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earth
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our home planet the only place in the
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universe known to support
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life yet could life forms from outer
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space
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already have paid us a visit could they
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even be abducting members of the human
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race
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it may seem like science fiction but has
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planet earth
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already had a close encounter
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stories of close encounters with alien
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life
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are part of our culture every year in
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the us
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there are thousands of reported
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sightings of ufos
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unidentified flying objects and some
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people
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even claimed to have been abducted by
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aliens
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i'm a perfectly normal individual that's
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had rather extraordinary
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odd experiences my entire lifetime
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natural phenomena or even military
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activities
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can explain most of the ufo incidents
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but
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some still keep people guessing
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there's no way that it was balloons or
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an aircraft or helicopters
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or flares people actually saw a mile to
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two mile wide craft flying saucers have
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invaded our planet
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skeptics argue that such sightings and
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close encounters
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are merely figments of our imagination
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perhaps inspired by science fiction
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movies and popular culture
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you have a dream about an alien in the
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middle of the night what is your alien
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gonna look like
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your alien's gonna look like my alien
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the alien we we both saw on television
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although even respected scientists admit
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that real aliens
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could have the capability to travel vast
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distances across the cosmos
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to visit earth there is no
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law of physics preventing a civilization
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perhaps a million years more advanced
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than ours from reaching the planet earth
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some believe that there is overwhelming
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evidence that aliens have visited us
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possibly on many occasions throughout
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history
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leaving artifacts and messages ranging
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from crop circles
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to the pyramids i saw some strange
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objects and strange lights i saw some
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things i couldn't
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explain they were definitely under
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intelligent control
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for those of you that are skeptical i
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would ask you look at all
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the incidents there are some very
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serious things out there some incident
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really needs some investigation
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in 1995 dr lynn kaitai saw lights she
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could not explain
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near her home in the mountains just
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north of phoenix arizona
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she had her camera with her i
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really concentrated on that top orb that
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was starting to disappear
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it didn't budge it just slowly dimmed as
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if
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once it disappeared it was still there
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and i noticed an
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eerie silence as if time had stopped
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it was just extraordinary and very
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strange
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two years later on march 13th 1997
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kaitai was also among the thousands of
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witnesses
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who shared a remarkable experience
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thousands of people statewide were
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looking up purposely
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to the sky on a clear beautiful night to
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catch a glimpse of the hailbop comet
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when this
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mile to two mile wide triangle craft
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traverse the entire state
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i mean it really went through the most
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populated corridor of arizona
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totally totally silent this was a
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massive parade
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throughout the state some people find it
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hard to dismiss
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the phoenix lights case because there
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were so many eyewitnesses
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after a brief investigation the military
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revealed that the lights were created by
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flares
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released from a squadron of aircraft
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flying in a v
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formation despite this explanation
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some people maintain that the lights
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were otherworldly
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pyrotechnic expert paul mann has worked
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with flares for over 23 years
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he believes that staging this event
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would be incredibly challenging
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i think you would find it very difficult
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to mistake a flare
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for what people would regard as a ufo
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although he won't be launching the
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flares from a fighter jet paul believes
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that he can explain the difference
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between flares
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and the phoenix lights here are flares
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which will go to about 300 feet high
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give you a constant burn but you'll see
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there's a slight flicker in it
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anybody be able to spot that as a flare
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rather than a craft
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so we've got a shimmering red light
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there lots of smoke you can see the
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smoke trail
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the pinpoint of light will give it away
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as a flare and it falls to the ground it
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doesn't hover
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for hours so for anybody who saw the
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phoenix lights just
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if it was a pyrotechnic that could last
