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The Fertile Crescent is one of the first regions human civilization began to thrive in
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So it is no surprise that conflicts over it began very early happened often and still rage on today
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The empires of the Bronze Age were no different, and had they fought over it for centuries
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To the south Egypt was forming an empire in the middle of the 17th century
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BC a Semitic people called the Hyksos invaded it and established the 15th dynasty
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The Fertile Crescent was the only way to expand so by 1550 BC the Sinai Peninsula was occupied
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To the north in Anatolia the Hittite kingdom was formed at the beginning of the second millennium
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BC the history of the state is shrouded in time and most of the information we have is from
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Mesopotamian sources
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But we know that by the time the Hyksos dynasty started their expansion
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The his eyes controlled most of central and southern Anatolia and had started moving into modern Syria
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Here they met with the kingdom of Mitanni
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Which used the collapse of the old Assyrian Empire to gain independence by 1500 BC?
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The Mitanni and hitted kingdoms fought each other on the edge of Anatolia throughout the early 15th century BC with differing results
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They were joined by the Egyptian pharaohs of the 18th dynasty
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Which quickly expanded their empire into the northern Fertile Crescent using the relative weakness of the local city-states
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Still a great rebellion against the Egyptian rule
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Happened as the cities of Kadesh and Megiddo were joined by the Canaanites people and the kingdom of Mitani
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the first recorded battle in history occurred during this revolt in
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1447 the pharaoh thutmose the third crushed the Kadesh led Alliance near Megiddo and cannon
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this battle left such an impression that now we refer to the end of the world as
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Armageddon and a number of religions expect the last battle of humanity to happen in the same location
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Despite a resounding Egyptian victory rebellions in this region continued which allowed the Hittites to gain a new foothold in the area
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The Hittites were growing stronger most of Anatolia fell to them and in the late 14th century
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BC the Mitanni became the vassals of the rising Assyrian Empire
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The Hittites also lost some territory to the Assyrians
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But held the line and even expanded in Syria as the great city of Kadesh was taken from Egypt
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The Pharaoh said he the first tried to re-establish
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Egyptian influence making a foray into Syria he managed to capture Kadesh and signed a peace treaty
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guaranteeing the borders between the two empires
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Still the war between the Hittites in Egypt was unavoidable the Egyptians failed to keep an adequate garrison in Kadesh
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Which fell back to the Hittites in the early years of the 13th century bc?
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Ramses ii became the pharaoh in 1279 bc and was eager to restore the egyptian rule over coastal parts of the Fertile Crescent
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in
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1277 in 1276 bc he marched to the region twice to deal with the local pirates and recapture some of the lands
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He managed to conquer the Hittite vassals the kingdom of a moon
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That garner the attention of Mutawalli II
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it was clear that an attack on Kadesh would be the next move of the new Pharaoh and
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So Hittite forces would be waiting for him here the battle took place in 1274 BC
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At this point we probably need to talk about the opposing armies
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Ramses II reorganised his army into six divisions with most of the troops concentrated in four divisions called in honour of the Egyptian gods :
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Amon, Ra, Ptah, and Seth. Each
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Division was a combined arms unit of nine thousand men
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Including chariots infantry and bowmen the fifth group was made up of Pharaohs Guard and the last called
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Niren consisted of Canaanite mercenaries the base of the Egyptian army was infantry and they were armed with javelins and short swords
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For protection the Egyptians wore close fitting helmets and mailed tunics made from natty
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Each man carried his shield of ox-hide over a wooden frame square at the bottom men rounded at the top
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Ramses also had two thousand chariots. Evenly distributed amongst the first four divisions
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Egyptian chariots were primarily a mobile skirmishing platform their melee capabilities were limited
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And they weren't able to trample enemy infantry
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Each chariot had a skirmisher armed with javelins and a bow while also containing a driver with a shield
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Aristocrats usually were archers firing from the chariots the Hittite infantry had a similar armament and were used similarly
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But the chariots of this Empire were entirely different from their Egyptian counterparts his high chariots were heavier which made them slower
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But also allowed a three-man crew with one driver one warrior and one more arm for the speed while
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Devastating to enemy formations these chariots were also imbalanced and susceptible to being overturned
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Ramses ii started his march towards Kadesh with just his guard and the oman division as he was not
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Expecting the his eyed army to be nearby
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Along the way to better ones were captured and they told ramses ii that mowett ali's forces were 200 kilometers away
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Near Aleppo and that they would not be able to help the city of Kadesh
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Ramses ordered his troops to set up camp to the west of the Arantes River in the bucha Valley
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Thankfully for him more captives ended up being questioned and made a different claim
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That the Hittites were nearby on the other side of the river, and they were waiting for Ramses to besiege Kadesh
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So they could attack him from behind
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Ramses sent a messenger to all his divisions within order to march towards the camp
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The raw division was the closest and trying to implement the plan, but it was attacked near the settlement of shap tuna by at least
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2,000 hit IED chariots
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Which crossed the Iran T's to the south of Kadesh the Egyptians were not prepared
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They failed to move into formation
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And they're marching column was shattered by the chariots the division retreated in disorder and the his I turned to the north
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Some Egyptian chariots reached the camp with a tale of their dishonour
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but it was too late the Amman division said most of the
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Fortifications on the eastern part of the camp as the attack was expected from the side
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The chariots attacked from the West and easily entered the camp it is said that some Hittites were so sure of victory
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But they started to plunder the camp and their chariots were now heavy from the loot
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Rameses sent his guard forward to hold the breach and some of the warriors from the raw division
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Finally reached the camp to join the defense
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The Pharaoh himself used the eastern gate to move out at the camp along with all the chariots. He had
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This group moved to the north and then to the west and ended up behind the Hittite chariots who only now realized that they were
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surrounded
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Skirmishing Egyptians could not hold the Hittite chariots who found a way to break the envelopment
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But as the hit I chariots were now heavier and their horses were tired they were unable to escape
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Ramses who chased them and most of the Hittite charioteers were killed
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Mowett Ali saw the developing situation and sent his
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20,000 strong infantry and thousand chariots forward across the river to attack the enemy camp from the east as
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Egyptian chariots were away from the camp this attack could have been decisive
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Indeed initially the attack seemed to have been succeeding however the Niran division which was operating in nabiru
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Also received the order to move double-time and managed to strike mowett ali's forces from the north
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it is said that the chariots of the tall division and Rameses also took part in the counterattack and
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Smashed into the enemy from the south the hit sites were encircled and their retreat had no semblance of order
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The survivors were pinned to the Orontes River and the majority of the Hittite Army perished
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Rameses failed to take Kadesh the peace treaty was signed in 1258 and
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Even though this Pharaoh was later known as Ramses the great deer in his reign most of the lands in Asia were lost
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Thank you for watching
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please join us in the comments section as we love to talk to you about our videos or
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History in general and we always try to answer your questions requests feedbacks and critique
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This is NOx and Phoenix's channel, and we'll catch you on the next one
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