All language subtitles for Extinction.The.Facts.1080p.HDTV.x265.AAC.MVGroup.org

Our planet is home to a seemingly
infinite variety of species.

From ocean giants...

..to the tiniest insects.

We call this abundance of life
biodiversity.

But today, it's vanishing at rates
never seen before in human history.

The UN panel of experts has found

that one million animal and plant
species face extinction.

It is worse than expected.

This is happening much faster
than we've ever seen before.

Today, we are the asteroid that's
causing many, many species

to go extinct simultaneously.

The evidence is that unless
immediate action is taken,

this crisis has
grave impacts for us all.

We're not just losing nice
things to look at.

We're losing critical parts
of Earth's system.

And it's threatening our food,
our water, our climate.

This year has shown us
we've gone one step too far.

Scientists have even linked our
destructive relationship

with nature to the emergence
of Covid-19.

We are encroaching further and
further every day

into wildlife habitat, and that
drives emerging diseases.

If we carry on like this,
we will see more epidemics

as bad as this, and some of them
could even be worse.

The decisions made as we rebuild
our economies are critical.

Get it wrong and we will be
in deeply dangerous territory.

Get it right and we still
have the ability to pull back

and rein in the collapse
of biodiversity.

We have a moment
when we can change our world

and make it better.

This is that moment.

Over the course of my life,

I've encountered some of the world's
most remarkable species of animals.

Only now do I realise
just how lucky I've been.

Many of these wonders seem set
to disappear forever.

We're facing a crisis, and one
that has consequences for us all.

It threatens our ability to feed
ourselves, to control our climate.

It even puts us at greater risk
of pandemic diseases

such as Covid-19.

It's never been more important
for us to understand the effects

of biodiversity loss,

of how it is that we ourselves
are responsible for it.

Only if we do that

will we have any hope
of averting disaster.

Last year, the United Nations
asked over 500 scientists

to investigate the current state
of the natural world.

This is the first time
there's been a global assessment

where all the evidence has been
pulled together,

thousands and thousands of papers.

We're losing biodiversity at a rate

that is truly unprecedented
in human history.

All groups in the natural
world are in decline,

which means their populations
are getting smaller, day by day.

Since 1970, vertebrate animals -
things like birds, mammals,

amphibians and reptiles -
have declined by 60% in total.

Large mammals have on average
disappeared from three quarters

of the range where
they were historically found.

What's different is that
it's happening simultaneously

in the Amazon, in Africa,
in the Arctic.

It's happening not at one place
and not with one group of organisms,

but with all biodiversity
everywhere on the planet.

It means that one million species

out of eight million species
on Earth

are now threatened with extinction.

500,000 plants and animals
and 500,000 insects.

Extinction is a natural process.

Things come, they grow,
their populations get huge

and then they decline.

But it's the rate of extinction.

That's the problem.

So when you look at previous groups
in the fossil records,

then it's over millions of years
they go extinct.

Here we're looking at tens of years.

Since 1500, 570 plant species

and 700 animal species
have gone extinct.

Studies suggest that extinction
is now happening 100 times faster

than the natural evolutionary rate,

and it's accelerating.

Globally, there was a shock.

Because you hadn't pulled all that
data together,

people hadn't realised that we have
a very serious crisis on our hands.

Many people think of extinction

being this imaginary tale

told by conservationists,

but I have lived it.

I know what it is.

I am caretaker of the
northern white rhinos.

We only have two left on the planet.

They are mother and daughter.

This is Najin, the mother,
who is 30 years old.

She is very quiet.

And her daughter is Fatu.

This is Fatu.

Hey, come on. Hey, Fatu.
Fatu, no, come on.

She's 19 years old.

She's pretty much like
a human teenager.

She's a little bit unpredictable

and can be feisty sometimes,

especially when she wants something.

Northern white rhinos were once
found in their thousands

in central Africa, but were pushed
to the brink of extinction

by habitat loss and hunting.

By 1990, just seven known
individuals survived.

