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(dramatic music)
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May 2nd, 1945,
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the charred remains of the bodies of Adolf Hitler
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and his wife, Eva Braun,
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lie abandoned in a shallow grave
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in the garden of the Reich's Chancellery.
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The hated Nazi regime is at last vanquished.
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But for the surviving victims of Nazism,
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the search for their stolen belongings and property
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had only just begun.
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It was certainly one of the largest
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mass robberies in history.
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It was organized by the Nazi state
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and they really tried to get everything that they could,
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especially from the Jews.
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So there you have Jewish property,
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Jewish money all taken away,
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and there are still people who are actually fighting
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to get works of art that they own
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back into their own ownership
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and properties back into their own ownership.
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It wasn't only stolen belongings
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and property that was missing.
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Many of the Nazi war criminals
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also seemed to slip through the net.
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There was an underground movement
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that was set up in order to help high-profile Nazis escape.
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Many of them went on to have normal lives after the war.
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The sentences were in general, too lenient
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and the pardons came too quickly.
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Many of those who helped finance Hitler
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or used slave labor during the war
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would receive a mere slap on the wrist,
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while millions of their victims are still seeking justice
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and reparation even today.
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If you really want to know where Nazi gold is,
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just get on a plane to Zurich and it's under the streets.
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(dramatic music)
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Europe, 1945,
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the mighty Reich of 1,000 years shrinks
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under the steady advance of the allies on both fronts.
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Behind enemy lines, allied bombings, and acts of sabotage
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demoralize Germany's last remaining troops and civilians.
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(ominous music)
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Adolf Hitler's demented obsession with conquest
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and domination has driven the whole nation into a nightmare.
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There's an amazing sort of film
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of an airplane going over Berlin,
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just right at the end of the war.
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And you see the desolation below.
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It's like something from "Dante's Inferno."
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So, really, Germany fought this war to rule the world,
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but ended up at the end of the world
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and what a terrible subterranean world it was.
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People are homeless.
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People are refugees, there are refugees going everywhere.
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They're also troops retreating.
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It's a very, very complicated, very messy,
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very violent situation.
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It's a time in which people can hide things if they want to.
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But long before the final
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desperate struggle for Berlin,
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the Nazis have been taking steps to hide the wealth
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they had stolen from their millions of victims.
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On April 6th, 1945, US military policemen stopped two women
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breaking curfew in the vicinity of the town of Merkers,
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a mining region a couple of hours
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northeast of Frankfurt in central Germany.
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As both women are French and can't communicate,
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the Americans decide to take them to their command post
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to find a French speaking colleague.
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At the command post, they discovered that one of the women
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is pregnant and urgently needs to see a doctor.
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They decide to take them into town.
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On their way into Merkers,
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as they pass by the Kaiseroda salt mine,
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one of the women makes a surprising revelation
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to the American servicemen.
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And then, one of these women start saying,
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"ah, in that mine over there,
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there's this incredibly big amount of treasure."
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And so, these three American soldiers,
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they obviously report this to their superiors.
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They go into the mine and it's like, Aladdin's cave.
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Inside the mine, the US military would find
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over 8,000 gold bars along with thousands of bags, boxes,
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and crates containing currency, gold coins,
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and other objects in the same metal, as well as silver,
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platinum and priceless works of art.
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Here, GI's uncovered a fabulous hoard of jewelry,
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silver, currency, bullion and art treasures.
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Much of it the accumulated loot of five years of war.
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In the following months,
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similar finds would be made all over Germany
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and its occupied territories, especially looted art.
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(light dramatic music)
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Yet many assets would be hard to find as a result
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of senior Nazis spiriting away stolen wealth
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and treasure to so-called neutral countries
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towards the end of the war.
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There are other countries that the Nazis liked sending
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their money to because they thought that might end up
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being quite a good place to go and hide.
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So, Argentina was an obvious place.
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And another place that's often overlooked is Spain.
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A lot of money went to Spain and went into
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these big holding companies that essentially
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were money laundering for the Nazis.
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South America proved particularly welcoming
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and hospitable to escaping Nazi war criminals.
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In many instances, there were large German communities
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that had been there since the 19th century.
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So, it was a good place for them to blend in.
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Eichmann managed to escape to Argentina,
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Josef Mengele managed to escape through South America,
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ending up in Brazil.
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Klaus Barbie for instance, ends up in Bolivia,
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and it wasn't just South America.
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It was in many cases, the United States.
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You've got to remember that Juan Peron and his wife,
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they were fascists.
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You know, they liked Nazis.
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And I think that Argentina only declared war
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on Nazi Germany about one month before the war ended
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just to make it look as though they were on the right side.
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So, that was a very cynical move.
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Some of them, you know, there were a lot of other
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sort of dictators around still.
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Just because Hitler died doesn't mean that fascism died.
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You have Salazar in Portugal, you have Franco in Spain,
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you have very dictatorial regimes in the Middle East.
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So, there's a lot of places around the world
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where a Nazi is gonna feel at home
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if he no longer is able to stay in Germany or Austria.
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The fleeing Nazis would take several different
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and secret escape routes,
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which became known as the ratlines.
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Invariably taking with them as much of their stolen loot
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as they could carry.
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(car engine rumbling)
(light dramatic music)
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Some of them escape through Denmark,
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some of them would escape through Spain,
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but I think the one people know a lot about,
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the one that's covered a lot is the kind of route
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that went through Germany, through Austria, over the Alps,
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over the Brenner Pass and then into the Alto Adige,
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into Italy and towns like Bolzano and Merano.
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And then, from there some of the escapers would get
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false papers from priests.
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And then they would make their way either to Rome
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where they would get more false papers
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or they would go to Genoa.
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And then from Genoa, they get on a boat
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with a Red Cross passport under a false name.
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(eerie music)
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At the end of the war,
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the International Committee of the Red Cross issued
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hundreds of thousands of safe conduct permits
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for the survivors from concentration camps,
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former POWs, deportees, forced laborers,
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and other civilians who didn't have valid travel documents.
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We now know that in many cases, Nazi criminals stole
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and forged these documents to make their escape.
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It has even been alleged that corrupt elements
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in the Vatican conspired to redirect these Red Cross permits
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to escaping Nazis.
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A lot of Nazis were able to sort of slip
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through the cracks and become other people.
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Many of the Jews I interviewed who ended up going
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to Buenos Aires said that they recognized
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people from the Nazi camps on the boat
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who were also refugees going to the same place.