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for so long that was quite an
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achievement and to get it to hold in the
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sky
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was something else altogether
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i know what i saw and thousands of other
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people know what they saw
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and it definitely was not flares the
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characteristics are quite different from
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these orbs
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there's no smoke trails these are balls
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these are orbs that are in rock solid
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formations
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the data speak for itself
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some people believe that flares are an
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improbable explanation for the lights
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over phoenix
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dr michael shermer publisher of skeptic
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magazine
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thinks the incident highlights the
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difficulty of judging the truth about
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ufos
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people are poor eyewitnesses all of us
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judging the size
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motion and speed of objects in the sky
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particularly at night or at dusk it's
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very difficult to do
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schermer has been writing about the
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unexplained for over 10 years
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he questions not only the quality of the
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evidence but also the reliability of
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human testimonies
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when somebody says oh it was 200 meters
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wide
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in the sky how do you know was it next
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to something that you knew the size of
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already and then you can judge it's
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twice as big as that
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no people just make wild ass guesses
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these wild guesses include mistaking
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military aircraft
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weather balloons flares and even the
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planet venus
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as alien craft yet such sightings lead
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many people to believe in the existence
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of ufos
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despite logical explanations from
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scientists
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and the us government ironically
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official denials of ufo landings may
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actually encourage a popular belief in
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their existence
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because of a fascination with conspiracy
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theories
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and a fear of government cover-ups
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particularly
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in the infamous case of roswell roswell
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this is the mecca of ufology initially
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the story given that it was a weather
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balloon was a lie
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it was a lie because it was a national
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security secret
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it was a national security secret until
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1995
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when the government said that roswell
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wasn't actually a high altitude weather
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balloon
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but a high altitude surveillance balloon
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to monitor
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soviet nuclear tests this revelation
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only serves to convince the ufo
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community
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that the government are still covering
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up whatever did happen
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at roswell so the ufology people said oh
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hi you see we've been saying that they
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lie
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yeah right but they're saying what it
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actually is
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but that's a lie no that makes perfect
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sense for a cold war
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atmosphere in 1947. the mystery
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surrounding roswell
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has been fueled by misinformation and
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the shifting official explanation
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that keeps the story alive yet sometimes
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even the military themselves spot the
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unusual
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in 1980 personnel at an air force base
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on the east coast of england saw a
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strange light in a nearby forest
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deputy base commander colonel charles
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halt was on duty
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when he received a strange message from
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one of his staff
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when the on-duty police lieutenant came
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in and insisted on seeing myself in the
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base commander and talking to us
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privately
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he was white as a sheep the lieutenant
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reported that a strange
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unidentified flying object had been seen
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descending into nearby
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rendelsham forest colonel halt and a
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disaster preparedness officer
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visited the supposed landing site they
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recorded their
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mission as evidenced
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all the birds got quiet all the animals
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in the forest were just silent
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we approached a site where they said
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this alleged craft had landed
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there were three indentations in the
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ground about an inch and a half to two
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inches deep about eight to ten inches
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across
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they were about six seven maybe eight
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foot apart in a nice triangular shape
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being cautious colonel halt and his
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disaster preparedness officer
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took radiation readings with their
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geiger counter
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the levels were four times higher than
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normal
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then something moved in the trees
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a bright red light with a black center
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that was moving through the trees
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it appeared to be shedding something
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like molten metal
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almost like steel coming out of a
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crucible as we stood there and all
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watching it
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it silently exploded and broke into
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multiple white objects
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that just disappeared many journalists
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and researchers
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claim that what colonel halt and others