I've seen these beautiful rhinos

count from seven down to two.

They're here because
we've betrayed them.

And I think they feel it,

this threatening tide of extinction

that is pushing on them.

They feel their world is collapsing.

Unless science saves them,

when Najin passes away, she'll leave

the daughter Fatu alone forever.

The last northern white rhino.

And their plight awaits
one million more species.

Once we lose these species,

we do not have hope
of accumulating them back

on a timescale that we exist on.

Unique animals with complex
and varied lives disappearing

from our planet forever
isn't just disturbing.

It's deeply tragic.

But this is about more than losing
the wonders of nature.

The consequences of these losses
for us as a species

are far-reaching and profound.

What we now know about the natural
world is that

everything is joined up.

From a single pond to a whole
tropical rainforest.

All of biodiversity is
interlocked on a global scale

and all parts of that system
are required to make it function.

We tend to think that we're somehow
outside of that system,

but we are part of it and we are
totally reliant upon it.

The problem is we're now changing
those ecological systems

on a massive scale,
right across the globe.

And it's threatening food
and water security.

We're losing many of the things
that nature provides for us.

One of the big threats
is the loss of insects.

We've estimated 10%
are at risk of extinction.

Other scientists believe the
number could be much larger.

Driving around, we don't have moths,
butterflies, bees,

all sorts of insects on our
windshield any more.

And that is scary.

Because they form the food chain

for hundreds of thousands
of other species.

And they are extremely important
for pollination.

Three quarters of the world's food
crops rely partly on pollination

by insects to produce
the food that we need.

Another threat is the loss
of diversity below ground.

Soil should be teeming with life.

But reports have suggested
that up to 30% of the land's surface

globally has been degraded

and has soils of low biodiversity.

One of the most important things
that animals in the soil do

is break down organic matter...

..which can then be used
for plant growth.

So if we lose the diversity
of the soil,

the consequences of that
can be catastrophic.

We're seeing already that due
to soil degradation and changes

in the Earth's climate,

food production in some parts
of the world is going down.

Unfortunately, the most affected
would be poor people

in developing countries.

But there's no question everybody
in the world, one way or another,

is being affected by the loss
of biodiversity.

One of the really big problems
is what's happening to plants.

The picture is grim.

25% of the plant species
that have been assessed

are threatened with extinction.

One in four plants.
I find that terrifying.

Plants underpin almost every
single thing that we require.

Think about the air we breathe,
concentration of CO2 in the air,

clean water.

Trees regulate water flow
across landscapes.

Intercept the rainfall and the roots
hold the soil in place.

So you chop all those trees down,

there's nothing doing that,

you end up with a landslide.

We've learnt that many, many times,

and yet we carry on
making the same mistake.

Even in the UK, we've converted
many areas that have been

natural wetlands,
which would absorb the water.

What we're now seeing
is major floods.

The impacts of biodiversity loss

are no longer a threat for future
generations to face.

We ourselves must do so.

It's never been more critical
for us to understand

what is driving this crisis.

Scientists have identified
the key ways in which we humans

are destroying the ecosystems
on which we depend.

There are many ways to remove
pieces of the puzzle.

The most obvious way
is to kill something,

and we do a lot of that.

Over the last 20 years, the illegal
wildlife trade has become

a multi-billion dollar
global industry.

One of the biggest ever hauls, worth
more than £4 million...

326 pieces were seized...

..was found in a shipping container.

Poaching is still
sort of like a war,

a constant battle that we have
to fight.

Every day, we lose between two or
three rhinos in Africa.

And it is not just rhinos.

We're talking about millions
of animals being snatched

from the wild, from thousands
of species.

Illegal wildlife trafficking ranks
fourth of transnational crimes

after human trafficking,
arms and drugs.

One of the drivers
for increasing demand

is increased income in China,
Vietnam or elsewhere.

If you have money,
if you have internet,

you can literally order
anything that you want.

It could be a status symbol

or it could be
for medicinal purposes.