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We can't say that the Vatican helped as an organization.
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There was no policy by the Pope to help Nazis escape,
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but there were members of the Vatican
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and priests and even a Bishop called Luigi Hudal,
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who did actively help Nazis escape
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by issuing them with documentation.
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In the archives of the Santa Maria dell'Anima in Rome,
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which is where Bishop Hudal lived and worked,
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you have papers written to him by former Nazis saying,
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"please, can you help?"
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It has been said that many of these escaped
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Nazis lived the rest of their lives protected and financed
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by a secret organization known as
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The Organization of the Former SS Members or ODESSA.
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And that ODESSA was funded by much of the looted wealth
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the Nazis had hidden and transferred abroad.
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I spoke to a Nazi, a man called Erich Priebke
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who ended up being incarcerated in Rome
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until he died quite recently.
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And I spoke to him about his escape to Argentina.
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And he said to me, "listen, there was no ODESSA.
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I rather wish there was one
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because then I would have had some money."
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You know, some of these Nazis arrived in Argentina,
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they were quite poor.
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Some of the Nazis were very rich.
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So, that of course tells you that some of them
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had the treasure and some of them just had nothing.
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Yet, not all Nazis would manage to escape.
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Many would soon face justice at Nuremberg,
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including some of those who were involved
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in the financing of Hitler's criminal empire.
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But were all the right men on trial?
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And how would the allies even begin to
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prosecute such heinous crime or compensate its victims?
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(ominous music)
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(light dramatic music)
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In May of 1945, the allies mistakenly freed
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some Nazi political prisoners,
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among them two notorious names in the Hitler money trail,
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industrialist, Fritz Thyssen and Hjalmar Schacht,
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the former head of the Reichsbank,
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and the financial brain behind
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Germany's military rearmament.
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But it wouldn't be long before both were rearrested
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and indicted for war crimes.
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Nuremberg, November the 20th, 1945.
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The eyes of the world are on one of the most publicized
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and awaited trials in the history of mankind.
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22 of the most prominent Nazi leaders would be judged
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for crimes against humanity.
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Hjalmar Schacht would sit among the accused for his role
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both as president of the Reichsbank
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from 1933 till January, 1939, as well as Nazi Minister
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of Economic Affairs from 1934 till 1937.
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(light dramatic music)
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We realized at last that the allies
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had some political objective in view,
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which made them anxious to brand us as criminals
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of the Hitler regime.
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The trial of war criminals had already been planned.
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And it was obviously essential for the purposes
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of that trial that prominent economists
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and businessman should be numbered among the accused.
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(speaking foreign language)
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Schacht would end up being acquitted
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and instead it would be his successor
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as president of the Reichsbank, Walther Funk,
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who would be sentenced to life imprisonment for his role
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in financing and facilitating Hitler's war plans.
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During the trial, Hjalmar Schacht would have the chance
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to meet again with the man who had first brought him
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into the Nazi's highest circle, Hermann Goering.
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By 1936, the men once friends, had become fierce rivals
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after Hitler nominated Goering as the supervisor
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of the second four year economic plan.
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It was a rivalry that would end with Schacht's resignation
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as Minister of Economic Affairs
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and his dismissal as President of the Reichsbank.
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By the end of the war, however, Goering like Schacht,
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had fallen out of favor with the Fuhrer,
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and had been abandoned to his drug addictions
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and other accesses.
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In the Nuremberg jail, Goering was weaned off the drugs
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and reveled in his role as the most senior
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Nazi leader in the doc.
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Personally, I have always looked up on Goering
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as the worst among the accused,
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on account of his decent origin
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and comfortable circumstances, but at the Nuremberg trial,
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Goering displayed great courage,
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both in his behavior and his half audible exclamations.
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Goering's prominent role in the rearmament
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of the Reich and his direct responsibility for the extortion
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of Jewish owned factories and businesses
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where thousands of inmates were worked to death,
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ended with him being sentenced to hang.
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But even he would escape proper justice,
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since he took the coward's way out and committed suicide
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with a cyanide capsule on the eve of his execution.
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It was the final failure of Nuremberg.
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(dramatic music)
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My point of view on the Nuremberg trials
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is that they tried to narrow it down as much as they could.
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I mean, in the end, they sort of picked up
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there were 22 major Nazis.
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Well, there were more than 22 major Nazis.
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I mean, there were 42 Gauleiters, for example.
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And these Gauleiters were heavily involved
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in filling up the concentration camps,
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implementing the transfer of people
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from Germany to the death camps.
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Surely they should be put on trial.
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No, they got off scot free.
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As would several of Hitler's financiers,
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including Gustav Krupp Von Bohlen,
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the main arms manufacturer and the mastermind
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of the Adolf Hitler Fund, that other industrialists
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would use to make generous contributions
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to the Nazi party and the Fuhrer himself.
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The Krupps really were behind Hitler,
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behind the rearmament, implicated in the Holocaust,
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and all kinds of things like that.
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So, it wasn't really all Gustav Krupp,
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but a lot of people thought so,
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and at the end of the war the Americans thought so,
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and they were looking for him and trying to arrest him.
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And all they got was this poor old senile fellow in bed.
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Deemed unfit to attend trial,
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the case against Gustav Krupp Von Bohlen und Halbach
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would be dismissed.
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Instead, his son, Alfried, who had conspired with the SS
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to enslave conscripted workers to operate the Krupp's
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wartime factories would be charged in his place.
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(dramatic music)
(speaking foreign language)
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From the 9th of December, 1946,
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until the 13th of April, 1949,
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the allies would carry out 12 subsequent trials at Nuremberg
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where they would attempt to prosecute German industrialists
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for their support of the Nazis.
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But these too were deeply flawed.
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(speaking foreign language)
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Among the most noteworthy of these trials,
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was that of Oswald Pohl,
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the head of the SS Main Economic and Administrative Office,
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which coordinated the running of the concentration camps,
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the supply of slave labor and the looting
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of victims' properties and businesses.
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The court sentenced Pohl and three of his subordinates
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to death, while another 11 would receive sentences
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between 10 years and life.
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But in the end, only Pohl would be executed.
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The others would see their sentences commuted
326
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or even in some cases canceled altogether.
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Unlike the unfortunate Pohl,
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who was hanged on June 7th, 1951.
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He was one of the last people hanged as a result
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of the Nuremberg trials.
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Oddly enough, after that, the allies went over
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to a policy more of pardon and toleration.