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actually saw while in rendelsham forest
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was in fact the lighthouse at nearby
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orford ness
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but colonel halt remains convinced that
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what he saw wasn't of this world
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i know what we saw but i don't know what
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it was my own personal suspicions are
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that there may have been a craft that
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was damaged injured or it may have been
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a reconnaissance vehicle of some type
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taking a look at all the activity in the
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area
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in january 1981 colonel halt contacted
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the british ministry of defense
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but never received an official response
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he is convinced that his close encounter
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was genuine
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and that governments cover up this and
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other ufo cases
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00:11:02,078 --> 00:11:06,479
dr michael shermer is not so sure the
292
00:11:05,039 --> 00:11:08,078
problem with government cover-ups like
293
00:11:06,480 --> 00:11:08,800
that is people can't keep their mouth
294
00:11:08,078 --> 00:11:11,359
shut
295
00:11:08,799 --> 00:11:12,559
if aliens were really here and the
296
00:11:11,360 --> 00:11:16,159
government was covering up
297
00:11:12,559 --> 00:11:16,958
surely some lower echelon person would
298
00:11:16,159 --> 00:11:20,319
say
299
00:11:16,958 --> 00:11:22,559
i've got the story of a lifetime
300
00:11:20,320 --> 00:11:24,480
even if governments were trying to cover
301
00:11:22,559 --> 00:11:26,479
up ufo incidents
302
00:11:24,480 --> 00:11:29,839
people haven't stopped questioning the
303
00:11:26,480 --> 00:11:29,839
official explanations
304
00:11:33,120 --> 00:11:37,200
either aliens exist or they don't either
305
00:11:36,399 --> 00:11:41,759
thought
306
00:11:37,200 --> 00:11:44,000
is frightening for any ufo to get here
307
00:11:41,759 --> 00:11:46,159
it would have to travel across space
308
00:11:44,000 --> 00:11:49,440
from another part of the universe
309
00:11:46,159 --> 00:11:50,480
light years away where might they come
310
00:11:49,440 --> 00:11:56,240
from
311
00:11:50,480 --> 00:11:58,000
and just how would they get here has
312
00:11:56,240 --> 00:11:59,839
earth ever had a close encounter with an
313
00:11:58,000 --> 00:12:01,679
alien civilization
314
00:11:59,839 --> 00:12:02,880
there have been many supposed sightings
315
00:12:01,679 --> 00:12:07,039
of ufos
316
00:12:02,879 --> 00:12:07,039
but no definitive evidence of a visit
317
00:12:07,278 --> 00:12:11,360
but whether or not aliens have dropped
318
00:12:09,278 --> 00:12:13,759
into our own backyard
319
00:12:11,360 --> 00:12:16,480
many scientists do believe that they
320
00:12:13,759 --> 00:12:16,480
could exist
321
00:12:16,799 --> 00:12:20,958
i would be shocked if we were alone it
322
00:12:19,278 --> 00:12:23,200
would be
323
00:12:20,958 --> 00:12:24,719
an incredible waste of space considering
324
00:12:23,200 --> 00:12:26,160
how many galaxies there are
325
00:12:24,720 --> 00:12:29,120
there should be lots of planets like
326
00:12:26,159 --> 00:12:29,120
ours with life on it
327
00:12:29,278 --> 00:12:33,039
the universe is about 14 billion years
328
00:12:32,240 --> 00:12:36,320
old
329
00:12:33,039 --> 00:12:39,599
and expanding at a phenomenal rate
330
00:12:36,320 --> 00:12:41,839
it holds billions and billions of stars
331
00:12:39,600 --> 00:12:42,639
far more stars than there are grains of
332
00:12:41,839 --> 00:12:46,240
sand
333
00:12:42,639 --> 00:12:46,240
on all the beaches on earth
334
00:12:48,240 --> 00:12:51,759
and some of these stars have planets
335
00:12:50,399 --> 00:12:53,679
orbiting them
336
00:12:51,759 --> 00:12:57,039
there are plenty of places from which
337
00:12:53,679 --> 00:12:57,039
e.t could originate
338
00:12:57,278 --> 00:13:01,200
physicist lawrence krauss believes that
339
00:12:59,440 --> 00:13:03,680
the most likely place for e.t
340
00:13:01,200 --> 00:13:07,839
to call home would be on a planet
341
00:13:03,679 --> 00:13:07,838
similar to our own
342
00:13:08,720 --> 00:13:12,399
life seems to form ubiquitously
343
00:13:10,799 --> 00:13:13,039
relatively easily in conditions like
344
00:13:12,399 --> 00:13:15,360
this
345
00:13:13,039 --> 00:13:16,879
so we we would expect one simple way to
346
00:13:15,360 --> 00:13:19,360
find life would be to look for planets
347
00:13:16,879 --> 00:13:19,360
like earth
348
00:13:19,440 --> 00:13:23,519
the problem is that any such planet is
349
00:13:22,240 --> 00:13:26,560
going to be a long
350
00:13:23,519 --> 00:13:27,360
long way from earth outer space
351
00:13:26,559 --> 00:13:30,159
distances
352
00:13:27,360 --> 00:13:32,240
are so vast they are measured in light
353
00:13:30,159 --> 00:13:34,639
years rather than miles
354
00:13:32,240 --> 00:13:37,519
one light year is a distance of nearly
355
00:13:34,639 --> 00:13:39,680
six trillion miles
356
00:13:37,519 --> 00:13:41,120
that's the distance traveled in one year
357
00:13:39,679 --> 00:13:44,799
by a beam of light
358
00:13:41,120 --> 00:13:45,600
moving slightly in excess of 186 000
359
00:13:44,799 --> 00:13:49,759
miles
360
00:13:45,600 --> 00:13:52,879
per second
361
00:13:49,759 --> 00:13:55,919
light from our own sun reaches earth
362
00:13:52,879 --> 00:13:55,919
in about eight minutes
363
00:13:56,320 --> 00:14:01,440
and takes another ten and a half years
364
00:13:59,278 --> 00:14:02,000
to travel to the nearest known planet
365
00:14:01,440 --> 00:14:04,959
outside
366
00:14:02,000 --> 00:14:04,958
of our solar system
367
00:14:06,799 --> 00:14:10,000
any alien planning to visit us from this
368
00:14:09,039 --> 00:14:14,838
planet
369
00:14:10,000 --> 00:14:17,198
faces a round trip of over 120 trillion
370
00:14:14,839 --> 00:14:19,279
miles
371
00:14:17,198 --> 00:14:20,799
the only way to shorten the duration of
372
00:14:19,278 --> 00:14:23,679
such a journey
373
00:14:20,799 --> 00:14:26,958
may be to go faster than the fastest
374
00:14:23,679 --> 00:14:30,000
thing we know in the universe
375
00:14:26,958 --> 00:14:32,479
light itself in 1905 einstein
376
00:14:30,000 --> 00:14:34,879
laid out special relativity and in that
377
00:14:32,480 --> 00:14:36,159
theory you cannot go faster than the
378
00:14:34,879 --> 00:14:38,799
speed of light
379
00:14:36,159 --> 00:14:40,319
there's a cop on the block in some sense
380
00:14:38,799 --> 00:14:42,319
that says you can't break the light
381
00:14:40,320 --> 00:14:45,199
barrier
382
00:14:42,320 --> 00:14:47,360
einstein's theory of special relativity
383
00:14:45,198 --> 00:14:48,000
suggests that there is a cosmic speed
384
00:14:47,360 --> 00:14:51,278
limit
385
00:14:48,000 --> 00:14:54,480
preventing anything and any alien going
386
00:14:51,278 --> 00:14:58,000
faster than the speed of light
387
00:14:54,480 --> 00:15:00,720
however in 1916 einstein created an
388
00:14:58,000 --> 00:15:03,759
even more powerful theory the general
389
00:15:00,720 --> 00:15:03,759
theory of relativity
390
00:15:04,078 --> 00:15:08,399
it opens up the possibility that instead
391
00:15:06,159 --> 00:15:12,958
of beating the laws of physics
392
00:15:08,399 --> 00:15:15,839
the answer might be to get around them
393
00:15:12,958 --> 00:15:17,759
theoretical physicist michio kaku
394
00:15:15,839 --> 00:15:20,079
believes that this holds the key
395
00:15:17,759 --> 00:15:20,958
to breaking the light speed barrier
396
00:15:20,078 --> 00:15:23,120
space-time
397
00:15:20,958 --> 00:15:24,958
is a fabric a fabric that can be
398
00:15:23,120 --> 00:15:26,159
stretched and compressed and perhaps
399
00:15:24,958 --> 00:15:28,638
even ripped
400
00:15:26,159 --> 00:15:31,039
that might give you the possibility to
401
00:15:28,639 --> 00:15:34,000
break the light barrier
402
00:15:31,039 --> 00:15:34,958
einstein's theory proposes that matter
403
00:15:34,000 --> 00:15:39,360
causes space
404
00:15:34,958 --> 00:15:41,198
time to curve imagine a heavy ball on a
405
00:15:39,360 --> 00:15:43,680
rubber sheet
406
00:15:41,198 --> 00:15:46,000
the ball's presence causes the sheet to
407
00:15:43,679 --> 00:15:47,919
distort into a hollow
408
00:15:46,000 --> 00:15:50,320
if a smaller ball is then dropped onto
409
00:15:47,919 --> 00:15:52,479
the sheet it will spiral toward the
410
00:15:50,320 --> 00:15:55,440
heavier ball
411
00:15:52,480 --> 00:15:56,480
einstein theorized that space like the
412
00:15:55,440 --> 00:16:00,240
rubber sheet
413
00:15:56,480 --> 00:16:02,560
is warped as objects travel through it
414
00:16:00,240 --> 00:16:04,879
and if space can be warped then there
415
00:16:02,559 --> 00:16:06,239
may be a novel way to travel from one
416
00:16:04,879 --> 00:16:09,919
side of the galaxy
417
00:16:06,240 --> 00:16:10,879
to the other if you have a sheet of
418
00:16:09,919 --> 00:16:13,519
paper
419
00:16:10,879 --> 00:16:16,078
a straight line is the shortest distance
420
00:16:13,519 --> 00:16:18,399
between two points
421
00:16:16,078 --> 00:16:20,239
however there's a loophole if you want
422
00:16:18,399 --> 00:16:22,159
to fold the sheet of paper
423
00:16:20,240 --> 00:16:23,278
then you realize the shortest distance
424
00:16:22,159 --> 00:16:27,039
between two points
425
00:16:23,278 --> 00:16:29,519
is actually a wormhole some scientists
426
00:16:27,039 --> 00:16:32,240
suggest that wormholes are space-time
427
00:16:29,519 --> 00:16:34,480
tubes which act as shortcuts connecting
428
00:16:32,240 --> 00:16:37,278
distant regions of space
429
00:16:34,480 --> 00:16:39,120
theoretically an alien using wormholes
430
00:16:37,278 --> 00:16:40,000
could travel between two parts of our
431
00:16:39,120 --> 00:16:41,919
galaxy
432
00:16:40,000 --> 00:16:45,278
faster than a beam of light could travel
433
00:16:41,919 --> 00:16:45,278
through normal space and time
434
00:16:46,159 --> 00:16:50,879
it's a shortcut first described more
435
00:16:48,480 --> 00:16:53,440
than 150 years ago
436
00:16:50,879 --> 00:16:54,399
by a mathematician in oxford england
437
00:16:53,440 --> 00:16:58,480
that man
438
00:16:54,399 --> 00:16:58,480
was the author known as lewis carroll
439
00:16:59,440 --> 00:17:02,880
alice's looking glass connects the
440
00:17:01,198 --> 00:17:05,838
countryside of oxford
441
00:17:02,879 --> 00:17:07,519