But it's all made up.

People claim these are cultures
and traditions,

but a lot is really just
a marketing scheme

by traders looking for the next
animal to exploit.

Today, the most trafficked
animal in the world

is one few people have ever seen

and many have never even heard of.

Pangolins are nocturnal animals
found throughout Asia and Africa.

They are natural pest controllers.

Each one can consume
70 million ants a year.

Pangolins are the only mammal
covered in scales,

and this is their downfall.

The massive demand in Asia
for pangolin scales

is driving the decimation
of pangolins.

Traders claim that they have
medicinal purposes,

but, you know, pangolin scales
are made of keratin.

It's like our fingernails.

So they have no medicinal
properties.

It's all right, sweetheart.

The numbers of African pangolin
scales that have been intercepted

going into Asia has dramatically
increased over the last few years.

Last year, 2019, it was just over
100 tonnes of scales.

That's 175,000 pangolins

that have been killed

for the scale trade.

We work closely with law
enforcement officials.

This little pangolin came in
off the trade,

and they're usually dehydrated
and emaciated.

This pangolin's still got the little
white tips at the end of each scale

which shows his use.

And this is a particularly
pretty little pangolin.

Poaching is a brutally cruel
business.

I have seen video footage
of them being boiled alive.

It's extremely distressing to see
how these animals are killed.

Last year, when Covid-19
first emerged,

pangolins were pointed to as a
potential source of the virus.

And everybody hoped that this would
cut down the trade straight away,

but unfortunately,
that's not happened.

The trade is highly profitable
and it's unlikely to stop.

There are four Asian pangolin
species and four African.

And all eight species
are threatened with extinction.

There is another huge trade
that is driving

the loss of biodiversity,

and this one happens in plain sight.

We have created a database
that has world fisheries statistics,

and we were the first ones to study
fisheries on a global basis,

and this global view shows
that we have massive

and widespread overfishing.

In the last 40 years,

the scale of global fishing
has dramatically increased.

At any one time, there could be as
many as 100,000 trawlers

operating in our seas.

Modern fishing is an industrial
operation run by huge corporations,

boats, factories, ships.

Some sweep up the ground with a net
that might be as big as this house.

And you can put four jumbo jets
in the mouth of a big trawl.

And everything that is in the path
goes in.

The problem is, as you remove
more and more of the adult fish,

particularly the larger sized fish,

you end up with fewer and fewer
of the eggs and the fry,

and there's simply not enough
for the population to recover.

There are ways of sustainably
managing fish stocks.

Reducing fishing in an area
can get a population back

to sustainable levels.

But you have to choose
whether you want to extract

a sustainable, modest catch or have
a big catch for a short term.

And we have always opted
for the big catch for a short term.

Even where fish quotas
are put in place,

often they're not being implemented.

And in some parts of the world,

there's not even good regulations
to limit the catches.

The waters around the edge
of fishing countries

are being emptied.

We found that in China,

we have about 16% left
of what we had 120 years ago.

And studies suggest that some
British waters,

where industrial fishing begun,
have been decimated.

There is now about 5% of
trawler cod fish left

before the turn
of the 20th century.

This is a really big problem
for the species of fish that prey

upon the fish that we're harvesting,

and this has huge impact
for marine ecosystems.

We have completely destroyed
the natural balance of fish

in the world's oceans.

Across the globe, the pressures
faced by the natural world

are becoming ever harder to solve

because of our growing demand
for nature's resources.

When I was a kid in the 1960s,

there were three billion people
in the world.

So I watched it go to six billion
around 2000 or so,

and I'm now probably
going to see it actually reach,

you know,
nine billion in my lifetime,

which is pretty startling.

Population growth is much, much
higher in the developing world

than in the developed.

But it's problematic to just talk
about population

because there are two things which
are going on.

It's population,
but it's also consumption.

And in terms of impact
on the planet,

what's much more important
is the growth in consumption levels,

and these are far higher
in the developed economies.

