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[CORNEL WEST] 'THE UNEXAMINED
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LIFE IS NOT WORTH LIVING,' PLATO
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SAYS IN LINE 38A OF THE APOLOGY.
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HOW DO YOU EXAMINE YOURSELF?
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WHAT HAPPENS WHEN YOU
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INTERROGATE YOURSELF? WHAT
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HAPPENS WHEN YOU BEGIN TO CALL
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INTO QUESTION YOUR TACIT
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ASSUMPTIONS AND UNARTICULATED
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PRESUPPOSITIONS, AND BEGIN,
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THEN, TO BECOME A DIFFERENT KIND
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OF PERSON?
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SEE, I PUT IT THIS WAY. THAT
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FOR ME, I MEAN, THAT
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PHILOSOPHY IS FUNDAMENTALLY
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ABOUT OUR FINITE SITUATION.
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WE CAN DEFINE THAT IN TERMS OF,
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WE'RE BEINGS TOWARD DEATH, WE'RE
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FEATHERLESS, TWO-LEGGED,
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LINGUISTICALLY CONSCIOUS
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CREATURES BORN BETWEEN URINE AND
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FECES WHOSE BODY WILL ONE DAY BE
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THE CULINARY DELIGHT OF
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TERRESTRIAL WORMS. THAT'S US.
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WE'RE BEINGS TOWARD DEATH. AT
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THE SAME TIME WE HAVE DESIRE
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WHILE WE ARE ORGANISMS IN SPACE
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AND TIME AND SO IT'S DESIRE IN
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THE FACE OF DEATH. AND THEN OF
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COURSE YOU'VE GOT DOGMATISM,
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VARIOUS ATTEMPTS TO HOLD ON TO
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CERTAINTY, VARIOUS FORMS OF
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IDOLATRY, AND YOU'VE GOT
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DIALOGUE IN THE FACE OF
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DOGMATISM. AND THEN OF COURSE
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STRUCTURALLY AND INSTITUTIONALLY
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YOU HAVE DOMINATION AND YOU HAVE
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DEMOCRACY, YOU HAVE ATTEMPTS OF
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PEOPLE TRYING TO RENDER
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ACCOUNTABLE ELITES, KINGS,
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QUEENS, SUZERAINS, CORPORATE
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ELITES, POLITICIANS, TRYING TO
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MAKE THESE ELITES ACCOUNTABLE TO
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EVERYDAY PEOPLE. AND SO
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PHILOSOPHY ITSELF BECOMES A
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CRITICAL DISPOSITION OF
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WRESTLING WITH DESIRE IN THE
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FACE OF DEATH, WRESTLING WITH
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DIALOGUE IN THE FACE OF, OF
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DOGMATISM, AND WRESTLING WITH
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DEMOCRACY - TRYING TO KEEP ALIVE
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VERY FRAGILE DEMOCRATIC
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EXPERIMENTS - IN THE FACE OF
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STRUCTURES IF DOMINATION;
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PATRIARCHY, WHITE SUPREMACY,
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IMPERIAL POWER, STATE POWER -
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ALL THOSE CONCENTRATED FORMS OF
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POWER THAT ARE NOT ACCOUNTABLE
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TO PEOPLE WHO ARE AFFECTED BY
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THEM.
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[AVITAL RONELL] SO, CAN YOU HEAR
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ME WELL?
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[ASTRA TAYLOR] AND YOU CAN SPEAK
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TO ME, SO...
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[AVITAL RONELL] GOOD, GOOD.
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WONDERFUL.
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OKAY, SO I WAS TRYING TO FIGURE
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OUT WHAT YOU WERE GETTING ME
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INTO HERE, AND HOW WE'RE
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IMPLICATED IN THIS WALK. I WAS
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GOING TO INTERVIEW YOU AND ASK
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YOU WHAT YOU THOUGHT YOU WERE
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DOING?
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[ASTRA TAYLOR] I'M SPECIFICALLY
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THINKING ABOUT THE CHALLENGE OF
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MAKING A FILM ABOUT PHILOSOPHY,
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WHICH OBVIOUSLY HAS A SPOKEN
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ELEMENT, BUT WHICH IS TYPICALLY
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WRITTEN. AND BOOK FORM ALLOWS
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YOU TO EXPLORE SOMETHING SO
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IN-DEPTH, YOU KNOW, 300, 400,
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500 PAGES EXPLORING A SINGLE
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CONCEPT, WHEREAS IN A
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FEATURE-LENGTH FILM YOU HAVE 80
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MINUTES IN THE FORM OF SPEECH
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THAT'S BEEN RECORDED, AND IN THE
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CASE OF THIS FILM EACH PERSON
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HAS TEN MINUTES.
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[AVITAL RONELL] YES, THAT IS
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SCANDALOUS. I COULD UNDERSTAND
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THAT THE OTHERS WOULD HAVE TEN
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MINUTES BUT TO, TO BRING ME DOWN
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TO TEN MINUTES IS AN OUTRAGE,
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THERE IS NO DOUBT ABOUT IT. THE
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THING IS, WE DON'T KNOW WHERE
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THIS FILM IS GOING TO LAND, WHOM
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IT'S GOING TO SHAKE UP, WAKE UP,
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OR FREAK OUT, OR BORE. BUT EVEN
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BOREDOM, AS AN OFFSHOOT OF
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MELANCHOLY WOULD INTEREST ME AS
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A RESPONSE TO THESE DAZZLING
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UTTERANCES THAT WE'RE PRODUCING.
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BUT I WOULD SAY THAT, EVEN IF
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PHILOSOPHY - AND DON'T FORGET
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THAT HEIDEGGER DITCHED
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PHILOSOPHY FOR THINKING, BECAUSE
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HE THOUGHT PHILOSOPHY AS SUCH
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WAS STILL TOO INSTITUTIONAL,
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ACADEMIC, TOO BOUND UP IN
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KNOWLEDGE AND RESULTS, TOO
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COGNITIVELY INFLECTED - SO HE
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ASKED THE QUESTION, 'WHAT IS
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CALLED THINKING?' AND HE HAD A
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LOT TO SAY ABOUT WALKS, ABOUT
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GOING ON PATHS THAT LEAD NOWHERE
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ONE OF HIS IMPORTANT TEXTS IS
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CALLED HOLZWEGE, WHICH MEANS A
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PATH THAT LEADS NOWHERE. IN
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GREEK, THE WORD FOR PATH IS
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METHODOS, SO WE'RE ON THE PATH.
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[ASTRA TAYLOR] ONE THING I WANT
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TO ASK YOU ABOUT IS MEANING. IS
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PHILOSOPHY A SEARCH FOR MEANING?
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[AVITAL RONELL] I'M VERY
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SUSPICIOUS HISTORICALLY AND
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INTELLECTUALLY OF THE PROMISE OF
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MEANING, BECAUSE MEANING HAS
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OFTEN HAD VERY FASCISTOID,
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NON-PROGRESSIVIST EDGES, IF NOT
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A CORE OF THAT SORT OF THING.
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EXCUSE ME.
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SO THAT VERY OFTEN ALSO THE
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EMERGENCY SUPPLIES OF MEANING
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THAT ARE BROUGHT TO A GIVEN
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INCIDENT OR STRUCTURE OR THEME
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IN ONE'S LIFE ARE COVER-UPS,
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ARE A WAY OF DRESSING THE WOUND
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OF NON-MEANING. I THINK IT'S
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VERY HARD TO KEEP THINGS IN
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THE TENSIONAL STRUCTURE OF
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THE OPENNESS, WHETHER IT'S
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ECSTATIC OR NOT, OF
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NON-MEANING. THAT'S VERY VERY
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DIFFICULT, WHICH IS WHY THERE IS
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THEN THE QUICK GRASP THEN FOR A
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TRANSCENDENTAL SIGNIFIER, FOR
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GOD, FOR NATION, FOR PATRIOTISM.
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IT'S BEEN VERY DEVASTATING, THIS
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CRAVING FOR MEANING, THOUGH IT
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IS SOMETHING WITH WHICH WE ARE
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IN CONSTANT NEGOTIATION -
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EVERYONE WANTS SOMETHING LIKE
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MEANING. BUT WHEN YOU SEE THESE
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DOGS PLAY, WHY REDUCE IT TO
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MEANING RATHER THAN SEE THE
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ARBITRARY ERUPTION OF SOMETHING
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THAT CAN'T BE GRASPED OR
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EXPLICATED, BUT IT'S JUST THERE,
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IN THIS KIND OF ABSOLUTE
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CONTINGENCY OF BEING.
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TO LEAVE THINGS OPEN AND
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RADICALLY INAPPROPRIABLE, AND
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SOMETHING - AND ADMITTING WE
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HAVEN'T REALLY UNDERSTOOD IS
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MUCH LESS SATISFYING, MORE
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FRUSTRATING, AND MORE
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NECESSARY, I THINK, YOU KNOW?
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AND THAT IS WHY I THINK A
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LOT OF PEOPLE HAVE BEEN FED AND
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FUELED BY PROMISES OF IMMEDIATE
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GRATIFICATION IN THOUGHT AND
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FOOD AND JUNK, AND SO ON, JUNK
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THOUGHT, JUNK FOOD, AND SO ON.
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SO THERE IS A POLITICS OF
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REFUSING THAT GRATIFICATION. AND
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I KNOW THAT'S CRAZY-MAKING, BUT
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I THINK THAT'S WHERE WE HAVE TO
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PULL THE BRAKES.
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[ASTRA TAYLOR] SOME PEOPLE MIGHT
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BE TROUBLED, OR MIGHT WONDER,
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HOW DO YOU BEHAVE ETHICALLY IF
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THERE IS NO ULTIMATE MEANING?
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[AVITAL RONELL] PRECISELY WHERE
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THERE ISN'T GUARANTEED OR
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PALPABLE MEANING, YOU HAVE TO DO
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A LOT OF WORK AND YOU HAVE TO BE
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MEGA-ETHICAL, BECAUSE IT'S MUCH
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LOT EASIER TO LIVE LIFE AND
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KNOW, WELL THAT YOU SHOULD DO,
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AND THIS YOU SHOULDN'T DO,
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BECAUSE SOMEONE SAID SO. IF
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WE'RE NOT ANXIOUS, IF WE'RE OKAY
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WITH THINGS, WE ARE NOT TRYING
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TO EXPLORE OR FIGURE ANYTHING
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OUT, SO ANXIETY IS THE MOOD, PAR
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EXCELLENCE, OF, OF ETHICITY, I
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THINK. YOU KNOW, NOW I'M NOT
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PRESCRIBING ANXIETY DISORDER FOR
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ANYONE, HOWEVER, CAN YOU IMAGINE
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MR. BUSH, WHO DOESN'T GIVE A
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SHIT WHEN HE SENDS EVERYONE TO
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THE GAS CHAMBER OR THE ELECTRIC
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CHAIR, HE EXPRESSES NO ANXIETY.
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AND THEY ARE VERY PROUD OF THIS,
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THEY DON'T LOSE A WINK OF SLEEP,
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THEY EXPRESS NO ANXIETY.
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THIS IS SOMETHING THAT DERRIDA
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HAS TAUGHT. IF YOU FEEL YOU
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HAVE ACQUITTED YOURSELF
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HONORABLY, THEN YOU'RE NOT
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SO ETHICAL. IF YOU HAVE A GOOD
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CONSCIENCE, THEN YOU ARE KIND
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OF WORTHLESS, LIKE IF YOU
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THINK, 'OH, I GAVE THIS
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HOMELESS PERSON FIVE BUCKS, I'M
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GREAT' THEN YOU'RE
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IRRESPONSIBLE. THE RESPONSIBLE
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BEING IS ONE WHO THINKS THEY'VE
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NEVER BEEN RESPONSIBLE ENOUGH.
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THEY'VE NEVER TAKEN CARE ENOUGH
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OF THE OTHER THE OTHER IS SO IN
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EXCESS OF ANYTHING YOU CAN
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UNDERSTAND, OR GRASP, OR REDUCE.
224
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THIS IN ITSELF CREATES AN
225
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ETHICAL RELATEDNESS. A RELATION
226
00:11:00,828 --> 00:11:02,830
WITH OUT RELATION, BECAUSE YOU
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DON'T KNOW, YOU CAN'T PRESUME TO
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KNOW OR GRASP THE OTHER. THE
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00:11:07,701 --> 00:11:09,036
MINUTE YOU THINK YOU KNOW THE
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00:11:09,036 --> 00:11:11,038
OTHER, YOU'RE READY TO KILL
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THEM. YOU THINK, 'OH, THEY'RE
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DOING THIS OR THIS, THEY'RE THE
233
00:11:16,376 --> 00:11:18,912
AXIS OF EVIL, LETS DROP SOME
234
00:11:18,912 --> 00:11:21,281
BOMBS. BUT IF YOU DON'T KNOW,
235
00:11:21,281 --> 00:11:22,983
YOU DON'T UNDERSTAND THIS
236
00:11:22,983 --> 00:11:25,352
ALTERITY, IT'S SO OTHER THAT YOU
237
00:11:25,352 --> 00:11:27,921
CAN'T VIOLATE IT WITH YOUR SENSE
238
00:11:27,921 --> 00:11:29,990
OF UNDERSTANDING, THEN YOU HAVE
239
00:11:29,990 --> 00:11:33,994
TO LET IT LIVE, IN A SENSE.
240
00:11:34,962 --> 00:12:06,426
<*>
241
00:12:06,426 --> 00:12:07,928
[PETER SINGER] THIS IS THE
242
00:12:07,928 --> 00:12:09,462
CENTER OF ONE OF THE WORLD'S
243
00:12:09,462 --> 00:12:10,197
RICHEST COUNTRIES AND ONE OF THE
244
00:12:10,197 --> 00:12:12,532
MOST EXPENSIVE PLACES THERE, AND
245
00:12:12,532 --> 00:12:14,301
THAT RAISES AN ETHICAL ISSUE. I
246
00:12:14,301 --> 00:12:15,068
MEAN THERE ARE PEOPLE WHO HAVE
247
00:12:15,068 --> 00:12:18,005
THE MONEY TO BUY AT THESE STORES
248
00:12:18,005 --> 00:12:20,007
AND WHO DON'T SEEM TO SEE ANY
249
00:12:20,007 --> 00:12:21,341
KIND OF MORAL PROBLEM DOING
250
00:12:21,341 --> 00:12:23,777
THAT, BUT WHAT I WANT TO ASK IS,
251
00:12:23,777 --> 00:12:25,345
WELL, ISN'T THERE A SORT OF
252
00:12:25,345 --> 00:12:26,880
MORAL PROBLEM ABOUT THAT? ISN'T
253
00:12:26,880 --> 00:12:28,481
THERE A QUESTION ABOUT WHAT WE
254
00:12:28,481 --> 00:12:32,820
SHOULD BE SPENDING OUR MONEY ON?
255
00:12:32,820 --> 00:12:33,420
SO WE'RE OUTSIDE
256
00:12:33,420 --> 00:12:34,354
BERGDORF-GOODMAN, WHERE THEY'VE
257
00:12:34,354 --> 00:12:36,223
GOT A DISPLAY OF DOLCE AND
258
00:12:36,223 --> 00:12:37,090
GABBANA SHOES AND IT'S KIND OF
259
00:12:37,090 --> 00:12:39,492
AMUSING TO ME BECAUSE ABOUT
260
00:12:39,492 --> 00:12:41,361
THIRTY YEARS AGO I WROTE AN
261
00:12:41,361 --> 00:12:42,295
ARTICLE CALLED FAMINE,
262
00:12:42,295 --> 00:12:43,897
AFFLUENCE, AND MORALITY IN WHICH
263
00:12:43,897 --> 00:12:45,298
I IMAGINED THAT YOU'RE WALKING
264
00:12:45,298 --> 00:12:47,400
PAST A SHALLOW POND, AND AS YOU
265
00:12:47,400 --> 00:12:49,269
WALK PASSED IT YOU NOTICE THERE
266
00:12:49,269 --> 00:12:50,137
IS A SMALL CHILD WHOSE FALLEN
267
00:12:50,137 --> 00:12:53,240
INTO THE POND, AND SEEMS TO BE
268
00:12:53,240 --> 00:12:54,107
IN DANGER OF DROWNING, AND YOU
269
00:12:54,107 --> 00:12:56,977
LOOK AROUND TO SEE WHERE THE
270
00:12:56,977 --> 00:12:58,846
PARENTS ARE, AND THERE IS NOBODY
271
00:12:58,846 --> 00:13:00,280
IN SIGHT. YOU REALIZE THAT
272
00:13:00,280 --> 00:13:01,114
UNLESS YOU WADE INTO THIS POND
273
00:13:01,114 --> 00:13:03,984
AND PULL THE CHILD OUT, THE
274
00:13:03,984 --> 00:13:05,853
CHILD IS LIKELY TO DROWN. THERE
275
00:13:05,853 --> 00:13:07,955
IS NO DANGER TO YOU BECAUSE YOU
276
00:13:07,955 --> 00:13:09,089
KNOW THE POND IS JUST A SHALLOW
277
00:13:09,089 --> 00:13:12,225
ONE, BUT YOU ARE WEARING A NICE
278
00:13:12,225 --> 00:13:13,093
PAIR OF SHOES AND THEY ARE
279
00:13:13,093 --> 00:13:15,963
PROBABLY GOING TO GET RUINED IF
280
00:13:15,963 --> 00:13:17,831
YOU WADE INTO THAT SHALLOW POND.
281
00:13:17,831 --> 00:13:19,967
SO OF COURSE, WHEN I ASK PEOPLE
282
00:13:19,967 --> 00:13:21,835
THIS, THEY ALWAYS SAY, 'WELL OF
283
00:13:21,835 --> 00:13:23,270
COURSE, FORGET ABOUT THE SHOES,
284
00:13:23,270 --> 00:13:24,137
YOU'VE JUST GOT TO SAVE THE
285
00:13:24,137 --> 00:13:26,573
CHILD, THAT'S CLEAR.' WELL THEN
286
00:13:26,573 --> 00:13:28,909
I STOP AND SAY, WELL OKAY, YOU
287
00:13:28,909 --> 00:13:30,577
KNOW I AGREE WITH YOU ABOUT
288
00:13:30,577 --> 00:13:32,913
THAT, BUT FOR THE PRICE OF A
289
00:13:32,913 --> 00:13:35,048
PAIR OF SHOES, IF YOU WERE TO
290
00:13:35,048 --> 00:13:36,183
GIVE THAT TO OXFAM OR UNICEF OR
291
00:13:36,183 --> 00:13:38,618
ONE OF THOSE ORGANIZATIONS THEY
292
00:13:38,618 --> 00:13:40,487
COULD PROBABLY SAVE THE LIFE OF
293
00:13:40,487 --> 00:13:42,322
A CHILD, MAYBE MORE THAN ONE
294
00:13:42,322 --> 00:13:44,224
CHILD IN A POOR COUNTY, WHERE
295
00:13:44,224 --> 00:13:45,859
CHILDREN ARE DYING BECAUSE THEY
296
00:13:45,859 --> 00:13:47,560
CAN'T GET BASIC MEDICAL CARE TO
297
00:13:47,560 --> 00:13:48,962
TREAT BASIC DISEASES LIKE
298
00:13:48,962 --> 00:13:50,864
DIARRHEA OR WHATEVER ELSE IT MAY
299
00:13:50,864 --> 00:13:53,000
BE. AND THAT'S REALLY ONE OF THE
300
00:13:53,000 --> 00:13:54,434
REASONS WHY I THINK IT'S
301
00:13:54,434 --> 00:13:56,336
INTERESTING TO BE HERE ON 5TH
302
00:13:56,336 --> 00:13:57,537
AVENUE TALKING ABOUT ETHICS,
303
00:13:57,537 --> 00:13:58,205
BECAUSE ETHICS IS ABOUT THE
304
00:13:58,205 --> 00:14:00,073
BASIC CHOICES THAT WE AUGHT TO
305
00:14:00,073 --> 00:14:03,243
MAKE IN OUR LIVES, AND ONE OF
306
00:14:03,243 --> 00:14:05,445
THOSE CHOICES IS HOW DO WE SPEND
307
00:14:05,445 --> 00:14:07,214
OUR MONEY?
308
00:14:07,580 --> 00:14:50,190
<*>
309
00:14:50,190 --> 00:14:52,492
[PETER SINGER] I STARTED
310
00:14:52,492 --> 00:14:54,294
THINKING ABOUT THESE ISSUES BACK
311
00:14:54,294 --> 00:14:56,629
IN THE 1970S, WHEN FOR ONE THING
312
00:14:56,629 --> 00:14:58,431
THERE WAS THE CRISIS IN
313
00:14:58,431 --> 00:14:59,933
BANGLADESH WHERE THERE WERE
314
00:14:59,933 --> 00:15:02,002
MILLIONS OF PEOPLE WHO WERE IN
315
00:15:02,002 --> 00:15:03,603
DANGER OF STARVING BECAUSE OF
316
00:15:03,603 --> 00:15:04,171
THE REPRESSION OF THE
317
00:15:04,171 --> 00:15:06,373
BANGLADESHIS BY THE PAKISTANI
318
00:15:06,373 --> 00:15:08,942
ARMY AT THE TIME. AND THAT MADE
319
00:15:08,942 --> 00:15:10,543
ME THINK ABOUT OUR OBLIGATIONS
320
00:15:10,543 --> 00:15:12,112
TO HELP PEOPLE WHO ARE IN DANGER
321
00:15:12,112 --> 00:15:14,714
OF STARVATION. ALSO, AROUND THE
322
00:15:14,714 --> 00:15:16,984
SAME, I HAPPENED TO MEET SOMEONE
323
00:15:16,984 --> 00:15:19,352
WHO WAS A VEGETARIAN, WHO GOT ME
324
00:15:19,352 --> 00:15:20,153
ASKING MYSELF ABOUT, AM I
325
00:15:20,153 --> 00:15:22,956
JUSTIFIED IN CONTINUING TO EAT
326
00:15:22,956 --> 00:15:25,325
MEAT? WHAT IS IT THAT GIVES US
327
00:15:25,325 --> 00:15:27,394
THE RIGHT, OR THAT JUSTIFIES US,
328
00:15:27,394 --> 00:15:29,462
IN TREATING ANIMALS THE WAY THEY
329
00:15:29,462 --> 00:15:31,531
GET TREATED, BEFORE THEY WIND UP
330
00:15:31,531 --> 00:15:33,633
ON OUR LUNCH OR DINNER OR
331
00:15:33,633 --> 00:15:35,202
WHATEVER ELSE IT MIGHT BE? AND I
332
00:15:35,202 --> 00:15:38,305
READ A LITTLE BIT ABOUT FACTORY
333
00:15:38,305 --> 00:15:39,106
FARMING AND INTENSIVE FARMS AND
334
00:15:39,106 --> 00:15:41,708
THE WAY THEY CONFINE ANIMALS,
335
00:15:41,708 --> 00:15:43,510
WHICH WAS SOMETHING THAT WAS
336
00:15:43,510 --> 00:15:45,345
REALLY JUST GETTING GOING AT
337
00:15:45,345 --> 00:15:47,414
THAT STAGE, AND I THOUGHT THAT
338
00:15:47,414 --> 00:15:49,282
YOU CAN'T REALLY JUSTIFY THIS,
339
00:15:49,282 --> 00:15:51,251
THAT WE'VE JUST TAKEN FOR
340
00:15:51,251 --> 00:15:52,219
GRANTED THAT SOMEHOW HUMANS HAVE
341
00:15:52,219 --> 00:15:54,187
THE RIGHT TO USE ANIMALS
342
00:15:54,187 --> 00:15:57,490
WHICHEVER WAY THEY WANT TO AND
343
00:15:57,490 --> 00:15:58,158
THAT ISN'T DEFENSIBLE. THE
344
00:15:58,158 --> 00:16:00,127
BOUNDARY OF SPECIES IS NOT
345
00:16:00,127 --> 00:16:02,095
SOMETHING THAT REALLY IS SO
346
00:16:02,095 --> 00:16:04,564
MORALLY SIGNIFICANT THAT IT
347
00:16:04,564 --> 00:16:06,566
ENTITLES US TO TAKE ANOTHER
348
00:16:06,566 --> 00:16:09,069
SENTIENT BEING WHO CAN SUFFER OR
349
00:16:09,069 --> 00:16:11,204
FEEL PAIN, AND DO AS WE WISH TO
350
00:16:11,204 --> 00:16:13,673
THAT SENTIENT BEING, JUST
351
00:16:13,673 --> 00:16:15,175
BECAUSE WE HAPPEN TO LIKE THE
352
00:16:15,175 --> 00:16:19,012
TASTE OF ITS FLESH. SO THESE TWO
353
00:16:19,012 --> 00:16:21,014
ISSUES REALLY GOT ME THINKING
354
00:16:21,014 --> 00:16:23,016
ABOUT APPLIED ETHICS, WHICH AT
355
00:16:23,016 --> 00:16:25,318
THIS TIME WASN'T REALLY A FIELD,
356
00:16:25,318 --> 00:16:27,320
IT WASN'T REALLY SOMETHING THAT
357
00:16:27,320 --> 00:16:28,455
PHILOSOPHERS THOUGHT WAS
358
00:16:28,455 --> 00:16:30,457
PROPERLY PHILOSOPHY. BUT I THINK
359
00:16:30,457 --> 00:16:33,293
IT WAS A GOOD TIME TO START
360
00:16:33,293 --> 00:16:34,761
THINKING ABOUT THESE ISSUES
361
00:16:34,761 --> 00:16:36,763
BECAUSE OF THE STUDENT MOVEMENT,
362
00:16:36,763 --> 00:16:38,765
THE RADICAL MOVEMENT OF THE
363
00:16:38,765 --> 00:16:40,467
SIXTIES AND EARLIER SEVENTIES,
364
00:16:40,467 --> 00:16:42,802
WHICH HAD CREATED A BIT MORE
365
00:16:42,802 --> 00:16:44,804
INTEREST IN THESE ISSUES AND
366
00:16:44,804 --> 00:16:47,374
RAISED THE QUESTION, CAN WE MAKE
367
00:16:47,374 --> 00:16:49,076
OUR ACADEMIC STUDIES MORE
368
00:16:49,076 --> 00:16:50,610
RELEVANT TO THE IMPORTANT
369
00:16:50,610 --> 00:16:57,250
QUESTIONS OF THE DAY?