to a fantastic world called wonderland
442
00:17:05,838 --> 00:17:09,599
and if you were to put your hand
443
00:17:07,519 --> 00:17:11,199
through the looking glass your hand
444
00:17:09,599 --> 00:17:15,519
would leave oxford
445
00:17:11,199 --> 00:17:18,160
and go to the other side of forever
446
00:17:15,519 --> 00:17:18,558
that is a wormhole what we physicists
447
00:17:18,160 --> 00:17:22,400
call
448
00:17:18,558 --> 00:17:22,399
a multiply connected space
449
00:17:24,720 --> 00:17:29,519
wormholes may be the ideal
450
00:17:26,558 --> 00:17:32,079
transportation network
451
00:17:29,519 --> 00:17:35,759
but manipulating the laws of physics
452
00:17:32,079 --> 00:17:38,159
could bring catastrophic consequences
453
00:17:35,759 --> 00:17:38,960
you don't know how stable they are it
454
00:17:38,160 --> 00:17:40,960
may be quite
455
00:17:38,960 --> 00:17:43,440
radioactive there may be quantum
456
00:17:40,960 --> 00:17:46,000
corrections and radiation as you enter
457
00:17:43,440 --> 00:17:48,160
the wormhole or perhaps it will close up
458
00:17:46,000 --> 00:17:50,400
even before you can enter
459
00:17:48,160 --> 00:17:51,919
it may be possible to artificially
460
00:17:50,400 --> 00:17:54,000
create a wormhole
461
00:17:51,919 --> 00:17:56,320
but it would take enormous energy and
462
00:17:54,000 --> 00:17:57,440
advances in technology way beyond our
463
00:17:56,319 --> 00:17:59,359
imagination
464
00:17:57,440 --> 00:18:00,720
to rip through the fabric of space and
465
00:17:59,359 --> 00:18:02,879
time
466
00:18:00,720 --> 00:18:03,919
but maybe there's an alien civilization
467
00:18:02,880 --> 00:18:05,760
so advanced
468
00:18:03,919 --> 00:18:08,000
that they can build these super galactic
469
00:18:05,759 --> 00:18:10,319
highways with ease
470
00:18:08,000 --> 00:18:12,000
intelligent aliens may also have found
471
00:18:10,319 --> 00:18:13,038
another trick to navigate around the
472
00:18:12,000 --> 00:18:15,440
universe
473
00:18:13,038 --> 00:18:16,400
perhaps they can actually move space
474
00:18:15,440 --> 00:18:17,919
itself
475
00:18:16,400 --> 00:18:20,160
as far as we know space can do whatever
476
00:18:17,919 --> 00:18:21,520
the heck it wants it can expand and
477
00:18:20,160 --> 00:18:22,000
respond to the presence of matter and
478
00:18:21,519 --> 00:18:23,759
energy
479
00:18:22,000 --> 00:18:25,038
if we could somehow harness that then in
480
00:18:23,759 --> 00:18:27,919
principle you might be able to develop
481
00:18:25,038 --> 00:18:30,160
something you might call a warp drive
482
00:18:27,919 --> 00:18:31,038
the alien craft would collapse the space
483
00:18:30,160 --> 00:18:33,519
in front of it
484
00:18:31,038 --> 00:18:34,720
and simultaneously expand the space
485
00:18:33,519 --> 00:18:36,798
behind it
486
00:18:34,720 --> 00:18:38,558
in that way the ship would transfer from
487
00:18:36,798 --> 00:18:40,720
one part of the galaxy to another
488
00:18:38,558 --> 00:18:42,399
without actually moving an inch
489
00:18:40,720 --> 00:18:45,360
it may sound like the stuff of science
490
00:18:42,400 --> 00:18:48,400
fiction but for some advanced aliens
491
00:18:45,359 --> 00:18:49,199
it could be science fact i can show you
492
00:18:48,400 --> 00:18:51,200
with this balloon
493
00:18:49,200 --> 00:18:52,720
i have a little replica i've drawn of
494
00:18:51,200 --> 00:18:54,720
the uss enterprise
495
00:18:52,720 --> 00:18:56,000
from star trek and just so you know the
496
00:18:54,720 --> 00:18:58,880
local surroundings have the sun
497
00:18:56,000 --> 00:18:59,279
here i have the moon saturn and what i
498
00:18:58,880 --> 00:19:00,720
want to
499
00:18:59,279 --> 00:19:02,720
show you is that is that the the
500
00:19:00,720 --> 00:19:05,279
enterprise could travel
501
00:19:02,720 --> 00:19:06,720
away from this star system and towards
502
00:19:05,279 --> 00:19:09,038
this star without ever moving with
503
00:19:06,720 --> 00:19:10,798
respect to its local surroundings
504
00:19:09,038 --> 00:19:12,720
how can i do that well if i squeeze the
505
00:19:10,798 --> 00:19:15,839
balloon at this end
506
00:19:12,720 --> 00:19:17,600
then i expand this region of the balloon
507
00:19:15,839 --> 00:19:19,038
the distance between the starship and
508
00:19:17,599 --> 00:19:20,240
these stars has increased but the
509
00:19:19,038 --> 00:19:21,919
starship hasn't moved at all with
510
00:19:20,240 --> 00:19:24,400
respect to its local surroundings
511
00:19:21,919 --> 00:19:25,679
and so what i've done is i've had space
512
00:19:24,400 --> 00:19:28,000
do the work
513
00:19:25,679 --> 00:19:28,880
nobody knows how a warp drive might be
514
00:19:28,000 --> 00:19:31,038
powered
515
00:19:28,880 --> 00:19:32,320
and krause believes that its use would
516
00:19:31,038 --> 00:19:33,599
be fraught with danger
517
00:19:32,319 --> 00:19:35,359
it may not be dangerous for the
518
00:19:33,599 --> 00:19:37,119
participants in the spacecraft but it'd
519
00:19:35,359 --> 00:19:38,798
be pretty dangerous for everyone else
520
00:19:37,119 --> 00:19:40,558
because when you contract space in front
521
00:19:38,798 --> 00:19:41,759
of you you literally crush everything
522
00:19:40,558 --> 00:19:43,359
between you and your star when you
523
00:19:41,759 --> 00:19:45,279
expand space behind you
524
00:19:43,359 --> 00:19:46,479
you you put incredible tension in
525
00:19:45,279 --> 00:19:47,599
everything around you
526
00:19:46,480 --> 00:19:49,038
you'd have to have an interstellar
527
00:19:47,599 --> 00:19:49,759
highway where you cleared out everything
528
00:19:49,038 --> 00:19:51,279
in between
529
00:19:49,759 --> 00:19:53,440
because otherwise you destroy basically
530
00:19:51,279 --> 00:19:55,678
everything around you
531
00:19:53,440 --> 00:19:58,000
our own technology is nowhere near
532
00:19:55,679 --> 00:20:00,240
sidestepping the laws of physics
533
00:19:58,000 --> 00:20:02,480
but an alien civilization that has
534
00:20:00,240 --> 00:20:05,279
evolved a million years ahead of us
535
00:20:02,480 --> 00:20:07,200
might already have found a way
536
00:20:05,279 --> 00:20:08,000
earth-bound physicists who are looking
537
00:20:07,200 --> 00:20:10,880
for life
538
00:20:08,000 --> 00:20:13,279
take this idea very seriously they have
539
00:20:10,880 --> 00:20:14,559
devised a system to categorize alien
540
00:20:13,279 --> 00:20:18,480
civilizations
541
00:20:14,558 --> 00:20:20,720
according to how advanced they may be
542
00:20:18,480 --> 00:20:22,558
when we physicists look in outer space
543
00:20:20,720 --> 00:20:24,000
we don't look for little green men we
544
00:20:22,558 --> 00:20:28,240
look for type 1
545
00:20:24,000 --> 00:20:28,240
type 2 and type 3 civilizations
546
00:20:29,599 --> 00:20:33,759
a type 1 alien civilization would be so
547
00:20:32,720 --> 00:20:35,839
advanced
548
00:20:33,759 --> 00:20:36,798
it could harness all forms of energy on
549
00:20:35,839 --> 00:20:41,519
its planet
550
00:20:36,798 --> 00:20:48,000
including oceans volcanoes
551
00:20:41,519 --> 00:20:50,720
and even the weather
552
00:20:48,000 --> 00:20:54,880
would soon exhaust the power of a planet
553
00:20:50,720 --> 00:20:57,440
and use the energy of their local star
554
00:20:54,880 --> 00:20:58,400
at this stage they would be categorized
555
00:20:57,440 --> 00:21:02,400
as a type 2
556
00:20:58,400 --> 00:21:03,280
civilization eventually they become
557
00:21:02,400 --> 00:21:05,519
galactic
558
00:21:03,279 --> 00:21:07,839
they begin to colonize entire star
559
00:21:05,519 --> 00:21:09,599
systems they begin to have fantastic
560
00:21:07,839 --> 00:21:11,439
energies allowing them to manipulate
561
00:21:09,599 --> 00:21:14,798
stars and black holes
562
00:21:11,440 --> 00:21:14,798
that is type three
563
00:21:14,880 --> 00:21:18,159
perhaps a hundred thousand to a million
564
00:21:17,599 --> 00:21:21,359
years
565
00:21:18,159 --> 00:21:23,520
more advanced than our technology but
566
00:21:21,359 --> 00:21:30,798
where would our own civilization be
567
00:21:23,519 --> 00:21:33,519
on this scale
568
00:21:30,798 --> 00:21:34,798
we don't even rate on this scale we get
569
00:21:33,519 --> 00:21:37,679
our energy from
570
00:21:34,798 --> 00:21:38,400
dead plants oil and coal that's how
571
00:21:37,679 --> 00:21:42,798
primitive
572
00:21:38,400 --> 00:21:46,159
we are our official rating
573
00:21:42,798 --> 00:21:48,798
is type zero we cannot travel across the
574
00:21:46,159 --> 00:21:51,679
vastness of interstellar space
575
00:21:48,798 --> 00:21:53,519
however a type three civilization would
576
00:21:51,679 --> 00:21:54,080
have developed the technology needed to
577
00:21:53,519 --> 00:21:57,038
control
578
00:21:54,079 --> 00:21:59,038
space and time in order to travel freely
579
00:21:57,038 --> 00:22:01,919
throughout the universe
580
00:21:59,038 --> 00:22:04,400
you cannot rule out the possibility that
581
00:22:01,919 --> 00:22:06,720
an extraterrestrial civilization perhaps
582
00:22:04,400 --> 00:22:08,240
a million years more advanced than ours
583
00:22:06,720 --> 00:22:12,159
have the capability of
584
00:22:08,240 --> 00:22:13,038
reaching the planet earth but any alien
585
00:22:12,159 --> 00:22:15,120
civilization
586
00:22:13,038 --> 00:22:17,200
developing ways of traveling across the
587
00:22:15,119 --> 00:22:20,479
galaxy to planet earth
588
00:22:17,200 --> 00:22:23,279
still faces potential disaster
589
00:22:20,480 --> 00:22:24,480
if they reach us at all then the oxygen
590
00:22:23,279 --> 00:22:27,519
in our atmosphere
591
00:22:24,480 --> 00:22:30,000
the very thing that keeps us alive
592
00:22:27,519 --> 00:22:33,038
may prove to be deadly poison for our
593
00:22:30,000 --> 00:22:33,038
alien visitors
594
00:22:33,359 --> 00:22:37,439
if an alien civilization has
595
00:22:35,359 --> 00:22:38,639
successfully learned how to control time
596
00:22:37,440 --> 00:22:41,200
and space
597
00:22:38,640 --> 00:22:42,080
and cross the interstellar void to visit
598
00:22:41,200 --> 00:22:44,880
earth
599
00:22:42,079 --> 00:22:46,319
they will face a serious danger our
600
00:22:44,880 --> 00:22:49,039
atmosphere
601
00:22:46,319 --> 00:22:50,720
it protects us from solar radiation but
602
00:22:49,038 --> 00:22:53,519
it's a dangerous barrier for any
603
00:22:50,720 --> 00:22:56,400
approaching spacecraft
604
00:22:53,519 --> 00:22:58,158
as an object approaches earth from space
605
00:22:56,400 --> 00:23:01,038
it heats up due to friction with
606
00:22:58,159 --> 00:23:03,360
molecules in our atmosphere
607
00:23:01,038 --> 00:23:04,400
the heat burns up most objects such as
608
00:23:03,359 --> 00:23:09,839
asteroids
609
00:23:04,400 --> 00:23:09,840
before they reach the ground
610
00:23:11,599 --> 00:23:15,119
nasa spacecraft use this friction to
611
00:23:14,079 --> 00:23:18,158
slow down
612
00:23:15,119 --> 00:23:20,079
as they re-enter the atmosphere
613
00:23:18,159 --> 00:23:21,520
heat resistant tiles protect them from
614
00:23:20,079 --> 00:23:25,839
the intense heat
615
00:23:21,519 --> 00:23:25,839
without them the ship would burn up
616