333
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So, not many of the SS officers really
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are punished after the war.
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The first industrialist to receive an exclusive
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trial was the coal and steel magnate, Friedrich Flick.
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On April the 19th, 1947, he was indicted on war crimes
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and crimes against humanity for the widespread use
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of slave labor in his mines and factories,
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along with the theft of resources
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00:19:03,560 --> 00:19:06,219
and plants in occupied territories.
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(dramatic music)
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And last but not least,
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the financing of the NSDAP and the SS.
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He would be sentenced to just seven years in prison.
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The second major industrial trial held
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from the 27th of August, 1947 until July 30th, 1948,
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would it be against IG Farben,
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the major chemical cartel that was the Nazi's partner
350
00:19:38,650 --> 00:19:41,200
in crime, supplying the German war machine
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00:19:41,200 --> 00:19:43,720
with synthetic gasoline and rubber
352
00:19:43,720 --> 00:19:46,570
and the infamous pesticide Zyklon B,
353
00:19:46,570 --> 00:19:49,473
that would be used to slaughter millions of Jews.
354
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(speaking foreign language)
355
00:20:24,427 --> 00:20:27,490
Of the 24 accused IG Farben executives,
356
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11 would be acquitted while the others
357
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would receive sentences ranging from eight years
358
00:20:31,880 --> 00:20:34,030
to only 18 months.
359
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This for developing and supplying products and chemicals
360
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used to slaughter millions.
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The verdicts of industrialists,
362
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like the verdicts of the SS officers in general
363
00:20:45,880 --> 00:20:50,880
who ran the camps and these industries were too lenient.
364
00:20:51,480 --> 00:20:54,483
I think that there were very few people in industry roundup.
365
00:20:56,500 --> 00:20:59,260
The industrialist trial was a complete farce
366
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in the sense that they let off all of the directors
367
00:21:03,470 --> 00:21:06,530
of these big companies on the basis that they were
368
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taking orders and before you knew it,
369
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all the major companies of the Nazi period
370
00:21:11,350 --> 00:21:13,990
become the major companies in Germany
371
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in the post-war period.
372
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(ominous music)
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(dramatic music)
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The Nuremberg trials would not be
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the only occasion on which Nazis
376
00:21:32,640 --> 00:21:35,470
would face prosecution for their crimes.
377
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All over the country and in the former occupied territories,
378
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civilian courts would try several former Nazis
379
00:21:42,070 --> 00:21:44,990
and collaborators in a process that became known
380
00:21:44,990 --> 00:21:46,870
as denazification.
381
00:21:46,870 --> 00:21:50,450
Like Nuremberg, however, denazification did little
382
00:21:50,450 --> 00:21:51,990
more than scratch the surface
383
00:21:51,990 --> 00:21:54,673
of the deep seated Nazi infrastructure.
384
00:21:57,259 --> 00:22:01,009
(speaking foreign language)
385
00:22:28,802 --> 00:22:30,610
When we take into account the process
386
00:22:30,610 --> 00:22:33,620
of denazification and the consequences for the partners
387
00:22:33,620 --> 00:22:35,630
and financiers of Adolf Hitler,
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00:22:35,630 --> 00:22:39,580
we find a number of curious cases of leniency.
389
00:22:39,580 --> 00:22:41,920
Max Amann, for example, the man who ran
390
00:22:41,920 --> 00:22:43,750
the publishing empire that made Hitler
391
00:22:43,750 --> 00:22:45,840
one of the wealthiest men in the world,
392
00:22:45,840 --> 00:22:48,853
would be sentenced to 10 years of forced labor.
393
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He would be released after just five.
394
00:23:00,740 --> 00:23:03,520
Hitler's personal photographer, Heinrich Hoffman,
395
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whose photos earned the Fuhrer millions in royalties
396
00:23:06,590 --> 00:23:08,330
and who would make a fortune for himself
397
00:23:08,330 --> 00:23:11,130
by trading looted art, would be sentenced to
398
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only four years in prison.
399
00:23:14,211 --> 00:23:17,270
(light dramatic music)
400
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Outrageous when you think about it.
401
00:23:18,950 --> 00:23:22,510
And the number of sort of people who met justice
402
00:23:22,510 --> 00:23:27,510
wasn't great and they said the denazification program was,
403
00:23:27,800 --> 00:23:29,980
they called it a Persil certificate.
404
00:23:29,980 --> 00:23:33,200
'Cause what you did was you got three people to say,
405
00:23:33,200 --> 00:23:36,320
yes, you had a Nazi, but you had three or four people
406
00:23:36,320 --> 00:23:37,800
who thought you were okay.
407
00:23:37,800 --> 00:23:39,340
And they signed it at the bottom.
408
00:23:39,340 --> 00:23:41,770
They called it the Persil certificate
409
00:23:41,770 --> 00:23:43,990
because Persil was a soap powder
410
00:23:43,990 --> 00:23:46,680
that said it washed whiter than white.
411
00:23:46,680 --> 00:23:49,090
So, with this you could sort of whitewash
412
00:23:49,090 --> 00:23:50,433
your past in that way.
413
00:23:53,670 --> 00:23:56,250
Hoffman became a poster boy for the cynicism
414
00:23:56,250 --> 00:23:59,830
and inefficiency with which denazification was carried out
415
00:23:59,830 --> 00:24:02,410
by the post-war German authorities.
416
00:24:02,410 --> 00:24:06,330
Shortly before he passed away peacefully at the age of 72,
417
00:24:06,330 --> 00:24:08,420
he would recover a considerable part
418
00:24:08,420 --> 00:24:10,740
of his stolen art collection.
419
00:24:10,740 --> 00:24:13,600
Something similar would occur with many industrialists
420
00:24:13,600 --> 00:24:17,173
and businessmen who supported and financed the Nazi regime.
421
00:24:20,300 --> 00:24:24,050
(speaking foreign language)
422
00:24:47,330 --> 00:24:49,930
On September 11th, 1949,
423
00:24:49,930 --> 00:24:53,590
US President Harry S. Truman appointed John J. McLoy
424
00:24:53,590 --> 00:24:57,620
as the new American High Commissioner for Occupied Germany.
425
00:24:57,620 --> 00:25:00,890
McLoy would proceed with a program of mass amnesty
426
00:25:00,890 --> 00:25:03,280
for several former Nazi war criminals,
427
00:25:03,280 --> 00:25:06,400
whose sentences were either commuted or canceled,
428
00:25:06,400 --> 00:25:08,980
including almost all of the industrialists
429
00:25:08,980 --> 00:25:13,213
tried at Nuremberg.