370
00:16:57,250 --> 00:17:00,487
WHEN YOU DO APPLIED ETHICS YOU
371
00:17:00,487 --> 00:17:02,422
OFTEN FIND THAT THINKING THINGS
372
00:17:02,422 --> 00:17:04,357
THROUGH CAUSES YOU TO CHALLENGE
373
00:17:04,357 --> 00:17:05,458
COMMON SENSE MORALITY.
374
00:17:05,458 --> 00:17:07,394
AND OF COURSE THIS IS
375
00:17:07,394 --> 00:17:08,828
CONSISTENT WITH A VERY
376
00:17:08,828 --> 00:17:09,529
ANCIENT PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITION,
377
00:17:09,529 --> 00:17:11,831
IT'S EXACTLY WHAT HAPPENED WITH
378
00:17:11,831 --> 00:17:13,766
SOCRATES WHEN HE STARTED ASKING
379
00:17:13,766 --> 00:17:15,702
PEOPLE ABOUT, 'WHAT IS JUSTICE?'
380
00:17:15,702 --> 00:17:17,137
AND THEY THOUGHT THEY KNEW WHAT
381
00:17:17,137 --> 00:17:20,073
JUSTICE IS, AND THEN THEY
382
00:17:20,073 --> 00:17:21,808
STARTED THINKING ABOUT IT AND
383
00:17:21,808 --> 00:17:23,443
THEY REALIZED THEY DIDN'T
384
00:17:23,443 --> 00:17:25,378
UNDERSTAND IT AND OF COURSE
385
00:17:25,378 --> 00:17:27,314
SOCRATES ENDED UP HAVING, BEING
386
00:17:27,314 --> 00:17:28,248
FORCED TO DRINK THE HEMLOCK
387
00:17:28,248 --> 00:17:30,183
BECAUSE HE WAS ACCUSED OF
388
00:17:30,183 --> 00:17:32,119
CORRUPTING THE MORALS OF THE
389
00:17:32,119 --> 00:17:34,554
YOUTH. NOW FORTUNATELY THAT
390
00:17:34,554 --> 00:17:35,288
DOESN'T HAPPEN TO PHILOSOPHERS
391
00:17:35,288 --> 00:17:38,758
TODAY, BUT OF COURSE IT COULD BE
392
00:17:38,758 --> 00:17:40,727
SAID FROM A CONSERVATIVE POINT
393
00:17:40,727 --> 00:17:42,195
OF VIEW THAT APPLIED ETHICS DOES
394
00:17:42,195 --> 00:17:44,164
CORRUPT MORALS, OR CORRUPT IS
395
00:17:44,164 --> 00:17:47,434
THE WRONG WORD, BUT IT CERTAINLY
396
00:17:47,434 --> 00:17:49,402
CHALLENGES MORALS AND MIGHT LEAD
397
00:17:49,402 --> 00:17:51,371
US TO THINK DIFFERENTLY ABOUT
398
00:17:51,371 --> 00:17:53,673
SOME THINGS THAT WE HAVE HELD
399
00:17:53,673 --> 00:17:55,408
VERY DEAR FOR A LONG TIME.
400
00:17:55,408 --> 00:17:57,744
401
00:17:57,744 --> 00:17:59,746
[PETER SINGER] A LOT OF PEOPLE
402
00:17:59,746 --> 00:18:01,748
THINK YOU CAN ONLY HAVE ETHICAL
403
00:18:01,748 --> 00:18:03,750
STANDARDS IF IN SOME WAY YOU'RE
404
00:18:03,750 --> 00:18:05,485
RELIGIOUS, YOU BELIEVE THERE IS
405
00:18:05,485 --> 00:18:07,487
A GOD WHO HANDED DOWN SOME
406
00:18:07,487 --> 00:18:08,755
COMMANDMENTS OR INSPIRED SOME
407
00:18:08,755 --> 00:18:10,490
SCRIPTURES WHICH TELL YOU WHAT
408
00:18:10,490 --> 00:18:12,225
TO DO. I DON'T BELIEVE IN ANY OF
409
00:18:12,225 --> 00:18:15,495
THAT. I THINK ETHICS HAS TO COME
410
00:18:15,495 --> 00:18:16,263
FROM OURSELVES, BUT THAT DOESN'T
411
00:18:16,263 --> 00:18:18,765
MEAN IT IS TOTALLY SUBJECTIVE,
412
00:18:18,765 --> 00:18:20,767
THAT DOESN'T MEAN THAT YOU CAN
413
00:18:20,767 --> 00:18:22,535
THINK WHATEVER YOU LIKE ABOUT
414
00:18:22,535 --> 00:18:25,405
WHAT'S RIGHT AND WHAT'S WRONG.
415
00:18:25,405 --> 00:18:27,540
WHEN YOU START TO LOOK AT ISSUES
416
00:18:27,540 --> 00:18:29,409
ETHICALLY, YOU HAVE TO DO MORE
417
00:18:29,409 --> 00:18:30,277
THAN JUST THINK ABOUT YOUR OWN
418
00:18:30,277 --> 00:18:32,712
INTERESTS, YOU HAVE TO ASK
419
00:18:32,712 --> 00:18:34,581
YOURSELF, 'HOW DO I TAKE INTO
420
00:18:34,581 --> 00:18:35,282
ACCOUNT THE INTERESTS OF OTHERS?
421
00:18:35,282 --> 00:18:38,618
WHAT WOULD I CHOOSE IF I WERE TO
422
00:18:38,618 --> 00:18:40,287
BE IN THERE POSITIONS RATHER
423
00:18:40,287 --> 00:18:58,905
THAN IN MY POSITION?
424
00:18:58,905 --> 00:19:01,308
ONE OF THE MOST OBVIOUS THINGS
425
00:19:01,308 --> 00:19:02,209
THAT EMERGES WHEN YOU PUT
426
00:19:02,209 --> 00:19:04,911
YOURSELF IN THE POSITION OF
427
00:19:04,911 --> 00:19:06,813
OTHERS IS THE PRIORITY OF
428
00:19:06,813 --> 00:19:07,914
REDUCING OR PREVENTING
429
00:19:07,914 --> 00:19:09,516
SUFFERING, BECAUSE ETHICS IS
430
00:19:09,516 --> 00:19:11,718
NOT JUST ABOUT WHAT I ACTUALLY
431
00:19:11,718 --> 00:19:14,421
DO AND THE IMPACT OF THAT, BUT
432
00:19:14,421 --> 00:19:16,889
ITS ALSO ABOUT WHAT I OMIT TO
433
00:19:16,889 --> 00:19:19,626
DO, WHAT I DECIDE NOT TO DO.
434
00:19:19,626 --> 00:19:21,828
AND THAT'S WHY, GIVEN WE ALL
435
00:19:21,828 --> 00:19:23,230
HAVE A LIMITED AMOUNT OF MONEY,
436
00:19:23,230 --> 00:19:24,931
QUESTIONS ABOUT WHAT YOU SPEND
437
00:19:24,931 --> 00:19:28,368
YOUR MONEY ON ARE ALSO QUESTIONS
438
00:19:28,368 --> 00:19:30,603
ABOUT WHAT YOU DON'T SPEND YOUR
439
00:19:30,603 --> 00:19:33,340
MONEY ON, OR WHAT YOU DON'T USE
440
00:19:33,340 --> 00:19:35,575
YOUR MONEY TO ACHIEVE. AND I
441
00:19:35,575 --> 00:19:37,810
THINK A LOT OF PEOPLE FORGET
442
00:19:37,810 --> 00:19:39,246
THAT, THEY JUST GO, 'OH WELL,
443
00:19:39,246 --> 00:19:42,482
I'M NOT HARMING ANYONE IF I
444
00:19:42,482 --> 00:19:44,717
SPEND A THOUSAND DOLLARS ON A
445
00:19:44,717 --> 00:19:45,952
NEW SUIT.' BUT IN FACT, GIVEN
446
00:19:45,952 --> 00:19:48,855
THE OPPORTUNITIES WE HAVE TO
447
00:19:48,855 --> 00:19:51,591
HELP AND GIVEN THE WAY THE WORLD
448
00:19:51,591 --> 00:19:54,327
IS, I THINK THAT QUITE OFTEN YOU
449
00:19:54,327 --> 00:19:55,262
ARE ACTUALLY FAILING TO BENEFIT
450
00:19:55,262 --> 00:19:56,963
SOMEONE, WHICH YOU COULD BE
451
00:19:56,963 --> 00:20:00,400
DOING. I THINK WE HAVE MORAL
452
00:20:00,400 --> 00:20:02,635
OBLIGATIONS TO HELP JUST AS WE
453
00:20:02,635 --> 00:20:04,604
HAVE MORAL OBLIGATIONS NOT TO
454
00:20:04,604 --> 00:20:04,971
HARM.
455
00:20:06,606 --> 00:20:42,041
<*>
456
00:20:42,041 --> 00:20:44,444
[PETER SINGER] OVER THE
457
00:20:44,444 --> 00:20:45,912
THOUSANDS OF YEARS OF HISTORY
458
00:20:45,912 --> 00:20:47,580
AND DEVELOPMENT OF PHILOSOPHY, A
459
00:20:47,580 --> 00:20:48,348
LOT OF PHILOSOPHERS HAVE ASKED,
460
00:20:48,348 --> 00:20:49,982
'DOES LIVE HAVE A MEANING? WHAT
461
00:20:49,982 --> 00:20:52,919
IS IT?' AND THAT'S A QUESTION
462
00:20:52,919 --> 00:20:55,588
FOR WHICH I THINK WE CAN GIVE AN
463
00:20:55,588 --> 00:20:57,524
ANSWER, AND I THINK THE ANSWER
464
00:20:57,524 --> 00:20:59,726
IS, WE MAKE MOST MEANING WHEN WE
465
00:20:59,726 --> 00:21:00,360
CONNECT OURSELVES WITH SOME
466
00:21:00,360 --> 00:21:02,395
REALLY IMPORTANT CAUSES OR
467
00:21:02,395 --> 00:21:03,863
ISSUES AND WE CONTRIBUTE TO
468
00:21:03,863 --> 00:21:05,798
THAT, SO THAT WE FEEL THAT
469
00:21:05,798 --> 00:21:07,467
BECAUSE WE LIVED SOMETHING HAS
470
00:21:07,467 --> 00:21:09,402
GONE A LITTLE BETTER THAN IT
471
00:21:09,402 --> 00:21:10,637
WOULD HAVE OTHERWISE. WE'VE
472
00:21:10,637 --> 00:21:12,339
CONTRIBUTED, IN HOWEVER SMALL A
473
00:21:12,339 --> 00:21:13,072
WAY, TO MAKING THE WOULD A
474
00:21:13,072 --> 00:21:15,041
BETTER PLACE. AND I THINK IT'S
475
00:21:15,041 --> 00:21:17,744
HARD TO FIND ANYTHING MORE
476
00:21:17,744 --> 00:21:19,446
MEANINGFUL THAN DOING THAT, THAN
477
00:21:19,446 --> 00:21:20,647
REDUCING THE AMOUNT OF
478
00:21:20,647 --> 00:21:21,881
UNNECESSARY PAIN AND SUFFERING
479
00:21:21,881 --> 00:21:23,850
THAT THERE HAS BEEN ON THIS
480
00:21:23,850 --> 00:21:25,818
WORLD, OR MAKING THE WORLD A
481
00:21:25,818 --> 00:21:27,053
LITTLE BIT BETTER FOR ALL OF THE
482
00:21:27,053 --> 00:21:29,055
BEINGS WHO ARE SHARING IT WITH
483
00:21:29,055 --> 00:21:31,891
US.
484
00:21:32,492 --> 00:22:20,006
<*>
485
00:22:20,006 --> 00:22:22,742
[KWAME ANTHONY APPIAH] I STARTED
486
00:22:22,742 --> 00:22:23,476
THINKING ABOUT THE DIFFERENCE
487
00:22:23,476 --> 00:22:25,011
BETWEEN THE CONTEXT IN WHICH WE
488
00:22:25,011 --> 00:22:27,013
EVOLVED AS A SPECIES AND THE
489
00:22:27,013 --> 00:22:29,015
PRESENT, YOU KNOW, IN THIS AGE
490
00:22:29,015 --> 00:22:31,017
OF GLOBALIZATION, AND ONE WAY TO
491
00:22:31,017 --> 00:22:33,019
THINK ABOUT THAT IS TO NOTICE,
492
00:22:33,019 --> 00:22:36,489
IF YOU LIVE A MODERN LIFE, IF
493
00:22:36,489 --> 00:22:37,023
YOU ARE TRAVELING THOUGH AN
494
00:22:37,023 --> 00:22:39,025
AIRPORT, YOU ARE GOING TO BE
495
00:22:39,025 --> 00:22:41,027
PASSING LOTS AND LOTS OF PEOPLE,
496
00:22:41,027 --> 00:22:43,062
AND WITHIN A FEW MINUTES YOU'LL
497
00:22:43,062 --> 00:22:45,798
HAVE PASSED MORE PEOPLE THAN
498
00:22:45,798 --> 00:22:47,567
MOST OF OUR REMOTE HUMAN
499
00:22:47,567 --> 00:22:49,135
ANCESTORS WOULD EVER HAVE SEEN
500
00:22:49,135 --> 00:22:55,875
IN THEIR ENTIRE LIVES.
501
00:22:55,875 --> 00:22:57,009
AS AN AMERICAN YOU EXIST IN
502
00:22:57,009 --> 00:22:59,579
THIS KIND OF VIRTUAL
503
00:22:59,579 --> 00:23:00,947
RELATIONSHIP WITH THREE HUNDRED
504
00:23:00,947 --> 00:23:02,782
MILLION PEOPLE, IF YOU'RE LUCKY
505
00:23:02,782 --> 00:23:04,651
ENOUGH TO BE CHINESE YOU'RE
506
00:23:04,651 --> 00:23:05,418
VIRTUAL RELATIONSHIPS ARE WITH,
507
00:23:05,418 --> 00:23:08,655
YOU KNOW, SOON, ONE AND A HALF
508
00:23:08,655 --> 00:23:10,523
BILLION PEOPLE OR SOMETHING LIKE
509
00:23:10,523 --> 00:23:13,460
THAT. SO I THINK THAT'S A WAY OF
510
00:23:13,460 --> 00:23:14,827
DRAMATIZING, I THINK, THE
511
00:23:14,827 --> 00:23:16,696
CHALLENGE THAT WE FACE. WE'RE
512
00:23:16,696 --> 00:23:17,163
GOOD AT SMALL, FACE-TO-FACE
513
00:23:17,163 --> 00:23:20,700
STUFF, THAT IS WHAT WE WERE MADE
514
00:23:20,700 --> 00:23:22,869
FOR. WE KNOW HOW TO RESPONSIBLE
515
00:23:22,869 --> 00:23:24,737
FOR CHILDREN AND PARENTS AND
516
00:23:24,737 --> 00:23:26,873
COUSINS AND FRIENDS. BUT WE NOW
517
00:23:26,873 --> 00:23:28,741
HAVE TO BE RESPONSIBLE FOR
518
00:23:28,741 --> 00:23:30,610
FELLOW CITIZENS BOTH OF OUR
519
00:23:30,610 --> 00:23:32,512
COUNTRY AND FELLOW CITIZENS OF
520
00:23:32,512 --> 00:23:34,013
THE WORLD - AND THE QUESTION IS,
521
00:23:34,013 --> 00:23:45,725
CAN WE FIGURE THAT OUT?
522
00:23:45,725 --> 00:23:46,192
COSMOPOLITANISM COMES FROM THE
523
00:23:46,192 --> 00:23:48,695
GREEK PHRASE KOSMOPOLITAS, WHICH
524
00:23:48,695 --> 00:23:50,897
MEANS CITIZEN OF THE KOSMOS, OF
525
00:23:50,897 --> 00:23:53,600
THE WORLD. AND WE NEED A NOTION
526
00:23:53,600 --> 00:23:58,771
OF GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP.
527
00:23:58,771 --> 00:24:00,640
THE COSMOPOLITAN SAYS, WE HAVE
528
00:24:00,640 --> 00:24:02,775
TO BEGIN BY RECOGNIZING WE ARE
529
00:24:02,775 --> 00:24:04,644
RESPONSIBLE FOR EACH OTHER, AS
530
00:24:04,644 --> 00:24:05,712
CITIZENS ARE. SECOND,
531
00:24:05,712 --> 00:24:06,212
COSMOPOLITANS THINK IT'S OKAY
532
00:24:06,212 --> 00:24:09,215
FOR PEOPLE TO BE DIFFERENT, THAT
533
00:24:09,215 --> 00:24:10,082
THEY CARE ABOUT EVERYBODY, BUT
534
00:24:10,082 --> 00:24:13,720
NOT IN A WAY THAT MEANS THEY
535
00:24:13,720 --> 00:24:16,188
WANT EVERYONE TO BE THE SAME, OR
536
00:24:16,188 --> 00:24:18,558
LIKE THEM. WHEREAS, THERE IS A
537
00:24:18,558 --> 00:24:19,926
CERTAIN KIND OF PHILOSOPHICAL
538
00:24:19,926 --> 00:24:21,494
UNIVERSALISM, WHICH IS OFTEN
539
00:24:21,494 --> 00:24:22,562
ASSOCIATED WITH EVANGELIZING
540
00:24:22,562 --> 00:24:24,230
RELIGIONS, WHERE 'YEAH, WE LOVE
541
00:24:24,230 --> 00:24:26,599
EVERYBODY, BUT WE WANT THEM TO
542
00:24:26,599 --> 00:24:28,067
BECOME LIKE US IN ORDER TO LOVE
543
00:24:28,067 --> 00:24:31,237
THEM PROPERLY.' THERE IS A GREAT
544
00:24:31,237 --> 00:24:32,104
GERMAN PROVERB THAT SAYS, UND
545
00:24:32,104 --> 00:24:34,974
WILLST DU NICHT MEIN BRUDER
546
00:24:34,974 --> 00:24:36,142
SEIN, SO SCHLAG' ICH DIR DEN
547
00:24:36,142 --> 00:24:39,812
SCHäDEL EIN - IF YOU DON'T WANT
548
00:24:39,812 --> 00:24:42,281
TO BE MY BROTHER, I'LL BASH YOUR
549
00:24:42,281 --> 00:24:44,183
SKULL IN. AND THAT'S THE
550
00:24:44,183 --> 00:24:45,284
OPPOSITE OF COSMOPOLITANISM.
551
00:24:45,284 --> 00:24:47,186
IT'S THE UNIVERSALIST WHO SAY
552
00:24:47,186 --> 00:24:49,856
YEAH I WANT YOU TO BE MY
553
00:24:49,856 --> 00:24:54,994
BROTHER, BUT ON MY TERMS.
554
00:24:54,994 --> 00:24:57,764
NOW IF YOU THINK EVERYBODY'S
555
00:24:57,764 --> 00:24:58,230
ENTITLED TO BE DIFFERENT,
556
00:24:58,230 --> 00:25:01,601
RIGHT, IT CAN PRODUCE A KIND OF
557
00:25:01,601 --> 00:25:02,635
CULTURAL RELATIVISM, WHERE
558
00:25:02,635 --> 00:25:03,936
'WHATEVER THEY WANT TO
559
00:25:03,936 --> 00:25:05,738
DO,' THAT'S - YOU KNOW,
560
00:25:05,738 --> 00:25:07,807
THERE'S NO PLACE FOR ME STANDING
561
00:25:07,807 --> 00:25:08,841
OUTSIDE TO IT,
562
00:25:08,841 --> 00:25:10,677
TO MAKE ANY MORAL JUDGMENTS,
563
00:25:10,677 --> 00:25:11,744
ANY ETHICAL JUDGMENTS,
564
00:25:11,744 --> 00:25:14,013
ABOUT WHAT THEY'RE UP TO.
565
00:25:14,013 --> 00:25:16,148
SO THAT'S KIND OF ONE POSITION
566
00:25:16,148 --> 00:25:18,985
I WANT TO DISTINGUISH MYSELF
567
00:25:18,985 --> 00:25:20,820
FROM, I THINK IT'S IMPORTANT
568
00:25:20,820 --> 00:25:22,689
THAT IN THE GLOBAL CONVERSATION
569
00:25:22,689 --> 00:25:23,189
OF HUMAN BEINGS COSMOPOLITANS
570
00:25:23,189 --> 00:25:25,925
RECOMMEND THAT ONE OF THE
571
00:25:25,925 --> 00:25:27,293
THINGS WE'RE DOING IS
572
00:25:27,293 --> 00:25:28,160
EXCHANGING IDEAS OF WHAT'S RIGHT
573
00:25:28,160 --> 00:25:30,062
AND WRONG, AND THAT ITS
574
00:25:30,062 --> 00:25:44,076
PERFECTLY APPROPRIATE TO DO SO.
575
00:25:44,076 --> 00:25:46,045
I HAVE THIS PRIVILEGE OF HAVING
576
00:25:46,045 --> 00:25:49,315
GROWN UP IN A COUPLE OF PLACES,
577
00:25:49,315 --> 00:25:51,317
MY MOTHER CAME FROM ENGLAND, MY
578
00:25:51,317 --> 00:25:52,051
FATHER CAME FROM GHANA. THEY
579
00:25:52,051 --> 00:25:54,787
WOULD NEVER, EITHER OF THEM,
580
00:25:54,787 --> 00:25:56,055
TELL US EXACTLY HOW THEY MET OR
581
00:25:56,055 --> 00:25:58,057
EXACTLY WHAT IT WAS THAT DREW
582
00:25:58,057 --> 00:26:00,793
THEM TOGETHER, THOUGH MY FATHER
583
00:26:00,793 --> 00:26:02,061
ALWAYS SAID THAT MY MOTHER HAD A
584
00:26:02,061 --> 00:26:03,062
SPLENDIDLY UN-ENGLISH BEHIND,
585
00:26:03,062 --> 00:26:05,064
THAT IT WAS, THAT SHE ACTUALLY
586
00:26:05,064 --> 00:26:08,334
HAD A MORE AFRICAN BEHIND AND HE
587
00:26:08,334 --> 00:26:09,068
FOUND THAT ATTRACTIVE. SO I
588
00:26:09,068 --> 00:26:11,804
DON'T KNOW. ANYWAY, IT HAPPENS
589
00:26:11,804 --> 00:26:13,039
THAT IN THE SHANTY WHERE I GREW
590
00:26:13,039 --> 00:26:15,041
UP KINSHIP, THAT IS THE FAMILY,
591
00:26:15,041 --> 00:26:17,043
IS ORGANIZED IN A VERY DIFFERENT
592
00:26:17,043 --> 00:26:20,312
WAY FROM HOW IT IS ORGANIZED IN
593
00:26:20,312 --> 00:26:21,313
ENGLAND. WE'RE WHAT
594
00:26:21,313 --> 00:26:22,181
ANTHROPOLOGISTS CALL
595
00:26:22,181 --> 00:26:23,883
MATRILINEAL. THAT MEANS THAT THE
596
00:26:23,883 --> 00:26:25,852
MOST IMPORTANT ADULT MALE IN A
597
00:26:25,852 --> 00:26:27,353
CHILD'S LIFE ISN'T HIS MOTHER'S
598
00:26:27,353 --> 00:26:29,321
HUSBAND, THAT IS, HIS FATHER, IT
599
00:26:29,321 --> 00:26:30,056
IS HIS MOTHER'S BROTHER, THAT
600
00:26:30,056 --> 00:26:32,058
IS, HIS MATERNAL UNCLE. THERE IS
601
00:26:32,058 --> 00:26:35,327
A WORD FOR THAT, 'WOFA.' SO I
602
00:26:35,327 --> 00:26:37,329
HAVE THESE EIGHT PEOPLE IN THE
603
00:26:37,329 --> 00:26:39,331
WORLD, TWO YOUNG WOMEN AND SIX
604
00:26:39,331 --> 00:26:41,801
YOUNG MEN WHO ARE MY NEPHEWS AND
605
00:26:41,801 --> 00:26:43,803
NIECES, I'M THEIR WOFA AND BY
606
00:26:43,803 --> 00:26:45,337
OUR TRADITION I'M, SINCE MY
607
00:26:45,337 --> 00:26:46,072
SISTERS DON'T HAVE ANY OTHER
608
00:26:46,072 --> 00:26:48,074
BROTHERS, I'M THE GUY WHO IS
609
00:26:48,074 --> 00:26:50,342
RESPONSIBLE FOR THEIR EDUCATION,
610
00:26:50,342 --> 00:26:52,344
IF ANYTHING BAD HAPPENS TO THEM
611
00:26:52,344 --> 00:26:54,313
I'M SUPPOSED TO LOOK AFTER THEM,
612
00:26:54,313 --> 00:26:56,783
AND SO ON. NOW OF COURSE IN
613
00:26:56,783 --> 00:26:58,785
ENGLAND, IF YOU HAVE A FATHER,
614
00:26:58,785 --> 00:27:02,655
THAT IS HIS JOB.