00:23:26,159 --> 00:23:30,240
but some physicists believe that a
617
00:23:27,919 --> 00:23:32,159
technologically advanced civilization
618
00:23:30,240 --> 00:23:34,720
would solve the problem long before they
619
00:23:32,159 --> 00:23:36,799
reach our atmosphere
620
00:23:34,720 --> 00:23:39,200
i would suspect that any intelligent
621
00:23:36,798 --> 00:23:40,240
creature with an advanced form of space
622
00:23:39,200 --> 00:23:42,159
travel would simply
623
00:23:40,240 --> 00:23:44,798
slow down even before it reaches the
624
00:23:42,159 --> 00:23:46,720
planet earth
625
00:23:44,798 --> 00:23:48,798
having navigated our atmosphere and
626
00:23:46,720 --> 00:23:51,759
landed safely on our planet
627
00:23:48,798 --> 00:23:53,519
the aliens faced their next big hurdle
628
00:23:51,759 --> 00:23:57,278
it's unlikely they could just step
629
00:23:53,519 --> 00:23:59,359
out of their craft earth's atmosphere
630
00:23:57,278 --> 00:24:00,960
would probably not match exactly the
631
00:23:59,359 --> 00:24:02,399
atmosphere on the home planet of a
632
00:24:00,960 --> 00:24:05,120
visiting alien
633
00:24:02,400 --> 00:24:06,320
in fact unless the aliens were adapted
634
00:24:05,119 --> 00:24:08,079
to oxygen
635
00:24:06,319 --> 00:24:09,599
they would find the gas extremely
636
00:24:08,079 --> 00:24:11,519
poisonous
637
00:24:09,599 --> 00:24:12,798
as aliens come to earth you wouldn't
638
00:24:11,519 --> 00:24:14,798
expect them to just walk out of their
639
00:24:12,798 --> 00:24:17,599
spacecraft and breathe the air and start
640
00:24:14,798 --> 00:24:19,599
eating apples and oranges here in the
641
00:24:17,599 --> 00:24:22,158
mojave desert in nevada
642
00:24:19,599 --> 00:24:24,158
nasa's space science division studies
643
00:24:22,159 --> 00:24:27,278
how earth's basic organisms
644
00:24:24,159 --> 00:24:29,039
live in extreme environments from this
645
00:24:27,278 --> 00:24:30,798
they hope to ascertain how different
646
00:24:29,038 --> 00:24:33,919
species might survive
647
00:24:30,798 --> 00:24:36,720
potentially hazardous conditions
648
00:24:33,919 --> 00:24:38,480
leading the research is dr chris mckay
649
00:24:36,720 --> 00:24:39,120
we take for granted that life needs
650
00:24:38,480 --> 00:24:40,798
oxygen
651
00:24:39,119 --> 00:24:42,879
and we all need it plants and animals
652
00:24:40,798 --> 00:24:44,798
need oxygen but we have developed very
653
00:24:42,880 --> 00:24:47,120
special machinery and enzymes
654
00:24:44,798 --> 00:24:49,278
for detoxifying oxygen oxygen is
655
00:24:47,119 --> 00:24:50,959
intrinsically poisonous
656
00:24:49,278 --> 00:24:53,200
but would evolution have happened in the
657
00:24:50,960 --> 00:24:54,079
same way on the home planet of an alien
658
00:24:53,200 --> 00:24:55,759
visitor
659
00:24:54,079 --> 00:24:57,678
would they have evolved to cope with
660
00:24:55,759 --> 00:24:59,599
oxygen
661
00:24:57,679 --> 00:25:01,038
in an extreme case the fundamental
662
00:24:59,599 --> 00:25:04,000
chemistry might be completely different
663
00:25:01,038 --> 00:25:04,000
with different gases
664
00:25:05,839 --> 00:25:10,558
dr mckay studies samples that contain
665
00:25:08,159 --> 00:25:12,960
over 10 million bacteria
666
00:25:10,558 --> 00:25:14,960
they reveal that some species here exist
667
00:25:12,960 --> 00:25:18,319
using totally different principles
668
00:25:14,960 --> 00:25:19,759
to the vast majority of life on earth
669
00:25:18,319 --> 00:25:21,359
if we look at the bacteria we get a
670
00:25:19,759 --> 00:25:23,599
glimpse of how strange
671
00:25:21,359 --> 00:25:25,599
chemistry really can be how these
672
00:25:23,599 --> 00:25:28,719
organisms can be really so
673
00:25:25,599 --> 00:25:31,519
so alien the strength of our sun poses
674
00:25:28,720 --> 00:25:34,240
another problem for visiting aliens
675
00:25:31,519 --> 00:25:35,200
the energy from its rays supports life
676
00:25:34,240 --> 00:25:38,400
on earth
677
00:25:35,200 --> 00:25:38,400
but it can be dangerous
678
00:25:41,200 --> 00:25:47,919
too much sun can blind humans burn us
679
00:25:44,558 --> 00:25:49,119
or even cause cancer for a creature from
680
00:25:47,919 --> 00:25:52,720
another planet
681
00:25:49,119 --> 00:25:54,479
our sun's rays could be deadly
682
00:25:52,720 --> 00:25:56,159
you can imagine life forms from another
683
00:25:54,480 --> 00:25:57,360
world coming here and finding the uv
684
00:25:56,159 --> 00:26:00,159
light here to be
685
00:25:57,359 --> 00:26:01,199
stunningly bright and require extensive
686
00:26:00,159 --> 00:26:03,440
sun shields and
687
00:26:01,200 --> 00:26:05,200
sunglasses and other ways to protect
688
00:26:03,440 --> 00:26:07,440
themselves
689
00:26:05,200 --> 00:26:09,278
and then there is earth's invisible
690
00:26:07,440 --> 00:26:12,558
hazard for aliens
691
00:26:09,278 --> 00:26:15,038
gravity a visitor from another planet
692
00:26:12,558 --> 00:26:16,879
might find earth's gravity a challenge
693
00:26:15,038 --> 00:26:18,158
humans have grown up with it in bodies
694
00:26:16,880 --> 00:26:20,960
designed for one
695
00:26:18,159 --> 00:26:22,480
g if we subject our own bodies to
696
00:26:20,960 --> 00:26:25,759
extreme gravity
697
00:26:22,480 --> 00:26:28,480
the consequences can be disastrous
698
00:26:25,759 --> 00:26:29,919
fighter pilots making extreme turns can
699
00:26:28,480 --> 00:26:33,839
experience forces
700
00:26:29,919 --> 00:26:34,960
as high as 9 g's that means that a 160
701
00:26:33,839 --> 00:26:38,798
pound pilot
702
00:26:34,960 --> 00:26:41,038
feels like he weighs over 1500 pounds
703
00:26:38,798 --> 00:26:42,400
anything above 9 g's the pressure
704
00:26:41,038 --> 00:26:45,919
becomes too great
705
00:26:42,400 --> 00:26:45,919
and the pilot will black out
706
00:26:47,278 --> 00:26:51,200
aliens from a planet with less gravity
707
00:26:49,278 --> 00:26:52,400
would probably experience a similar
708
00:26:51,200 --> 00:26:54,400
effect
709
00:26:52,400 --> 00:26:56,240
say the martians came to earth well on
710
00:26:54,400 --> 00:26:58,000
mars the gravity is the third
711
00:26:56,240 --> 00:27:00,400
on earth the gravity would be higher for
712
00:26:58,000 --> 00:27:01,839
them so even if they were fit by martian
713
00:27:00,400 --> 00:27:03,919
standards they might find
714
00:27:01,839 --> 00:27:04,959
this high gravity of drag but it's not
715
00:27:03,919 --> 00:27:06,720
hard to postulate
716
00:27:04,960 --> 00:27:10,159
and have the technology to allow them to
717
00:27:06,720 --> 00:27:10,159
operate in higher gravity
718
00:27:10,480 --> 00:27:14,400
a far less predictable danger facing a
719
00:27:12,880 --> 00:27:17,600
visiting alien
720
00:27:14,400 --> 00:27:20,080
is germs just as in h.g
721
00:27:17,599 --> 00:27:21,038
wells's war of the worlds simple
722
00:27:20,079 --> 00:27:24,079
bacteria
723
00:27:21,038 --> 00:27:26,240
might be deadly to visiting aliens
724
00:27:24,079 --> 00:27:28,240
the bacteria on one planet could have
725
00:27:26,240 --> 00:27:29,120
serious consequences for organisms on
726
00:27:28,240 --> 00:27:31,278
another planet
727
00:27:29,119 --> 00:27:32,879
when the martians come they invade earth
728
00:27:31,278 --> 00:27:33,679
they kill off the armies of earth with
729
00:27:32,880 --> 00:27:36,000
no problem
730
00:27:33,679 --> 00:27:37,919
but then the bacteria on earth infect
731
00:27:36,000 --> 00:27:40,720
the martians and kill them in the end
732
00:27:37,919 --> 00:27:42,399
earth winds the war of the world but not
733
00:27:40,720 --> 00:27:43,200
because of the prowess of human
734
00:27:42,398 --> 00:27:45,439
technology
735
00:27:43,200 --> 00:27:48,159
but because of the biochemical diversity
736
00:27:45,440 --> 00:27:50,000
of the bacteria
737
00:27:48,159 --> 00:27:51,919
history has shown that there is good
738
00:27:50,000 --> 00:27:53,519
reason for visitors from another world
739
00:27:51,919 --> 00:27:56,799
to be cautious
740
00:27:53,519 --> 00:27:58,798
and for us to be cautious about them
741
00:27:56,798 --> 00:28:00,639
when the spanish invaded the americas
742
00:27:58,798 --> 00:28:02,398
they brought a far deadlier weapon than
743
00:28:00,640 --> 00:28:05,038
their guns and swords
744
00:28:02,398 --> 00:28:07,359
they brought smallpox the flu and other
745
00:28:05,038 --> 00:28:09,119
illnesses
746
00:28:07,359 --> 00:28:10,639
when those barriers were reduced and
747
00:28:09,119 --> 00:28:11,599
life spread between the new world and
748
00:28:10,640 --> 00:28:13,440
the old world
749
00:28:11,599 --> 00:28:17,839
there was a lot of death and destruction
750
00:28:13,440 --> 00:28:17,840
as a result of that
751
00:28:19,440 --> 00:28:24,558
we might contaminate visiting aliens or
752
00:28:22,079 --> 00:28:26,798
they might contaminate us
753
00:28:24,558 --> 00:28:28,000
this fear of infection from new species
754
00:28:26,798 --> 00:28:30,240
of bacteria
755
00:28:28,000 --> 00:28:33,278
also troubled nasa during the moon
756
00:28:30,240 --> 00:28:34,960
exploration of the 1960s
757
00:28:33,278 --> 00:28:37,440
they placed the first astronauts
758
00:28:34,960 --> 00:28:44,240
returning from the moon in quarantine
759
00:28:37,440 --> 00:28:46,720
in case they carry deadly space germs
760
00:28:44,240 --> 00:28:48,640
mckay hopes that an alien civilization
761
00:28:46,720 --> 00:28:50,880
exploring the universe
762
00:28:48,640 --> 00:28:51,679
would also be careful not to contaminate
763
00:28:50,880 --> 00:28:55,120
planets
764
00:28:51,679 --> 00:28:55,360
with their bugs one would imagine that
765
00:28:55,119 --> 00:28:57,759
an
766
00:28:55,359 --> 00:28:58,639
alien civilization with the technology
767
00:28:57,759 --> 00:29:00,798
to
768
00:28:58,640 --> 00:29:02,559
move between worlds would have the sense
769
00:29:00,798 --> 00:29:04,798
to realize the same problem
770
00:29:02,558 --> 00:29:05,599
and have strict biological barriers and
771
00:29:04,798 --> 00:29:07,278
controls
772
00:29:05,599 --> 00:29:09,359
they wouldn't just land and go out for a
773
00:29:07,278 --> 00:29:13,278
picnic and spread out their stuff on
774
00:29:09,359 --> 00:29:15,038
another world
775
00:29:13,278 --> 00:29:17,599
it's clear that the occupants of an
776
00:29:15,038 --> 00:29:21,119
alien spacecraft traveling to earth
777
00:29:17,599 --> 00:29:22,879
would face a catalog of dangers
778
00:29:21,119 --> 00:29:25,839
first they would have to survive the
779
00:29:22,880 --> 00:29:27,679
destructive forces within a wormhole
780
00:29:25,839 --> 00:29:30,000
then avoid burning up in the earth's
781
00:29:27,679 --> 00:29:32,320
atmosphere and finally
782
00:29:30,000 --> 00:29:34,000
protect themselves from poisonous oxygen
783
00:29:32,319 --> 00:29:36,319
or deadly germs
784
00:29:34,000 --> 00:29:38,319
perhaps alien visitors would decide not
785
00:29:36,319 --> 00:29:40,879
to take the risk themselves
786
00:29:38,319 --> 00:29:41,678
what if they send explorers who never
787
00:29:40,880 --> 00:29:44,720
age
788
00:29:41,679 --> 00:29:47,278
and who never die from deadly diseases
789
00:29:44,720 --> 00:29:48,278
the most efficient way is with robots