That's why I call it a taboo topic,
because who's at fault?

Is it the very large number
of people,

or the small number of people
with very few children

who are actually
driving negative impacts?

The average person in the UK
consumes nearly four times

the resources of the
average person in India,

and in the United States
it's about seven times as much.

One of the problems is that many of
the products we use are manufactured

in ways that pollute
our air, land and water,

making pollution another of the
drivers of biodiversity loss.

While in a country
like the United Kingdom,

where some very strong laws
on how to reduce pollution,

we do have to realise
we're no longer

a major industrial country.

Most of the things that we actually
use are produced abroad in countries

where the laws can be non-existent
or not implemented.

So we are simply moving our
footprint on destroying nature

to another country.

Pollutants can have a
lasting impact on species -

an impact that may take time
for us to fully understand.

PCB stand for
polychlorinated biphenyls.

They're used in the electrical
industry.

We invented them in the '20s

and then we began to ban them from
the '80s onwards

because we realised they had quite
a serious and toxic effect on life.

They affect the immune system

and they also cause
reproductive impairment.

If PCBs are not disposed
of appropriately,

then you can get leaching out from
the landfill site,

into river courses, river beds
and back out to sea.

Animals at the base
of the food chain

might absorb very small amounts.

But then as animals above them eat
more and more of the small animals,

they'll concentrate
up the food chain.

In the UK, we have one
really striking example of that.

The last remaining pod of
in-shore killer whales

up in north-west Scotland,

where they only have eight
individuals left.

That population has been studied
for about 30 years.

In all that time,
they've never had a calf.

Lulu was a part of that pod.

She died due to entanglement
in fishing gear.

When we had her blubber levels
analysed for PCBs,

they were quite shocking.

One of the highest levels
ever recorded

in any killer whale on the planet.

And when we looked at her ovaries,
we found they were non-functional.

In my lifetime, we're looking
potentially at the complete loss

of that population.

And then we'll have
no more killer whales left

around the coast of the UK.

In addition to these threats, many
ecosystems are increasingly feeling

the impact of another driver
of biodiversity loss.

Climate change.

Our world is getting hotter.

At this moment, we do have
the Paris Agreement

that says all governments
should try and limit climate change

to no more than two degrees Celsius.

All of the calculations show
we're on track

for a three to four degree world.

And the more the Earth warms,
the worse the problem is.

There are lots of ways that climate
change will impact on species -

changing food sources,
how they breed

and whole patterns
of migration and movement.

Increasing temperatures mean some
species are unable to survive

in their normal habitat.

They're forced to move higher
and higher where it's cooler,

and eventually there's
nowhere left to go.

It's been called
the escalator to extinction,

and we see it all around the globe.

In the Australian Wet Tropics,

we're already seeing that
with possums and birds

that just can't handle
the heatwaves.

About 50% of the endemic species
that live in these mountaintops

are on that escalator to extinction.

These are no longer predictions.

We are seeing it happen.

Scientists predict that
in the future,

as temperatures continue to rise,

climate change will become the
greatest threat faced by species.

But right now, the single biggest
driver of biodiversity loss

is the destruction of habitats.

Many people imagine there's
this untouched wilderness

because they see it
on their TV screens.

But the reality is there's really
not a lot of wild left out there.

We've already lost nearly 90%
of the wetlands around the world.

We've transformed the forests
and grasslands,

we've converted 75% of the land
that is not covered by ice.

Three quarters of the terrestrial
surface has been changed,

a lot of it just to feed
one species.

Obviously, if you clear a
rainforest or natural savanna

and you replace it
with a monoculture agriculture,

of course it's unsurprising
you're going to lose

most of the species that evolved
to survive there.

The critical thing is that there is
now enough land that's already

been cleared to sustain the levels
of production that we need.

But new land is still being cleared

because often it's quicker
and cheaper to do so.

It's estimated that every year

around 3.8 million hectares
of forest are cleared.

A lot of that clearance
is driven by demand

on the other side of the world.