615
00:27:02,655 --> 00:27:03,990
THERE IS A CERTAIN KIND OF
616
00:27:03,990 --> 00:27:04,724
UNIVERSALIST WHO WILL SAY, 'ONE
617
00:27:04,724 --> 00:27:06,659
OF THESE HAS TO BE CORRECT.'
618
00:27:06,659 --> 00:27:07,827
BUT THE COSMOPOLITAN SAYS THESE
619
00:27:07,827 --> 00:27:09,762
ARE TWO WAYS TO DO IT AND AS
620
00:27:09,762 --> 00:27:10,262
LONG THEY BOTH DO THE THING
621
00:27:10,262 --> 00:27:12,298
THEY'RE SUPPOSED TO DO, IT
622
00:27:12,298 --> 00:27:13,032
SEEMS TO ME ABSURD TO SAY THAT
623
00:27:13,032 --> 00:27:15,802
ONE OF THEM HAS TO BE BETTER
624
00:27:15,802 --> 00:27:17,369
THAN THE OTHER OR THAT ONE HAS
625
00:27:17,369 --> 00:27:18,771
TO BE UNIVERSALIZED FOR ANY
626
00:27:18,771 --> 00:27:29,248
REASON.
627
00:27:29,248 --> 00:27:31,317
ONE THING THAT PEOPLE TALK ABOUT
628
00:27:31,317 --> 00:27:33,385
ALL THE TIME THESE DAYS IS
629
00:27:33,385 --> 00:27:34,887
CONFLICTS OF VALUES ACROSS
630
00:27:34,887 --> 00:27:36,455
CULTURES AND OFTEN PEOPLE THINK
631
00:27:36,455 --> 00:27:37,690
THAT THEY'RE IRREVOCABLY
632
00:27:37,690 --> 00:27:38,991
IRRECONCILABLE AND THEY'RE THE
633
00:27:38,991 --> 00:27:40,059
ROOT OF ALL THE DIFFICULTIES IN
634
00:27:40,059 --> 00:27:43,930
THE WORLD. AND I - THE FIRST WAY
635
00:27:43,930 --> 00:27:45,031
YOU NEED TO WORK TO DISENTANGLE
636
00:27:45,031 --> 00:27:48,400
ALL THE PROBLEMS OF THAT WAY OF
637
00:27:48,400 --> 00:27:50,236
THINKING IS TO RECOGNIZE THE
638
00:27:50,236 --> 00:27:51,070
HUGE DIVERSITY OF VALUES BY
639
00:27:51,070 --> 00:27:56,943
WHICH PEOPLE ARE GUIDED.
640
00:27:56,943 --> 00:27:57,810
WE'RE DIFFERENT, THE
641
00:27:57,810 --> 00:27:58,477
COSMOPOLITAN THINKS WE'RE
642
00:27:58,477 --> 00:27:59,946
ENTITLED TO BE DIFFERENT, AND
643
00:27:59,946 --> 00:28:01,213
THAT IT IS PERMISSIBLE THAT
644
00:28:01,213 --> 00:28:02,281
THERE SHOULD BE DIFFERENCES
645
00:28:02,281 --> 00:28:03,750
IN CERTAIN WAYS. BUT THE
646
00:28:03,750 --> 00:28:04,416
COSMOPOLITAN ALSO ASSUMES
647
00:28:04,416 --> 00:28:05,117
THE FACT THAT THERE ARE ALL
648
00:28:05,117 --> 00:28:07,386
THESE DIFFERENT KINDS OF VALUES
649
00:28:07,386 --> 00:28:08,087
AND THE FACT THAT WE CAN
650
00:28:08,087 --> 00:28:11,023
RECOGNIZE SO MANY OF THEM IS A
651
00:28:11,023 --> 00:28:12,725
REFLECTION OF THE FACT THAT WE
652
00:28:12,725 --> 00:28:14,260
ARE ALL HUMAN BEINGS, THAT WE
653
00:28:14,260 --> 00:28:15,995
SHARE WHAT YOU MIGHT CALL A
654
00:28:15,995 --> 00:28:27,006
MORAL NATURE.
655
00:28:27,006 --> 00:28:28,374
OUR RESPONSIBILITIES ARE NOT
656
00:28:28,374 --> 00:28:30,042
TO JUST A HUNDRED PEOPLE WE CAN
657
00:28:30,042 --> 00:28:33,212
INTERACT WITH AND SEE, AND THAT
658
00:28:33,212 --> 00:28:35,381
I THINK IS THE GREAT CHALLENGE.
659
00:28:35,381 --> 00:28:36,949
COSMOPOLITANISM, FOR ME, IS
660
00:28:36,949 --> 00:28:39,418
MEANT TO BE AN ANSWER TO THAT
661
00:28:39,418 --> 00:28:41,788
CHALLENGE. IT'S MEANT TO SAY YOU
662
00:28:41,788 --> 00:28:43,455
CAN'T RETREAT TO THE HUNDRED.
663
00:28:43,455 --> 00:28:45,825
YOU CAN'T BE PARTIAL TO SOME
664
00:28:45,825 --> 00:28:47,994
TINY GROUP AND SIMPLY LIVE OUT
665
00:28:47,994 --> 00:28:49,161
YOUR MORAL LIFE IN THAT. THAT'S
666
00:28:49,161 --> 00:28:51,063
NOT MORALLY PERMISSIBLE. BUT YOU
667
00:28:51,063 --> 00:28:53,966
CAN'T ABANDON YOUR LOCAL GROUP
668
00:28:53,966 --> 00:28:55,868
EITHER, BECAUSE THAT WOULD TAKE
669
00:28:55,868 --> 00:28:58,370
YOU TOO FAR, I THINK, FROM YOUR
670
00:28:58,370 --> 00:29:00,039
HUMANITY. SO WHAT WE HAVE TO DO
671
00:29:00,039 --> 00:29:04,076
IS TO LEARN HOW TO DO BOTH.
672
00:29:05,544 --> 00:29:55,294
<*>
673
00:29:55,294 --> 00:29:56,863
[MARTHA NUSSBAUM] ARISTOTLE HAD
674
00:29:56,863 --> 00:29:59,031
THE INGREDIENTS OF A THEORY OF
675
00:29:59,031 --> 00:30:00,199
JUSTICE THAT I THINK IS VERY
676
00:30:00,199 --> 00:30:03,402
POWERFUL. AND THAT IS, IT'S THE
677
00:30:03,402 --> 00:30:05,304
JOB OF A GOOD POLITICAL
678
00:30:05,304 --> 00:30:06,205
ARRANGEMENT TO PROVIDE EACH AND
679
00:30:06,205 --> 00:30:08,107
EVERYONE PERSON WITH WHAT THEY
680
00:30:08,107 --> 00:30:11,310
NEED TO BECOME CAPABLE OF LIVING
681
00:30:11,310 --> 00:30:12,912
RICH AND FLOURISHING HUMAN
682
00:30:12,912 --> 00:30:16,949
LIVES.
683
00:30:16,949 --> 00:30:19,418
NOW OF COURSE HE DIDN'T INCLUDE
684
00:30:19,418 --> 00:30:21,087
ALL THE PEOPLE, BUT AT THE
685
00:30:21,087 --> 00:30:24,523
LEAST HE HAD THE IDEA OF
686
00:30:24,523 --> 00:30:25,958
SUPPORTING HUMAN CAPABILITY
687
00:30:25,958 --> 00:30:28,427
THAT'S THE FOUNDATION OF MY OWN
688
00:30:28,427 --> 00:30:30,096
APPROACH. NOW THEN, IN THE 17TH
689
00:30:30,096 --> 00:30:33,232
AND 18TH CENTURIES A VERY
690
00:30:33,232 --> 00:30:35,367
POWERFUL NEW APPROACH CAME ON
691
00:30:35,367 --> 00:30:38,037
THE SCENE, AND THAT WAS THE
692
00:30:38,037 --> 00:30:39,605
SOCIAL CONTRACT APPROACH -
693
00:30:39,605 --> 00:30:41,373
HOBBES, LOCKE, ROUSSEAU, KANT.
694
00:30:41,373 --> 00:30:43,509
THE SOCIAL CONTRACT APPROACH WAS
695
00:30:43,509 --> 00:30:45,277
INSPIRED BY THE BACKGROUND
696
00:30:45,277 --> 00:30:47,413
CULTURE OF FEUDALISM, WHERE ALL
697
00:30:47,413 --> 00:30:48,647
OPPORTUNITIES WERE DISTRIBUTED
698
00:30:48,647 --> 00:30:50,983
UNEQUALLY TO PEOPLE ACCORDING TO
699
00:30:50,983 --> 00:30:52,584
THEIR CLASS, THEIR INHERITED
700
00:30:52,584 --> 00:30:55,287
WEALTH, AND THEIR STATUS. AND SO
701
00:30:55,287 --> 00:30:57,990
WHAT THESE THEORISTS SAID IS TRY
702
00:30:57,990 --> 00:30:59,125
TO IMAGINE HUMAN BEINGS STRIPPED
703
00:30:59,125 --> 00:31:01,928
OF ALL THOSE INHERITED
704
00:31:01,928 --> 00:31:04,063
ADVANTAGES, PLACED IN WHAT THEY
705
00:31:04,063 --> 00:31:05,197
CALLED THE STATE OF NATURE,
706
00:31:05,197 --> 00:31:08,367
WHERE THEY HAD ONLY THEIR
707
00:31:08,367 --> 00:31:10,536
NATURAL BODY AND THEIR PHYSICAL
708
00:31:10,536 --> 00:31:12,905
ADVANTAGES, AND TRY TO IMAGINE
709
00:31:12,905 --> 00:31:14,073
WHAT KIND OF ARRANGEMENTS THEY
710
00:31:14,073 --> 00:31:23,515
WOULD ACTUALLY MAKE.
711
00:31:23,515 --> 00:31:25,251
THE SOCIAL CONTRACT TRADITION
712
00:31:25,251 --> 00:31:27,319
IS OF COURSE AN ACADEMIC,
713
00:31:27,319 --> 00:31:29,055
PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITION, BUT IT
714
00:31:29,055 --> 00:31:30,589
ALSO HAS TREMENDOUS INFLUENCE
715
00:31:30,589 --> 00:31:32,658
ON POPULAR CULTURE, AND OUR
716
00:31:32,658 --> 00:31:34,060
GENERAL PUBLIC LIFE.
717
00:31:34,060 --> 00:31:35,594
BECAUSE WE, EVERYDAY WE
718
00:31:35,594 --> 00:31:37,663
HERE THINGS LIKE, 'OH, THOSE
719
00:31:37,663 --> 00:31:40,299
PEOPLE DON'T PAY THEIR OWN WAY.'
720
00:31:40,299 --> 00:31:42,935
OR, SUPPORTING SOME NEW GROUP OF
721
00:31:42,935 --> 00:31:45,371
PEOPLE, 'WELL, THEY'LL BE A DRAG
722
00:31:45,371 --> 00:31:48,307
ON OUR ECONOMY. SO THE IDEA THAT
723
00:31:48,307 --> 00:31:51,277
THE GOOD MEMBER OF SOCIETY IS A
724
00:31:51,277 --> 00:31:52,478
PRODUCER WHO CONTRIBUTES
725
00:31:52,478 --> 00:31:54,546
ADVANTAGE TO EVERYONE, THAT IS
726
00:31:54,546 --> 00:31:57,516
VERY, A VERY LIVE IDEA. AND IT
727
00:31:57,516 --> 00:31:59,585
LIES BEHIND THE DECLINE OF
728
00:31:59,585 --> 00:32:01,320
WELFARE PROGRAMS IN THIS
729
00:32:01,320 --> 00:32:03,956
COUNTRY, I THINK IT LIES BEHIND
730
00:32:03,956 --> 00:32:05,491
MANY AMERICANS' SKEPTICISM ABOUT
731
00:32:05,491 --> 00:32:06,225
EUROPE, ABOUT EUROPEAN SOCIAL
732
00:32:06,225 --> 00:32:09,328
DEMOCRACY. THEY, YOU HEAR TERMS
733
00:32:09,328 --> 00:32:11,964
LIKE, OH, THE 'NANNY STATE', AS
734
00:32:11,964 --> 00:32:13,499
THOUGH THERE WERE SOMETHING
735
00:32:13,499 --> 00:32:15,601
WRONG WITH THE IDEA MATERNAL
736
00:32:15,601 --> 00:32:17,236
CARE AS A CONCEPTION OF WHAT
737
00:32:17,236 --> 00:32:20,339
SOCIETY ACTUALLY DOES. WE ALSO
738
00:32:20,339 --> 00:32:23,309
SEE IT IN ANOTHER WAY IN THE
739
00:32:23,309 --> 00:32:26,645
IMAGE OF WHO THE REAL MAN IS -
740
00:32:26,645 --> 00:32:29,615
THE REAL MAN IS SORT OF LIKE
741
00:32:29,615 --> 00:32:32,251
THESE PEOPLE IN THE STATE OF
742
00:32:32,251 --> 00:32:34,353
NATURE. HE DOESN'T DEEPLY NEED
743
00:32:34,353 --> 00:32:36,989
ANYONE, HE ISN'T BOUND TO ANYONE
744
00:32:36,989 --> 00:32:39,458
BY TIES OF LOVE OR COMPASSION,
745
00:32:39,458 --> 00:32:42,461
HE'S THE LONER WHO CAN GO HIS
746
00:32:42,461 --> 00:32:44,130
OWN WAY AND THEN, OUT OF
747
00:32:44,130 --> 00:32:47,266
ADVANTAGE HE'LL CHOOSE TO HAVE
748
00:32:47,266 --> 00:32:49,068
CERTAIN KINDS OF SOCIAL
749
00:32:49,068 --> 00:32:59,745
ARRANGEMENTS.
750
00:32:59,745 --> 00:33:01,647
THE THEORISTS OF THE SOCIAL
751
00:33:01,647 --> 00:33:02,748
CONTRACT MADE CERTAIN
752
00:33:02,748 --> 00:33:04,350
ASSUMPTIONS THAT AREN'T ALWAYS
753
00:33:04,350 --> 00:33:05,251
TRUE. THEY ASSUMED THAT THE
754
00:33:05,251 --> 00:33:07,153
PARTIES TO THIS CONTRACT REALLY
755
00:33:07,153 --> 00:33:10,022
ARE ROUGHLY EQUAL IN PHYSICAL
756
00:33:10,022 --> 00:33:11,223
AND MENTAL POWER. NOW, THAT WAS
757
00:33:11,223 --> 00:33:13,125
FINE, WHEN YOU'RE THINKING ABOUT
758
00:33:13,125 --> 00:33:16,328
ADULT MEN WITH NO DISABILITIES -
759
00:33:16,328 --> 00:33:18,530
BUT AS SOME OF THEM ALREADY
760
00:33:18,530 --> 00:33:20,732
BEGAN TO NOTICE, IT DOESN'T DO
761
00:33:20,732 --> 00:33:22,134
AS WELL WHEN YOU THINK ABOUT
762
00:33:22,134 --> 00:33:23,235
WOMEN, BECAUSE WOMEN'S
763
00:33:23,235 --> 00:33:25,637
OPPRESSION HAS ALWAYS BEEN
764
00:33:25,637 --> 00:33:26,272
PARTLY OCCASIONED BY THEIR
765
00:33:26,272 --> 00:33:28,640
PHYSICAL WEAKNESS, COMPARED TO
766
00:33:28,640 --> 00:33:31,343
MEN. SO IF YOU LEAVE OUT THAT
767
00:33:31,343 --> 00:33:32,244
PHYSICAL ASYMMETRY YOU MAY BE
768
00:33:32,244 --> 00:33:35,447
LEAVING OUT A PROBLEM THAT A
769
00:33:35,447 --> 00:33:37,649
THEORY OF JUSTICE WILL NEED TO
770
00:33:37,649 --> 00:33:40,052
FIX. BUT IT CERTAINLY DOES NOT
771
00:33:40,052 --> 00:33:41,253
DO WELL WHEN WE THINK ABOUT
772
00:33:41,253 --> 00:33:43,155
JUSTICE FOR PEOPLE WITH SERIOUS
773
00:33:43,155 --> 00:33:44,256
PHYSICAL AND MENTAL
774
00:33:44,256 --> 00:33:46,158
DISABILITIES. AND IN FACT SOME
775
00:33:46,158 --> 00:33:49,061
OF THE THEORISTS WHO NOTICED
776
00:33:49,061 --> 00:33:50,262
THAT SAID, 'WELL THIS IS A
777
00:33:50,262 --> 00:33:53,432
PROBLEM, BUT WE'LL JUST HAVE TO
778
00:33:53,432 --> 00:33:55,134
SOLVE IT LATER. - WE'LL GET THE
779
00:33:55,134 --> 00:33:58,337
THEORY FIRST, THEN WE'LL WORK ON
780
00:33:58,337 --> 00:33:59,238
THIS PROBLEM AT SOME OTHER
781
00:33:59,238 --> 00:34:02,441
POINT. WELL, MY THOUGHT IS THAT
782
00:34:02,441 --> 00:34:04,643
THIS IS NOT A SMALL PROBLEM.
783
00:34:04,643 --> 00:34:07,346
THERE ARE A LOT OF PEOPLE WITH
784
00:34:07,346 --> 00:34:08,747
SERIOUS PHYSICAL AND MENTAL
785
00:34:08,747 --> 00:34:10,649
DISABILITIES, BUT NOT ONLY THAT,
786
00:34:10,649 --> 00:34:13,352
BUT IT'S ALL OF US, WHEN WE'RE
787
00:34:13,352 --> 00:34:15,554
LITTLE CHILDREN, AND AS WE AGE.
788
00:34:15,554 --> 00:34:17,756
HOW DO YOU THINK ABOUT JUSTICE
789
00:34:17,756 --> 00:34:19,158
WHEN YOU THINK ABOUT BODIES THAT
790
00:34:19,158 --> 00:34:22,361
ARE VERY, VERY UNEQUAL IN THEIR
791
00:34:22,361 --> 00:34:23,262
ABILITY AND THEIR POWER? AND
792
00:34:23,262 --> 00:34:26,465
PERHAPS EVEN HARDER, HOW DO YOU
793
00:34:26,465 --> 00:34:28,667
THINK ABOUT IT WHEN YOU ARE
794
00:34:28,667 --> 00:34:30,569
DEALING WITH MENTAL POWERS THAT
795
00:34:30,569 --> 00:34:32,738
ARE VERY, VERY UNEQUAL IN THEIR
796
00:34:32,738 --> 00:34:34,140
POTENTIAL? AND I THINK THAT THIS
797
00:34:34,140 --> 00:34:36,842
IS A REALLY SERIOUS POLITICAL
798
00:34:36,842 --> 00:34:38,744
PROBLEM. WE'VE ONLY JUST BEGAN
799
00:34:38,744 --> 00:34:40,646
TO UNDERSTAND HOW TO EDUCATE
800
00:34:40,646 --> 00:34:41,413
CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES, HOW
801
00:34:41,413 --> 00:34:43,182
TO THINK ABOUT THEIR POLITICAL
802
00:34:43,182 --> 00:34:45,584
REPRESENTATION, HOW TO DESIGN
803
00:34:45,584 --> 00:34:48,320
CITIES THAT ARE OPEN TO THEM. I
804
00:34:48,320 --> 00:34:49,255
MEAN THIS BRIDGE WE WALKED
805
00:34:49,255 --> 00:34:52,491
ACROSS, A PERSON IN A WHEELCHAIR
806
00:34:52,491 --> 00:34:54,726
CAN GO OVER THAT BRIDGE, BUT,
807
00:34:54,726 --> 00:34:56,162
YOU KNOW, FIFTY YEARS AGO THAT
808
00:34:56,162 --> 00:34:59,398
WOULD NOT HAVE BEEN THE CASE.
809
00:34:59,398 --> 00:35:01,667
THERE WOULD HAVE BEEN STEPS, AND
810
00:35:01,667 --> 00:35:04,470
THAT PERSON WOULD NOT GET TO SEE
811
00:35:04,470 --> 00:35:19,618
THIS BEAUTIFUL LAKESHORE.
812
00:35:19,618 --> 00:35:21,520
THE CAPABILITIES APPROACH, AS
813
00:35:21,520 --> 00:35:24,390
I'VE DEVELOPED IT AS A THEORY
814
00:35:24,390 --> 00:35:26,692
OF JUSTICE BEGINS WITH THE
815
00:35:26,692 --> 00:35:29,561
IDEA THAT ALL HUMAN BEINGS HAVE
816
00:35:29,561 --> 00:35:31,863
AN INHERENT DIGNITY AND REQUIRE
817
00:35:31,863 --> 00:35:33,799
LIFE CIRCUMSTANCES THAT ARE
818
00:35:33,799 --> 00:35:38,370
WORTHY OF THAT DIGNITY.
819
00:35:38,370 --> 00:35:41,740
THE AREAS OF LIFE THAT SEEM TO
820
00:35:41,740 --> 00:35:43,709
ME PARTICULARLY IMPORTANT WHEN
821
00:35:43,709 --> 00:35:45,277
WE THINK ABOUT THE CAPABILITIES
822
00:35:45,277 --> 00:35:48,247
ARE: OF COURSE, LIFE, IS THE
823
00:35:48,247 --> 00:35:51,617
VERY MOST BASIC ONE; BODILY
824
00:35:51,617 --> 00:35:53,585
HEALTH; BODILY INTEGRITY; THE
825
00:35:53,585 --> 00:35:55,554
DEVELOPMENT OF THE SENSES,
826
00:35:55,554 --> 00:35:57,489
IMAGINATION AND THOUGHT; THE
827
00:35:57,489 --> 00:35:58,857
DEVELOPMENT OF PRACTICAL
828
00:35:58,857 --> 00:36:00,826
REASONING; THE DEVELOPMENT OF
829
00:36:00,826 --> 00:36:02,394
AFFILIATIONS, BOTH MORE
830
00:36:02,394 --> 00:36:04,763
INFORMAL, IN THE FAMILY AND
831
00:36:04,763 --> 00:36:07,333
FRIENDSHIP BUT ALSO IN THE
832
00:36:07,333 --> 00:36:08,734
POLITICAL COMMUNITY; THE
833
00:36:08,734 --> 00:36:11,337
DEVELOPMENT OF THE ABILITY TO
834
00:36:11,337 --> 00:36:13,339
PLAY AND HAVE RECREATIONAL
835
00:36:13,339 --> 00:36:15,341
OPPORTUNITIES; THE ABILITY TO
836
00:36:15,341 --> 00:36:17,343
HAVE RELATIONSHIPS WITH OTHER
837
00:36:17,343 --> 00:36:19,745
CREATURES AND THE WORLD OF
838
00:36:19,745 --> 00:36:21,347
NATURE; DEVELOPING EMOTIONAL
839
00:36:21,347 --> 00:36:23,749
CAPABILITIES, BECAUSE I THINK A
840
00:36:23,749 --> 00:36:26,752
LOT OF THEORIES LEAVE OUT THE
841
00:36:26,752 --> 00:36:30,356
FACT THAT WE DON'T WANT TO HAVE
842
00:36:30,356 --> 00:36:33,359
LIVES THAT ARE FILLED WITH FEAR,
843
00:36:33,359 --> 00:36:38,230
FOR EXAMPLE.
844
00:36:38,230 --> 00:36:41,467
IN MY VIEW, PEOPLE GET TOGETHER
845
00:36:41,467 --> 00:36:43,702
TO FORM A SOCIETY NOT BECAUSE
846
00:36:43,702 --> 00:36:44,936
THEY'RE AFRAID AND THEY WANT TO
847
00:36:44,936 --> 00:36:47,873
STRIKE A DEAL FOR MUTUAL
848
00:36:47,873 --> 00:36:49,808
ADVANTAGE, BUT ITS MUCH MORE
849
00:36:49,808 --> 00:36:51,243
OUT OF LOVE THAT THEY WANT
850
00:36:51,243 --> 00:36:54,513
TO JOIN WITH OTHERS IN CREATING
851
00:36:54,513 --> 00:36:57,616
A WORLD THAT'S AS GOOD AS IT CAN
852
00:36:57,616 --> 00:37:04,356
BE.
853
00:37:16,868 --> 00:37:17,736
[ASTRA TAYLOR] SO, DO YOU HAVE
854
00:37:17,736 --> 00:37:18,337
TO GO TO SCHOOL TO BE A
855
00:37:18,337 --> 00:37:19,705
PHILOSOPHER?