790
00:29:47,278 --> 00:29:52,000
these are
791
00:29:48,278 --> 00:29:55,599
self-replicating nanobots
792
00:29:52,000 --> 00:29:56,558
nanobots are miniature robots minute and
793
00:29:55,599 --> 00:29:58,798
lightweight enough
794
00:29:56,558 --> 00:30:00,480
to be potentially invaluable in space
795
00:29:58,798 --> 00:30:02,319
travel
796
00:30:00,480 --> 00:30:04,640
one of the major factors in traveling
797
00:30:02,319 --> 00:30:06,879
fast through space is weight
798
00:30:04,640 --> 00:30:08,799
the smaller you are the faster you can
799
00:30:06,880 --> 00:30:11,039
go in fact
800
00:30:08,798 --> 00:30:13,359
subatomic particles can travel at near
801
00:30:11,038 --> 00:30:16,480
the speed of light
802
00:30:13,359 --> 00:30:18,398
so tiny nanobots may be the best way of
803
00:30:16,480 --> 00:30:20,000
exploring the universe
804
00:30:18,398 --> 00:30:22,959
scientists believe that it might be
805
00:30:20,000 --> 00:30:26,240
possible to create microscopic nanobots
806
00:30:22,960 --> 00:30:28,319
able to clone themselves these would
807
00:30:26,240 --> 00:30:31,038
land on moons and planets
808
00:30:28,319 --> 00:30:32,158
and self-replicate allowing an alien
809
00:30:31,038 --> 00:30:34,879
civilization
810
00:30:32,159 --> 00:30:38,720
to explore vast tracts of the galaxy
811
00:30:34,880 --> 00:30:38,720
without ever leaving their home planet
812
00:30:39,200 --> 00:30:43,038
eventually you would have a sphere of
813
00:30:41,519 --> 00:30:45,759
perhaps trillions
814
00:30:43,038 --> 00:30:46,480
of robots expanding near the speed of
815
00:30:45,759 --> 00:30:49,359
light
816
00:30:46,480 --> 00:30:51,278
landing on moons each robot creating
817
00:30:49,359 --> 00:30:53,839
other robots
818
00:30:51,278 --> 00:30:56,880
that's the most scientifically
819
00:30:53,839 --> 00:31:00,319
reasonable way to explore the galaxy
820
00:30:56,880 --> 00:31:05,840
that's how nature does it that's how
821
00:31:00,319 --> 00:31:05,839
viruses work
822
00:31:06,079 --> 00:31:10,398
humans are already exploring the cosmos
823
00:31:08,720 --> 00:31:12,640
using robots
824
00:31:10,398 --> 00:31:14,158
nasa's voyager probes are heading deep
825
00:31:12,640 --> 00:31:17,600
into space
826
00:31:14,159 --> 00:31:19,679
sending back data as they go
827
00:31:17,599 --> 00:31:21,439
and robotic rovers have explored the
828
00:31:19,679 --> 00:31:23,840
surface of other planets in our solar
829
00:31:21,440 --> 00:31:23,840
system
830
00:31:24,720 --> 00:31:29,519
but because of their size it appears
831
00:31:27,200 --> 00:31:31,679
that nanobots could be the most logical
832
00:31:29,519 --> 00:31:34,159
way to explore the universe
833
00:31:31,679 --> 00:31:35,600
but so far there is no evidence that
834
00:31:34,159 --> 00:31:38,240
alien nanobots
835
00:31:35,599 --> 00:31:39,199
have ever visited earth and even if they
836
00:31:38,240 --> 00:31:42,558
have
837
00:31:39,200 --> 00:31:44,798
will we be able to detect them
838
00:31:42,558 --> 00:31:46,639
the vast majority of people who claim to
839
00:31:44,798 --> 00:31:49,839
have had close encounters
840
00:31:46,640 --> 00:31:52,960
in fact describe not miniature robots
841
00:31:49,839 --> 00:31:53,278
but living alien creatures often none
842
00:31:52,960 --> 00:31:56,880
too
843
00:31:53,278 --> 00:32:01,839
friendly and prone to abducting probing
844
00:31:56,880 --> 00:32:01,840
and experimenting upon their victims
845
00:32:02,640 --> 00:32:07,440
an advanced alien civilization might be
846
00:32:05,359 --> 00:32:10,479
able to manipulate physics and cross
847
00:32:07,440 --> 00:32:13,038
time in space to visit earth
848
00:32:10,480 --> 00:32:14,000
but some scientists question why on
849
00:32:13,038 --> 00:32:17,119
earth
850
00:32:14,000 --> 00:32:18,960
would they want to they suggest that
851
00:32:17,119 --> 00:32:20,719
beings capable of traveling through
852
00:32:18,960 --> 00:32:22,640
space and time
853
00:32:20,720 --> 00:32:23,759
would be millions of years more advanced
854
00:32:22,640 --> 00:32:25,600
than humans
855
00:32:23,759 --> 00:32:28,079
and would find life on earth of little
856
00:32:25,599 --> 00:32:29,439
interest and even if they do want to
857
00:32:28,079 --> 00:32:32,798
make contact
858
00:32:29,440 --> 00:32:32,798
they might not be friendly
859
00:32:34,960 --> 00:32:38,720
based upon the human race's own history
860
00:32:37,119 --> 00:32:40,719
of confrontation
861
00:32:38,720 --> 00:32:41,759
michael shermer publisher of skeptic
862
00:32:40,720 --> 00:32:44,960
magazine
863
00:32:41,759 --> 00:32:46,558
has his own theory if you go by what
864
00:32:44,960 --> 00:32:48,319
happens here on earth we would never
865
00:32:46,558 --> 00:32:50,960
want to come into contact with e.t
866
00:32:48,319 --> 00:32:52,558
we would be eaten or enslaved or killed
867
00:32:50,960 --> 00:32:54,399
because that's what happens here so
868
00:32:52,558 --> 00:32:56,960
that's not good
869
00:32:54,398 --> 00:32:58,839
even so some people claim to have
870
00:32:56,960 --> 00:33:00,880
already had a close encounter with
871
00:32:58,839 --> 00:33:03,038
extraterrestrials
872
00:33:00,880 --> 00:33:04,000
some even claim to have been abducted by
873
00:33:03,038 --> 00:33:05,359
them
874
00:33:04,000 --> 00:33:07,200
the alien abduction experience is a
875
00:33:05,359 --> 00:33:09,678
fascinating one these stories have all
876
00:33:07,200 --> 00:33:11,759
the earmarks of a very human
877
00:33:09,679 --> 00:33:14,798
kind of experience it's a type of night
878
00:33:11,759 --> 00:33:17,359
terror it's a bad dream
879
00:33:14,798 --> 00:33:19,359
because there is no evidence outlandish
880
00:33:17,359 --> 00:33:22,079
accounts of alien visitation
881
00:33:19,359 --> 00:33:23,839
are greeted with disbelief so most
882
00:33:22,079 --> 00:33:25,199
claimants are keen to conceal their
883
00:33:23,839 --> 00:33:26,798
identity
884
00:33:25,200 --> 00:33:29,519
one woman from new york who we have
885
00:33:26,798 --> 00:33:33,440
named molly claims to have experienced
886
00:33:29,519 --> 00:33:36,079
repeated visitations throughout her life
887
00:33:33,440 --> 00:33:38,399
probably the most strangest and
888
00:33:36,079 --> 00:33:41,519
disturbing memory that i have
889
00:33:38,398 --> 00:33:44,319
is of a dream with a white paw
890
00:33:41,519 --> 00:33:45,120
coming into my neck and placing a tiny
891
00:33:44,319 --> 00:33:47,839
little stick
892
00:33:45,119 --> 00:33:49,839
in it and when i woke up that morning i
893
00:33:47,839 --> 00:33:52,398
was very shocked to find
894
00:33:49,839 --> 00:33:53,599
a strange painful lump on my neck and
895
00:33:52,398 --> 00:33:55,199
when i felt it
896
00:33:53,599 --> 00:33:57,359
because i thought it was a pimple i
897
00:33:55,200 --> 00:34:01,519
discovered something hard
898
00:33:57,359 --> 00:34:01,519
in there the shape of a piece of rice
899
00:34:01,679 --> 00:34:06,960
according to molly the tiny implant
900
00:34:04,480 --> 00:34:09,280
worked its way deep into her body
901
00:34:06,960 --> 00:34:12,398
and before she could get medical advice
902
00:34:09,280 --> 00:34:14,000
it disappeared without a trace
903
00:34:12,398 --> 00:34:16,480
another encounter that she vividly
904
00:34:14,000 --> 00:34:17,119
remembers actually involved being taken
905
00:34:16,480 --> 00:34:20,159
on board an
906
00:34:17,119 --> 00:34:23,280
alien spacecraft
907
00:34:20,159 --> 00:34:25,039
i recall being in i'm going to call it a
908
00:34:23,280 --> 00:34:26,960
clam shell but it was more like a
909
00:34:25,039 --> 00:34:29,759
scallop
910
00:34:26,960 --> 00:34:31,679
and it had a top and a bottom and i can
911
00:34:29,760 --> 00:34:34,399
recall being inside of it and the top
912
00:34:31,679 --> 00:34:38,159
closed over you
913
00:34:34,398 --> 00:34:41,199
i experience medical procedures
914
00:34:38,159 --> 00:34:43,200
with very strange types of devices one
915
00:34:41,199 --> 00:34:46,878
of the beings was very tall
916
00:34:43,199 --> 00:34:48,878
and very thin and very insect-like
917
00:34:46,878 --> 00:34:49,918
like most people who claim to have met
918
00:34:48,878 --> 00:34:52,078
aliens
919
00:34:49,918 --> 00:34:53,358
molly has no evidence at all to back up
920
00:34:52,079 --> 00:34:55,599
her story
921
00:34:53,358 --> 00:34:56,559
and skeptics consider that experiences
922
00:34:55,599 --> 00:34:59,079
like hers
923
00:34:56,559 --> 00:35:00,880
are more to do with popular culture than
924
00:34:59,079 --> 00:35:03,440
extraterrestrials
925
00:35:00,880 --> 00:35:04,240
most people just give the default
926
00:35:03,440 --> 00:35:05,599
explanation
927
00:35:04,239 --> 00:35:07,039
that comes to mind which is whatever
928
00:35:05,599 --> 00:35:07,838
they've been seeing on television and
929
00:35:07,039 --> 00:35:11,119
reading in
930
00:35:07,838 --> 00:35:13,119
popular magazines and books over
931
00:35:11,119 --> 00:35:14,320
hundreds of years the phenomenon of
932
00:35:13,119 --> 00:35:16,559
visitations
933
00:35:14,320 --> 00:35:18,079
has manifested itself in a variety of
934
00:35:16,559 --> 00:35:19,920
guises
935
00:35:18,079 --> 00:35:22,720
in the middle ages people reported
936
00:35:19,920 --> 00:35:25,358
stories of angels and demons
937
00:35:22,719 --> 00:35:26,480
while a hundred years ago reports spoke
938
00:35:25,358 --> 00:35:30,239
of spirits
939
00:35:26,480 --> 00:35:31,039
and ghosts many scientists including
940
00:35:30,239 --> 00:35:33,118
shermer
941
00:35:31,039 --> 00:35:34,480
believe that a combination of sci-fi
942
00:35:33,119 --> 00:35:36,960
stories movies
943
00:35:34,480 --> 00:35:38,800
and real-life exploration of space
944
00:35:36,960 --> 00:35:39,519
encourages people to manifest their
945
00:35:38,800 --> 00:35:44,160
fears
946
00:35:39,519 --> 00:35:46,960
in the form of alien visitations
947
00:35:44,159 --> 00:35:47,598
the aliens are our angels they are our
948
00:35:46,960 --> 00:35:50,400
demons
949
00:35:47,599 --> 00:35:52,079
that that's who we personify as these
950
00:35:50,400 --> 00:35:53,760
weird anomalies we call them aliens
951
00:35:52,079 --> 00:35:55,280
because that's what we're into
952
00:35:53,760 --> 00:35:59,839
we're in the space age in the age of
953
00:35:55,280 --> 00:35:59,839
science fiction
954
00:36:01,199 --> 00:36:06,000
however that does not completely explain
955
00:36:04,159 --> 00:36:09,358
what causes people to believe they have
956
00:36:06,000 --> 00:36:09,358
experienced a visitation
957
00:36:11,440 --> 00:36:15,760
dr michael persinger from laurentian
958
00:36:13,920 --> 00:36:17,358
university in canada
959
00:36:15,760 --> 00:36:20,240
believes he has discovered a link
960
00:36:17,358 --> 00:36:24,159
between the alien visitation sensation
961
00:36:20,239 --> 00:36:26,399
and electromagnetic fields he suggests
962
00:36:24,159 --> 00:36:27,598
that fluctuations in electromagnetic
963
00:36:26,400 --> 00:36:29,920
activity
964
00:36:27,599 --> 00:36:31,599
could stimulate a reaction in the brains
965
00:36:29,920 --> 00:36:33,838
of certain individuals
966
00:36:31,599 --> 00:36:35,440