We want cheap food and
we want to have choice

on offer all year round.

These commodities often provide the
mainstay of countries' economies,

but many are produced in ways
that are not sustainable.

So a consumer walking into
a supermarket may unwittingly

be contributing towards loss
of biodiversity.

What we're doing is taking
customs data, shipping data,

and for the first time we connect
them all together and ask

who is buying from the hot spots

where we're really losing
biodiversity.

We now have enough data to be able
to identify the main drivers

of biodiversity loss.

Soy, cocoa, coffee, palm oil
and beef.

Conversion of land for cattle

is probably the greatest single
cause of habitat loss.

Of the total mass of mammals
on Earth,

livestock has been found
to account for 60%,

humans for 36%,
and wild animals just 4%.

Brazil has one of the world's
largest cattle herds,

more than 200 million animals.

About 12% of Brazil's beef exports
comes to the EU,

but China is the main buyer.

The UK doesn't import much beef,

but we do import another product
from Brazil

which is driving the destruction
of habitat.

Soy.

Soy is a bean.

It's a very productive form of plant
protein that's widely used.

The majority goes into animal feed.

Since 2006, efforts have been made
to reduce deforestation for soy

in the Brazilian Amazon,

so production has moved
to another part of the country.

The Cerrado is very special

and in many ways
it's a forgotten landscape.

At first glance, it may not
seem attractive.

It's basically scrub grasslands,
scrub forests.

Yet the Cerrado has many
unique species.

Giant anteaters have been
around for millions of years,

but they have gone extinct
from many areas.

They only have one pup at a time,

so this one pup is very precious.

So the mothers carry their pups
on their backs,

but their habitat is being lost
in front of our very eyes.

Over 50% has now been transformed
into agricultural landscapes.

The greatest expansion
of agriculture,

the destruction of habitat
in the Cerrado,

is in this northern area.

And here we can see the exports
of soy from this area

are predominantly
going to China.

But some of it is actually
imported into the UK.

We're buying as much as
half a million tonnes

produced in the Cerrado per year.

The majority of this is used
to make feed for chickens

that are sold by many
British supermarkets.

Some supermarkets and some
manufacturers are starting to shift,

but what our data show is that the
consumption of soy in the UK,

even though it's a small amount
of the total exports,

because of where we're buying
it from,

is having a disproportionate impact
on certain species.

Anteaters have to be able to move
freely throughout its environment.

This is important for
males to find mates

or when young will go find
new territories.

If there are barriers to movement,

this can cause
very serious consequences.

As the Cerrado is being cleared,

anteaters can be driven into
isolated islands of habitat.

And the surrounding areas
become lethal territory.

The land is being crossed
by highways.

Sometimes when a female giant
anteater dies on the road,

her pup will survive.

But we have found roadkill decreases

the population growth rate

of anteaters by half.

The unprecedented impact
we are having on the planet

is not only putting the ecosystems
we rely on at risk.

Scientists believe that our
destructive relationship with nature

is actually putting us at greater
risk of pandemic diseases.

We've seen an increasing rate
of pandemic emergence.

We've had swine flu, SARS, Ebola,

and we've actually looked back
over every emerging disease

and said, where did it originate
on the planet?

And what are the things going
on there that could have caused it?

And we've found we're behind
every single pandemic

and it's human impact
on the environment

that drives emerging diseases.

Animals have lots of different
viruses that circulate

inside their bodies,
just like we do.

And so one of the most obvious ways
that we're making it more likely

that a virus would jump

is that we're having lots of
contacts with animals.

The wildlife trade
is at unprecedented levels.

We have huge markets with tens of
thousands of live animals,

shedding their viruses
through faeces and urine,

being killed in front of you.

These are incredible places
for viruses to spread.

And we're connected to that trade

through things
like the fashion industry.

We've seen this huge increase
in the use

of fur trims for winter jackets.

And that means hundreds of thousands
of animals are bred

in fur farms.