856
00:37:19,705 --> 00:37:21,507
[CORNEL WEST] OH GOD, NO, THANK
857
00:37:21,507 --> 00:37:23,542
GOD YOU DON'T HAVE TO GO TO
858
00:37:23,542 --> 00:37:25,344
SCHOOL. A PHILOSOPHER IS A LOVER
859
00:37:25,344 --> 00:37:26,712
OF WISDOM. IT TAKES TREMENDOUS
860
00:37:26,712 --> 00:37:27,846
DISCIPLINE, IT TAKES TREMENDOUS
861
00:37:27,846 --> 00:37:29,415
COURAGE TO THINK FOR YOURSELF,
862
00:37:29,415 --> 00:37:30,549
TO EXAMINE YOURSELF. THE
863
00:37:30,549 --> 00:37:31,683
SOCRATIC IMPERATIVE OF EXAMINING
864
00:37:31,683 --> 00:37:32,818
YOURSELF REQUIRES COURAGE. YOU
865
00:37:32,818 --> 00:37:34,386
KNOW WILLIAM BUTLER YATES USED
866
00:37:34,386 --> 00:37:36,422
TO SAY IT TAKES MORE COURAGE TO
867
00:37:36,422 --> 00:37:37,022
EXAMINE THE DARK CORNERS OF YOUR
868
00:37:37,022 --> 00:37:39,057
OWN SOUL THAN IT DOES FOR A
869
00:37:39,057 --> 00:37:41,860
SOLDIER TO FIGHT ON THE BATTLE
870
00:37:41,860 --> 00:37:42,461
FIELD. COURAGE TO THINK
871
00:37:42,461 --> 00:37:44,596
CRITICALLY. YOU CAN'T TALK -
872
00:37:44,596 --> 00:37:45,063
COURAGE IS THE ENABLING VIRTUE
873
00:37:45,063 --> 00:37:47,599
FOR ANY PHILOSOPHER, FOR ANY
874
00:37:47,599 --> 00:37:49,668
HUMAN BEING, I THINK IN THE END.
875
00:37:49,668 --> 00:37:50,336
COURAGE TO THINK, COURAGE TO
876
00:37:50,336 --> 00:37:57,042
LOVE, COURAGE TO HOPE.
877
00:37:57,042 --> 00:37:59,745
PLATO SAYS PHILOSOPHY IS A
878
00:37:59,745 --> 00:38:01,447
MEDITATION ON AND A PREPARATION
879
00:38:01,447 --> 00:38:03,449
FOR DEATH. BY DEATH, WHAT HE
880
00:38:03,449 --> 00:38:05,717
MEANS IS NOT AN EVENT, BUT A
881
00:38:05,717 --> 00:38:07,719
DEATH IN LIFE BECAUSE THERE IS
882
00:38:07,719 --> 00:38:09,455
NO REBIRTH, THERE'S NO CHANGE,
883
00:38:09,455 --> 00:38:10,456
THERE'S NO TRANSFORMATION
884
00:38:10,456 --> 00:38:11,723
WITHOUT DEATH. AND THEREFORE
885
00:38:11,723 --> 00:38:13,459
THE QUESTION BECOMES, HOW DO
886
00:38:13,459 --> 00:38:15,727
YOU LEARN HOW TO DIE? AND OF
887
00:38:15,727 --> 00:38:16,428
COURSE MONTAIGNE TALKS ABOUT
888
00:38:16,428 --> 00:38:18,730
THAT, HIS FAMOUS ESSAY, TO
889
00:38:18,730 --> 00:38:20,466
PHILOSOPHIZE IS TO LEARN HOW
890
00:38:20,466 --> 00:38:22,468
TO DIE. YOU CAN'T TALK ABOUT
891
00:38:22,468 --> 00:38:23,735
TRUTH WITHOUT TALKING ABOUT
892
00:38:23,735 --> 00:38:29,408
LEARNING HOW TO DIE.
893
00:38:29,408 --> 00:38:29,975
I BELIEVE THAT THEODORE ADORNO
894
00:38:29,975 --> 00:38:33,479
WAS RIGHT WHEN HE SAYS THAT THE
895
00:38:33,479 --> 00:38:35,514
CONDITION OF TRUTH IS TO ALLOW
896
00:38:35,514 --> 00:38:36,081
SUFFERING TO SPEAK. THAT GIVES
897
00:38:36,081 --> 00:38:38,850
IT AN EXISTENTIAL EMPHASIS, YOU
898
00:38:38,850 --> 00:38:40,619
SEE. SO WE'RE REALLY TALKING
899
00:38:40,619 --> 00:38:43,389
ABOUT TRUTH AS A WAY OF LIFE AS
900
00:38:43,389 --> 00:38:45,691
OPPOSED TO TRUTH AS A SET OF
901
00:38:45,691 --> 00:38:46,458
PROPOSITIONS THAT CORRESPOND TO
902
00:38:46,458 --> 00:38:52,097
A SET OF THINGS IN THE WORLD.
903
00:38:52,097 --> 00:38:55,401
HUMAN BEINGS ARE UNABLE TO EVER
904
00:38:55,401 --> 00:38:56,034
GAIN ANY MONOPOLY ON TRUTH,
905
00:38:56,034 --> 00:38:59,137
CAPITAL T. WE MIGHT HAVE ACCESS
906
00:38:59,137 --> 00:39:01,440
TO TRUTH, SMALL T, BUT THEY'RE
907
00:39:01,440 --> 00:39:02,774
FALLIBLE CLAIMS ABOUT TRUTH,
908
00:39:02,774 --> 00:39:05,377
THEY COULD BE WRONG, WE HAVE TO
909
00:39:05,377 --> 00:39:07,779
BE OPEN TO REVISION AND SO ON.
910
00:39:07,779 --> 00:39:10,382
SO THERE IS A KIND OF MYSTERY
911
00:39:10,382 --> 00:39:11,717
THAT GOES HAND-IN-HAND WITH
912
00:39:11,717 --> 00:39:13,118
TRUTH. THIS IS WHY SO MANY OF
913
00:39:13,118 --> 00:39:15,654
THE EXISTENTIAL THINKERS, BE
914
00:39:15,654 --> 00:39:17,789
THEY - BE THEY RELIGIOUS LIKE
915
00:39:17,789 --> 00:39:19,625
MEISTER ECKHART OR PAUL TILLICH,
916
00:39:19,625 --> 00:39:21,026
OR BE THEY SECULAR LIKE CAMUS OR
917
00:39:21,026 --> 00:39:23,862
SARTRE - THAT THEY'RE ACCENTING
918
00:39:23,862 --> 00:39:25,664
OUR FINITUDE AND OUR INABILITY
919
00:39:25,664 --> 00:39:27,499
TO FULL GRASP THE ULTIMATE
920
00:39:27,499 --> 00:39:29,134
NATURE OF REALITY, THE TRUTH
921
00:39:29,134 --> 00:39:30,669
ABOUT THINGS. AND THEREFORE,
922
00:39:30,669 --> 00:39:32,504
THERE, YOU TALK ABOUT TRUTH
923
00:39:32,504 --> 00:39:34,940
BEING TIED TO THE WAY TO TRUTH,
924
00:39:34,940 --> 00:39:37,576
BECAUSE ONCE YOU GIVE UP ON THE
925
00:39:37,576 --> 00:39:39,711
NOTION OF FULLY GRASPING THE WAY
926
00:39:39,711 --> 00:39:41,847
THE WORLD IS, YOU'RE GONNA TALK
927
00:39:41,847 --> 00:39:44,483
ABOUT WHAT ARE THE WAYS I CAN
928
00:39:44,483 --> 00:39:46,618
SUSTAIN MY QUEST FOR TRUTH? HOW
929
00:39:46,618 --> 00:39:48,754
CAN YOU SUSTAIN A JOURNEY, A
930
00:39:48,754 --> 00:39:50,889
PATH TOWARD TRUTH, A WAY TO
931
00:39:50,889 --> 00:39:52,023
TRUTH? SO THE TRUTH TALK GOES
932
00:39:52,023 --> 00:39:54,860
HAND-IN-HAND WITH TALK ABOUT THE
933
00:39:54,860 --> 00:39:56,695
WAY TO TRUTH. AND SCIENTISTS
934
00:39:56,695 --> 00:39:58,830
COULD TALK ABOUT THIS IN TERMS
935
00:39:58,830 --> 00:40:00,666
OF, YOU KNOW, INDUCING EVIDENCE
936
00:40:00,666 --> 00:40:01,166
AND DRAWING RELIABLE CONCLUSIONS
937
00:40:01,166 --> 00:40:04,169
AND SO FORTH AND SO ON.
938
00:40:04,169 --> 00:40:05,036
RELIGIOUS FOLKS CAN TALK ABOUT
939
00:40:05,036 --> 00:40:07,873
THIS IN TERMS OF SURRENDERING
940
00:40:07,873 --> 00:40:09,040
ONE'S ARROGANCE AND PRIDE IN THE
941
00:40:09,040 --> 00:40:11,910
FACE OF DIVINE REVELATION AND
942
00:40:11,910 --> 00:40:13,078
WHAT HAVE YOU. BUT THEY'RE ALL
943
00:40:13,078 --> 00:40:15,681
WAYS OF ACKNOWLEDGING OUR
944
00:40:15,681 --> 00:40:22,454
FINITUDE AND OUR FALLIBILITY.
945
00:40:22,454 --> 00:40:24,723
I WANT ALL OF THE RICH,
946
00:40:24,723 --> 00:40:26,157
HISTORICAL COLORATIONS TO BE
947
00:40:26,157 --> 00:40:27,092
MANIFEST IN TALKING ABOUT OUR
948
00:40:27,092 --> 00:40:30,562
FINITUDE. BEING BORN OF A WOMAN
949
00:40:30,562 --> 00:40:32,130
IN STANK AND STENCH, WHAT WE, I
950
00:40:32,130 --> 00:40:34,065
CALL FUNK. BEING INTRODUCED TO
951
00:40:34,065 --> 00:40:37,836
THE FUNK OF LIFE IN THE WOMB
952
00:40:37,836 --> 00:40:39,771
AND THE LOVE-PUSH THAT GETS
953
00:40:39,771 --> 00:40:41,039
YOU OUT. RIGHT? AND THEN YOUR
954
00:40:41,039 --> 00:40:44,810
BODY IS NOT JUST DEATH - HERE
955
00:40:44,810 --> 00:40:46,077
VICO TALKS ABOUT IT, AND HERE
956
00:40:46,077 --> 00:40:49,515
VICO IS SO MUCH BETTER THAN
957
00:40:49,515 --> 00:40:51,483
HEIDEGGER, VICO TALKS ABOUT IT
958
00:40:51,483 --> 00:40:53,752
IN TERMS OF BEING A CORPSE.
959
00:40:53,752 --> 00:40:54,886
SEE, HEIDEGGER DOESN'T
960
00:40:54,886 --> 00:40:56,855
TALK ABOUT CORPSES, HE TALKS
961
00:40:56,855 --> 00:40:58,824
ABOUT DEATH, IT'S STILL TO
962
00:40:58,824 --> 00:41:00,492
ABSTRACT. ABSOLUTELY, READ THE
963
00:41:00,492 --> 00:41:02,794
POETRY OF JOHN DONNE, HE'LL TELL
964
00:41:02,794 --> 00:41:04,262
YOU ABOUT CORPSES THAT
965
00:41:04,262 --> 00:41:05,931
DECOMPOSE. WELL, SEE, THAT'S
966
00:41:05,931 --> 00:41:07,899
HISTORY. THAT'S THE RAW FUNKY,
967
00:41:07,899 --> 00:41:09,868
STANKY STUFF OF LIFE. THAT'S
968
00:41:09,868 --> 00:41:12,203
WHAT BLUES MEN DO, SEE THAT'S
969
00:41:12,203 --> 00:41:17,008
WHAT JAZZ MEN DO.
970
00:41:17,008 --> 00:41:20,546
SEE, I'M A BLUES MAN IN THE
971
00:41:20,546 --> 00:41:22,881
LIFE OF THE MIND, I'M A JAZZ
972
00:41:22,881 --> 00:41:24,916
MAN IN THE WORLD OF IDEAS.
973
00:41:24,916 --> 00:41:26,685
THEREFORE FOR ME MUSIC IS
974
00:41:26,685 --> 00:41:27,986
CENTRAL. THEREFORE, WHEN YOU
975
00:41:27,986 --> 00:41:29,755
TALK ABOUT POETRY, FOR MOST
976
00:41:29,755 --> 00:41:30,155
PART PLATO WAS TALKING
977
00:41:30,155 --> 00:41:32,791
PRIMARILY ABOUT WORDS, WHEREAS I
978
00:41:32,791 --> 00:41:34,860
TALK ABOUT NOTES, I TALK ABOUT
979
00:41:34,860 --> 00:41:36,928
TONE, I TALK ABOUT TIMBRE, I
980
00:41:36,928 --> 00:41:37,996
TALK ABOUT RHYTHM. YOU SEE FOR
981
00:41:37,996 --> 00:41:40,298
ME MUSIC IS FUNDAMENTAL.
982
00:41:40,298 --> 00:41:41,099
PHILOSOPHY MUST TO SCHOOL NOT
983
00:41:41,099 --> 00:41:43,902
ONLY WITH THE POETS, PHILOSOPHY
984
00:41:43,902 --> 00:41:46,271
HAS TO GO TO SCHOOL WITH THE
985
00:41:46,271 --> 00:41:47,072
MUSICIANS. KEEP IN MIND PLATO
986
00:41:47,072 --> 00:41:50,208
BANS THE FLUTE IN THE REPUBLIC
987
00:41:50,208 --> 00:41:52,143
BUT NOT THE LYRE.
988
00:41:52,143 --> 00:41:54,813
WHY? BECAUSE THE FLUTE APPEALS
989
00:41:54,813 --> 00:41:56,715
TO ALL OF THESE VARIOUS SIDES
990
00:41:56,715 --> 00:41:58,617
OF WHO WE ARE GIVEN HIS
991
00:41:58,617 --> 00:41:59,818
TRIPARTITE CONCEPTION OF THE
992
00:41:59,818 --> 00:42:01,286
SOUL. THE RATIONAL AND THE
993
00:42:01,286 --> 00:42:02,688
SPIRITED AND THE APPETITIVE.
994
00:42:02,688 --> 00:42:04,590
AND THE FLUTE APPEALS TO ALL
995
00:42:04,590 --> 00:42:06,324
THREE OF THOSE, WHERE HE THINKS
996
00:42:06,324 --> 00:42:08,259
THE LYRE, WITH ONLY ONE STRING,
997
00:42:08,259 --> 00:42:10,195
IT ONLY APPEALS TO ONE AND
998
00:42:10,195 --> 00:42:11,597
THEREFORE IS PERMISSIBLE. NOW
999
00:42:11,597 --> 00:42:13,298
OF COURSE THE IRONY IS WHEN
1000
00:42:13,298 --> 00:42:15,233
PLATO WAS ON HIS DEATHBED, WHAT
1001
00:42:15,233 --> 00:42:17,168
DID HE DO? WELL, HE REQUESTED
1002
00:42:17,168 --> 00:42:18,136
THE THRACIAN GIRL TO PLAY MUSIC
1003
00:42:18,136 --> 00:42:24,810
ON THE FLUTE.
1004
00:42:24,810 --> 00:42:27,613
I'M A CHRISTIAN BUT I'M NOT A
1005
00:42:27,613 --> 00:42:29,581
PURITAN, I BELIEVE IN PLEASURE.
1006
00:42:29,581 --> 00:42:31,349
AND ORGIASTIC PLEASURE HAS ITS
1007
00:42:31,349 --> 00:42:32,050
PLACE, INTELLECTUAL PLEASURE HAS
1008
00:42:32,050 --> 00:42:34,986
ITS PLACE, SOCIAL PLEASURE HAS
1009
00:42:34,986 --> 00:42:36,655
ITS PLACE. TELEVISUAL PLEASURE
1010
00:42:36,655 --> 00:42:39,290
HAS ITS PLACE, YOU KNOW I LIKE
1011
00:42:39,290 --> 00:42:41,793
CERTAIN TV SHOWS. MY GOD, WHEN
1012
00:42:41,793 --> 00:42:43,795
IT COMES TO MUSIC, OH,
1013
00:42:43,795 --> 00:42:45,263
BEETHOVEN'S 32ND SONATA, OPUS
1014
00:42:45,263 --> 00:42:46,632
111. UNBELIEVABLE AESTHETIC
1015
00:42:46,632 --> 00:42:48,967
PLEASURE. THE SAME WOULD BE TRUE
1016
00:42:48,967 --> 00:42:51,002
FOR CURTIS MAYFIELD OR THE
1017
00:42:51,002 --> 00:42:55,373
BEATLES OR WHAT HAVE YOU.
1018
00:42:55,373 --> 00:42:57,208
THERE'S A CERTAIN PLEASURE OF
1019
00:42:57,208 --> 00:42:59,811
THE LIFE OF THE MIND THAT CANNOT
1020
00:42:59,811 --> 00:43:01,913
BE DENIED. IT'S TRUE THAT YOU
1021
00:43:01,913 --> 00:43:03,248
MIGHT BE SOCIALLY ISOLATED,
1022
00:43:03,248 --> 00:43:04,082
BECAUSE YOU'RE IN THE LIBRARY,
1023
00:43:04,082 --> 00:43:07,686
AT HOME, AND SO ON, BUT YOU'RE
1024
00:43:07,686 --> 00:43:09,320
INTENSELY ALIVE. IN, FACT YOU'RE
1025
00:43:09,320 --> 00:43:10,155
MUCH MORE ALIVE THEN THESE
1026
00:43:10,155 --> 00:43:12,991
PEOPLE WALKING THE STREETS OF
1027
00:43:12,991 --> 00:43:15,393
NEW YORK IN CROWDS WITH JUST NO
1028
00:43:15,393 --> 00:43:16,662
INTELLECTUAL INTERROGATION AND
1029
00:43:16,662 --> 00:43:18,063
QUESTION GOING ON AT ALL. BUT IF
1030
00:43:18,063 --> 00:43:21,199
YOU READ, YOU KNOW, A JOHN
1031
00:43:21,199 --> 00:43:23,334
RUSKIN OR YOU READ MARK TWAIN,
1032
00:43:23,334 --> 00:43:25,671
OR, OH MY GOD, HERMAN MELVILLE,
1033
00:43:25,671 --> 00:43:27,806
YOU ALMOST HAVE TO THROW THE
1034
00:43:27,806 --> 00:43:29,675
BOOK AGAINST THE WALL BECAUSE
1035
00:43:29,675 --> 00:43:31,342
YOU'RE ALMOST SO INTENSELY ALIVE
1036
00:43:31,342 --> 00:43:33,278
THAT YOU NEED A BREAK.
1037
00:43:33,278 --> 00:43:33,845
[ASTRA TAYLOR] YOU GET
1038
00:43:33,845 --> 00:43:34,345
ELECTRIFIED.
1039
00:43:34,345 --> 00:43:35,947
[CORNEL WEST] EXACTLY, TAKE A
1040
00:43:35,947 --> 00:43:37,816
BREAK, GET A LITTLE DULLNESS IN
1041
00:43:37,816 --> 00:43:39,685
YOUR LIFE. TAKE MOBY DICK, THROW
1042
00:43:39,685 --> 00:43:41,386
IT AGAINST THE WALL THE WAY
1043
00:43:41,386 --> 00:43:42,087
GOETHE THREW VON KLEIST'S WORK
1044
00:43:42,087 --> 00:43:44,155
AGAINST THE WALL IT WAS JUST TOO
1045
00:43:44,155 --> 00:43:46,057
MUCH, IT MADE GOETHE - IT
1046
00:43:46,057 --> 00:43:48,694
REMINDED GOETHE OF THE DARKNESS
1047
00:43:48,694 --> 00:43:49,127
HE WAS ESCAPING AFTER HE
1048
00:43:49,127 --> 00:43:51,329
OVERCAME THOSE SUICIDAL IMPULSES
1049
00:43:51,329 --> 00:43:53,231
WITH SORROWS OF YOUNG WERTHER IN
1050
00:43:53,231 --> 00:43:54,132
THE 1770S HAT MADE HIS MOVE
1051
00:43:54,132 --> 00:43:56,334
TOWARD NEOCLASSICISM IN WIEMAR.
1052
00:43:56,334 --> 00:43:57,969
THERE ARE CERTAIN THINGS THAT
1053
00:43:57,969 --> 00:43:59,871
MAKE US TOO ALIVE, ALMOST, ITS
1054
00:43:59,871 --> 00:44:01,306
ALMOST LIKE BEING TOO INTENSELY
1055
00:44:01,306 --> 00:44:03,441
IN LOVE - YOU CAN'T DO ANYTHING.
1056
00:44:03,441 --> 00:44:05,777
IT'S HARD TO GET BACK TO KRONOS
1057
00:44:05,777 --> 00:44:07,679
IN, HARD TO GET BACK THE
1058
00:44:07,679 --> 00:44:09,380
EVERYDAY LIFE, YOU KNOW WHAT I
1059
00:44:09,380 --> 00:44:10,081
MEAN? THAT KAIROTIC DIMENSION OF
1060
00:44:10,081 --> 00:44:12,718
BEING IN LOVE WITH ANOTHER
1061
00:44:12,718 --> 00:44:13,919
PERSON, EVERYTHING IS SO
1062
00:44:13,919 --> 00:44:15,386
MEANINGFUL, YOU WANT TO SUSTAIN
1063
00:44:15,386 --> 00:44:17,723
IT. YOU JUST CAN'T DO IT, YOU
1064
00:44:17,723 --> 00:44:19,691
GOTTA GO TO THE BATHROOM, HAVE
1065
00:44:19,691 --> 00:44:22,928
DRINK OF WATER. SHIT.
1066
00:44:23,328 --> 00:45:22,020
<*>
1067
00:45:22,020 --> 00:45:23,254
[MICHAEL HARDT] FOR MY
1068
00:45:23,254 --> 00:45:24,956
GENERATION IN THE MID-80S, WHEN
1069
00:45:24,956 --> 00:45:26,925
I WAS IN MY TWENTIES, JUST
1070
00:45:26,925 --> 00:45:28,894
STARTING TO DO POLITICS IN A
1071
00:45:28,894 --> 00:45:30,862
SERIOUS WAY, IT SEEMED LIKE THE
1072
00:45:30,862 --> 00:45:32,063
ONLY WAY TO - THE ONLY OUTLET
1073
00:45:32,063 --> 00:45:34,766
FOR REVOLUTIONARY DESIRE WAS TO
1074
00:45:34,766 --> 00:45:36,534
GO TO LATIN AMERICA AND TO
1075
00:45:36,534 --> 00:45:38,236
SOMEHOW PARTICIPATE IN, OR AT
1076
00:45:38,236 --> 00:45:38,837
LEAST OBSERVE, THEIR
1077
00:45:38,837 --> 00:45:41,406
REVOLUTIONS. I MEAN, SO A LOT OF
1078
00:45:41,406 --> 00:45:43,374
PEOPLE WENT TO NICARAGUA, I WITH
1079
00:45:43,374 --> 00:45:44,142
MY FRIENDS WAS MOSTLY INTERESTED
1080
00:45:44,142 --> 00:45:47,312
IN EL SALVADOR. BUT THE THING I
1081
00:45:47,312 --> 00:45:49,280
REALIZED AT A CERTAIN POINT WAS
1082
00:45:49,280 --> 00:45:51,249
ALL WE COULD REALLY DO WAS
1083
00:45:51,249 --> 00:45:52,483
OBSERVE WHAT THEIR REVOLUTIONS
1084
00:45:52,483 --> 00:45:53,184
WERE. AND THE DEFINING MOMENT
1085
00:45:53,184 --> 00:45:56,855
FOR ME CAME IN EL SALVADOR, AT A
1086
00:45:56,855 --> 00:45:58,356
MEETING WITH A GROUP OF
1087
00:45:58,356 --> 00:46:00,325
STUDENTS. AT A CERTAIN POINT A
1088
00:46:00,325 --> 00:46:02,027
FRIEND THERE SAID, 'LOOK, WE'RE
1089
00:46:02,027 --> 00:46:03,528
REALLY GRATEFUL FOR THESE NORTH
1090
00:46:03,528 --> 00:46:05,230
AMERICAN COMRADES WHO COME TO
1091
00:46:05,230 --> 00:46:06,197
HELP BUT WHAT WOULD BE REALLY
1092
00:46:06,197 --> 00:46:09,901
BEST FOR US IS IF YOU ALL WOULD
1093
00:46:09,901 --> 00:46:11,870
GO HOME AND MAKE REVOLUTION IN
1094
00:46:11,870 --> 00:46:13,839
THE US. THAT WOULD REALLY BE
1095
00:46:13,839 --> 00:46:15,807
BETTER THAN TRYING TO HELP US
1096
00:46:15,807 --> 00:46:17,575
HERE.' AND IT WAS TRUE, OF
1097
00:46:17,575 --> 00:46:19,544
COURSE, I DON'T THINK ANY OF
1098
00:46:19,544 --> 00:46:20,511
THESE AMERICANS WE'RE
1099
00:46:20,511 --> 00:46:21,479
PARTICULARLY HELPFUL IN
1100
00:46:21,479 --> 00:46:22,147
NICARAGUA AND EL SALVADOR, ET
1101
00:46:22,147 --> 00:46:25,383
CETERA, AND, BUT I SAID AT THAT
1102
00:46:25,383 --> 00:46:26,117
POINT, 'REAGAN'S IN THE WHITE
1103
00:46:26,117 --> 00:46:29,320
HOUSE, I HAVE NO IDEA WHAT IT
1104
00:46:29,320 --> 00:46:31,289
WOULD MEAN TO MAKE A REVOLUTION
1105
00:46:31,289 --> 00:46:33,992
IN THE US. I JUST DON'T HAVE ANY
1106
00:46:33,992 --> 00:46:36,227
-' AND HE SAID, 'LOOK, DON'T YOU
1107
00:46:36,227 --> 00:46:38,463
HAVE MOUNTAINS IN THE US?' AND I
1108
00:46:38,463 --> 00:46:39,230
SAID, 'YEAH, WE HAVE MOUNTAINS.'