and account for most alien visitation
967
00:36:33,838 --> 00:36:39,039
experiences
968
00:36:35,440 --> 00:36:41,039
the experience of a presence occurring
969
00:36:39,039 --> 00:36:42,239
usually late at night and either
970
00:36:41,039 --> 00:36:44,400
producing
971
00:36:42,239 --> 00:36:46,078
a mystical experience or a sexual
972
00:36:44,400 --> 00:36:46,800
experience or even a terrifying
973
00:36:46,079 --> 00:36:49,920
experience
974
00:36:46,800 --> 00:36:52,240
shows up in all cultures and we now
975
00:36:49,920 --> 00:36:56,480
realize that this sensed presence
976
00:36:52,239 --> 00:36:58,399
is built into the human brain itself
977
00:36:56,480 --> 00:36:59,838
persinger believes that it is possible
978
00:36:58,400 --> 00:37:02,480
to induce something like an
979
00:36:59,838 --> 00:37:03,838
alien visitation experience in almost
980
00:37:02,480 --> 00:37:06,240
anyone
981
00:37:03,838 --> 00:37:09,119
he does this by creating a complex
982
00:37:06,239 --> 00:37:12,319
electromagnetic field in his laboratory
983
00:37:09,119 --> 00:37:14,160
and applying it to people's brains
984
00:37:12,320 --> 00:37:16,800
to demonstrate persinger and his
985
00:37:14,159 --> 00:37:19,519
assistant place a volunteer inside a
986
00:37:16,800 --> 00:37:22,000
soundproof chamber
987
00:37:19,519 --> 00:37:25,039
electrodes producing the magnetic field
988
00:37:22,000 --> 00:37:27,920
are attached to the subject's head
989
00:37:25,039 --> 00:37:30,480
then he is blindfolded and the lights
990
00:37:27,920 --> 00:37:30,480
are dimmed
991
00:37:32,639 --> 00:37:37,358
persinger monitors his stats and waits
992
00:37:34,960 --> 00:37:41,280
for his subject to experience a feeling
993
00:37:37,358 --> 00:37:41,279
similar to that of an alien presence
994
00:37:43,119 --> 00:37:48,079
with the experiences if you wish to
995
00:37:44,960 --> 00:37:50,639
report them aloud go right ahead
996
00:37:48,079 --> 00:37:51,200
within minutes the electromagnetic
997
00:37:50,639 --> 00:37:52,799
fields
998
00:37:51,199 --> 00:37:55,598
trigger a shocking reaction in the
999
00:37:52,800 --> 00:37:57,119
subject's brain
1000
00:37:55,599 --> 00:37:59,519
how he describes it it's going to be a
1001
00:37:57,119 --> 00:38:02,838
function of his culture
1002
00:37:59,519 --> 00:38:04,480
his experiences and his experiences a
1003
00:38:02,838 --> 00:38:07,358
lot
1004
00:38:04,480 --> 00:38:07,358
feels like i'm dying
1005
00:38:08,000 --> 00:38:12,320
at this point persinger stops the
1006
00:38:10,400 --> 00:38:14,480
experiment
1007
00:38:12,320 --> 00:38:19,599
in this study the subject is visualizing
1008
00:38:14,480 --> 00:38:21,920
the presence in a terrifying way
1009
00:38:19,599 --> 00:38:22,720
i have never had any feeling that ever
1010
00:38:21,920 --> 00:38:24,880
it just
1011
00:38:22,719 --> 00:38:26,078
made me feel a little trapped and it
1012
00:38:24,880 --> 00:38:28,079
hurt
1013
00:38:26,079 --> 00:38:29,280
i don't know closest i've ever been to
1014
00:38:28,079 --> 00:38:33,599
hell
1015
00:38:29,280 --> 00:38:36,079
it just it was an awful place to be
1016
00:38:33,599 --> 00:38:37,680
the volunteer was extremely sensitive to
1017
00:38:36,079 --> 00:38:39,760
the electromagnetic fields which
1018
00:38:37,679 --> 00:38:42,319
stimulated his brain
1019
00:38:39,760 --> 00:38:44,720
however this technique demonstrates the
1020
00:38:42,320 --> 00:38:47,280
extraordinary power of our brain
1021
00:38:44,719 --> 00:38:48,159
to turn our fears into monsters and
1022
00:38:47,280 --> 00:38:51,680
demons
1023
00:38:48,159 --> 00:38:55,358
and even aliens from distant worlds
1024
00:38:51,679 --> 00:38:57,838
dozens of people have had experiences
1025
00:38:55,358 --> 00:38:58,960
that they attributed to alien abductions
1026
00:38:57,838 --> 00:39:01,599
and experiences
1027
00:38:58,960 --> 00:39:04,240
we put them to the chamber they have a
1028
00:39:01,599 --> 00:39:06,559
very similar experience
1029
00:39:04,239 --> 00:39:07,679
the terrifying experiences induced in
1030
00:39:06,559 --> 00:39:10,000
the chamber
1031
00:39:07,679 --> 00:39:12,399
are caused by channeled electromagnetic
1032
00:39:10,000 --> 00:39:12,400
fields
1033
00:39:12,559 --> 00:39:16,719
persinger believes that abduction
1034
00:39:14,480 --> 00:39:19,199
experiences in the real world
1035
00:39:16,719 --> 00:39:19,919
are caused by electromagnetic fields
1036
00:39:19,199 --> 00:39:23,039
created by
1037
00:39:19,920 --> 00:39:25,358
natural phenomena such as sun flares
1038
00:39:23,039 --> 00:39:28,719
seismic activity and changes in
1039
00:39:25,358 --> 00:39:30,078
atmospheric conditions
1040
00:39:28,719 --> 00:39:32,399
and it's thought that our common
1041
00:39:30,079 --> 00:39:34,480
physiology and global culture
1042
00:39:32,400 --> 00:39:36,480
is responsible for the similarity in the
1043
00:39:34,480 --> 00:39:37,838
accounts
1044
00:39:36,480 --> 00:39:39,599
inevitably we're all going to have
1045
00:39:37,838 --> 00:39:40,960
similar experiences because our brains
1046
00:39:39,599 --> 00:39:43,280
are wired that way
1047
00:39:40,960 --> 00:39:44,400
we'll see the same kinds of illusions
1048
00:39:43,280 --> 00:39:47,760
we'll have the same kinds of
1049
00:39:44,400 --> 00:39:50,320
hallucinations and so on
1050
00:39:47,760 --> 00:39:51,280
the role of electromagnetism in alien
1051
00:39:50,320 --> 00:39:54,400
experiences
1052
00:39:51,280 --> 00:39:56,400
is far from proven some researchers
1053
00:39:54,400 --> 00:39:58,720
suggest that sleep paralysis
1054
00:39:56,400 --> 00:40:00,720
or conditions like post-traumatic stress
1055
00:39:58,719 --> 00:40:03,838
are to blame
1056
00:40:00,719 --> 00:40:05,838
but until we've made contact with et we
1057
00:40:03,838 --> 00:40:06,480
may never know if aliens are all in the
1058
00:40:05,838 --> 00:40:09,599
mind
1059
00:40:06,480 --> 00:40:12,318
or not and if e.t
1060
00:40:09,599 --> 00:40:14,800
did reveal itself there could be another
1061
00:40:12,318 --> 00:40:17,358
barrier to overcome
1062
00:40:14,800 --> 00:40:17,359
language
1063
00:40:18,079 --> 00:40:21,440
it may be that aliens don't choose to
1064
00:40:20,480 --> 00:40:24,960
talk with us
1065
00:40:21,440 --> 00:40:26,800
at all they may decide to talk to one of
1066
00:40:24,960 --> 00:40:28,240
the other species that inhabits the
1067
00:40:26,800 --> 00:40:31,039
earth
1068
00:40:28,239 --> 00:40:32,479
and that could be whichever species they
1069
00:40:31,039 --> 00:40:38,400
consider possesses
1070
00:40:32,480 --> 00:40:40,480
the most intelligent language
1071
00:40:38,400 --> 00:40:42,160
it may be possible for aliens to cross
1072
00:40:40,480 --> 00:40:44,639
the interstellar void
1073
00:40:42,159 --> 00:40:45,358
to land on earth and to adjust for
1074
00:40:44,639 --> 00:40:49,039
survival
1075
00:40:45,358 --> 00:40:49,279
in our atmosphere but communicating with
1076
00:40:49,039 --> 00:40:52,239
us
1077
00:40:49,280 --> 00:40:55,440
in any meaningful way may prove to be
1078
00:40:52,239 --> 00:40:55,439
the hardest step of all
1079
00:40:56,159 --> 00:41:00,078
we are arrogant to believe that they're
1080
00:40:58,400 --> 00:41:03,280
going to want to actually
1081
00:41:00,079 --> 00:41:06,000
talk to us and and visit us i mean why
1082
00:41:03,280 --> 00:41:07,519
think of ants in an ant hill if someone
1083
00:41:06,000 --> 00:41:10,559
is building a five-lane
1084
00:41:07,519 --> 00:41:12,239
super highway right next to the anthill
1085
00:41:10,559 --> 00:41:14,719
would the ants know how to communicate
1086
00:41:12,239 --> 00:41:16,959
with the workers the main danger is that
1087
00:41:14,719 --> 00:41:19,118
these workers will simply pave over the
1088
00:41:16,960 --> 00:41:20,800
anthill and not even realize what
1089
00:41:19,119 --> 00:41:23,200
they've done
1090
00:41:20,800 --> 00:41:25,599
in san francisco a few scientists are
1091
00:41:23,199 --> 00:41:29,279
already studying ways of communicating
1092
00:41:25,599 --> 00:41:29,280
should e.t ever come to call
1093
00:41:30,000 --> 00:41:35,519
leading the hunt is seti the search for
1094
00:41:32,880 --> 00:41:38,559
extraterrestrial intelligence
1095
00:41:35,519 --> 00:41:40,559
for the last 40 years seti scientists
1096
00:41:38,559 --> 00:41:42,318
have been monitoring the skies
1097
00:41:40,559 --> 00:41:44,880
listening for messages from alien
1098
00:41:42,318 --> 00:41:44,880
species
1099
00:41:46,159 --> 00:41:49,199
seti is just about every field you can
1100
00:41:47,920 --> 00:41:52,480
imagine
1101
00:41:49,199 --> 00:41:54,159
applied to the search for life in the
1102
00:41:52,480 --> 00:41:56,880
universe
1103
00:41:54,159 --> 00:41:58,480
seti scientist lawrence doyle believes
1104
00:41:56,880 --> 00:41:59,440
that the key to communicating with
1105
00:41:58,480 --> 00:42:01,280
aliens
1106
00:41:59,440 --> 00:42:03,200
is first to understand their level of
1107
00:42:01,280 --> 00:42:06,160
intelligence
1108
00:42:03,199 --> 00:42:08,078
and for that he needs to establish how
1109
00:42:06,159 --> 00:42:09,519
organisms communicate
1110
00:42:08,079 --> 00:42:11,760
there hasn't been a search for
1111
00:42:09,519 --> 00:42:12,960
extraterrestrial intelligence yet
1112
00:42:11,760 --> 00:42:15,040
there's only been a search for
1113
00:42:12,960 --> 00:42:16,559
extraterrestrial technology
1114
00:42:15,039 --> 00:42:18,239
we plan to make it a search for
1115
00:42:16,559 --> 00:42:20,639
intelligence by
1116
00:42:18,239 --> 00:42:21,679
understanding the laws that create
1117
00:42:20,639 --> 00:42:23,759
communication
1118
00:42:21,679 --> 00:42:25,279
so that if we get signals we can tell
1119
00:42:23,760 --> 00:42:28,640
it's a communication as opposed to
1120
00:42:25,280 --> 00:42:30,960
random astrophysical processes
1121
00:42:28,639 --> 00:42:32,480
by understanding the laws that dictate
1122
00:42:30,960 --> 00:42:35,039
communication
1123
00:42:32,480 --> 00:42:36,480
doyle can identify and separate real
1124
00:42:35,039 --> 00:42:39,838
patterns of communication
1125
00:42:36,480 --> 00:42:42,880
from random noise to do this
1126
00:42:39,838 --> 00:42:45,519
he uses a mathematical equation known as
1127
00:42:42,880 --> 00:42:47,200
information theory which was originally
1128
00:42:45,519 --> 00:42:48,000
developed to quantify the amount of
1129
00:42:47,199 --> 00:42:51,919
information
1130
00:42:48,000 --> 00:42:56,079
sent down telephone lines doyle uses it
1131
00:42:51,920 --> 00:42:56,079
to analyze the complexity of a language
1132
00:42:56,400 --> 00:43:00,559
he calculates the interdependency of
1133
00:42:58,639 --> 00:43:01,920
different words or sounds within the
1134
00:43:00,559 --> 00:43:03,599
language
1135
00:43:01,920 --> 00:43:05,599
the greater the number of words or
1136
00:43:03,599 --> 00:43:07,760
sounds that can be strung together
1137
00:43:05,599 --> 00:43:09,359
that are dependent on the first word or
1138
00:43:07,760 --> 00:43:13,200
sound in the sequence
1139
00:43:09,358 --> 00:43:15,920
the more complex the language
1140
00:43:13,199 --> 00:43:18,639