(light dramatic music)
430
00:25:13,213 --> 00:25:16,963
(speaking foreign language)
431
00:25:43,801 --> 00:25:45,680
The most prolific and loyal of all
432
00:25:45,680 --> 00:25:48,710
the Hitlerite industrialists, Friedrich Flick,
433
00:25:48,710 --> 00:25:51,510
was a free man by 1950.
434
00:25:51,510 --> 00:25:54,150
He would not only recover all his former enterprises
435
00:25:54,150 --> 00:25:57,500
located in West Germany, but would also invest in several
436
00:25:57,500 --> 00:26:00,180
developing companies and become the largest
437
00:26:00,180 --> 00:26:02,960
shareholder at Daimler-Benz.
438
00:26:02,960 --> 00:26:06,320
He ended up as probably the richest man in West Germany,
439
00:26:06,320 --> 00:26:09,440
leaving an empire of 330 companies,
440
00:26:09,440 --> 00:26:11,950
with a turnover of eight billion Deutschmarks
441
00:26:11,950 --> 00:26:13,580
after his death in 1972.
442
00:26:16,208 --> 00:26:19,208
(light eerie music)
443
00:26:20,860 --> 00:26:23,940
Alfried Krupp would be pardoned in 1951,
444
00:26:23,940 --> 00:26:27,330
and also recovered part of his forfeited industries.
445
00:26:27,330 --> 00:26:29,200
He regained his personal fortune,
446
00:26:29,200 --> 00:26:32,100
reinstating his family's industrial empire
447
00:26:32,100 --> 00:26:34,890
and even established a foundation named after him,
448
00:26:34,890 --> 00:26:37,330
which included on its supervisory board,
449
00:26:37,330 --> 00:26:39,303
banker Hermann Josef Abs.
450
00:26:40,950 --> 00:26:44,000
As one of the chairman of the Deutsche Bank during the war,
451
00:26:44,000 --> 00:26:46,710
Abs was responsible for the Aryanization
452
00:26:46,710 --> 00:26:49,420
of formerly Jewish owned businesses.
453
00:26:49,420 --> 00:26:52,080
He would never be prosecuted for his crimes
454
00:26:52,080 --> 00:26:53,860
and even retained this chairmanship
455
00:26:53,860 --> 00:26:56,147
of some of these companies after the war.
456
00:27:02,060 --> 00:27:04,890
But the greatest scandal was that some of those convicted
457
00:27:04,890 --> 00:27:07,890
in the IG Farben trial would also receive pardons
458
00:27:07,890 --> 00:27:10,090
from McLoy's high commission.
459
00:27:10,090 --> 00:27:12,400
In 1950, both Karl Krauch,
460
00:27:12,400 --> 00:27:15,580
the Chairman of the Supervisory Board of IG Farben,
461
00:27:15,580 --> 00:27:19,070
and Fritz Ter Meer, one of the brains behind the creation
462
00:27:19,070 --> 00:27:21,460
of the industrial complex at Auschwitz,
463
00:27:21,460 --> 00:27:24,113
had their sentences substantially reduced.
464
00:27:26,780 --> 00:27:29,100
The following year, it was the turn of Auschwitz
465
00:27:29,100 --> 00:27:32,200
plant managers, Otto Ambros and Walter Durrfeld
466
00:27:32,200 --> 00:27:34,200
to be pardoned and immediately released
467
00:27:34,200 --> 00:27:36,373
from their eight year prison sentences.
468
00:27:41,170 --> 00:27:44,810
Like Flick and Krupp, nearly all IG Farben war criminals
469
00:27:44,810 --> 00:27:47,850
would return into the post-war German business world
470
00:27:47,850 --> 00:27:50,750
and hold important positions in several corporations
471
00:27:50,750 --> 00:27:52,453
and banking institutions.
472
00:27:57,710 --> 00:28:00,860
And I think it is one of the terrible aspects
473
00:28:00,860 --> 00:28:03,950
of the post-war period that because we were so keen
474
00:28:03,950 --> 00:28:06,890
to revive West Germany economically,
475
00:28:06,890 --> 00:28:09,330
we turned a blind eye to a lot of these people
476
00:28:09,330 --> 00:28:13,080
who ran these businesses, who were very much implicated
477
00:28:13,080 --> 00:28:14,520
with Hitler's regime.
478
00:28:14,520 --> 00:28:19,503
They were implicated, as we know, with forced labor as well.
479
00:28:20,440 --> 00:28:22,550
German-based American subsidiaries,
480
00:28:22,550 --> 00:28:25,900
Opel GM, and Ford Werke were also among those
481
00:28:25,900 --> 00:28:28,650
that used slave labor during the war.
482
00:28:28,650 --> 00:28:30,830
Despite their claims of not having control
483
00:28:30,830 --> 00:28:34,220
of their German subsidiaries, both American corporations
484
00:28:34,220 --> 00:28:36,520
would do their utmost to try to get their hands
485
00:28:36,520 --> 00:28:39,543
on profits earned in Germany during that period.
486
00:28:42,110 --> 00:28:44,410
So, Ford and General Motors both have a huge problem
487
00:28:44,410 --> 00:28:46,190
on their hands at the end of the second world war.
488
00:28:46,190 --> 00:28:48,760
They have these profits that have piled up in Opel
489
00:28:48,760 --> 00:28:51,600
and in the Ford Werke plant in Germany.
490
00:28:51,600 --> 00:28:54,410
The other problem they face is that the German Mark
491
00:28:54,410 --> 00:28:56,590
has now a disproportionately poor exchange rate
492
00:28:56,590 --> 00:28:57,880
against the US dollar.
493
00:28:57,880 --> 00:28:59,660
And so, how can they possibly take these profits back
494
00:28:59,660 --> 00:29:02,630
to the US politically or even economically?
495
00:29:02,630 --> 00:29:04,060
This question drags on for years.
496
00:29:04,060 --> 00:29:06,400
In the 1950s, both Ford and General Motors
497
00:29:06,400 --> 00:29:07,990
do try to repatriate their profits
498
00:29:07,990 --> 00:29:10,170
and do so successfully in some cases,
499
00:29:10,170 --> 00:29:11,893
but they take a huge cut rate.