You have large densities of animals

put in a situation with a lot
of people. To make things worse,

those animals are very stressed,

and we know that animals
that are stressed

shed viruses at higher rates.

What also drives emerging
diseases...

..is that we are encroaching
further and further every day

into wildlife habitat.

31% of all emerging diseases
have originated

through the process
of land use change.

Forests around the world, where
there's a lot of biodiversity,

have thousands of viruses that we've
never come into contact with yet.

The minute we build
a road in there,

we start getting exposed.

The first people into those logging
camps go out and hunt bushmeat

and pick up the viruses.
That's how HIV emerged.

Then we bring our livestock in.

Viruses move from wildlife
into livestock, into people.

At every step of the process, we're
bringing people closer in contact

with wildlife and their viruses.

It's easy to imagine
that we're so far away

from these diseases' origins
that it's nothing to do with us.

But we drive it, actually.

Our consumption of beef drives this,

our consumption of poultry,

and the products that are used in
poultry, drives this.

My research is showing
that when humans convert habitat,

there's also something else at play.

It's not all species
that are likely to make us sick.

Often the best reservoirs for the
pathogens that can jump to humans

are smaller bodied species,

like rats and mice
and certain kinds of bats.

When we have intact natural systems
with high biodiversity,

these species are kept in check.

But when humans destroy habitat,

the large predators and
herbivores disappear first.

Which means the smaller bodied
species are the big winners.

They proliferate wildly.

They live at super high density
and are the ones far more likely

to make us sick.

So we've been saying for 20-plus
years that this exploitation

of our environment
is driving pandemics.

But what we didn't think was
it was going to happen so quickly

and so devastatingly.

Since the first cases of Covid-19
were identified in China

and linked to a wet market in Wuhan,

scientists around the world
have been piecing together

where and how the virus emerged.

It was figured out quickly
that it was a coronavirus.

Those are known to reside
in various kinds of animals,

and so people started
looking for the animal

from which that coronavirus
would have jumped into people.

We found the closest relative
to the virus

in bats, in rural south China,

in Yunnan Province.

It's really well known for its
biodiversity of plants and of

animals, including bats, and they
live in these

incredibly complex colonies.

One part of the colony's a nursery
where all the kids live

and the parents fly out every night
to get food.

But Yunnan has been under
incredible change

for the past few decades.

High-speed rail links have gone
in there,

roads have been built into
remote areas.

And so we think Covid-19
maybe even started there.

And either somebody got infected
and travelled to Wuhan themselves

or sent animals that they were
shipping into the wildlife trade

into those wet markets

and then the virus exploded
from there.

We don't know exactly
what happened yet,

but it's my view that it's our
relationship with nature

and the way
we interact with it

that drove the emergence of Covid.

We've been changing biodiversity
in really critical ways

that made this more likely
to happen.

If we continue on
our current pathway,

then what we've experienced this
year might not be a one-off event.

We estimate there are going
to be five new emerging diseases

affecting people every year.

We cannot live with that.

And the rate
at which they're increasing

and crushing our economies, if we
have one of these every decade,

we cannot persist with that level.

We face a frightening future.

So how has it come to this?

Why haven't we acted sooner
to address these issues

and stem the loss of biodiversity?

Many scientists, including myself,

have been saying for
the last 25 to 30 years

that biodiversity is being lost
due to human action.

Thousands arrive for the largest
UN meeting ever held

in an effort to prevent drastic
and irreversible changes.

I'm here to speak for the countless
animals dying across this planet.

We're a group of
12- and 13-year-olds

come to tell you adults,
you must change your ways.

In 1992 at the Earth Summit,

a convention was signed
to protect biodiversity.

It was recognised to be of critical
importance to the future of Earth.

The bleak warning from scientists at
a major UN conference in Japan...

In 2010, governments came up
with 20 targets

to protect biodiversity.

While we're making some progress,
to be quite candid,

we probably will not meet any
of the targets.

Part of the problem is that we don't

have really good environmental laws

that are global.