1109
00:46:39,230 --> 00:46:42,400
AND HE SAID, 'IT'S EASY, YOU GO
1110
00:46:42,400 --> 00:46:44,402
TO THE MOUNTAINS, YOU START AN
1111
00:46:44,402 --> 00:46:46,404
ARMED CELL, AND YOU MAKE A
1112
00:46:46,404 --> 00:46:47,138
REVOLUTION. AND I THOUGHT, 'OH
1113
00:46:47,138 --> 00:46:49,140
SHIT.' YOU KNOW, IT JUST DIDN'T
1114
00:46:49,140 --> 00:46:51,877
CORRESPOND TO MY REALITY. LIKE
1115
00:46:51,877 --> 00:46:52,377
THOSE NOTIONS OF CONSTRUCTING
1116
00:46:52,377 --> 00:46:54,412
THE ARMED CELL, ESPECIALLY
1117
00:46:54,412 --> 00:46:55,146
CONSTRUCTING AN ARMED CELL IN
1118
00:46:55,146 --> 00:46:57,415
THE MOUNTAINS AND THEN
1119
00:46:57,415 --> 00:46:58,884
SABOTAGING THINGS. IT DIDN'T
1120
00:46:58,884 --> 00:47:00,151
MAKE ANY SENSE AT ALL, SO WE
1121
00:47:00,151 --> 00:47:03,855
REALLY DIDN'T KNOW HOW TO DO IT.
1122
00:47:03,855 --> 00:47:05,423
NOT JUST WE DIDN'T KNOW
1123
00:47:05,423 --> 00:47:06,191
PRACTICALLY, LIKE WE DIDN'T KNOW
1124
00:47:06,191 --> 00:47:09,227
WHICH RIFFLES TO TAKE UP INTO
1125
00:47:09,227 --> 00:47:10,996
THE MOUNTAINS. IT'S THAT THE
1126
00:47:10,996 --> 00:47:12,063
WHOLE IDEA OF WHAT IT INVOLVED
1127
00:47:12,063 --> 00:47:14,132
WAS LACKING - AND REQUIRED A
1128
00:47:14,132 --> 00:47:17,102
REAL CONCEPTUAL RETHINKING.
1129
00:47:18,403 --> 00:47:56,942
<*>
1130
00:47:56,942 --> 00:47:58,276
[MICHAEL HARDT] WE'RE STUCK
1131
00:47:58,276 --> 00:47:59,610
CONCEPTUALLY I THINK BETWEEN
1132
00:47:59,610 --> 00:48:01,947
TWO ALMOST CLICHé WAYS OF THINK
1133
00:48:01,947 --> 00:48:03,581
REVOLUTION TODAY. ON THE ONE
1134
00:48:03,581 --> 00:48:05,416
HAND WE HAVE THE NOTION
1135
00:48:05,416 --> 00:48:07,252
OF REVOLUTION THAT INVOLVES THE
1136
00:48:07,252 --> 00:48:08,086
REPLACEMENT OF A RULING ELITE
1137
00:48:08,086 --> 00:48:10,922
WITH ANOTHER, BETTER IN MANY
1138
00:48:10,922 --> 00:48:13,058
WAYS, RULING ELITE - AND THAT'S
1139
00:48:13,058 --> 00:48:15,994
IN FACT SORT OF THE FORM MANY OF
1140
00:48:15,994 --> 00:48:17,362
THE MODERN REVOLUTIONS HAVE
1141
00:48:17,362 --> 00:48:18,196
TAKEN AND HAVE POSED GREAT
1142
00:48:18,196 --> 00:48:21,032
BENEFITS FOR THE PEOPLE, ET
1143
00:48:21,032 --> 00:48:22,667
CETERA, BUT THEY HAVE NOT
1144
00:48:22,667 --> 00:48:24,502
ARRIVED AT DEMOCRACY. SO THAT
1145
00:48:24,502 --> 00:48:26,371
NOTION IS REALLY DISCREDITED, I
1146
00:48:26,371 --> 00:48:28,473
THINK RIGHTLY SO. BUT OPPOSED TO
1147
00:48:28,473 --> 00:48:30,341
THAT IS ANOTHER NOTION OF
1148
00:48:30,341 --> 00:48:31,209
REVOLUTION, THAT I THINK IS
1149
00:48:31,209 --> 00:48:33,078
EQUALLY DISCREDITED FROM I THINK
1150
00:48:33,078 --> 00:48:35,947
EXACTLY THE OPPOSITE POINT OF
1151
00:48:35,947 --> 00:48:37,082
VIEW, WHICH IS THE NOTION OF
1152
00:48:37,082 --> 00:48:39,951
REVOLUTION, WHICH IN FACT HASN'T
1153
00:48:39,951 --> 00:48:41,619
BEEN INSTITUTED, WHICH THINKS OF
1154
00:48:41,619 --> 00:48:43,488
REVOLUTION AS JUST THE REMOVAL
1155
00:48:43,488 --> 00:48:45,656
OF ALL OF THOSE FORMS OF
1156
00:48:45,656 --> 00:48:46,291
AUTHORITY, STATE POWER, THE
1157
00:48:46,291 --> 00:48:48,093
POWER OF CAPITAL, THAT STOP
1158
00:48:48,093 --> 00:48:50,495
PEOPLE FROM EXPRESSING THEIR
1159
00:48:50,495 --> 00:48:51,129
NATURAL ABILITIES TO RULE
1160
00:48:51,129 --> 00:48:56,367
THEMSELVES.
1161
00:48:56,367 --> 00:48:57,702
THE QUESTION OF HUMAN NATURE
1162
00:48:57,702 --> 00:48:59,470
HAS LONG BEEN A THING OF
1163
00:48:59,470 --> 00:49:00,571
POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY. IN FACT
1164
00:49:00,571 --> 00:49:01,239
I'M SURE EVERYONE HAD SOME
1165
00:49:01,239 --> 00:49:02,207
STUPID EVENING IN COLLEGE
1166
00:49:02,207 --> 00:49:04,542
SMOKING WAY TOO MUCH AND
1167
00:49:04,542 --> 00:49:06,544
TALKING, WHERE YOU END UP IN A
1168
00:49:06,544 --> 00:49:07,645
DISCUSSION WHERE, LIKE, YOU
1169
00:49:07,645 --> 00:49:08,313
DECIDE YOU DISAGREE WITH YOUR
1170
00:49:08,313 --> 00:49:10,481
FRIEND BECAUSE SHE THINKS THAT
1171
00:49:10,481 --> 00:49:12,017
HUMAN NATURE'S EVIL, YOU THINK
1172
00:49:12,017 --> 00:49:13,351
HUMAN NATURE'S GOOD, AND YOU
1173
00:49:13,351 --> 00:49:14,152
CAN'T GET ANY FURTHER. I MEAN
1174
00:49:14,152 --> 00:49:17,422
THIS IS - I THINK THAT KIND OF
1175
00:49:17,422 --> 00:49:18,990
STUPIDITY, I THINK, HAS AFFECTED
1176
00:49:18,990 --> 00:49:20,591
A LOT OF THE HISTORY OF
1177
00:49:20,591 --> 00:49:21,726
POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY. AND I
1178
00:49:21,726 --> 00:49:23,294
THINK THE RELEVANT FACT FOR
1179
00:49:23,294 --> 00:49:28,233
POLITICS -
1180
00:49:28,233 --> 00:49:34,239
RUNNING AGROUND.
1181
00:49:34,239 --> 00:49:41,746
SHIPWRECKED.
1182
00:49:41,746 --> 00:49:43,714
THE RELEVANT FACT FOR POLITICS
1183
00:49:43,714 --> 00:49:45,683
IS REALLY THAT HUMAN NATURE'S
1184
00:49:45,683 --> 00:49:47,318
CHANGEABLE. HUMAN NATURE ISN'T
1185
00:49:47,318 --> 00:49:49,587
GOOD OR EVIL, HUMAN NATURE IS
1186
00:49:49,587 --> 00:49:50,688
CONSTITUTED, IT'S CONSTITUTED
1187
00:49:50,688 --> 00:49:53,491
BY HOW WE ACT, HOW WE -
1188
00:49:53,491 --> 00:49:54,159
THE HISTORY, HUMAN NATURE
1189
00:49:54,159 --> 00:49:57,762
IS IN FACT THE HISTORY OF HABITS
1190
00:49:57,762 --> 00:49:59,730
AND PRACTICES THAT ARE THE
1191
00:49:59,730 --> 00:50:01,232
RESULT OF, OF PAST STRUGGLES, OF
1192
00:50:01,232 --> 00:50:03,701
PAST HIERARCHIES, OF PAST
1193
00:50:03,701 --> 00:50:05,670
VICTORIES AND DEFEATS. AND SO
1194
00:50:05,670 --> 00:50:08,506
THIS IS I THINK ACTUALLY - THE
1195
00:50:08,506 --> 00:50:10,508
KEY TO RETHINKING REVOLUTION IS
1196
00:50:10,508 --> 00:50:12,543
TO RECOGNIZE THAT REVOLUTION IS
1197
00:50:12,543 --> 00:50:14,645
NOT JUST ABOUT A TRANSFORMATION
1198
00:50:14,645 --> 00:50:16,781
FOR DEMOCRACY, IT'S REALLY -
1199
00:50:16,781 --> 00:50:18,549
REVOLUTION REALLY REQUIRES A
1200
00:50:18,549 --> 00:50:20,351
TRANSFORMATION OF HUMAN NATURE
1201
00:50:20,351 --> 00:50:23,054
SO THAT PEOPLE ARE CAPABLE OF
1202
00:50:23,054 --> 00:50:28,293
DEMOCRACY.
1203
00:50:28,293 --> 00:50:29,194
DEMOCRACY IS ONE OF THOSE
1204
00:50:29,194 --> 00:50:32,363
CONCEPTS, IT SEEMS TO ME, THAT
1205
00:50:32,363 --> 00:50:33,764
HAS BEEN ALMOST COMPLETELY
1206
00:50:33,764 --> 00:50:35,666
CORRUPTED TODAY. I SOME CASES
1207
00:50:35,666 --> 00:50:37,568
IT'S USED TO MEAN SIMPLY
1208
00:50:37,568 --> 00:50:38,203
PERIODIC ELECTIONS WITH A
1209
00:50:38,203 --> 00:50:41,072
LIMITED CHOICE OF RULERS. IN
1210
00:50:41,072 --> 00:50:42,773
OTHER CASES, WHEN ONE THINKS
1211
00:50:42,773 --> 00:50:44,075
ESPECIALLY IN INTERNATIONAL
1212
00:50:44,075 --> 00:50:45,476
AFFAIRS, IT OFTEN MEANS
1213
00:50:45,476 --> 00:50:47,678
FOLLOWING THE WILL OF THE UNITED
1214
00:50:47,678 --> 00:50:49,280
STATES. BUT REALLY, DEMOCRACY
1215
00:50:49,280 --> 00:50:52,350
MEANS THE RULE OF ALL BY ALL, IT
1216
00:50:52,350 --> 00:50:53,784
MEANS EVERYBODY INVOLVED IN
1217
00:50:53,784 --> 00:50:58,223
COLLECTIVE SELF-RULE.
1218
00:50:58,223 --> 00:50:59,157
YOU SEE THOSE TURTLES OVER
1219
00:50:59,157 --> 00:51:09,467
THERE?
1220
00:51:09,467 --> 00:51:11,302
HOW DO YOU TRANSFORM HUMAN
1221
00:51:11,302 --> 00:51:13,404
NATURE SO THAT PEOPLE WILL BE
1222
00:51:13,404 --> 00:51:14,405
CAPABLE OF DEMOCRACY?
1223
00:51:14,405 --> 00:51:15,740
LENIN'S SOLUTION TO THIS
1224
00:51:15,740 --> 00:51:17,275
PROBLEM IS A PROPERLY
1225
00:51:17,275 --> 00:51:18,109
DIALECTICAL ONE. HE THINKS, AND
1226
00:51:18,109 --> 00:51:21,812
THIS IS IN A LARGE PART WHAT THE
1227
00:51:21,812 --> 00:51:23,148
SOVIETS ENACT, THAT THERE HAS TO
1228
00:51:23,148 --> 00:51:26,284
BE A NEGATION OF DEMOCRACY, CALL
1229
00:51:26,284 --> 00:51:27,618
IT 'DICTATORSHIP OF THE
1230
00:51:27,618 --> 00:51:28,286
PROLETARIAT,' SOME SORT OF
1231
00:51:28,286 --> 00:51:30,488
HEGEMONIC STATE THAT WOULD
1232
00:51:30,488 --> 00:51:31,822
OPERATE THE TRANSITION, THAT
1233
00:51:31,822 --> 00:51:33,358
WOULD TRANSFORM HUMAN NATURE
1234
00:51:33,358 --> 00:51:35,493
THEN TO EVENTUALLY ARRIVE AT THE
1235
00:51:35,493 --> 00:51:37,628
TIME WHEN PEOPLE ARE CAPABLE OF
1236
00:51:37,628 --> 00:51:39,464
DEMOCRACY AND THE STATE'S NO
1237
00:51:39,464 --> 00:51:40,798
LONGER NECESSARY, ET CETERA.
1238
00:51:40,798 --> 00:51:42,367
IT'S PROPERLY THE DIALECTICAL
1239
00:51:42,367 --> 00:51:44,802
NATURE OF THIS THAT SEEMS TO ME
1240
00:51:44,802 --> 00:51:46,637
MISTAKEN. HOW DO PEOPLE LEARN
1241
00:51:46,637 --> 00:51:48,473
DEMOCRACY? HOW DOES HUMAN NATURE
1242
00:51:48,473 --> 00:51:50,341
CHANGE TO BECOME CAPABLE OF
1243
00:51:50,341 --> 00:51:51,209
DEMOCRACY? NOT BY IT'S OPPOSITE.
1244
00:51:51,209 --> 00:51:55,446
I CAN ONLY BE DONE IN A SORT OF
1245
00:51:55,446 --> 00:51:56,781
POSITIVE DEVELOPMENT, YOU CAN
1246
00:51:56,781 --> 00:51:58,683
ONLY LEARN DEMOCRACY BY DOING
1247
00:51:58,683 --> 00:52:03,854
IT. AND SO THAT SEEMS TO ME -
1248
00:52:03,854 --> 00:52:06,424
THE CONCEPTION, THE ONLY WAY IT
1249
00:52:06,424 --> 00:52:08,459
SEEMS TO ME TODAY TO
1250
00:52:08,459 --> 00:52:09,194
REHABILITATE THE CONCEPTION OF
1251
00:52:09,194 --> 00:52:13,198
REVOLUTION.
1252
00:52:13,198 --> 00:52:15,900
REVOLUTION TODAY THAN REFUSES
1253
00:52:15,900 --> 00:52:17,435
THAT DIALECTIC BETWEEN
1254
00:52:17,435 --> 00:52:19,370
PURGATORY AND PARADISE, IT
1255
00:52:19,370 --> 00:52:20,738
RATHER INSTIGATING UTOPIA
1256
00:52:20,738 --> 00:52:26,777
EVERYDAY.
1257
00:52:26,777 --> 00:52:28,913
AND THERE IS SOMETHING QUITE,
1258
00:52:28,913 --> 00:52:30,715
THAT FEELS IMMEDIATELY QUITE
1259
00:52:30,715 --> 00:52:31,416
INAPPROPRIATE ABOUT TALKING
1260
00:52:31,416 --> 00:52:33,751
ABOUT REVOLUTION ON SUCH
1261
00:52:33,751 --> 00:52:36,787
A WHAT WOULD BE SORT OF LIKE
1262
00:52:36,787 --> 00:52:38,889
ARISTOCRATIC ALMOST, I MEAN NOT
1263
00:52:38,889 --> 00:52:40,325
EVEN BOURGEOIS, ARISTOCRATIC
1264
00:52:40,325 --> 00:52:42,493
LOCATION. ROWING ON A BEAUTIFUL
1265
00:52:42,493 --> 00:52:45,896
POND IN A PARK WITH THE RICH OF
1266
00:52:45,896 --> 00:52:48,199
NEW YORK ALL AROUND IT, ITS LIKE
1267
00:52:48,199 --> 00:52:52,337
KIND OF AN ABSURDITY.
1268
00:52:52,337 --> 00:52:52,837
[ASTRA TAYLOR] WELL THEN WHERE
1269
00:52:52,837 --> 00:52:53,604
WOULD WE PICK THAT WOULD BE THE
1270
00:52:53,604 --> 00:52:55,540
REVOLUTIONARY SPOT?
1271
00:52:55,540 --> 00:52:56,274
[MICHAEL HARDT] BUT THEN THAT
1272
00:52:56,274 --> 00:52:58,809
WOULD BE CLICHé ALREADY. ONE
1273
00:52:58,809 --> 00:53:00,545
WOULD THINK HERE THE CLICHé
1274
00:53:00,545 --> 00:53:02,813
WOULD BE TO CHOOSE AS A VISUAL
1275
00:53:02,813 --> 00:53:04,815
SITE EITHER, EITHER A SCENE OF
1276
00:53:04,815 --> 00:53:07,352
POVERTY OR A SCENE OF LABOR AND
1277
00:53:07,352 --> 00:53:12,323
PRODUCTION.
1278
00:53:12,323 --> 00:53:14,492
BECAUSE THEN YOU WOULD SHOW
1279
00:53:14,492 --> 00:53:16,227
THE ONES WHO WOULD BENEFIT FROM
1280
00:53:16,227 --> 00:53:19,730
IT AND EVEN THE SUBJECTS, YOU
1281
00:53:19,730 --> 00:53:21,899
KNOW, THE ACTORS THAT WOULD,
1282
00:53:21,899 --> 00:53:24,635
THAT WOULD CONDUCT IT. BUT IT
1283
00:53:24,635 --> 00:53:27,372
STRIKES ME IN ANOTHER WAY THAT
1284
00:53:27,372 --> 00:53:29,574
IT MIGHT BE APPROPRIATE TO
1285
00:53:29,574 --> 00:53:32,310
HAVE, TO WORK AGAINST SUCH A
1286
00:53:32,310 --> 00:53:34,512
CONCEPTION OF REVOLUTION AS, AS
1287
00:53:34,512 --> 00:53:36,714
LOSS AND AS DEPRIVATION. IT
1288
00:53:36,714 --> 00:53:39,884
MAKES LITTLE SENSE TO ME TO SAY
1289
00:53:39,884 --> 00:53:41,586
REVOLUTION CAN'T BE MADE IN THE
1290
00:53:41,586 --> 00:53:42,653
UNITED STATES, OR REVOLUTION
1291
00:53:42,653 --> 00:53:44,355
CAN'T BE MADE IN NEW YORK
1292
00:53:44,355 --> 00:53:45,423
BECAUSE EVERYONE IS TOO
1293
00:53:45,423 --> 00:53:46,491
COMFORTABLE, BECAUSE THEY HAVE
1294
00:53:46,491 --> 00:53:46,991
TOO MUCH TO LOSE, ET CETERA.
1295
00:53:46,991 --> 00:53:49,694
THEY TOO HAVE AN ENORMOUS AMOUNT
1296
00:53:49,694 --> 00:53:51,629
TO GAIN. WHEN WE SAY A BETTER
1297
00:53:51,629 --> 00:53:53,364
WORLD IS POSSIBLE WE DON'T JUST
1298
00:53:53,364 --> 00:53:54,899
MEAN A BETTER WORLD FOR THE
1299
00:53:54,899 --> 00:53:56,634
LEAST OFF TODAY, WE MEAN A
1300
00:53:56,634 --> 00:54:05,876
BETTER WORLD FOR ALL OF US.
1301
00:54:06,311 --> 00:54:22,993
<*>
1302
00:54:22,993 --> 00:54:27,532
[SLAVOJ ZIZEK] THIS IS WHERE WE
1303
00:54:27,532 --> 00:54:30,468
SHOULD START FEELING AT HOME.
1304
00:54:30,468 --> 00:54:32,870
PART OF OUR DAILY PERCEPTION OF
1305
00:54:32,870 --> 00:54:34,939
REALITY IS THIS DISAPPEARS FROM
1306
00:54:34,939 --> 00:54:37,875
OUR WORLD. WHEN YOU GO TO THE
1307
00:54:37,875 --> 00:54:39,610
TOILET SHIT DISAPPEARS. YOU
1308
00:54:39,610 --> 00:54:41,011
FLUSH IT. OF COURSE YOU KNOW,
1309
00:54:41,011 --> 00:54:43,080
RATIONALLY, THAT IT'S THERE IN
1310
00:54:43,080 --> 00:54:46,717
CANALIZATION AND SO ON, BUT A
1311
00:54:46,717 --> 00:54:48,819
CERTAIN LEVEL OF YOUR MOST
1312
00:54:48,819 --> 00:54:49,420
ELEMENTARY EXPERIENCE IT
1313
00:54:49,420 --> 00:54:56,694
DISAPPEARS FROM YOUR WORLD.
1314
00:54:56,694 --> 00:54:58,629
BUT THE PROBLEM IS THAT TRASH
1315
00:54:58,629 --> 00:55:02,933
DOESN'T DISAPPEAR.
1316
00:55:02,933 --> 00:55:05,636
I THINK ECOLOGY, THE WAY WE
1317
00:55:05,636 --> 00:55:06,871
APPROACH THE ECOLOGICAL
1318
00:55:06,871 --> 00:55:08,673
PROBLEMATIC IS MAYBE THE
1319
00:55:08,673 --> 00:55:10,475
CRUCIAL FIELD OF IDEOLOGY
1320
00:55:10,475 --> 00:55:11,976
TODAY. AND I USE IDEOLOGY IN
1321
00:55:11,976 --> 00:55:14,779
THE TRADITIONAL SENSE OF
1322
00:55:14,779 --> 00:55:16,581
ILLUSORY, WRONG WAY OF
1323
00:55:16,581 --> 00:55:18,383
THINKING AND PERCEIVING REALITY.
1324
00:55:18,383 --> 00:55:20,518
WHY? IDEOLOGY IS NOT SIMPLY
1325
00:55:20,518 --> 00:55:22,653
DREAMING ABOUT FALSE IDEAS AND
1326
00:55:22,653 --> 00:55:24,755
SO ON. IDEOLOGY ADDRESSES VERY
1327
00:55:24,755 --> 00:55:26,924
REAL PROBLEMS BUT IT MYSTIFIES
1328
00:55:26,924 --> 00:55:28,092
THEM. ONE OF THE ELEMENTARY
1329
00:55:28,092 --> 00:55:30,895
IDEOLOGICAL MECHANISMS, I CLAIM,
1330
00:55:30,895 --> 00:55:33,598
IS WHAT I CALL THE 'TEMPTATION
1331
00:55:33,598 --> 00:55:35,400
OF MEANING.' WHEN SOMETHING
1332
00:55:35,400 --> 00:55:36,000
HORRIBLE HAPPENS THE SPONTANEOUS
1333
00:55:36,000 --> 00:55:39,704
TENDENCY IS TO SEARCH FOR A
1334
00:55:39,704 --> 00:55:41,872
MEANING. IT MUST ME SOMETHING.
1335
00:55:41,872 --> 00:55:45,510
YOU KNOW, LIKE AIDS - IT WAS A
1336
00:55:45,510 --> 00:55:46,110
TRAUMA AND THEN CONSERVATIVES
1337
00:55:46,110 --> 00:55:49,480
CAME AND SAID IT'S PUNISHMENT
1338
00:55:49,480 --> 00:55:52,550
FOR OUR SINFUL WAYS OF LIFE, AND
1339
00:55:52,550 --> 00:55:54,985
SO ON AND SO ON. EVEN IF WE
1340
00:55:54,985 --> 00:55:58,155
INTERPRET A CATASTROPHE AS A
1341
00:55:58,155 --> 00:56:00,858
PUNISHMENT IT MAKES IT EASIER IN
1342
00:56:00,858 --> 00:56:03,928
A WAY BECAUSE WE KNOW IT'S NOT
1343
00:56:03,928 --> 00:56:05,730
JUST SOME TERRIFYING BLIND
1344
00:56:05,730 --> 00:56:08,433
FORCE, IT HAS A MEANING. IT'S
1345
00:56:08,433 --> 00:56:09,967
BETTER WHEN YOU ARE IN THE
1346
00:56:09,967 --> 00:56:13,137
MIDDLE OF A CATASTROPHE, IT'S
1347
00:56:13,137 --> 00:56:15,873
BETTER TO FEEL THAT GOD PUNISHED
1348
00:56:15,873 --> 00:56:18,943
YOU THAN TO FEEL THAT IT JUST
1349
00:56:18,943 --> 00:56:21,679
HAPPENED. IF GOD PUNISHED YOU IT
1350
00:56:21,679 --> 00:56:24,415
IS STILL A UNIVERSE OF MEANING.