500
00:29:13,010 --> 00:29:15,480
As well as banking the wartime profits,
501
00:29:15,480 --> 00:29:18,780
both companies would also claim compensation for war damage
502
00:29:18,780 --> 00:29:23,450
sustained at their slave labor staffed factories in Germany.
503
00:29:23,450 --> 00:29:25,760
In the ultimate act of cynicism, however,
504
00:29:25,760 --> 00:29:28,080
both Ford and General Motors asked the US government
505
00:29:28,080 --> 00:29:30,210
to compensate them for the wartime damage
506
00:29:30,210 --> 00:29:32,400
to their factories in the Third Reich.
507
00:29:32,400 --> 00:29:35,070
This is a move that is almost unbelievable.
508
00:29:35,070 --> 00:29:38,070
These are companies asking for compensation that the allies
509
00:29:38,070 --> 00:29:41,060
have inflicted on their companies in the Third Reich.
510
00:29:41,060 --> 00:29:42,670
And General Motors is actually successful.
511
00:29:42,670 --> 00:29:45,010
The US government pays them more than $30 million
512
00:29:45,010 --> 00:29:50,010
in compensation for damage to the Opel factory effectively.
513
00:29:50,370 --> 00:29:51,630
Ford asked for the same thing,
514
00:29:51,630 --> 00:29:53,560
but us government of the 1960s,
515
00:29:53,560 --> 00:29:56,320
20 years after the end of the war is much less generous.
516
00:29:56,320 --> 00:29:57,570
Only gives Ford a little bit over
517
00:29:57,570 --> 00:29:59,323
a million dollars in compensation.
518
00:30:00,580 --> 00:30:02,880
Although the allies let German industrialists
519
00:30:02,880 --> 00:30:06,440
and financiers off the hook, they were rather more efficient
520
00:30:06,440 --> 00:30:09,400
at tracing the vast wealth and national assets
521
00:30:09,400 --> 00:30:11,560
stolen by the Nazis.
522
00:30:11,560 --> 00:30:14,090
At the end of the war, the Western powers secret
523
00:30:14,090 --> 00:30:17,240
intelligence services launched a scheme aimed at seizing
524
00:30:17,240 --> 00:30:19,830
stolen Nazi loot from neutral countries
525
00:30:19,830 --> 00:30:22,083
called Operation Safe Haven.
526
00:30:26,010 --> 00:30:29,310
Operation Safe Haven was an undercover operation
527
00:30:29,310 --> 00:30:32,947
sort of spearheaded by the United States
528
00:30:32,947 --> 00:30:35,300
Office of Strategic Services,
529
00:30:35,300 --> 00:30:37,900
which was the precursor to the CIA.
530
00:30:37,900 --> 00:30:40,740
And it was to crack down on all of this money laundering
531
00:30:40,740 --> 00:30:42,953
around the world that the Nazis were doing.
532
00:30:43,890 --> 00:30:45,700
Through operation Safe Haven,
533
00:30:45,700 --> 00:30:48,530
the allies would recover a significant part of the assets
534
00:30:48,530 --> 00:30:49,970
stolen by the Reich,
535
00:30:49,970 --> 00:30:52,820
and would further develop a program of restitution,
536
00:30:52,820 --> 00:30:55,523
controlled by the Tripartite Gold Commission.
537
00:30:59,850 --> 00:31:03,680
The Tripartite Gold Commission was set up to redistribute,
538
00:31:03,680 --> 00:31:06,800
to give back the gold that the Nazis had stolen.
539
00:31:06,800 --> 00:31:10,980
But once countries went into the Soviet sphere,
540
00:31:10,980 --> 00:31:13,100
there was somewhat punished because the gold
541
00:31:13,100 --> 00:31:14,300
didn't go back to them.
542
00:31:14,300 --> 00:31:18,260
So, in some cases you had the tripartite gold going back
543
00:31:18,260 --> 00:31:20,600
to some of these countries in the 1990s
544
00:31:20,600 --> 00:31:22,590
because of the geopolitics involved.
545
00:31:22,590 --> 00:31:27,280
There was a campaign early on to take 10%
546
00:31:27,280 --> 00:31:29,530
of the industrial capacity of Germany and send it
547
00:31:29,530 --> 00:31:31,810
to the Soviet Union as reparations.
548
00:31:31,810 --> 00:31:34,390
That was how reparations were conceived as a matter,
549
00:31:34,390 --> 00:31:37,020
not to deliver money to individuals,
550
00:31:37,020 --> 00:31:39,563
but to deliver money between States.
551
00:31:41,270 --> 00:31:43,990
Besides gold, the next most commonly looted
552
00:31:43,990 --> 00:31:47,290
commodity in Nazi occupied Europe was art.
553
00:31:47,290 --> 00:31:50,360
The allied army set up special staffs during the war,
554
00:31:50,360 --> 00:31:53,240
which had the task of securing separate cultural assets
555
00:31:53,240 --> 00:31:55,410
from the occupied States of Europe.
556
00:31:55,410 --> 00:31:58,580
Registering and then re-registering them with the help
557
00:31:58,580 --> 00:32:01,363
of the deprived museums and individuals.
558
00:32:03,978 --> 00:32:07,728
(speaking foreign language)
559
00:32:31,190 --> 00:32:33,970
Now, of course, because it was hidden by Nazis
560
00:32:33,970 --> 00:32:35,590
and then maybe recovered later,
561
00:32:35,590 --> 00:32:38,520
we don't know how much disappeared,
562
00:32:38,520 --> 00:32:41,950
but what we know is that there are a lot of works of art
563
00:32:41,950 --> 00:32:44,940
in museums, in galleries all over Europe,
564
00:32:44,940 --> 00:32:46,860
that just have an empty space
565
00:32:46,860 --> 00:32:49,930
where a work of art used to hang.
566
00:32:49,930 --> 00:32:53,570
So, there are still people today I am convinced
567
00:32:53,570 --> 00:32:58,570
who will buy and sell art stolen by the Nazis in secret.
568
00:32:59,160 --> 00:33:01,660
Make no mistake, this is a criminal activity,
569
00:33:01,660 --> 00:33:04,060
but I have no doubt that there are some very bad people
570
00:33:04,060 --> 00:33:09,060
around who still trade Nazi stolen goods.
571
00:33:09,450 --> 00:33:11,420
But it would be the individual victims
572
00:33:11,420 --> 00:33:14,410
of Nazism who would encounter the greatest obstacles
573
00:33:14,410 --> 00:33:16,420
in recovering their rightful assets
574
00:33:16,420 --> 00:33:18,989
and possessions in the post-war period.