Also, unfortunately,
many in the private sector

make a huge profit at the expense
of our natural world.

They want the status quo to exist.

The reality is our world is based

on economic growth,

grabbing more and more.

Thank you for joining us
to examine the extinction crisis.

The evidence is unequivocal...

Even today, there are people
that will do anything

in their power to make sure that
the politicians do not act.

I'm here to tell you that the three
lead authors here from the UN

are part of this con that the United
Nations presents itself

as the world's expert on science.

At a recent Congressional
testimony,

two of the Republican witnesses

argued that the loss of biodiversity
was nowhere near as serious

as what we were saying
in the report.

As with the manufactured
climate crisis,

they are using the spectre
of mass extinction

to scare the public into compliance.

We've wasted 20 to 30 years
when the governments of the world,

working with the private sector,
could have done a much better job

conserving biodiversity.

If we had acted more seriously,

many species could have been saved

and we would not be facing
such serious threats

as we're seeing today.

This year has shown the
vulnerability of our societies.

Will we take the opportunity,
finally, to change our course?

What can governments, industries
and we as individuals do

to slow this decline
of the natural world?

The world has been on pause
during the pandemic,

and as we begin to move forward,

we have a moment,

we can change the way
we're running our world

and make it better.

This is that moment.

The first thing that we have to do
is to reset the way

we run our economies.

The massive hit to the economy
is no surprise.

The UK economy has lost a quarter
of its value.

The world is in a recession.

Governments are recognising that
they have to invest

to drive out of it.

And I've been involved in a study
with the finance ministries

and the central bank governors
of the world

in thinking through what the best
ways out of this crisis are.

And we've found that those
investments which are good for the

environment are very powerful ways
out of the depression

that we find ourselves in.

So, for example, we could begin work
on restoring degraded land.

We can plant trees,

we can start retrofitting buildings
so they're much more efficient,

make our cities much cleaner.

All those examples
can be done quickly,

they are labour intensive
and are strong economic multipliers.

So exactly the kind of things
you need for a strong recovery.

There are all these things we know
we have to do for biodiversity

and for the climate,

so let's bring them forward
to this period of unemployment.

And then, going forwards,

we need to dramatically change
the damage that we do

from producing and consuming.

That's the big prize.

At the moment, nature is coming
as a free good.

We use rivers and estuaries

as sinks for the pollution

we create from industry.

Who's paying for that?

Large chunks of the rainforests

have been converted at prices

which are astonishingly low given

the cost to the rest of the world.

As an economist, I think it's right

that people who extract from nature
pay the due price.

We have to recognise that nature
has true value that is taken

into consideration
in national accounts.

We also need to start producing
affordable food

without expanding any further
into the forest.

This is indeed quite possible.

One of the biggest problems
is incredible -

we actually waste about 40%
of the food that is produced.

If a farmer can't produce stuff
in exactly the right form,

he has to throw it away.

And of course, we throw it away
from the plate.

If we could reduce
that food waste,

it would go a long, long way
to making

a more sustainable
agricultural system.

And also, we need to reduce
the amount of chemicals,

we've got to make sure we're not
degrading our soils.

We need the best
of the private sector

to show the others they can make
a profit and still conserve nature.

Another possible solution
is to make more rules.

There does have to be some standard.

We can't simply depend upon people
of goodwill

and institutions of goodwill
to do what is needed to be done.

If governments imposed legislation

that says we will not be allowing

the imports of products that are

produced in an unsustainable way,

then it levels the playing field.

Lots of people don't like
government regulation,

but there are some tremendous
success stories

of international legal cooperation.

Back in the 1980s, scientists
figured out chemicals used

in aerosol spray or used
in refrigerants

were actually eating
the ozone layer.

About a million tonnes of CFCs
are produced every year.

The nations of the world
got together

and they banned these chemicals,

and the problem was solved because
once the manufacturing companies

started looking for alternatives,
they found them quite quickly.