1351
00:56:24,415 --> 00:56:27,518
AND I THINK THAT THAT'S WHERE I
1352
00:56:27,518 --> 00:56:29,186
THINK ECOLOGY AS IDEOLOGY
1353
00:56:29,186 --> 00:56:51,476
ENTERS.
1354
00:56:51,476 --> 00:56:53,177
IT'S REALLY THE IMPLICIT
1355
00:56:53,177 --> 00:56:55,680
PREMISE OF ECOLOGY THAT THE
1356
00:56:55,680 --> 00:56:56,981
EXISTING WORLD IS THE BEST
1357
00:56:56,981 --> 00:57:00,851
POSSIBLE WORLD, IN THE SENSE OF
1358
00:57:00,851 --> 00:57:03,721
IT'S A BALANCED WORLD WHICH IS
1359
00:57:03,721 --> 00:57:05,623
DISTURBED THROUGH HUMAN HUBRIS.
1360
00:57:05,623 --> 00:57:08,493
SO WHY DO I FIND THIS
1361
00:57:08,493 --> 00:57:10,194
PROBLEMATIC? BECAUSE I THINK
1362
00:57:10,194 --> 00:57:12,062
THIS NOTION OF NATURE, NATURE AS
1363
00:57:12,062 --> 00:57:14,965
A HARMONIOUS, ORGANIC, BALANCED,
1364
00:57:14,965 --> 00:57:16,501
REPRODUCING, ALMOST LIVING
1365
00:57:16,501 --> 00:57:18,202
ORGANISM, WHICH IS THEN
1366
00:57:18,202 --> 00:57:19,737
DISTURBED, PERTURBED, ALMOST
1367
00:57:19,737 --> 00:57:21,639
DERAILED THROUGH HUMAN HUBRIS,
1368
00:57:21,639 --> 00:57:22,973
TECHNOLOGICAL EXPLOITATION AND
1369
00:57:22,973 --> 00:57:26,243
SO ON, IS, I THINK, A SECULAR
1370
00:57:26,243 --> 00:57:28,746
VERSION OF THE RELIGIOUS STORY
1371
00:57:28,746 --> 00:57:31,616
OF THE FALL. AND THE ANSWER
1372
00:57:31,616 --> 00:57:34,885
SHOULD BE, NOT THAT THERE IS NO
1373
00:57:34,885 --> 00:57:37,788
FALL, THAT WE ARE PART OF
1374
00:57:37,788 --> 00:57:39,089
NATURE, BUT ON THE CONTRARY
1375
00:57:39,089 --> 00:57:41,992
THERE IS NO NATURE. NATURE IS
1376
00:57:41,992 --> 00:57:45,496
NOT A BALANCED TOTALITY WHICH
1377
00:57:45,496 --> 00:57:47,798
THEN WE HUMANS DISTURB. NATURE
1378
00:57:47,798 --> 00:57:50,701
IS A BIG SERIES OF UNIMAGINABLE
1379
00:57:50,701 --> 00:57:52,637
CATASTROPHES. WE PROFIT FROM
1380
00:57:52,637 --> 00:57:55,540
THEM. WHAT'S OUR MAIN SOURCE OF
1381
00:57:55,540 --> 00:57:58,242
ENERGY TODAY? OIL. WHAT, ARE WE
1382
00:57:58,242 --> 00:58:00,144
AWARE, WHAT IS OIL? OIL RESERVES
1383
00:58:00,144 --> 00:58:03,648
BENEATH THE EARTH ARE MATERIAL
1384
00:58:03,648 --> 00:58:05,583
REMAINDERS OF AN UNIMAGINABLE
1385
00:58:05,583 --> 00:58:07,918
CATASTROPHE. ARE WE AWARE -
1386
00:58:07,918 --> 00:58:10,821
BECAUSE WE ALL KNOW OIL, OIL,
1387
00:58:10,821 --> 00:58:13,090
OIL, OIL IS COMPOSED - OIL IS
1388
00:58:13,090 --> 00:58:16,627
COMPOSED OF THE REMAINDERS OF
1389
00:58:16,627 --> 00:58:19,530
ANIMAL LIFE, PLANTS AND SO ON
1390
00:58:19,530 --> 00:58:22,867
AND SO ON. CAN YOU IMAGINE WHAT
1391
00:58:22,867 --> 00:58:24,835
KIND OF UNTHINKABLE CATASTROPHE
1392
00:58:24,835 --> 00:58:26,671
HAD TO OCCUR ON EARTH?
1393
00:58:26,671 --> 00:58:46,857
SO, THAT IS GOOD TO REMEMBER.
1394
00:58:46,857 --> 00:58:55,299
NO, YOU CALL THIS PORN? MY GOD.
1395
00:58:55,299 --> 00:58:57,735
YOU CAN HAVE A HALF OF A
1396
00:58:57,735 --> 00:58:59,236
HAMBURGER, OR MAYBE SOME CHEESE
1397
00:58:59,236 --> 00:59:00,971
SANDWICH? THEN YOU CAN HAVE
1398
00:59:00,971 --> 00:59:10,280
A MUFFIN, AND SOME JUICE.
1399
00:59:10,280 --> 00:59:12,249
ECOLOGY WILL SLOWLY TURN,
1400
00:59:12,249 --> 00:59:15,820
MAYBE, INTO A NEW OPIUM OF THE
1401
00:59:15,820 --> 00:59:19,189
MASSES, THE WAY, AS WE ALL KNOW,
1402
00:59:19,189 --> 00:59:21,759
MARX DEFINED RELIGION. WHAT WE
1403
00:59:21,759 --> 00:59:24,729
EXPECT FROM RELIGION IS A KIND
1404
00:59:24,729 --> 00:59:26,731
OF AN UNQUESTIONABLE HIGHEST
1405
00:59:26,731 --> 00:59:28,132
AUTHORITY. IT'S GOD'S WORD, SO
1406
00:59:28,132 --> 00:59:31,135
IT IS, YOU DON'T DEBATE IT.
1407
00:59:31,135 --> 00:59:34,138
TODAY, I CLAIM, ECOLOGY IS MORE
1408
00:59:34,138 --> 00:59:37,107
AND MORE TAKING OVER THIS ROLE
1409
00:59:37,107 --> 00:59:39,109
OF A CONSERVATIVE IDEOLOGY.
1410
00:59:39,109 --> 00:59:42,713
WHENEVER THERE IS A NEW
1411
00:59:42,713 --> 00:59:43,147
SCIENTIFIC BREAKTHROUGH -
1412
00:59:43,147 --> 00:59:44,114
BIO-GENETIC DEVELOPMENT,
1413
00:59:44,114 --> 00:59:48,118
WHATEVER - IT IS AS IF THE VOICE
1414
00:59:48,118 --> 00:59:51,121
WHICH WARNS US NOT TO TRESPASS,
1415
00:59:51,121 --> 00:59:53,123
VIOLATE A CERTAIN INVISIBLE
1416
00:59:53,123 --> 00:59:56,126
LIMIT, LIKE, 'DON'T DO THAT, IT
1417
00:59:56,126 --> 00:59:59,129
WOULD BE TOO MUCH.' THAT VOICE
1418
00:59:59,129 --> 01:00:02,132
IS TODAY, MORE AND MORE, THE
1419
01:00:02,132 --> 01:00:05,736
VOICE OF ECOLOGY. LIKE, DON'T
1420
01:00:05,736 --> 01:00:08,739
MESS WITH DNA, DON'T MESS WITH
1421
01:00:08,739 --> 01:00:11,141
NATURE, DON'T DO IT - THIS BASIC
1422
01:00:11,141 --> 01:00:13,744
CONSERVATIVE PARTLY IDEOLOGY
1423
01:00:13,744 --> 01:00:15,145
MISTRUST OF CHANGE. THIS IS
1424
01:00:15,145 --> 01:00:19,349
TODAY'S ECOLOGY.
1425
01:00:19,349 --> 01:00:21,952
ANOTHER MYTH WHICH IS POPULAR
1426
01:00:21,952 --> 01:00:23,954
ABOUT ECOLOGY, MAYBE A
1427
01:00:23,954 --> 01:00:24,955
SPONTANEOUS IDEOLOGICAL
1428
01:00:24,955 --> 01:00:27,958
MYTH, IS THE IDEA THAT WE
1429
01:00:27,958 --> 01:00:30,360
WESTERN PEOPLE IN OUR ARTIFICIAL
1430
01:00:30,360 --> 01:00:31,962
TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT ARE
1431
01:00:31,962 --> 01:00:33,964
ALIENATED FROM IMMEDIATE NATURAL
1432
01:00:33,964 --> 01:00:36,366
ENVIRONMENTS. THAT WE SHOULD NOT
1433
01:00:36,366 --> 01:00:39,369
FORGET THAT WE HUMANS ARE PART
1434
01:00:39,369 --> 01:00:42,372
OF THE LIVING EARTH, WE SHOULD
1435
01:00:42,372 --> 01:00:45,375
NOT FORGET THE WE ARE NOT
1436
01:00:45,375 --> 01:00:46,977
ABSTRACT ENGINEERS, THEORISTS
1437
01:00:46,977 --> 01:00:49,980
WHO JUST EXPLOIT NATURE, THAT WE
1438
01:00:49,980 --> 01:00:52,983
ARE PART OF NATURE, THAT NATURE
1439
01:00:52,983 --> 01:00:54,384
IS OUR UNFATHOMABLE,
1440
01:00:54,384 --> 01:00:56,386
IMPENETRABLE BACKGROUND. I THINK
1441
01:00:56,386 --> 01:00:58,956
THAT THAT PRECISELY IS THE
1442
01:00:58,956 --> 01:01:01,358
GREATEST - THE GREATEST DANGER.
1443
01:01:01,358 --> 01:01:03,961
WHY? THINK ABOUT A CERTAIN
1444
01:01:03,961 --> 01:01:06,964
OBVIOUS PARADOX: WE ALL KNOW IN
1445
01:01:06,964 --> 01:01:09,967
WHAT DANGER WE ALL ARE, GLOBAL
1446
01:01:09,967 --> 01:01:11,969
WARMING, POSSIBILITY OF OTHER
1447
01:01:11,969 --> 01:01:13,971
ECOLOGICAL CATASTROPHES AND SO
1448
01:01:13,971 --> 01:01:17,975
ON AND SO ON. BUT WHY DON'T WE
1449
01:01:17,975 --> 01:01:21,378
DO ANYTHING ABOUT IT? IT IS I
1450
01:01:21,378 --> 01:01:25,015
THINK A NICE EXAMPLE OF WHAT IN
1451
01:01:25,015 --> 01:01:26,416
PSYCHOANALYSIS WE CALL
1452
01:01:26,416 --> 01:01:29,419
DISAVOWAL. THE LOGIC IS THAT OF,
1453
01:01:29,419 --> 01:01:33,057
I KNOW VERY WELL BUT I ACT AS IF
1454
01:01:33,057 --> 01:01:36,493
I DON'T KNOW. FOR EXAMPLE,
1455
01:01:36,493 --> 01:01:38,128
PRECISELY, IN THE CASE OF
1456
01:01:38,128 --> 01:01:41,165
ECOLOGY, I KNOW WELL THERE MAY
1457
01:01:41,165 --> 01:01:43,901
BE GLOBAL WARMING, EVERYTHING
1458
01:01:43,901 --> 01:01:45,970
WILL EXPLODE, BE DESTROYED, BUT
1459
01:01:45,970 --> 01:01:48,405
AFTER READING A TREATISE ON IT,
1460
01:01:48,405 --> 01:01:52,242
WHAT DO I DO? I STEP OUT, I SEE
1461
01:01:52,242 --> 01:01:55,212
NOT THE THINGS I SEE NOW BEHIND
1462
01:01:55,212 --> 01:01:57,181
ME, THAT'S A NICE SIGHT FOR ME,
1463
01:01:57,181 --> 01:02:00,818
I SEE NICE TREES, BIRDS SINGING,
1464
01:02:00,818 --> 01:02:03,120
AND SO ON. AND EVEN IF I KNOW
1465
01:02:03,120 --> 01:02:06,757
RATIONALLY THAT THIS IS ALL IN
1466
01:02:06,757 --> 01:02:08,192
DANGER I SIMPLY DO NOT BELIEVE
1467
01:02:08,192 --> 01:02:11,328
THAT THIS CAN BE DESTROYED.
1468
01:02:11,328 --> 01:02:13,397
THAT'S THE HORROR OF VISITING
1469
01:02:13,397 --> 01:02:15,465
SIGHTS OF A CATASTROPHE LIKE
1470
01:02:15,465 --> 01:02:18,435
CHERNOBYL. YOU - IN A WAY, WE
1471
01:02:18,435 --> 01:02:20,504
ARE NOT EVOLUTIONARILY, WE ARE
1472
01:02:20,504 --> 01:02:22,773
NOT WIRED TO EVEN IMAGINE
1473
01:02:22,773 --> 01:02:25,209
SOMETHING LIKE THAT, IT'S IN A
1474
01:02:25,209 --> 01:02:27,311
WAY UNIMAGINABLE. SO I THINK
1475
01:02:27,311 --> 01:02:29,947
THAT WHAT WE SHOULD DO TO
1476
01:02:29,947 --> 01:02:31,048
CONFRONT PROPERLY THE THREAT OF
1477
01:02:31,048 --> 01:02:33,784
ECOLOGICAL CATASTROPHE IS NOT
1478
01:02:33,784 --> 01:02:36,553
ALL THIS NEW AGE STUFF TO BREAK
1479
01:02:36,553 --> 01:02:38,322
OUT OF THIS TECHNOLOGICAL
1480
01:02:38,322 --> 01:02:40,424
MANIPULATIVE MOLD AND FOUND OUR
1481
01:02:40,424 --> 01:02:42,092
ROOTS IN NATURE, BUT, ON THE
1482
01:02:42,092 --> 01:02:45,562
CONTRARY, TO CUT OFF EVEN MORE
1483
01:02:45,562 --> 01:02:56,841
THESE ROOTS IN NATURE.
1484
01:02:56,841 --> 01:02:58,142
WE NEED MORE ALIENATION FROM
1485
01:02:58,142 --> 01:03:01,445
OUR LIFE-WORLD, FROM OUR, AS
1486
01:03:01,445 --> 01:03:03,914
IT WERE, SPONTANEOUS NATURE. WE
1487
01:03:03,914 --> 01:03:16,393
SHOULD BECOME MORE ARTIFICIAL.
1488
01:03:16,393 --> 01:03:19,563
WE SHOULD DEVELOP I THINK A MUCH
1489
01:03:19,563 --> 01:03:21,431
MORE TERRIFYING NEW ABSTRACT
1490
01:03:21,431 --> 01:03:23,300
MATERIALISM, A KIND OF
1491
01:03:23,300 --> 01:03:24,601
MATHEMATICAL UNIVERSE WHERE
1492
01:03:24,601 --> 01:03:27,437
THERE IS NOTHING, THERE ARE JUST
1493
01:03:27,437 --> 01:03:29,306
FORMULAS, TECHNICAL FORMS, AND
1494
01:03:29,306 --> 01:03:31,141
SO ON. AND THE DIFFICULT THING
1495
01:03:31,141 --> 01:03:34,444
IS TO FIND POETRY, SPIRITUALITY,
1496
01:03:34,444 --> 01:03:36,180
IN THIS DIMENSION.
1497
01:03:36,180 --> 01:03:39,449
TO RECREATE, IF NOT BEAUTY THEN
1498
01:03:39,449 --> 01:03:40,184
AESTHETIC DIMENSION IN THINGS
1499
01:03:40,184 --> 01:03:43,053
LIKE THIS, IN TRASH ITSELF.
1500
01:03:43,053 --> 01:03:45,856
THAT IS THE TRUE LOVE OF THE
1501
01:03:45,856 --> 01:03:47,858
WORLD. BECAUSE WHAT IS LOVE?
1502
01:03:47,858 --> 01:03:50,094
LOVE IS NOT IDEALIZATION.
1503
01:03:50,094 --> 01:03:53,097
EVERY TRUE LOVER KNOWS IF YOU
1504
01:03:53,097 --> 01:03:57,534
TRULY LOVE A WOMAN OR A MAN
1505
01:03:57,534 --> 01:04:00,971
THAT YOU DON'T IDEALIZE HIM OR
1506
01:04:00,971 --> 01:04:03,573
HER. LOVE MEANS THAT YOU
1507
01:04:03,573 --> 01:04:07,044
ACCEPT A PERSON WITH ALL ITS
1508
01:04:07,044 --> 01:04:08,578
FAILURES, STUPIDITIES, UGLY
1509
01:04:08,578 --> 01:04:10,948
POINTS, AND NONETHELESS THE
1510
01:04:10,948 --> 01:04:13,550
PERSON IS ABSOLUTE FOR YOU,
1511
01:04:13,550 --> 01:04:16,386
EVERYTHING LIFE - THAT MAKES
1512
01:04:16,386 --> 01:04:19,656
LIFE WORTH LIVING. BUT YOU SEE
1513
01:04:19,656 --> 01:04:21,391
PERFECTION IN IMPERFECTION
1514
01:04:21,391 --> 01:04:24,661
ITSELF. AND THAT'S HOW WE SHOULD
1515
01:04:24,661 --> 01:04:27,497
LEARN TO LOVE THE WORLD.
1516
01:04:27,497 --> 01:04:30,134
TRUE ECOLOGIST LOVES THIS.
1517
01:04:31,068 --> 01:05:11,708
<*>
1518
01:05:11,708 --> 01:05:14,011
[JUDITH BUTLER] I THOUGHT THAT
1519
01:05:14,011 --> 01:05:15,112
WE SHOULD TAKE THIS WALK
1520
01:05:15,112 --> 01:05:18,582
TOGETHER, AND ONE OF THE THINGS
1521
01:05:18,582 --> 01:05:20,250
I WANTED TO TALK ABOUT WAS WHAT
1522
01:05:20,250 --> 01:05:21,151
IT MEANS FOR US TO TAKE A WALK
1523
01:05:21,151 --> 01:05:30,560
TOGETHER.
1524
01:05:30,560 --> 01:05:32,462
WHEN I FIRST ASKED YOU ABOUT
1525
01:05:32,462 --> 01:05:34,398
THIS, YOU TOLD ME YOU TAKE
1526
01:05:34,398 --> 01:05:36,333
WALKS, YOU TAKE STROLLS
1527
01:05:36,333 --> 01:05:36,733
[SUNAURA TAYLOR] I DO.
1528
01:05:36,733 --> 01:05:40,404
[JUDITH BUTLER] AND CAN YOU SAY
1529
01:05:40,404 --> 01:05:42,372
SOMETHING ABOUT WHAT THAT IS FOR
1530
01:05:42,372 --> 01:05:45,075
YOU? WHEN DO YOU DO IT, AND HOW
1531
01:05:45,075 --> 01:05:47,611
DO YOU DO IT, AND WHAT WORDS DO
1532
01:05:47,611 --> 01:05:48,212
YOU HAVE FOR IT?
1533
01:05:48,212 --> 01:05:50,614
[SUNAURA TAYLOR] WELL I THINK
1534
01:05:50,614 --> 01:05:52,749
THAT I ALWAYS GO FOR A WALK,
1535
01:05:52,749 --> 01:05:54,684
PROBABLY EVERYDAY I GO FOR A
1536
01:05:54,684 --> 01:05:55,052
WALK.
1537
01:05:55,052 --> 01:05:56,053
[JUDITH BUTLER] EVERYDAY?
1538
01:05:56,053 --> 01:05:57,421
[SUNAURA TAYLOR] AND I ALWAYS
1539
01:05:57,421 --> 01:05:59,689
TELL PEOPLE I GO FOR WALKS, SO I
1540
01:05:59,689 --> 01:06:01,725
USE THAT WORD. AND MOST OF THE
1541
01:06:01,725 --> 01:06:03,527
DISABLED PEOPLE I KNOW USE THAT
1542
01:06:03,527 --> 01:06:05,162
TERM ALSO.
1543
01:06:05,162 --> 01:06:07,064
[JUDITH BUTLER] AND WHICH
1544
01:06:07,064 --> 01:06:07,998
ENVIRONMENTS MAKE IT POSSIBLE
1545
01:06:07,998 --> 01:06:09,499
FOR YOU TO TAKE A WALK?
1546
01:06:09,499 --> 01:06:11,768
[SUNAURA TAYLOR] I MOVED TO SAN
1547
01:06:11,768 --> 01:06:13,703
FRANCISCO LARGELY BECAUSE IT IS
1548
01:06:13,703 --> 01:06:15,172
THE MOST ACCESSIBLE PLACE IN THE
1549
01:06:15,172 --> 01:06:18,442
WORLD. AND PART OF WHAT'S SO
1550
01:06:18,442 --> 01:06:20,210
AMAZING TO ME ABOUT IT IS THAT
1551
01:06:20,210 --> 01:06:23,480
THE PHYSICAL ACCESS - THE FACT
1552
01:06:23,480 --> 01:06:24,214
THAT THE PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION
1553
01:06:24,214 --> 01:06:27,051
IS ACCESSIBLE, THERE'S CURB CUTS
1554
01:06:27,051 --> 01:06:29,019
MOST PLACES, ALMOST, MOST PLACES
1555
01:06:29,019 --> 01:06:30,787
I'LL GO THERE'S CURB CUTS,
1556
01:06:30,787 --> 01:06:32,722
BUILDING ARE ACCESSIBLE - WHAT
1557
01:06:32,722 --> 01:06:36,026
THIS DOES IS IT ALSO LEADS TO A
1558
01:06:36,026 --> 01:06:36,460
SOCIAL ACCEPTABILITY. THAT
1559
01:06:36,460 --> 01:06:38,595
SOMEHOW BECAUSE, BECAUSE THERE'S
1560
01:06:38,595 --> 01:06:39,363
PHYSICAL ACCESS, THERE'RE SIMPLY
1561
01:06:39,363 --> 01:06:41,198
MORE DISABLED PEOPLE OUT AND
1562
01:06:41,198 --> 01:06:44,468
ABOUT IN THE WORLD, AND SO
1563
01:06:44,468 --> 01:06:46,770
PEOPLE HAVE LEARNED TO ACT WITH
1564
01:06:46,770 --> 01:06:49,573
THEM AND ARE USED TO THEM IN
1565
01:06:49,573 --> 01:06:52,076
THIS CERTAIN WAY. AND SO THE
1566
01:06:52,076 --> 01:06:53,543
PHYSICAL ACCESS ACTUALLY LEADS
1567
01:06:53,543 --> 01:06:55,545
TO A SOCIAL ACCESS, AN
1568
01:06:55,545 --> 01:06:55,779
ACCEPTANCE.
1569
01:06:55,779 --> 01:06:56,546
[JUDITH BUTLER] YEAH, IT MUST BE
1570
01:06:56,546 --> 01:06:57,281
NICE NOT TO ALWAYS HAVE TO BE
1571
01:06:57,281 --> 01:06:58,615
THE PIONEER.
1572
01:06:58,615 --> 01:06:59,316
[SUNAURA TAYLOR] YES,
1573
01:06:59,316 --> 01:07:00,417
DEFINITELY. DEFINITELY.
1574
01:07:00,417 --> 01:07:01,151
[JUDITH BUTLER] THE VERY FIRST
1575
01:07:01,151 --> 01:07:02,052
ONE THEY MEET.
1576
01:07:02,052 --> 01:07:02,719
[SUNAURA TAYLOR] THE FIRST
1577
01:07:02,719 --> 01:07:03,420
DISABLED PERSON THEY'VE EVER
1578
01:07:03,420 --> 01:07:03,587
SEEN.
1579
01:07:03,587 --> 01:07:04,288
[JUDITH BUTLER] AND HAVING TO
1580
01:07:04,288 --> 01:07:05,155
EXPLAIN.
1581
01:07:05,155 --> 01:07:05,522
[SUNAURA TAYLOR] YEAH
1582
01:07:05,522 --> 01:07:07,124
[JUDITH BUTLER] AND YOU KNOW,
1583
01:07:07,124 --> 01:07:09,259
YES I DO SPEAK AND THINK AND
1584
01:07:09,259 --> 01:07:12,396
TALK AND MOVE AND ENJOY LIFE AND
1585
01:07:12,396 --> 01:07:13,797
SUFFER MANY OF THE SAME
1586
01:07:13,797 --> 01:07:15,432
HEARTACHES THAT YOU DO. AND,
1587
01:07:15,432 --> 01:07:17,067
ANYWAY, BUT WHAT I'M WONDERING
1588
01:07:17,067 --> 01:07:18,768
ABOUT IS MOVING IN SOCIAL SPACE,
1589
01:07:18,768 --> 01:07:20,670
RIGHT? MOVING, ALL THE MOVEMENTS
1590
01:07:20,670 --> 01:07:23,373
THAT YOU CAN DO, THAT HELP YOU
1591
01:07:23,373 --> 01:07:25,575
AND WHICH EXPRESS YOU IN VARIOUS
1592
01:07:25,575 --> 01:07:28,312
WAYS. DO YOU FEEL FREE TO MOVE
1593
01:07:28,312 --> 01:07:30,847
IN ALL THE WAYS YOU WANT TO
1594
01:07:30,847 --> 01:07:31,781
MOVE?