on this scale english is a level 9
1141
00:43:15,920 --> 00:43:20,480
communication system
1142
00:43:18,639 --> 00:43:24,318
doyle now plans to use the same
1143
00:43:20,480 --> 00:43:24,318
technique on alien communication
1144
00:43:24,559 --> 00:43:29,279
and the higher the complexity the more
1145
00:43:26,800 --> 00:43:32,400
superior the intelligence
1146
00:43:29,280 --> 00:43:34,160
any alien or extraterrestrial message
1147
00:43:32,400 --> 00:43:36,079
has to obey the rules of information
1148
00:43:34,159 --> 00:43:36,960
theory there's no other way to transmit
1149
00:43:36,079 --> 00:43:40,240
information
1150
00:43:36,960 --> 00:43:41,920
and if we can measure how complex their
1151
00:43:40,239 --> 00:43:44,639
communication is
1152
00:43:41,920 --> 00:43:47,280
it may be an indicator of how complex an
1153
00:43:44,639 --> 00:43:49,199
extraterrestrial society is
1154
00:43:47,280 --> 00:43:51,040
but information theory can only help
1155
00:43:49,199 --> 00:43:52,159
doyle understand the complexity of an
1156
00:43:51,039 --> 00:43:55,759
alien signal
1157
00:43:52,159 --> 00:43:58,480
not the content so even if he spots e.t
1158
00:43:55,760 --> 00:44:00,240
he won't know what e.t is saying it's
1159
00:43:58,480 --> 00:44:02,318
the same problem we have on earth
1160
00:44:00,239 --> 00:44:04,719
when humans try and communicate to other
1161
00:44:02,318 --> 00:44:07,440
species
1162
00:44:04,719 --> 00:44:08,719
if you smile at a wolf it does not mean
1163
00:44:07,440 --> 00:44:11,280
i'm happy
1164
00:44:08,719 --> 00:44:12,959
it means you want to pick a fight if you
1165
00:44:11,280 --> 00:44:13,920
smile at chimpanzee it means you're
1166
00:44:12,960 --> 00:44:16,559
scared
1167
00:44:13,920 --> 00:44:18,240
so even a smile doesn't work how do you
1168
00:44:16,559 --> 00:44:18,799
communicate with an alien is a tricky
1169
00:44:18,239 --> 00:44:20,959
point
1170
00:44:18,800 --> 00:44:22,079
we can't even agree on the same symbols
1171
00:44:20,960 --> 00:44:25,119
of greeting
1172
00:44:22,079 --> 00:44:27,519
among species on earth
1173
00:44:25,119 --> 00:44:28,318
doyle has been using information theory
1174
00:44:27,519 --> 00:44:29,920
to discern
1175
00:44:28,318 --> 00:44:33,519
patterns and rules in animal
1176
00:44:29,920 --> 00:44:36,720
communication and study their complexity
1177
00:44:33,519 --> 00:44:38,159
the results have been surprising with
1178
00:44:36,719 --> 00:44:40,480
his current data
1179
00:44:38,159 --> 00:44:43,199
doyle has found that squirrel monkeys
1180
00:44:40,480 --> 00:44:46,800
have a level three communication system
1181
00:44:43,199 --> 00:44:48,639
while dolphins have a level four
1182
00:44:46,800 --> 00:44:50,720
so who does doyle think might be the
1183
00:44:48,639 --> 00:44:52,400
best candidates to communicate with
1184
00:44:50,719 --> 00:44:54,318
aliens
1185
00:44:52,400 --> 00:44:55,599
so far he's not convinced that either
1186
00:44:54,318 --> 00:44:57,838
dolphins or
1187
00:44:55,599 --> 00:44:59,440
humans have the necessary linguistic
1188
00:44:57,838 --> 00:45:01,920
skills
1189
00:44:59,440 --> 00:45:03,119
but he has found a species on earth with
1190
00:45:01,920 --> 00:45:06,559
a communication level
1191
00:45:03,119 --> 00:45:07,519
much much higher humpback whales we're
1192
00:45:06,559 --> 00:45:10,078
majoring in
1193
00:45:07,519 --> 00:45:12,318
because they look like they will have
1194
00:45:10,079 --> 00:45:16,160
the absolutely most complex
1195
00:45:12,318 --> 00:45:18,400
communication system maybe on the planet
1196
00:45:16,159 --> 00:45:19,679
doyle's study of humpbacks is in its
1197
00:45:18,400 --> 00:45:21,680
early stages
1198
00:45:19,679 --> 00:45:23,838
and so far he has only studied their
1199
00:45:21,679 --> 00:45:25,318
social calls
1200
00:45:23,838 --> 00:45:27,199
but it may be that when
1201
00:45:25,318 --> 00:45:28,480
extraterrestrials talk to the earth
1202
00:45:27,199 --> 00:45:30,639
species with the most
1203
00:45:28,480 --> 00:45:33,519
intelligent language they won't talk
1204
00:45:30,639 --> 00:45:35,759
with us they'll talk to humpback whales
1205
00:45:33,519 --> 00:45:37,679
instead
1206
00:45:35,760 --> 00:45:39,200
but despite listening to the universe
1207
00:45:37,679 --> 00:45:41,358
for four decades
1208
00:45:39,199 --> 00:45:45,039
seti has yet to discover a single
1209
00:45:41,358 --> 00:45:47,920
confirmed extraterrestrial signal
1210
00:45:45,039 --> 00:45:49,838
to actually find real aliens we may need
1211
00:45:47,920 --> 00:45:52,880
to look in a different place
1212
00:45:49,838 --> 00:45:57,358
a place closer to home
1213
00:45:52,880 --> 00:45:57,358
perhaps we should take a closer look at
1214
00:45:58,838 --> 00:46:03,358
ourselves
1215
00:46:01,358 --> 00:46:06,318
when you look in the mirror perhaps you
1216
00:46:03,358 --> 00:46:08,719
are looking at a martian
1217
00:46:06,318 --> 00:46:09,920
it's always amusing to me when i hear
1218
00:46:08,719 --> 00:46:11,919
people talking about
1219
00:46:09,920 --> 00:46:12,960
ufos and aliens but for me it's the
1220
00:46:11,920 --> 00:46:14,559
bacteria
1221
00:46:12,960 --> 00:46:17,280
there could be bacteria here that are
1222
00:46:14,559 --> 00:46:17,279
really alien
1223
00:46:17,599 --> 00:46:22,240
life on earth could have come from mars
1224
00:46:19,519 --> 00:46:24,159
and we could all be aliens here
1225
00:46:22,239 --> 00:46:26,159
mckay and other scientists believe
1226
00:46:24,159 --> 00:46:27,118
there's a chance that billions of years
1227
00:46:26,159 --> 00:46:29,440
ago
1228
00:46:27,119 --> 00:46:31,358
alien bacteria were blasted from the
1229
00:46:29,440 --> 00:46:34,960
surface of another planet
1230
00:46:31,358 --> 00:46:37,199
and carried away in a meteorite
1231
00:46:34,960 --> 00:46:39,039
the meteorite might have eventually
1232
00:46:37,199 --> 00:46:41,679
crash-landed on earth
1233
00:46:39,039 --> 00:46:42,239
spilling out the bacteria allowing it to
1234
00:46:41,679 --> 00:46:45,358
grow
1235
00:46:42,239 --> 00:46:48,559
and flourish it's a process
1236
00:46:45,358 --> 00:46:50,880
called panspermia if panspermia is true
1237
00:46:48,559 --> 00:46:52,000
you and i are aliens in the sense that
1238
00:46:50,880 --> 00:46:54,000
our life
1239
00:46:52,000 --> 00:46:55,599
did not develop on the planet that we're
1240
00:46:54,000 --> 00:46:57,838
living now
1241
00:46:55,599 --> 00:46:58,960
professor jay milosh of the university
1242
00:46:57,838 --> 00:47:00,880
of arizona
1243
00:46:58,960 --> 00:47:02,559
has studied meteorites that have landed
1244
00:47:00,880 --> 00:47:05,200
on earth to see if they could have
1245
00:47:02,559 --> 00:47:07,279
transported life from other worlds
1246
00:47:05,199 --> 00:47:08,239
this meteorite is a piece of martian
1247
00:47:07,280 --> 00:47:10,400
basalt
1248
00:47:08,239 --> 00:47:12,479
where it came from was a large meteorite
1249
00:47:10,400 --> 00:47:15,039
impact on the surface of mars
1250
00:47:12,480 --> 00:47:16,240
it's almost an ideal delivery mechanism
1251
00:47:15,039 --> 00:47:18,318
it's ideal
1252
00:47:16,239 --> 00:47:19,439
because the rock protects the bacteria
1253
00:47:18,318 --> 00:47:22,239
from radiation
1254
00:47:19,440 --> 00:47:24,000
and extreme temperatures in space it
1255
00:47:22,239 --> 00:47:27,039
would also protect it from the impact
1256
00:47:24,000 --> 00:47:29,039
of crash landing on earth
1257
00:47:27,039 --> 00:47:30,800
to test whether bacteria could travel
1258
00:47:29,039 --> 00:47:33,279
safely through the cosmos
1259
00:47:30,800 --> 00:47:36,640
malach and his colleague wayne nicholson
1260
00:47:33,280 --> 00:47:38,960
conduct an extreme survival experiment
1261
00:47:36,639 --> 00:47:41,679
they inject a large block of rock with
1262
00:47:38,960 --> 00:47:41,679
bacteria
1263
00:47:42,480 --> 00:47:48,639
and take the sample to the ames vertical
1264
00:47:44,800 --> 00:47:51,039
gun laboratory near san francisco
1265
00:47:48,639 --> 00:47:52,558
the blocks placed inside a large vacuum
1266
00:47:51,039 --> 00:47:55,199
chamber ready
1267
00:47:52,559 --> 00:47:56,160
and milosh then fires a projectile into
1268
00:47:55,199 --> 00:47:59,199
it
1269
00:47:56,159 --> 00:48:00,879
at over 13 000 miles per hour it
1270
00:47:59,199 --> 00:48:02,799
absolutely destroyed
1271
00:48:00,880 --> 00:48:04,480
the rock target blasted into tiny
1272
00:48:02,800 --> 00:48:07,039
fragments
1273
00:48:04,480 --> 00:48:08,960
amazingly despite the rock being
1274
00:48:07,039 --> 00:48:13,119
virtually vaporized
1275
00:48:08,960 --> 00:48:13,119
the bacteria survive intact
1276
00:48:14,719 --> 00:48:18,879
if they could survive it's not a big
1277
00:48:17,440 --> 00:48:20,559
stretch to think that
1278
00:48:18,880 --> 00:48:22,640
organisms on the surface of another
1279
00:48:20,559 --> 00:48:23,200
planet could also survive meteorite
1280
00:48:22,639 --> 00:48:26,879
impact
1281
00:48:23,199 --> 00:48:26,879
and launch into interplanetary space
1282
00:48:26,960 --> 00:48:32,318
the experiment shows that bacteria could
1283
00:48:29,358 --> 00:48:36,639
not only survive the vacuum of space
1284
00:48:32,318 --> 00:48:36,639
but also the impact of landing on earth
1285
00:48:37,039 --> 00:48:40,239
one theory is that bacteria from another
1286
00:48:39,440 --> 00:48:42,720
world
1287
00:48:40,239 --> 00:48:45,679
evolved over millions of years to form
1288
00:48:42,719 --> 00:48:48,318
life as we know it
1289
00:48:45,679 --> 00:48:51,118
so perhaps all life on our planet is
1290
00:48:48,318 --> 00:48:53,358
alien in origin
1291
00:48:51,119 --> 00:48:55,119
we human beings life plants animals
1292
00:48:53,358 --> 00:48:56,960
everything we see descended from that
1293
00:48:55,119 --> 00:48:58,559
common martian ancestor that's a
1294
00:48:56,960 --> 00:48:59,920
possibility we may go to mars and
1295
00:48:58,559 --> 00:49:02,800
suddenly see well that's where great
1296
00:48:59,920 --> 00:49:05,838
great great grandma lived
1297
00:49:02,800 --> 00:49:09,119
because of the vast size of our galaxy
1298
00:49:05,838 --> 00:49:10,639
aliens even highly advanced ones
1299
00:49:09,119 --> 00:49:12,480
may never have visited earth in
1300
00:49:10,639 --> 00:49:15,199
spaceships
1301
00:49:12,480 --> 00:49:17,039
all ufo sightings may well be no more
1302
00:49:15,199 --> 00:49:18,558
than a simple misinterpretation of what
1303
00:49:17,039 --> 00:49:21,519
we are seeing
1304
00:49:18,559 --> 00:49:24,319
and alien visitations a product of our
1305
00:49:21,519 --> 00:49:26,318
overactive imaginations
1306
00:49:24,318 --> 00:49:27,759
but aliens might have been here all
1307
00:49:26,318 --> 00:49:30,880
along
1308
00:49:27,760 --> 00:49:33,359
we and all the species on our world
1309
00:49:30,880 --> 00:49:36,240
could be the direct descendants of
1310
00:49:33,358 --> 00:49:39,519
extraterrestrial life forms
1311
00:49:36,239 --> 00:49:45,838
in the strangest twist of all perhaps
1312
00:49:39,519 --> 00:49:45,838
we are the aliens
1313
00:50:00,480 --> 00:50:02,559
you
90284
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