575
00:33:18,989 --> 00:33:21,656
(ominous music)
576
00:33:24,507 --> 00:33:27,840
(light dramatic music)
577
00:33:31,280 --> 00:33:34,170
Many historians and researchers have tried to estimate
578
00:33:34,170 --> 00:33:37,620
the value of the stolen goods, property, and possessions
579
00:33:37,620 --> 00:33:40,690
during the Nazi's 12 year reign of terror.
580
00:33:40,690 --> 00:33:42,310
While some of it has been recovered,
581
00:33:42,310 --> 00:33:44,510
there is still a lot that is missing,
582
00:33:44,510 --> 00:33:47,750
leading to several conspiracy theories, treasure hunting,
583
00:33:47,750 --> 00:33:51,120
and the ongoing search for the lost Nazi gold.
584
00:33:51,120 --> 00:33:54,250
Typically, we hear about stories of gold found underneath
585
00:33:54,250 --> 00:33:56,280
a lake called Lake Toplitz,
586
00:33:56,280 --> 00:33:58,460
and there's never really been any gold found there.
587
00:33:58,460 --> 00:34:01,990
Then there was talk about a train full of gold
588
00:34:01,990 --> 00:34:03,430
underneath a Polish mountain.
589
00:34:03,430 --> 00:34:06,890
Again, that's never really ever been shown to be true.
590
00:34:06,890 --> 00:34:09,530
I think there's a lot of nonsense written about Nazi gold
591
00:34:09,530 --> 00:34:12,340
and people talk, you know, it's something for a thriller
592
00:34:12,340 --> 00:34:15,690
or a movie, but I suspect yes,
593
00:34:15,690 --> 00:34:18,770
there must be some gold that was hidden.
594
00:34:18,770 --> 00:34:21,550
And I suspect that if that's going to be anywhere,
595
00:34:21,550 --> 00:34:25,430
it's underneath the streets of Zurich or Geneva.
596
00:34:25,430 --> 00:34:27,320
It's gonna be in a Swiss bank.
597
00:34:27,320 --> 00:34:29,670
There is little doubt that neutral Switzerland
598
00:34:29,670 --> 00:34:33,010
played a massive role in looting of art and personal wealth
599
00:34:33,010 --> 00:34:35,160
during the second world war.
600
00:34:35,160 --> 00:34:37,440
The secrecy of the Swiss banking system allowed
601
00:34:37,440 --> 00:34:40,630
the Nazi regime to launder much of the gold and currency
602
00:34:40,630 --> 00:34:42,283
pillage from their victims.
603
00:34:44,150 --> 00:34:47,970
On March 8th, 1945, the Allies and the Swiss had reached
604
00:34:47,970 --> 00:34:49,530
an agreement to cut off trade
605
00:34:49,530 --> 00:34:52,290
and freeze German assets in the country.
606
00:34:52,290 --> 00:34:54,940
Promising to return any identifiable gold
607
00:34:54,940 --> 00:34:56,920
to its rightful owners.
608
00:34:56,920 --> 00:34:58,760
But there was a problem in identifying
609
00:34:58,760 --> 00:35:02,000
whom the rightful owners were since the Nazis had done
610
00:35:02,000 --> 00:35:04,300
everything possible to cover their tracks
611
00:35:04,300 --> 00:35:06,253
and prevent its identification.
612
00:35:07,300 --> 00:35:09,780
It's another way that the Nazis had sort
613
00:35:09,780 --> 00:35:11,210
of protected themselves.
614
00:35:11,210 --> 00:35:14,240
I mean, they re-smelted all of the gold
615
00:35:14,240 --> 00:35:16,790
and they put German markings on the gold.
616
00:35:16,790 --> 00:35:20,250
So, nobody really knew whose gold was whose gold.
617
00:35:20,250 --> 00:35:22,420
At the end of the war when their heirs went
618
00:35:22,420 --> 00:35:25,470
to try to reclaim those assets and the banks asked them
619
00:35:25,470 --> 00:35:27,650
for death certificate proving
620
00:35:27,650 --> 00:35:29,859
that the beneficial owners had died,
621
00:35:29,859 --> 00:35:33,970
the answer often was well Auschwitz and Dachau
622
00:35:33,970 --> 00:35:35,860
didn't give us death certificates.
623
00:35:35,860 --> 00:35:38,330
So, there was no way to prove a death.
624
00:35:38,330 --> 00:35:42,680
And the Swiss bankers just said, "well, I'm sorry then.
625
00:35:42,680 --> 00:35:44,890
There's nothing we can do for you."
626
00:35:44,890 --> 00:35:46,990
Claimants and relatives of the millions
627
00:35:46,990 --> 00:35:49,180
who had perished in the Nazi death camps
628
00:35:49,180 --> 00:35:51,960
had a hard time trying to put pressure on Swiss banks
629
00:35:51,960 --> 00:35:55,120
to release information about their war time holdings.
630
00:35:55,120 --> 00:35:57,430
Especially since the Swiss use the onset
631
00:35:57,430 --> 00:35:59,660
of Cold War hostilities to put the brakes
632
00:35:59,660 --> 00:36:02,880
on much of the restitution process.
633
00:36:02,880 --> 00:36:05,840
So, we've got all these properties that actually belong
634
00:36:05,840 --> 00:36:10,000
to other people and yet they were never repatriated back.
635
00:36:10,000 --> 00:36:11,660
Again, why?
636
00:36:11,660 --> 00:36:14,070
Part of this Cold War psychosis.
637
00:36:14,070 --> 00:36:17,320
Oh, we can't bring up this issue at this time.
638
00:36:17,320 --> 00:36:20,600
So there you have Jewish property, Jewish money,
639
00:36:20,600 --> 00:36:22,860
all taken away in that period.
640
00:36:22,860 --> 00:36:25,570
I mean, it's a scandal and it's a scandal
641
00:36:25,570 --> 00:36:27,580
that wasn't actually redressed.
642
00:36:27,580 --> 00:36:30,400
It wasn't redressed in the post-war period.
643
00:36:30,400 --> 00:36:33,620
Only after the Berlin wall came down in 1989,
644
00:36:33,620 --> 00:36:36,440
would millions of documents related to World War II
645
00:36:36,440 --> 00:36:40,000
be declassified in both the East and the West,
646
00:36:40,000 --> 00:36:41,610
bringing new light to the involvement
647
00:36:41,610 --> 00:36:45,020
of banking institutions and worldwide corporations
648
00:36:45,020 --> 00:36:46,752
on the Hitler money trail.