1595
01:07:31,781 --> 01:07:34,551
[SUNAURA TAYLOR] I CAN GO INTO A
1596
01:07:34,551 --> 01:07:36,820
COFFEE SHOP AND ACTUALLY PICK UP
1597
01:07:36,820 --> 01:07:39,589
THE CUP WITH MY MOUTH AND CARRY
1598
01:07:39,589 --> 01:07:42,692
IT TO THE TABLE - BUT THEN THAT,
1599
01:07:42,692 --> 01:07:44,328
THAT BECOMES ALMOST MORE
1600
01:07:44,328 --> 01:07:46,296
DIFFICULT BECAUSE OF THE, JUST
1601
01:07:46,296 --> 01:07:48,298
THE NORMALIZING STANDARDS OF OUR
1602
01:07:48,298 --> 01:07:48,865
MOVEMENTS.
1603
01:07:48,865 --> 01:07:49,566
[JUDITH BUTLER] YES.
1604
01:07:49,566 --> 01:07:51,735
[SUNAURA TAYLOR] AND THE
1605
01:07:51,735 --> 01:07:54,538
DISCOMFORT THAT THAT CAUSES WHEN
1606
01:07:54,538 --> 01:07:57,774
I DO THINGS WITH BODY PARTS
1607
01:07:57,774 --> 01:08:00,610
WHICH AREN'T NECESSARILY WHAT WE
1608
01:08:00,610 --> 01:08:03,447
ASSUME THAT THEY'RE FOR. THAT
1609
01:08:03,447 --> 01:08:07,384
SEEM TO BE EVEN MORE HARD FOR
1610
01:08:07,384 --> 01:08:10,354
PEOPLE TO DEAL WITH.
1611
01:08:10,354 --> 01:08:10,754
[JUDITH BUTLER] IS THAT
1612
01:08:10,754 --> 01:08:11,288
SOMEBODY'S SHOE?
1613
01:08:11,288 --> 01:08:12,456
[SUNAURA TAYLOR] SOMEONE'S SHOE,
1614
01:08:12,456 --> 01:08:12,889
I WONDER IF THEY CAN WALK
1615
01:08:12,889 --> 01:08:14,358
WITHOUT IT?
1616
01:08:14,358 --> 01:08:16,426
[JUDITH BUTLER] YEAH! I'M JUST
1617
01:08:16,426 --> 01:08:18,728
THINKING THAT NOBODY TAKES A
1618
01:08:18,728 --> 01:08:20,230
WALK WITHOUT THERE BEING A
1619
01:08:20,230 --> 01:08:22,166
TECHNIQUE OF WALKING, THAT
1620
01:08:22,166 --> 01:08:25,869
NOBODY GOES FOR A WALK WITHOUT
1621
01:08:25,869 --> 01:08:27,804
THERE BEING SOMETHING THAT
1622
01:08:27,804 --> 01:08:30,307
SUPPORTS THAT WALK, OUTSIDE OF
1623
01:08:30,307 --> 01:08:32,609
OURSELVES. AND THEN MAYBE WE
1624
01:08:32,609 --> 01:08:35,512
HAVE A FALSE IDEA THAT THE
1625
01:08:35,512 --> 01:08:37,447
ABLE-BODIED PERSON IS SOMEHOW
1626
01:08:37,447 --> 01:08:38,182
RADICALLY SELF-SUFFICIENT.
1627
01:08:38,182 --> 01:08:43,687
[SUNAURA TAYLOR] YEAH.
1628
01:08:43,687 --> 01:08:47,457
IT WASN'T UNTIL I WAS IN MY
1629
01:08:47,457 --> 01:08:49,159
EARLY TWENTIES, ABOUT TWENTY OR
1630
01:08:49,159 --> 01:08:52,696
TWENTY-ONE, THAT I BECAME AWARE
1631
01:08:52,696 --> 01:08:55,432
OF DISABILITY AS A POLITICAL
1632
01:08:55,432 --> 01:08:57,167
ISSUE. AND THAT HAPPENED LARGELY
1633
01:08:57,167 --> 01:08:59,603
THROUGH DISCOVERING THE SOCIAL
1634
01:08:59,603 --> 01:09:01,571
MODEL OF DISABILITY WHICH IS
1635
01:09:01,571 --> 01:09:02,272
BASICALLY, IN DISABILITY STUDIES
1636
01:09:02,272 --> 01:09:04,241
THEY HAVE A DISTINCTION BETWEEN
1637
01:09:04,241 --> 01:09:06,510
DISABILITY AND IMPAIRMENT.
1638
01:09:06,510 --> 01:09:06,943
[JUDITH BUTLER] YEAH.
1639
01:09:06,943 --> 01:09:08,778
[SUNAURA TAYLOR] SO IMPAIRMENT
1640
01:09:08,778 --> 01:09:11,515
WOULD BE MY BODY, MY EMBODIMENT
1641
01:09:11,515 --> 01:09:14,618
RIGHT NOW. THE FACT THAT I WAS
1642
01:09:14,618 --> 01:09:16,453
BORN WITH ARTHROGRYPOSIS WHICH
1643
01:09:16,453 --> 01:09:18,188
AFFECTS - OR WHAT, WHAT THE
1644
01:09:18,188 --> 01:09:21,358
MEDICAL WORLD HAS LABELED AS
1645
01:09:21,358 --> 01:09:22,626
ARTHROGRYPOSIS, BUT BASICALLY
1646
01:09:22,626 --> 01:09:25,362
THAT MY JOINTS ARE, ARE FUSED,
1647
01:09:25,362 --> 01:09:26,930
MY MUSCLES ARE WEAKER, I CAN'T
1648
01:09:26,930 --> 01:09:30,700
MOVE IN CERTAIN WAYS. AND THIS
1649
01:09:30,700 --> 01:09:33,803
DOES AFFECT MY LIFE IN ALL SORTS
1650
01:09:33,803 --> 01:09:35,205
OF SITUATIONS, FOR INSTANCE, YOU
1651
01:09:35,205 --> 01:09:39,676
KNOW, THERE IS A PLUM TREE IN MY
1652
01:09:39,676 --> 01:09:42,812
BACK YARD AND I CAN'T PICK THE
1653
01:09:42,812 --> 01:09:44,948
PLUMS OFF THE PLUM TREE, I HAVE
1654
01:09:44,948 --> 01:09:48,285
TO WAIT FOR THEM TO DROP OR
1655
01:09:48,285 --> 01:09:51,488
WHATEVER. BUT THEN SO THERE'S
1656
01:09:51,488 --> 01:09:53,323
THAT, THERE'S THAT EMBODIMENT,
1657
01:09:53,323 --> 01:09:55,525
OUR OWN UNIQUE EMBODIMENTS AND
1658
01:09:55,525 --> 01:09:57,761
THAN THERE IS DISABILITY, WHICH
1659
01:09:57,761 --> 01:09:58,995
IS BASICALLY THE, THE SOCIAL
1660
01:09:58,995 --> 01:10:01,831
REPRESSION OF DISABLED PEOPLE.
1661
01:10:01,831 --> 01:10:03,233
THE FACT THAT DISABLED PEOPLE
1662
01:10:03,233 --> 01:10:06,436
HAVE LIMITED HOUSING OPTIONS, WE
1663
01:10:06,436 --> 01:10:07,271
DON'T HAVE CAREER OPPORTUNITIES,
1664
01:10:07,271 --> 01:10:10,474
WE'RE SOCIALLY ISOLATED, WE'RE -
1665
01:10:10,474 --> 01:10:13,577
YOU KNOW, IN MANY WAYS THERE'S A
1666
01:10:13,577 --> 01:10:15,445
CULTURAL AVERSION TO DISABLED
1667
01:10:15,445 --> 01:10:15,679
PEOPLE.
1668
01:10:15,679 --> 01:10:17,547
[JUDITH BUTLER] SO WOULD YOU SAY
1669
01:10:17,547 --> 01:10:18,482
DISABILITY IS THE SOCIAL
1670
01:10:18,482 --> 01:10:19,249
ORGANIZATION OF IMPAIRMENT?
1671
01:10:19,249 --> 01:10:20,016
[SUNAURA TAYLOR] THE DISABLING
1672
01:10:20,016 --> 01:10:27,857
EFFECTS, BASICALLY, OF SOCIETY.
1673
01:10:27,857 --> 01:10:28,792
[JUDITH BUTLER] WHAT HAPPENED,
1674
01:10:28,792 --> 01:10:29,459
DID YOU COME IN CONTACT WITH
1675
01:10:29,459 --> 01:10:31,428
DISABILITY ACTIVISTS, OR DID YOU
1676
01:10:31,428 --> 01:10:32,762
READ CERTAIN THINGS?
1677
01:10:32,762 --> 01:10:33,463
[SUNAURA TAYLOR] I READ A BOOK
1678
01:10:33,463 --> 01:10:34,030
REVIEW, ACTUALLY.
1679
01:10:34,030 --> 01:10:34,698
[JUDITH BUTLER] OH, REALLY?
1680
01:10:34,698 --> 01:10:37,334
[SUNAURA TAYLOR] YEAH, I JUST
1681
01:10:37,334 --> 01:10:38,302
READ A BOOK REVIEW. AND WHEN
1682
01:10:38,302 --> 01:10:40,837
THAT HAPPENED I LIVED IN
1683
01:10:40,837 --> 01:10:42,806
BROOKLYN, AND I WOULD REALLY TRY
1684
01:10:42,806 --> 01:10:44,274
TO MAKE MYSELF GO OUT AND JUST
1685
01:10:44,274 --> 01:10:46,743
ORDER A COFFEE BY MYSELF.
1686
01:10:46,743 --> 01:10:47,644
[JUDITH BUTLER] YES.
1687
01:10:47,644 --> 01:10:49,446
[SUNAURA TAYLOR] AND I WOULD SIT
1688
01:10:49,446 --> 01:10:50,814
FOR HOURS BEFOREHAND IN THE
1689
01:10:50,814 --> 01:10:52,882
PARK, JUST TRYING TO GET UP THE
1690
01:10:52,882 --> 01:10:55,385
NERVE TO DO THAT. IN A WAY IT'S
1691
01:10:55,385 --> 01:10:57,454
A POLITICAL PROTEST FOR ME TO GO
1692
01:10:57,454 --> 01:10:59,523
IN AND ORDER A COFFEE AND DEMAND
1693
01:10:59,523 --> 01:11:00,924
HELP. SIMPLY BECAUSE, IN MY
1694
01:11:00,924 --> 01:11:02,559
OPINION, HELP IS SOMETHING THAT
1695
01:11:02,559 --> 01:11:02,826
WE ALL NEED.
1696
01:11:02,826 --> 01:11:03,393
[JUDITH BUTLER] YES.
1697
01:11:03,393 --> 01:11:04,027
[SUNAURA TAYLOR] AND IT IS
1698
01:11:04,027 --> 01:11:06,930
SOMETHING THAT IS, IS, YOU KNOW,
1699
01:11:06,930 --> 01:11:08,832
LOOKED DOWN UPON AND NOT REALLY
1700
01:11:08,832 --> 01:11:10,734
TAKEN CARE OF IN THIS SOCIETY
1701
01:11:10,734 --> 01:11:12,902
WHEN WE ALL, WHEN WE ALL NEED
1702
01:11:12,902 --> 01:11:14,338
HELP AND WE'RE ALL
1703
01:11:14,338 --> 01:11:15,839
INTERDEPENDENT IS ALL SORTS OF
1704
01:11:15,839 --> 01:11:16,440
WAYS.
1705
01:11:16,440 --> 01:11:19,042
[JUDITH BUTLER] YES.
1706
01:11:19,042 --> 01:11:19,809
[SUNAURA TAYLOR] SHOULD WE STOP
1707
01:11:19,809 --> 01:11:25,349
AND GET ME SOMETHING WARM?
1708
01:11:25,349 --> 01:11:25,849
[JUDITH BUTLER] I DON'T KNOW,
1709
01:11:25,849 --> 01:11:26,550
HONEY.
1710
01:11:26,550 --> 01:11:27,050
[SUNAURA TAYLOR] THAT'S PRETTY
1711
01:11:27,050 --> 01:11:27,451
FANCY.
1712
01:11:27,451 --> 01:11:27,951
[JUDITH BUTLER] LET'S GO FIND
1713
01:11:27,951 --> 01:11:30,820
SOMETHING GOOD.
1714
01:11:30,820 --> 01:11:31,688
[SUNAURA TAYLOR] YEAH, I THINK
1715
01:11:31,688 --> 01:11:32,389
IT WILL PROBABLY FALL OF MY
1716
01:11:32,389 --> 01:11:35,625
SHOULDERS.
1717
01:11:35,625 --> 01:11:36,326
ALTHOUGH I GUESS WE COULD TRY
1718
01:11:36,326 --> 01:11:38,495
IT ON.
1719
01:11:38,495 --> 01:11:39,396
ALL RIGHT, SO BASICALLY THAT'S
1720
01:11:39,396 --> 01:11:40,497
THE BACK. ALL RIGHT, SO THAT
1721
01:11:40,497 --> 01:11:50,374
WOULD BE- YEAH.
1722
01:11:50,374 --> 01:11:50,874
[JUDITH BUTLER] OKAY, OTHER ARM?
1723
01:11:50,874 --> 01:11:58,515
[SUNAURA TAYLOR] OTHER ARM.
1724
01:11:58,515 --> 01:11:59,949
AND I LIKE IT, IT'S STYLISH.
1725
01:11:59,949 --> 01:12:01,385
[JUDITH BUTLER] IT'S VERY
1726
01:12:01,385 --> 01:12:03,353
STYLISH. OKAY? IT'S KIND OF, YOU
1727
01:12:03,353 --> 01:12:06,556
KNOW, SPORTY AND FANCY AND-
1728
01:12:06,556 --> 01:12:07,491
[SUNAURA TAYLOR] IT'S GONNA BE A
1729
01:12:07,491 --> 01:12:08,024
NEW SHOW, 'SHOPPING WITH JUDITH
1730
01:12:08,024 --> 01:12:10,760
BUTLER.'
1731
01:12:10,760 --> 01:12:11,461
[JUDITH BUTLER] FOR THE QUEER
1732
01:12:11,461 --> 01:12:14,464
EYE.
1733
01:12:14,464 --> 01:12:14,931
[SUNAURA TAYLOR] MAYBE I CAN
1734
01:12:14,931 --> 01:12:17,734
JUST GET IT WHILE WEARING IT.
1735
01:12:17,734 --> 01:12:18,602
[COUNTER PERSON] HAY.
1736
01:12:18,602 --> 01:12:19,469
[JUDITH BUTLER] HI, WE PUT THE
1737
01:12:19,469 --> 01:12:20,370
SWEATER ON.
1738
01:12:20,370 --> 01:12:20,770
[SUNAURA TAYLOR] YEAH.
1739
01:12:20,770 --> 01:12:21,471
[JUDITH BUTLER] WE WANT TO BUY
1740
01:12:21,471 --> 01:12:22,406
IT.
1741
01:12:22,406 --> 01:12:22,906
[SUNAURA TAYLOR] I'M ACTUALLY
1742
01:12:22,906 --> 01:12:23,640
BUYING THE SWEATER I'M WEARING.
1743
01:12:23,640 --> 01:12:24,374
[COUNTER WOMAN] OKAY, SO IT'S BY
1744
01:12:24,374 --> 01:12:24,574
WEIGHT.
1745
01:12:24,574 --> 01:12:25,041
[SUNAURA TAYLOR] OH, IT'S BY
1746
01:12:25,041 --> 01:12:25,442
WEIGHT?
1747
01:12:25,442 --> 01:12:25,975
[JUDITH BUTLER] CAN WE GUESS?
1748
01:12:25,975 --> 01:12:27,811
[COUNTER WOMAN] I CAN PROBABLY
1749
01:12:27,811 --> 01:12:28,745
JUST DO IT FOR FOUR BUCKS.
1750
01:12:28,745 --> 01:12:29,846
[SUNAURA TAYLOR] OKAY.
1751
01:12:29,846 --> 01:12:30,814
[JUDITH BUTLER] SOUNDS GOOD.
1752
01:12:30,814 --> 01:12:34,784
[SUNAURA TAYLOR] THERE YOU GO.
1753
01:12:34,784 --> 01:12:36,453
THANKS. CAN I HAVE THE BILLS
1754
01:12:36,453 --> 01:12:37,787
FIRST? AND THEN THE CHANGE?
1755
01:12:37,787 --> 01:12:39,088
[COUNTER WOMAN] SURE.
1756
01:12:39,088 --> 01:12:39,756
[SUNAURA TAYLOR] OH, I JUST
1757
01:12:39,756 --> 01:12:41,858
MEANT THE-
1758
01:12:41,858 --> 01:12:42,559
[COUNTER WOMAN] OH, YOU JUST
1759
01:12:42,559 --> 01:12:42,759
WANT-
1760
01:12:42,759 --> 01:12:43,493
[SUNAURA TAYLOR] YEAH, I JUST
1761
01:12:43,493 --> 01:12:43,993
CAN'T HOLD BOTH AT THE SAME
1762
01:12:43,993 --> 01:12:46,930
TIME.
1763
01:12:46,930 --> 01:12:47,931
[COUNTER WOMAN] THERE YOU GO.
1764
01:12:47,931 --> 01:12:48,865
THANKS.
1765
01:12:48,865 --> 01:12:55,038
[SUNAURA TAYLOR] THANKS SO MUCH.
1766
01:12:55,038 --> 01:12:57,106
[JUDITH BUTLER] I THINK GENDER
1767
01:12:57,106 --> 01:13:00,410
AND DISABILITY CONVERGE IN A
1768
01:13:00,410 --> 01:13:02,779
WHOLE LOT OF DIFFERENT WAYS. BUT
1769
01:13:02,779 --> 01:13:05,415
ONE THING I THINK BOTH MOVEMENTS
1770
01:13:05,415 --> 01:13:08,718
DO IS GET US TO RETHINK WHAT THE
1771
01:13:08,718 --> 01:13:11,688
BODY CAN DO. THERE'S AN ESSAY BY
1772
01:13:11,688 --> 01:13:13,457
THE PHILOSOPHER GILLES DELEUZE
1773
01:13:13,457 --> 01:13:16,426
CALLED WHAT CAN A BODY DO? AND
1774
01:13:16,426 --> 01:13:18,562
THE QUESTION IS SUPPOSED TO
1775
01:13:18,562 --> 01:13:19,729
CHALLENGE THE TRADITIONAL WAYS
1776
01:13:19,729 --> 01:13:21,598
IN WHICH WE THINK ABOUT BODIES.
1777
01:13:21,598 --> 01:13:23,467
ALL RIGHT, WE USUALLY ASK WHAT
1778
01:13:23,467 --> 01:13:25,802
IS A BODY, OR WHAT IS THE IDEAL
1779
01:13:25,802 --> 01:13:27,904
FORM OF A BODY, OR, YOU KNOW,
1780
01:13:27,904 --> 01:13:28,605
WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
1781
01:13:28,605 --> 01:13:31,207
THE BODY AND THE SOUL AND THAT
1782
01:13:31,207 --> 01:13:31,875
KIND OF THING.
1783
01:13:31,875 --> 01:13:32,476
[SUNAURA TAYLOR] YEAH.
1784
01:13:32,476 --> 01:13:35,612
[JUDITH BUTLER] BUT WHAT CAN A
1785
01:13:35,612 --> 01:13:37,947
BODY DO IS, IS A DIFFERENT
1786
01:13:37,947 --> 01:13:40,484
QUESTION. IT ISOLATES A SET OF
1787
01:13:40,484 --> 01:13:42,519
CAPACITIES AND A SET OF
1788
01:13:42,519 --> 01:13:43,687
INSTRUMENTALITIES OR ACTIONS,
1789
01:13:43,687 --> 01:13:45,021
AND WE ARE KIND OF ASSEMBLAGES
1790
01:13:45,021 --> 01:13:48,892
OF THESE KIND OF THINGS. AND I
1791
01:13:48,892 --> 01:13:51,461
LIKE THIS IDEA, IT'S NOT LIKE
1792
01:13:51,461 --> 01:13:53,830
THERE'S AN ESSENCE AND IT'S NOT
1793
01:13:53,830 --> 01:13:55,532
LIKE THERE'S AN IDEAL
1794
01:13:55,532 --> 01:13:57,601
MORPHOLOGY, YOU KNOW, WHAT A
1795
01:13:57,601 --> 01:13:59,669
BODY SHOULD LOOK LIKE. IT'S
1796
01:13:59,669 --> 01:14:00,670
EXACTLY NOT THAT QUESTION.
1797
01:14:00,670 --> 01:14:02,171
[SUNAURA TAYLOR] YEAH
1798
01:14:02,171 --> 01:14:04,007
[JUDITH BUTLER] OR WHAT A BODY
1799
01:14:04,007 --> 01:14:08,244
SHOULD MOVE LIKE. AND ONE OF THE
1800
01:14:08,244 --> 01:14:10,714
THINGS I'VE FOUND IN THINKING
1801
01:14:10,714 --> 01:14:12,949
ABOUT GENDER AND EVEN VIOLENCE
1802
01:14:12,949 --> 01:14:14,851
AGAINST SEXUAL MINORITIES OR
1803
01:14:14,851 --> 01:14:16,119
GENDER MINORITIES - PEOPLE WHOSE
1804
01:14:16,119 --> 01:14:18,655
GENDER PRESENTATION DOESN'T
1805
01:14:18,655 --> 01:14:20,957
CONFORM WITH STANDARD IDEALS OF
1806
01:14:20,957 --> 01:14:23,493
FEMININITY OR MASCULINITY - IS
1807
01:14:23,493 --> 01:14:25,662
THAT VERY OFTEN IT COMES DOWN
1808
01:14:25,662 --> 01:14:27,831
TO, YOU KNOW, HOW PEOPLE WALK,
1809
01:14:27,831 --> 01:14:28,998
HOW THEY USE THEIR HIPS, WHAT
1810
01:14:28,998 --> 01:14:32,168
THEY DO WITH THEIR BODY PARTS,
1811
01:14:32,168 --> 01:14:34,538
WHAT THEY USE THEIR MOUTH FOR,
1812
01:14:34,538 --> 01:14:36,005
WHAT THEY USE THEIR ANUS OR WHAT
1813
01:14:36,005 --> 01:14:39,709
THEY ALLOW THEIR ANUS TO BE USED
1814
01:14:39,709 --> 01:14:45,181
FOR.
1815
01:14:45,181 --> 01:14:48,952
THERE'S A GUY IN MAINE WHO - I
1816
01:14:48,952 --> 01:14:51,220
GUESS HE WAS AROUND EIGHTEEN
1817
01:14:51,220 --> 01:14:54,958
YEARS OLD - AND HE WALKED WITH A
1818
01:14:54,958 --> 01:14:57,260
VERY DISTINCT SWISH, YOU KNOW,
1819
01:14:57,260 --> 01:14:59,062
HIPS GOING ONE WAY OR ANOTHER. A
1820
01:14:59,062 --> 01:15:02,566
VERY FEMININE WALK. BUT ONE DAY
1821
01:15:02,566 --> 01:15:05,168
HE WAS WALKING TO SCHOOL AND HE
1822
01:15:05,168 --> 01:15:07,671
WAS ATTACKED BY THREE OF HIS
1823
01:15:07,671 --> 01:15:09,639
CLASSMATES AND HE WAS THROWN
1824
01:15:09,639 --> 01:15:12,275
OVER A BRIDGE AND HE WAS KILLED.
1825
01:15:12,275 --> 01:15:14,243
AND THE QUESTION THAT COMMUNITY
1826
01:15:14,243 --> 01:15:16,079
HAS TO DEAL WITH, AND INDEED THE
1827
01:15:16,079 --> 01:15:18,081
ENTIRE MEDIA THAT COVERED THE
1828
01:15:18,081 --> 01:15:21,918
EVENT, WAS, HOW CAN IT BE THAT
1829
01:15:21,918 --> 01:15:23,587
SOMEBODY'S GAIT, THAT SOMEBODY'S
1830
01:15:23,587 --> 01:15:25,622
STYLE OF WALKING, COULD ENGENDER
1831
01:15:25,622 --> 01:15:31,327
THE DESIRE TO KILL THAT PERSON?
1832
01:15:31,327 --> 01:15:32,729
AND THAT, YOU KNOW, THAT MAKES
1833
01:15:32,729 --> 01:15:33,196
ME THINK ABOUT THE WALK IN A
1834
01:15:33,196 --> 01:15:35,298
DIFFERENT WAY. I MEAN, A WALK
1835
01:15:35,298 --> 01:15:41,304
CAN BE A DANGEROUS THING.
1836
01:15:41,304 --> 01:15:42,171
[SUNAURA TAYLOR] I'M JUST
1837
01:15:42,171 --> 01:15:42,906
REMEMBERING WHEN I WAS LITTLE,
1838
01:15:42,906 --> 01:15:44,207
WHEN I DID WALK, I WOULD BE TOLD
1839
01:15:44,207 --> 01:15:45,041
I WALKED LIKE A MONKEY.
1840
01:15:45,041 --> 01:15:46,910
[JUDITH BUTLER] OH.