So we shouldn't be demoralised,

because we know
how to do this stuff.

It's a question of finding
the political will to do it.

We shape the future of the planet

irretrievably by the decisions

we take in this next few years.

And indeed, in the months now,
as we come out of the Covid crisis.

For those of us who care
about the future of our planet,

you know, we have to look
at our lifestyles

and we can't look away
from our own behaviours.

40 years ago, people consumed a good
deal less in the United Kingdom,

but there is no evidence
that we were unhappier then

than we are now.

We can be more diligent
about thinking about

what we're consuming and when.

It's really digging down,
saying, what's going on here?

Where does that come from?

We need to think about meat
and dairy consumption.

That's not to say that none of us
should ever eat meat

or should cut all dairy
out of our diets.

But we have to demand that they are
produced sustainably.

Increasingly, I feel it's not

just about our current lifestyle,

but about the education of our

children on the way nature works.

There's a wave of revolution
going around,

especially with young people.

We are waking up, we are realising
that the planet

is an integral part
of our existence.

If we don't act now, the youth
of today and the youth of tomorrow

are going to look back on this
generation with absolute horror.

"What were you thinking?!"

I want to tell our youth

we have taken the lessons,

that we will not allow

any other species

to walk this tragic road
of extinction.

One thing we do know is that
if nature is given the chance,

it can bounce back.

40 years ago, I had one of the most

memorable experiences of my life.

I was in the Virunga Mountains,

which straddle the borders
of Uganda,

the Democratic Republic of Congo
and Rwanda.

And there I met some of the few
remaining mountain gorillas,

including a mischievous youngster
called Poppy.

As I sit here, there's more meaning

and mutual understanding

in exchanging a glance
with a gorilla

than any other animal I know.

As I was preparing to talk
to camera,

Poppy was at my feet,
trying to take off my shoes.

It was an experience
that has stayed with me,

but it was tinged with sadness

as I thought I might be seeing some
of the last of their kind.

In the 1970s, this population
of mountain gorillas was estimated

to be around 250 individuals
in this area.

They were on the brink
of extinction.

Their habitat was under very rapid
conversion from forest

to agricultural fields.

This part of Rwanda was one
of the poorest and most densely

populated in the country.

And the expansion of agriculture
was the only way

for most people to survive.

There were tensions between the park
and communities.

We had many poachers coming,

setting snares, cutting bamboo.

Coexistence of humans
and mountain gorillas

really wasn't a reality
that many people saw.

But over the next few decades,

the situation would start to change.

Government in all three countries,

conservation organisations

and local communities

started to work together

with an emphasis not
just on the gorillas,

but on the people that live
with them.

We have over 200 rangers,
and their jobs

is to see every gorilla
and check on the habitat.

And since 2005, the government set

up a tourism revenue sharing scheme.

A portion of the price that a

tourist pays is actually reserved

for those communities adjacent.

The result is that the conversion
of habitat

for agricultural production
actually ceased.

And the population has recovered.

30 babies were born in this park
last year,

and we know that these gorillas
are going to grow.

No-one will be a victim
of poachers.

So, things have changed.

Their numbers have just reached
and exceeded 1,000.

This change has not happened
overnight,

but if it can be achieved here,
where human population pressure

is so high, where the politics
can be very complicated,

especially among different states,

I believe it can be achieved
elsewhere as well.

Poppy grew up and actually was a

very long-lived mountain gorilla

and had many offspring.

Ururabyo Is right there.

Ururabyo is actually the
daughter of Poppy.

Ururabyo means flower.

She is shining flower in this park.

Ururabyo also has a daughter.

Prosperity.

To see Poppy's daughter and
granddaughter thriving

is thrilling.

It just shows what we can achieve
when we put our minds to it.

I do truly believe that together
we can create a better future.

I might not be here to see it,

but if we make the right decisions
at this critical moment,

we can safeguard
our planet's ecosystems,

its extraordinary biodiversity

and all its inhabitants.

What happens next is up
to every one of us.