649
00:36:46,752 --> 00:36:50,700
(Berlin citizens cheering)
650
00:36:50,700 --> 00:36:53,730
It was only later in the Clinton era that there was a push
651
00:36:53,730 --> 00:36:56,950
for reparations payments from individual industries
652
00:36:56,950 --> 00:37:01,460
to individual former victims who had been living
653
00:37:01,460 --> 00:37:05,333
as survivors for the last 20, 30 years, right?
654
00:37:06,780 --> 00:37:08,730
More by the time the '90s rolled around.
655
00:37:08,730 --> 00:37:11,710
That kind of marked a new phase.
656
00:37:11,710 --> 00:37:15,700
The documents show that the Swiss claim of neutrality
657
00:37:15,700 --> 00:37:20,090
in World War II was pure nonsense.
658
00:37:20,090 --> 00:37:24,630
The documents also show that these shipments
659
00:37:24,630 --> 00:37:29,630
were carried out by trucks that had the insignias
660
00:37:31,660 --> 00:37:34,750
of Switzerland stamped on them.
661
00:37:34,750 --> 00:37:39,210
In other words, they actually used Swish transport.
662
00:37:39,210 --> 00:37:44,210
That the gold bars were identified clearly
663
00:37:44,370 --> 00:37:46,703
as coming from Germany.
664
00:37:47,550 --> 00:37:49,450
These US congressional hearings
665
00:37:49,450 --> 00:37:51,700
served as the basis for several lawsuits
666
00:37:51,700 --> 00:37:54,210
brought by victims of Nazism who are still
667
00:37:54,210 --> 00:37:56,393
seeking justice and restitution.
668
00:37:58,900 --> 00:38:01,240
Organizations like the World Jewish Congress
669
00:38:01,240 --> 00:38:05,153
and the World Jewish Agency would take up their cause.
670
00:38:05,153 --> 00:38:10,153
(light dramatic music)
(crowd applauding)
671
00:38:11,150 --> 00:38:14,920
There is no reason in the world why one dollar,
672
00:38:14,920 --> 00:38:19,910
one shekel, one sterling, one franc will be there
673
00:38:19,910 --> 00:38:23,010
in the safes and the accounts of banks
674
00:38:23,010 --> 00:38:25,510
in a time that it does not belong to them.
675
00:38:25,510 --> 00:38:30,040
Every single coin which belongs to the Jews,
676
00:38:30,040 --> 00:38:34,070
should go back to the individual Jews and the Jewish people.
677
00:38:34,070 --> 00:38:35,850
Pressed by Jewish organizations
678
00:38:35,850 --> 00:38:37,670
in the United States and Israel,
679
00:38:37,670 --> 00:38:40,240
the Swiss authorities would at last announced a commission
680
00:38:40,240 --> 00:38:43,550
to research and reveal their banking activities
681
00:38:43,550 --> 00:38:45,230
during the Nazi period.
682
00:38:45,230 --> 00:38:48,110
We want now to get the truth and we want to deal with it.
683
00:38:48,110 --> 00:38:50,510
And if we have to, lift the bank secrecy
684
00:38:50,510 --> 00:38:53,223
for these cases for five years, we'll do it.
685
00:38:55,260 --> 00:39:00,060
They not only put out copious lists of all of the heirless
686
00:39:00,060 --> 00:39:01,880
assets they had in their banks
687
00:39:01,880 --> 00:39:05,270
and they invited people from around the world to apply.
688
00:39:05,270 --> 00:39:09,520
But in addition to that, they set up a fund that was like
689
00:39:09,520 --> 00:39:13,070
over a billion dollars in order to help
690
00:39:13,070 --> 00:39:15,750
victims of the Nazis.
691
00:39:15,750 --> 00:39:17,420
Other countries all over the world
692
00:39:17,420 --> 00:39:19,850
would follow suit and set up their own commissions
693
00:39:19,850 --> 00:39:23,120
to research their involvement with Hitler and his regime.
694
00:39:23,120 --> 00:39:25,750
Leading to the opening of a new question.
695
00:39:25,750 --> 00:39:29,080
What about the slave and forced workers that were exploited
696
00:39:29,080 --> 00:39:32,000
by the Nazi regime and its partners?
697
00:39:32,000 --> 00:39:35,290
What compensation would they receive?
698
00:39:35,290 --> 00:39:38,320
In 1999, German Chancellor, Gerhard Schroder,
699
00:39:38,320 --> 00:39:40,940
announced the creation of a new compensation fund
700
00:39:40,940 --> 00:39:43,120
for victims of slave labor.
701
00:39:43,120 --> 00:39:45,290
Among the signatory companies were Krupp
702
00:39:45,290 --> 00:39:49,483
and IG Farben successors, BASF, Hoechst and Bayer.
703
00:39:52,845 --> 00:39:54,980
Only a very small amount of compensation was paid
704
00:39:54,980 --> 00:39:57,950
in the initial years after the war, right up to the 1990s.
705
00:39:57,950 --> 00:40:01,030
A few Jewish slave laborers to get some compensation
706
00:40:01,030 --> 00:40:03,250
and countries like France and Belgium did pay
707
00:40:03,250 --> 00:40:05,050
some compensation to their own people
708
00:40:05,050 --> 00:40:06,730
who had been deported to Germany.
709
00:40:06,730 --> 00:40:09,730
But because of the Iron Curtain where most
710
00:40:09,730 --> 00:40:14,020
of the Eastern forced laborers were sort of cut off
711
00:40:14,020 --> 00:40:16,130
from Western Europe, it's only in the 1990s
712
00:40:16,130 --> 00:40:17,720
that this really became an issue
713
00:40:17,720 --> 00:40:20,520
as Holocaust restitution resurfaced again.
714
00:40:20,520 --> 00:40:24,020
And then it was decided again, partly because of pressure
715
00:40:24,020 --> 00:40:26,300
that the German government and German companies
716
00:40:26,300 --> 00:40:30,680
did pay a one-off compensation payment to all Eastern
717
00:40:30,680 --> 00:40:32,530
forced and slave laborers.
