --> 00:51:19,475
SO, I GUESS I AM THE UNIVERSE
AND I AM ME, AT THE SAME TIME.
997
00:51:19,544 --> 00:51:22,178
I REALLY HAVE NO CHOICE
BUT TO BE HERE RIGHT NOW
998
00:51:22,246 --> 00:51:23,312
BECAUSE OF THE DECISIONS
I'VE MADE.
999
00:51:25,049 --> 00:51:27,850
HAWKING: SO, HERE IS WHERE
I THINK WE CAN FIND MEANING
1000
00:51:27,919 --> 00:51:30,386
IN OUR LIVES,
THANKS TO SCIENCE.
1001
00:51:32,924 --> 00:51:37,693
ALTHOUGH WE ARE, EACH OF US,
A PRODUCT OF THE UNIVERSE.
1002
00:51:37,762 --> 00:51:41,163
THE UNIVERSE WE LIVE IN,
IS PERSONAL TO US.
1003
00:51:46,003 --> 00:51:48,104
ERIC: THE FACT THAT I CAN KNOW
THAT EVERYTHING IS
1004
00:51:48,172 --> 00:51:49,905
JUST IN THIS MASSIVE
AMOUNT OF CHAOS
1005
00:51:49,974 --> 00:51:54,276
WITH MAYBE INFINITE POTENTIAL
UNIVERSES AND DIMENSIONS,
1006
00:51:54,345 --> 00:51:56,078
THAT'S FINE FOR ME,
IT REALLY IS.
1007
00:52:01,152 --> 00:52:03,552
KELLY: IT TOOK A WHOLE UNIVERSE
TO MAKE ME.
1008
00:52:03,621 --> 00:52:05,688
THE ME WHO IS SITTING HERE
RIGHT NOW.
1009
00:52:05,756 --> 00:52:08,057
AND THAT, I THINK,
IS WHAT LEAVES ME
1010
00:52:08,126 --> 00:52:09,525
IN THE BIGGEST STATE OF ALL.
1011
00:52:13,531 --> 00:52:17,533
HAWKING: NOW I THINK WE CAN
ANSWER OUR CENTRAL QUESTION--
1012
00:52:17,602 --> 00:52:21,036
WHY ARE WE HERE IN THIS
UNIVERSE RIGHT NOW?
1013
00:52:30,615 --> 00:52:34,984
SINCE THE BIG BANG ITSELF,
THE UNIVERSE HAS BEEN
1014
00:52:35,052 --> 00:52:36,986
GOVERNED BY THE LAWS OF NATURE.
1015
00:52:44,195 --> 00:52:46,328
LAWS THAT DETERMINE
EVERYTHING FROM
1016
00:52:46,397 --> 00:52:48,764
THE FORMATION OF
ENTIRE GALAXIES...
1017
00:52:54,472 --> 00:52:57,273
TO THE STABLE ORBITS OF
PLANETS AROUND STARS.
1018
00:53:03,214 --> 00:53:05,781
THIS IS THE COSMIC LOGIC
OF DETERMINISM.
1019
00:53:13,491 --> 00:53:17,593
IN THIS WAY, THE UNIVERSE
PROVIDES STABLE CONDITIONS,
1020
00:53:17,662 --> 00:53:20,029
ALLOWING COMPLEX
CREATURES TO EVOLVE.
1021
00:53:24,468 --> 00:53:25,901
BUT WHEN WE LOOK CLOSER...
1022
00:53:29,240 --> 00:53:31,073
WE DISCOVER THAT THE UNIVERSE
1023
00:53:31,142 --> 00:53:34,610
APPEARS TO SPLIT INTO
ALL POSSIBLE UNIVERSES,
1024
00:53:34,679 --> 00:53:35,844
ALL THE TIME.
1025
00:53:39,283 --> 00:53:42,451
AND THAT WOULD LEAD TO A PRETTY
REMARKABLE REALIZATION.
1026
00:53:47,425 --> 00:53:49,425
WE MAY BE TINY AND FEEBLE
1027
00:53:49,493 --> 00:53:53,028
COMPARED TO THE MAJESTY
OF THE COSMOS,
1028
00:53:53,097 --> 00:53:56,065
BUT IN A VERY REAL WAY,
IT EXISTS JUST FOR YOU.
1029
00:53:57,802 --> 00:54:01,704
THE UNIVERSE YOU SEE IS THE ONE
THAT GIVES RISE TO YOU
1030
00:54:01,772 --> 00:54:05,140
OUT OF ALL
THE POSSIBLE UNIVERSES.
1031
00:54:05,209 --> 00:54:07,009
AND THAT IS WHY YOU ARE HERE.
1032
00:54:08,679 --> 00:54:12,514
SO, NO MATTER HOW BAD
THINGS GET, I ALWAYS SAY,
1033
00:54:12,583 --> 00:54:16,952
"DON'T LOOK DOWN AT YOUR FEET,
BUT LOOK UP AT THE STARS."
1034
00:54:19,289 --> 00:54:21,857
ΒΆ
1035
00:54:21,926 --> 00:54:24,193
Hawking: My name
is Stephen Hawking.
1036
00:54:24,262 --> 00:54:26,462
Where did it all begin?
1037
00:54:26,530 --> 00:54:27,796
Volunteer: It's something
that's almost impossible
1038
00:54:27,865 --> 00:54:29,231
to get your head around.
1039
00:54:29,300 --> 00:54:31,500
Hawking: I believe that anyone
can answer big questions
1040
00:54:31,569 --> 00:54:33,502
for themselves.
1041
00:54:33,571 --> 00:54:36,071
Volunteer: Where did
the big bang happen?
1042
00:54:36,140 --> 00:54:38,741
Hawking: Follow the greatest
thinkers in history.
1043
00:54:38,809 --> 00:54:41,810
Expert: We could understand
the origin of everything.
1044
00:54:41,879 --> 00:54:43,912
Hawking: Think like a genius.
1045
00:54:43,981 --> 00:54:45,014
Volunteer: Wahoo!
87579
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