1841
01:15:46,910 --> 01:15:49,846
[SUNAURA TAYLOR] AND THAT I
1842
01:15:49,846 --> 01:15:53,917
THINK THAT FOR A LOT OF, YOU
1843
01:15:53,917 --> 01:15:57,320
KNOW, FOR A LOT OF DISABLED
1844
01:15:57,320 --> 01:16:00,924
PEOPLE THE VIOLENCE AND THE, AND
1845
01:16:00,924 --> 01:16:04,327
THE SORT OF THE, THE HATRED
1846
01:16:04,327 --> 01:16:07,931
EXISTS A LOT IN, IN THIS
1847
01:16:07,931 --> 01:16:10,867
REMINDING OF PEOPLE THAT OUR
1848
01:16:10,867 --> 01:16:14,938
BODIES ARE GOING TO AGE AND ARE
1849
01:16:14,938 --> 01:16:18,975
GOING TO DIE. AND, YOU KNOW, IN
1850
01:16:18,975 --> 01:16:21,645
SOME WAYS I WONDER, JUST
1851
01:16:21,645 --> 01:16:23,713
THINKING ABOUT THE MONKEY
1852
01:16:23,713 --> 01:16:27,216
COMMENT, IF IT IS ALSO A LEVEL
1853
01:16:27,216 --> 01:16:31,354
OF - AND THIS IS JUST A THOUGHT
1854
01:16:31,354 --> 01:16:34,090
OFF THE TOP OF MY HEAD RIGHT
1855
01:16:34,090 --> 01:16:38,828
KNOW BUT JUST THE SORT OF -
1856
01:16:38,828 --> 01:16:41,330
WHERE, WHERE OUR BOUNDARIES LIE
1857
01:16:41,330 --> 01:16:44,668
AS A HUMAN AND WHAT BECOMES
1858
01:16:44,668 --> 01:16:46,936
NONHUMAN? YOU KNOW?
1859
01:16:46,936 --> 01:16:47,837
[JUDITH BUTLER] WELL IT MAKES ME
1860
01:16:47,837 --> 01:16:48,672
WONDER IF THE PERSON WAS
1861
01:16:48,672 --> 01:16:49,773
ANTI-EVOLUTIONARY.
1862
01:16:49,773 --> 01:16:50,874
[SUNAURA TAYLOR] YEAH.
1863
01:16:50,874 --> 01:16:51,407
[JUDITH BUTLER] IT'S LIKE MAYBE
1864
01:16:51,407 --> 01:16:52,408
THEY WERE A CREATIONIST. IT'S
1865
01:16:52,408 --> 01:16:53,176
LIKE, WELL WHY SHOULDN'T WE HAVE
1866
01:16:53,176 --> 01:16:55,945
SOME RESEMBLANCE TO THE MONKEY?
1867
01:16:55,945 --> 01:16:56,813
[SUNAURA TAYLOR] WELL THE
1868
01:16:56,813 --> 01:16:57,380
MONKEY'S ACTUALLY ALWAYS BEEN MY
1869
01:16:57,380 --> 01:16:58,314
FAVORITE ANIMAL TOO, SO, WELL
1870
01:16:58,314 --> 01:16:59,015
YOU KNOW SO ACTUALLY QUITE A LOT
1871
01:16:59,015 --> 01:16:59,983
OF THE TIME I WAS FLATTERED.
1872
01:16:59,983 --> 01:17:00,717
[JUDITH BUTLER] WELL EXACTLY.
1873
01:17:00,717 --> 01:17:02,118
[SUNAURA TAYLOR] YEAH. YEAH. BUT
1874
01:17:02,118 --> 01:17:05,689
THAT, THAT, WHEN- WHEN IN THOSE
1875
01:17:05,689 --> 01:17:07,156
IN-BETWEEN MOMENTS OF, YOU KNOW,
1876
01:17:07,156 --> 01:17:10,827
IN-BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE OR
1877
01:17:10,827 --> 01:17:16,866
IN-BETWEEN DEATH AND HEALTH -
1878
01:17:16,866 --> 01:17:19,936
WHEN DO YOU STILL COUNT AS A
1879
01:17:19,936 --> 01:17:22,205
HUMAN?
1880
01:17:22,205 --> 01:17:24,207
[JUDITH BUTLER] MY SENSE IS THAT
1881
01:17:24,207 --> 01:17:26,209
WHAT'S AT STAKE HERE IS REALLY
1882
01:17:26,209 --> 01:17:28,211
RETHINKING THE HUMAN AS A SITE
1883
01:17:28,211 --> 01:17:29,946
OF INTERDEPENDENCY. AND I THINK,
1884
01:17:29,946 --> 01:17:32,215
YOU KNOW, WHEN YOU WALK INTO THE
1885
01:17:32,215 --> 01:17:34,684
COFFEE SHOP, RIGHT, IF WE CAN GO
1886
01:17:34,684 --> 01:17:36,686
BACK TO THAT MOMENT FOR A
1887
01:17:36,686 --> 01:17:38,988
MOMENT, AND YOU, YOU ASK FOR THE
1888
01:17:38,988 --> 01:17:40,990
COFFEE OR YOU INDEED EVEN ASK
1889
01:17:40,990 --> 01:17:42,726
FOR SOME ASSISTANCE WITH THE
1890
01:17:42,726 --> 01:17:43,993
COFFEE, YOU'RE BASICALLY POSING
1891
01:17:43,993 --> 01:17:46,796
THE QUESTION, DO WE OR DO WE NOT
1892
01:17:46,796 --> 01:17:48,131
LIVE IN A WORLD IN WHICH WE
1893
01:17:48,131 --> 01:17:50,199
ASSIST EACH OTHER?
1894
01:17:50,199 --> 01:17:51,200
[SUNAURA TAYLOR] YEAH.
1895
01:17:51,200 --> 01:17:53,903
[JUDITH BUTLER] DO WE OR DO WE
1896
01:17:53,903 --> 01:17:55,104
NOT HELP EACH OTHER WITH, WITH
1897
01:17:55,104 --> 01:17:58,307
BASIC NEEDS? AND ARE BASIC NEEDS
1898
01:17:58,307 --> 01:18:01,010
THERE TO BE DECIDED ON AS A
1899
01:18:01,010 --> 01:18:03,212
SOCIAL ISSUE AND NOT JUST MY
1900
01:18:03,212 --> 01:18:04,814
PERSONAL INDIVIDUAL ISSUE, OR
1901
01:18:04,814 --> 01:18:06,215
YOUR PERSONAL INDIVIDUAL ISSUE?
1902
01:18:06,215 --> 01:18:08,952
SO, I MEAN, THERE IS A CHALLENGE
1903
01:18:08,952 --> 01:18:10,887
TO INDIVIDUALISM THAT HAPPENS AT
1904
01:18:10,887 --> 01:18:13,456
THE MOMENT IN WHICH YOU ASK FOR
1905
01:18:13,456 --> 01:18:15,424
SOME ASSISTANCE WITH THE COFFEE
1906
01:18:15,424 --> 01:18:15,792
CUP.
1907
01:18:15,792 --> 01:18:16,259
[SUNAURA TAYLOR] YEAH. YEAH.
1908
01:18:16,259 --> 01:18:17,927
[JUDITH BUTLER] AND HOPEFULLY
1909
01:18:17,927 --> 01:18:19,763
PEOPLE WILL TAKE IT UP AND SAY,
1910
01:18:19,763 --> 01:18:21,798
'YES I, TOO, LIVE IN A WORLD, I
1911
01:18:21,798 --> 01:18:23,232
WHICH I UNDERSTAND WE NEED EACH
1912
01:18:23,232 --> 01:18:24,901
OTHER IN ORDER TO ADDRESS OUR
1913
01:18:24,901 --> 01:18:26,770
BASIC NEEDS - AND I WANT TO
1914
01:18:26,770 --> 01:18:28,004
ORGANIZE A SOCIAL AND POLITICAL
1915
01:18:28,004 --> 01:18:29,505
WORLD ON THE BASIS OF THAT
1916
01:18:29,505 --> 01:18:30,940
RECOGNITION.'
1917
01:18:31,407 --> 01:18:58,401
<*>
1918
01:19:13,416 --> 01:19:14,383
[CORNEL WEST] ROMANTICISM
1919
01:19:14,383 --> 01:19:15,351
THOROUGHLY SATURATED THE
1920
01:19:15,351 --> 01:19:16,786
DISCOURSE OF MODERN THINKERS.
1921
01:19:16,786 --> 01:19:18,554
CAN YOU TOTALIZING? CAN YOU MAKE
1922
01:19:18,554 --> 01:19:20,256
THINGS WHOLE? CAN YOU CREATE
1923
01:19:20,256 --> 01:19:21,991
HARMONY? AND IF YOU CAN'T,
1924
01:19:21,991 --> 01:19:25,461
DISAPPOINTMENT.
1925
01:19:25,461 --> 01:19:26,529
DISAPPOINTMENT IS ALWAYS AT
1926
01:19:26,529 --> 01:19:28,031
THE CENTER, FAILURE IS ALWAYS
1927
01:19:28,031 --> 01:19:29,799
AT THE CENTER. BUT WHERE'D THE
1928
01:19:29,799 --> 01:19:30,466
ROMANTICISM COME FROM?
1929
01:19:30,466 --> 01:19:31,567
WHY BEGIN WITH ROMANTICISM?
1930
01:19:31,567 --> 01:19:32,201
SEE, I DON'T BEGIN WITH
1931
01:19:32,201 --> 01:19:36,973
ROMANTICISM.
1932
01:19:36,973 --> 01:19:38,441
OH, YOU REMEMBER WHAT BEETHOVEN
1933
01:19:38,441 --> 01:19:40,376
SAID AT HIS DEATHBED, YOU KNOW?
1934
01:19:40,376 --> 01:19:42,311
HE SAID, 'I'VE LEARNED TO LOOK
1935
01:19:42,311 --> 01:19:44,447
AT THE WORLD IN ALL OF ITS
1936
01:19:44,447 --> 01:19:45,114
DARKNESS AND EVIL AND STILL
1937
01:19:45,114 --> 01:19:47,583
LOVE IT.' AND THAT'S NOT
1938
01:19:47,583 --> 01:19:48,451
ROMANTIC BEETHOVEN,
1939
01:19:48,451 --> 01:19:50,353
THIS IS THE BEETHOVEN OF THE
1940
01:19:50,353 --> 01:19:51,554
STRING QUARTETS, 131, THE
1941
01:19:51,554 --> 01:19:52,956
GREATEST, THE GREATEST STRING
1942
01:19:52,956 --> 01:19:54,858
QUARTET EVER WRITTEN - NOT JUST
1943
01:19:54,858 --> 01:19:56,325
IN CLASSICAL MUSIC, BUT OF
1944
01:19:56,325 --> 01:19:58,261
COURSE IT'S A EUROPEAN FORM SO
1945
01:19:58,261 --> 01:19:59,929
BEETHOVEN IS THE GRAND MASTER.
1946
01:19:59,929 --> 01:20:01,865
BUT THE STRING QUARTETS, YOU GO
1947
01:20:01,865 --> 01:20:03,332
BACK TO THOSE MOVEMENTS -
1948
01:20:03,332 --> 01:20:05,001
THERE'S NO ROMANTIC WHOLENESS TO
1949
01:20:05,001 --> 01:20:06,936
BE SHATTERED AS IN THE EARLY
1950
01:20:06,936 --> 01:20:08,404
BEETHOVEN. HE'S GIVEN UP ON
1951
01:20:08,404 --> 01:20:10,339
THAT, YOU SEE. THIS IS WHERE
1952
01:20:10,339 --> 01:20:12,008
CHEKHOV BEGINS, THIS WHERE THE
1953
01:20:12,008 --> 01:20:13,476
BLUES BEGINS. IT'S WHERE JAZZ
1954
01:20:13,476 --> 01:20:14,143
STARTS. DO YOU THINK CHARLIE
1955
01:20:14,143 --> 01:20:16,612
PARKER'S UPSET BECAUSE HE CAN'T
1956
01:20:16,612 --> 01:20:18,281
SUSTAIN A HARMONY? HE DOESN'T
1957
01:20:18,281 --> 01:20:19,949
CARE ABOUT THE HARMONY, HE'S
1958
01:20:19,949 --> 01:20:21,417
TRYING COMPLETELY RIDE ON THE
1959
01:20:21,417 --> 01:20:22,085
DISSONANCE, RIDE ON THE BLUE
1960
01:20:22,085 --> 01:20:24,553
NOTES. OF COURSE HE'S GOT
1961
01:20:24,553 --> 01:20:25,221
HARMONY IN TERMS OF IT'S
1962
01:20:25,221 --> 01:20:27,423
INTERVENTIONS HERE AND THERE,
1963
01:20:27,423 --> 01:20:28,091
BUT WHY START WITH THIS
1964
01:20:28,091 --> 01:20:30,593
OBSESSION WITH WHOLENESS AND IF
1965
01:20:30,593 --> 01:20:32,528
YOU CAN'T HAVE IT, THEN YOU'RE
1966
01:20:32,528 --> 01:20:34,497
DISAPPOINTED, AND WANT TO HAVE A
1967
01:20:34,497 --> 01:20:35,231
DRINK, AND MELANCHOLIA, AND BLAH
1968
01:20:35,231 --> 01:20:37,166
BLAH BLAH BLAH BLAH. NO, YOU
1969
01:20:37,166 --> 01:20:39,135
SEE, THE BLUES, MY KIND OF
1970
01:20:39,135 --> 01:20:41,404
BLUES, BEGINS WITH CATASTROPHE,
1971
01:20:41,404 --> 01:20:43,072
BEGINS WITH THE ANGEL OF HISTORY
1972
01:20:43,072 --> 01:20:45,208
IN BENJAMIN'S THESIS, YOU SEE.
1973
01:20:45,208 --> 01:20:48,878
IT BEGINS WITH THE PILES, THE
1974
01:20:48,878 --> 01:20:51,014
WRECKAGE, ON ONE PILE ON
1975
01:20:51,014 --> 01:20:52,615
ANOTHER. THAT'S THE STARTING
1976
01:20:52,615 --> 01:20:54,951
POINT. THE BLUES IS PERSONAL
1977
01:20:54,951 --> 01:20:55,518
CATASTROPHE LYRICALLY EXPRESSED
1978
01:20:55,518 --> 01:20:58,888
AND BLACK PEOPLE IN AMERICA AND
1979
01:20:58,888 --> 01:21:01,390
IN THE MODERN WORLD, GIVEN THESE
1980
01:21:01,390 --> 01:21:02,191
VICIOUS LEGACIES OF WHITE
1981
01:21:02,191 --> 01:21:05,895
SUPREMACY - IT IS DO YOU
1982
01:21:05,895 --> 01:21:07,997
GENERATE AN ELEGANCE OF EARNED
1983
01:21:07,997 --> 01:21:09,598
SELF-TOGETHERNESS, SO YOU HAVE
1984
01:21:09,598 --> 01:21:11,935
STICK-TO-IT-NESS IN THE FACE OF
1985
01:21:11,935 --> 01:21:13,536
THE CATASTROPHIC AND THE
1986
01:21:13,536 --> 01:21:15,371
CALAMITOUS AND THE HORRENDOUS
1987
01:21:15,371 --> 01:21:16,205
AND THE SCANDALOUS AND
1988
01:21:16,205 --> 01:21:23,312
MONSTROUS?
1989
01:21:23,312 --> 01:21:24,213
SEE, PART OF THE PROBLEM IS
1990
01:21:24,213 --> 01:21:26,115
THOUGH, THAT SEE, WHEN YOU HAVE
1991
01:21:26,115 --> 01:21:28,551
A ROMANTIC PROJECT YOU'RE SO
1992
01:21:28,551 --> 01:21:30,453
OBSESSED WITH TIME AS LOSS AND
1993
01:21:30,453 --> 01:21:32,588
TIME AS A TAKER. WHEREAS, AS A
1994
01:21:32,588 --> 01:21:33,256
CHEKHOVIAN CHRISTIAN I WANT TO
1995
01:21:33,256 --> 01:21:35,124
STRESS, AS WELL, TIME AS A
1996
01:21:35,124 --> 01:21:38,261
GIFT, AND TIME AS A GIVER. SO
1997
01:21:38,261 --> 01:21:40,396
THAT YES, IT IS A FAILURE, BUT
1998
01:21:40,396 --> 01:21:42,031
HOW GOOD OF A FAILURE?
1999
01:21:42,031 --> 01:21:42,498
WE'VE DONE SOME WONDERFUL
2000
01:21:42,498 --> 01:21:44,667
THINGS. NOW BECKETT COULD SAY,
2001
01:21:44,667 --> 01:21:46,302
YOU KNOW, 'TRY AGAIN, FAIL
2002
01:21:46,302 --> 01:21:47,937
AGAIN, FAIL BETTER.' BUT WHY
2003
01:21:47,937 --> 01:21:49,605
CALL IT FAILURE? I MEAN WHY
2004
01:21:49,605 --> 01:21:51,975
NOT SAY YOU HAVE A SENSE OF
2005
01:21:51,975 --> 01:21:53,676
GRATITUDE THAT YOU ARE ABLE TO
2006
01:21:53,676 --> 01:21:56,045
DO MUCH THAT - AS YOU DID?
2007
01:21:56,045 --> 01:21:57,213
YOU'RE ABLE TO LOVE AS MUCH, AND
2008
01:21:57,213 --> 01:22:00,383
THINK AS MUCH, AND PLAY AS MUCH.
2009
01:22:00,383 --> 01:22:02,285
WHY THINK YOU NEEDED THE WHOLE
2010
01:22:02,285 --> 01:22:04,453
THING? YOU SEE WHAT I MEAN? THIS
2011
01:22:04,453 --> 01:22:05,654
IS EVEN DISTURBING ABOUT
2012
01:22:05,654 --> 01:22:07,323
AMERICA, AND OF COURSE NOW
2013
01:22:07,323 --> 01:22:08,224
AMERICA IS A ROMANTIC PROJECT, A
2014
01:22:08,224 --> 01:22:11,394
PARADISAL CITY ON A HILL AND ALL
2015
01:22:11,394 --> 01:22:13,562
THIS OTHER MESS AND LIES AND SO
2016
01:22:13,562 --> 01:22:16,465
ON. I SAY NO, NO - AMERICA IS A
2017
01:22:16,465 --> 01:22:17,433
VERY FRAGILE DEMOCRATIC
2018
01:22:17,433 --> 01:22:18,634
EXPERIMENT PREDICATED ON THE
2019
01:22:18,634 --> 01:22:20,303
DISPOSSESSION OF THE LANDS OF
2020
01:22:20,303 --> 01:22:21,537
INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND THE
2021
01:22:21,537 --> 01:22:22,972
ENSLAVEMENT OF, OF AFRICAN
2022
01:22:22,972 --> 01:22:24,440
PEOPLES AND THE SUBJUGATION OF
2023
01:22:24,440 --> 01:22:25,208
WOMEN AND THE MARGINALIZATION OF
2024
01:22:25,208 --> 01:22:27,110
GAYS AND LESBIANS. AND IT HAS
2025
01:22:27,110 --> 01:22:29,445
GREAT POTENTIAL BUT THIS NOTION
2026
01:22:29,445 --> 01:22:31,414
THAT SOMEHOW WE HAD IT ALL OR
2027
01:22:31,414 --> 01:22:32,181
EVER WILL HAVE IT ALL, THAT'S
2028
01:22:32,181 --> 01:22:35,384
GOT TO GO, YOU'VE GOT TO PUSH IT
2029
01:22:35,384 --> 01:22:37,386
TO THE SIDE. WE SHOULD PUSH THAT
2030
01:22:37,386 --> 01:22:39,388
TO THE SIDE, AND THEN IT TENDS
2031
01:22:39,388 --> 01:22:40,723
TO EVACUATE THE LANGUAGE OF
2032
01:22:40,723 --> 01:22:42,025
DISAPPOINTMENT AND THE LANGUAGE
2033
01:22:42,025 --> 01:22:43,592
OF FAILURE. AND YOU SAY, WELL
2034
01:22:43,592 --> 01:22:45,594
HOW MUCH HAVE WE DONE? HOW HAVE
2035
01:22:45,594 --> 01:22:48,264
WE BEEN ABLE TO DO IT? CAN WE DO
2036
01:22:48,264 --> 01:22:49,598
MORE? WELL IN CERTAIN SITUATIONS
2037
01:22:49,598 --> 01:22:51,367
YOU CAN'T, IT'S LIKE TRYING TO
2038
01:22:51,367 --> 01:22:52,468
BRAKE-DANCE AT SEVENTY-FIVE -
2039
01:22:52,468 --> 01:22:53,236
YOU CAN'T DO IT ANYMORE. YOU'RE
2040
01:22:53,236 --> 01:22:56,039
A MASTER AT SIXTEEN, IT'S OVER.
2041
01:22:56,039 --> 01:22:57,640
YOU CAN'T MAKE LOVE AT EIGHTY
2042
01:22:57,640 --> 01:22:59,108
THE WAY YOU DID AT TWENTY - SO
2043
01:22:59,108 --> 01:23:09,385
WHAT? SHIT, TIME IS REAL.
2044
01:23:09,385 --> 01:23:10,719
[ASTRA TAYLOR] SO THE ONE
2045
01:23:10,719 --> 01:23:11,420
QUESTION THAT KEEPS COMING UP,
2046
01:23:11,420 --> 01:23:14,490
OR A PHRASE IS THIS IDEA OF THE
2047
01:23:14,490 --> 01:23:15,624
MEANINGFUL LIFE. IS IT
2048
01:23:15,624 --> 01:23:16,325
PHILOSOPHY'S DUTY TO SPEAK ON
2049
01:23:16,325 --> 01:23:17,226
THIS?
2050
01:23:17,226 --> 01:23:17,760
[CORNEL WEST] ON A MEANINGFUL
2051
01:23:17,760 --> 01:23:19,295
LIFE?
2052
01:23:19,295 --> 01:23:19,762
[ASTRA TAYLOR] HOW TO LIVE A
2053
01:23:19,762 --> 01:23:21,097
MEANING LIFE?
2054
01:23:21,097 --> 01:23:23,566
IS THAT EVEN A RELEVANT - IS
2055
01:23:23,566 --> 01:23:24,500
THAT EVEN AN APPROPRIATE
2056
01:23:24,500 --> 01:23:25,201
QUESTION FOR A PHILOSOPHER?
2057
01:23:25,201 --> 01:23:27,236
[CORNEL WEST] NO, I THINK IT IS.
2058
01:23:27,236 --> 01:23:29,138
NO, I THINK THE PROBLEM OF
2059
01:23:29,138 --> 01:23:31,340
MEANING IS VERY IMPORTANT.
2060
01:23:31,340 --> 01:23:32,541
NIHILISM IS SERIOUS CHALLENGE,
2061
01:23:32,541 --> 01:23:33,742
MEANINGLESSNESS IS A SERIOUS
2062
01:23:33,742 --> 01:23:35,678
CHALLENGE - EVEN MAKING SENSE OF
2063
01:23:35,678 --> 01:23:37,380
MEANINGLESSNESS IS ITSELF A KIND
2064
01:23:37,380 --> 01:23:42,385
OF DISCIPLINE AND ACHIEVEMENT.
2065
01:23:42,385 --> 01:23:44,653
BUT THE PROBLEM IS YOU NEVER
2066
01:23:44,653 --> 01:23:47,423
REACH IT, YOU KNOW? IT'S NOT A
2067
01:23:47,423 --> 01:23:49,358
STATIC, STATIONARY TELOS OR END
2068
01:23:49,358 --> 01:23:51,127
OR AIM. IT IS A PROCESS ONE
2069
01:23:51,127 --> 01:23:53,562
NEVER REACHES. IT'S SISYPHEAN,
2070
01:23:53,562 --> 01:23:55,798
YOU KNOW, YOU'RE GOING UP HILL
2071
01:23:55,798 --> 01:23:57,766
LOOKING FOR BETTER MEANINGS, OR
2072
01:23:57,766 --> 01:23:59,402
BETTER, GRANDER, MORE ENABLING
2073
01:23:59,402 --> 01:24:01,370
MEANINGS. BUT YOU NEVER REACH
2074
01:24:01,370 --> 01:24:03,172
IT, AND IN THAT SENSE YOU DIE
2075
01:24:03,172 --> 01:24:06,475
WITHOUT BEING ABLE TO HAVE THE
2076
01:24:06,475 --> 01:24:08,811
WHOLE, IN THE LANGUAGE OF THE
2077
01:24:08,811 --> 01:24:14,217
ROMANTIC DISCOURSE.
2078
01:24:14,217 --> 01:24:15,118
LET ME JUST JUMP OUT HERE ON
2079
01:24:15,118 --> 01:24:17,820
THE CORNER.
2080
01:24:17,820 --> 01:24:18,654
OKAY YOU ALL.
2081
01:24:18,654 --> 01:24:19,755
[CREW] THANKS. THANKS VERY MUCH.
2082
01:24:19,755 --> 01:24:20,523
[ASTRA TAYLOR] THANKS
2083
01:24:20,523 --> 01:24:21,724
[CREW] THANK YOU SIR.
2084
01:24:21,724 --> 01:24:22,425
[CORNEL WEST] TAKE GOOD CARE.
2085
01:24:22,425 --> 01:24:28,831
[CREW] YOU, TOO.
2086
01:24:37,606 --> 01:25:34,163
<*>
2087
01:25:34,363 --> 01:25:45,474
<*>
2088
01:25:45,474 --> 01:28:05,013
<*>
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