718
00:40:32,530 --> 00:40:34,370
The American companies whose German
719
00:40:34,370 --> 00:40:37,530
subsidiaries benefited from the use of slave labor
720
00:40:37,530 --> 00:40:39,830
would also be forced to face some of their victims
721
00:40:39,830 --> 00:40:41,423
and make reparations.
722
00:40:46,030 --> 00:40:47,850
So, Ford and General Motors in the 1990s
723
00:40:47,850 --> 00:40:50,920
begin facing lawsuits from the slave laborers
724
00:40:50,920 --> 00:40:53,240
that have largely helped accumulate those profits
725
00:40:53,240 --> 00:40:54,730
during the Third Reich.
726
00:40:54,730 --> 00:40:56,810
There's actually lawsuits filed in the United States
727
00:40:56,810 --> 00:40:59,240
on a class action basis against those companies,
728
00:40:59,240 --> 00:41:01,690
and American courts say they simply don't have jurisdiction
729
00:41:01,690 --> 00:41:03,540
over what took place during the Third Reich.
730
00:41:03,540 --> 00:41:05,610
As a result of that legal reckoning
731
00:41:05,610 --> 00:41:07,620
or the opening up of that legal case,
732
00:41:07,620 --> 00:41:10,430
both Ford and General Motors put together compensation funds
733
00:41:10,430 --> 00:41:13,490
to try to help the victims of slave labor in that sense.
734
00:41:13,490 --> 00:41:15,220
I think there's still an open question to some extent
735
00:41:15,220 --> 00:41:17,200
as to whether those efforts have been sufficient,
736
00:41:17,200 --> 00:41:18,580
but certainly there's a recognition
737
00:41:18,580 --> 00:41:20,550
that something needs to be done.
738
00:41:20,550 --> 00:41:22,790
Today, many archives are still waiting
739
00:41:22,790 --> 00:41:25,990
to be declassified, lost treasures and works of art
740
00:41:25,990 --> 00:41:27,670
are still being discovered,
741
00:41:27,670 --> 00:41:29,730
and thousands of bank accounts either owned
742
00:41:29,730 --> 00:41:31,830
by victims of Hitler's criminal regime
743
00:41:31,830 --> 00:41:35,173
or by the Nazis themselves remain unclaimed.
744
00:41:37,210 --> 00:41:39,070
We are still very much dealing with the legacy
745
00:41:39,070 --> 00:41:41,150
of the Third Reich and the second world war.
746
00:41:41,150 --> 00:41:43,690
The victims of Nazism have not nearly received
747
00:41:43,690 --> 00:41:45,120
the justice that they can.
748
00:41:45,120 --> 00:41:46,980
It is critically important that historians,
749
00:41:46,980 --> 00:41:49,530
journalists and other researchers continue to track down
750
00:41:49,530 --> 00:41:53,020
the paper trails to find out where this money went,
751
00:41:53,020 --> 00:41:55,690
what profits might still be accumulating in bank accounts
752
00:41:55,690 --> 00:41:57,830
based upon the events of the Third Reich,
753
00:41:57,830 --> 00:41:59,890
and how justice can continue to be done
754
00:41:59,890 --> 00:42:01,340
even in the 21st century.
755
00:42:01,340 --> 00:42:03,430
I think it's best to call it an attempt at justice.
756
00:42:03,430 --> 00:42:06,060
It wasn't complete, it was not satisfactory,
757
00:42:06,060 --> 00:42:07,740
but the fact that they made the attempt
758
00:42:07,740 --> 00:42:09,260
set important precedents.
759
00:42:09,260 --> 00:42:11,460
And I think this is what we will really remember about it,
760
00:42:11,460 --> 00:42:14,370
that it's not acceptable that these kind of crimes
761
00:42:14,370 --> 00:42:16,690
are committed without some effort of compensation
762
00:42:16,690 --> 00:42:18,573
and restitution and justice.
763
00:42:19,780 --> 00:42:22,640
He was a lousy student, a failed artist,
764
00:42:22,640 --> 00:42:25,650
homeless for many years and embittered army corporal
765
00:42:25,650 --> 00:42:29,420
who through a tragic quirk of fate was able to lie,
766
00:42:29,420 --> 00:42:31,800
cheat and barter his way to power,
767
00:42:31,800 --> 00:42:34,943
before unleashing murder and misery on millions.
768
00:42:36,870 --> 00:42:38,760
But he didn't do it alone.
769
00:42:38,760 --> 00:42:42,320
Behind him, there were many who financed his rise to power
770
00:42:42,320 --> 00:42:45,400
and willingly profited from the business of war.
771
00:42:45,400 --> 00:42:49,030
The plundering of a whole continent, the forced labor,
772
00:42:49,030 --> 00:42:51,713
and the deaths of millions of innocents.
773
00:42:53,390 --> 00:42:55,600
Adolf Hitler took the coward's way out,
774
00:42:55,600 --> 00:42:58,160
but many of those who helped him in the largest robbery
775
00:42:58,160 --> 00:43:01,920
in history have never been held to account.
776
00:43:01,920 --> 00:43:04,320
I think it's impossible to give an estimation
777
00:43:04,320 --> 00:43:06,470
of how much the Nazis stole.
778
00:43:06,470 --> 00:43:08,760
I mean, what are you including in that figure?
779
00:43:08,760 --> 00:43:10,890
Are you including the gold that they stole
780
00:43:10,890 --> 00:43:15,890
from occupied countries, all of the assets that they stole
781
00:43:16,110 --> 00:43:19,000
from Swiss banks, the properties that they stole,
782
00:43:19,000 --> 00:43:20,540
the businesses that they stole,
783
00:43:20,540 --> 00:43:22,060
the art that they looted.
784
00:43:22,060 --> 00:43:25,760
The list goes on and on and on.
785
00:43:25,760 --> 00:43:30,760
It was a terrible theft that people
786
00:43:32,210 --> 00:43:34,293
are still trying to figure out.
787
00:43:35,800 --> 00:43:38,470
Does it make people feel better or worse
788
00:43:38,470 --> 00:43:42,080
that it wasn't even that profitable and they did it anyway?
789
00:43:42,080 --> 00:43:45,240
If you can understand that, you can understand Third Reich.
790
00:43:45,240 --> 00:43:47,560
If you think it was only about profit,
791
00:43:47,560 --> 00:43:50,197
you will never understand the Third Reich.
792
00:43:50,197 --> 00:43:53,197
(suspenseful music)
793
00:43:56,664 --> 00:43:59,997
(light dramatic music)
61499
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