Would you like to inspect the original subtitles? These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated:
1
00:00:13,560 --> 00:00:16,400
I've always felt at home
in the past.
2
00:00:17,800 --> 00:00:23,040
For after all, what is the present
except an endless chain of memories?
3
00:00:25,320 --> 00:00:28,520
Some of them are translated
into stone.
4
00:00:30,800 --> 00:00:34,680
We are all the inheritors
of those memories,
5
00:00:34,680 --> 00:00:37,680
and we look after
them as best we can.
6
00:00:43,840 --> 00:00:49,120
All this so we can pass on
their revelation to the future.
7
00:00:55,720 --> 00:00:58,880
But every so often
something comes along
8
00:00:58,880 --> 00:01:01,520
to shake them from our grip.
9
00:01:13,800 --> 00:01:16,920
In Mosul, in a matter of hours,
10
00:01:16,920 --> 00:01:20,760
the forces of Isis destroyed
the work of centuries.
11
00:01:20,760 --> 00:01:24,840
And when they took
the ancient trading city of Palmyra
12
00:01:24,840 --> 00:01:28,680
where the cultures of Greeks,
Romans, Persians, Arabs and Jews
13
00:01:28,680 --> 00:01:30,520
have mixed and merged,
14
00:01:30,520 --> 00:01:33,680
it was feared
that exactly the same would happen.
15
00:01:46,520 --> 00:01:51,200
Here in Geneva, a few Palmyrene
artefacts have been saved -
16
00:01:51,200 --> 00:01:53,880
stolen before the violence began,
17
00:01:53,880 --> 00:01:58,280
arrested at customs as
black marketeers tried to sell them.
18
00:02:00,120 --> 00:02:03,000
Like this bust of a priest.
19
00:02:05,560 --> 00:02:08,680
His eyes wide open,
he seems not dead at all,
20
00:02:08,680 --> 00:02:12,000
just translated to a life elsewhere.
21
00:02:14,520 --> 00:02:19,480
These lovingly carved likenesses
of the dead looted from their tombs
22
00:02:19,680 --> 00:02:23,520
ended up in exile,
but safe for posterity.
23
00:02:25,160 --> 00:02:28,560
Saving the art that remained
in Palmyra, however,
24
00:02:28,560 --> 00:02:32,040
could come at a terrible price.
25
00:02:32,040 --> 00:02:35,280
Khaled al-Asaad,
the chief curator of Palmyra,
26
00:02:35,280 --> 00:02:38,120
was 81 when Isis took the town.
27
00:02:39,800 --> 00:02:41,960
And when their soldiers demanded
he tell them
28
00:02:41,960 --> 00:02:46,480
where the city's artworks
had been hidden, he refused.
29
00:02:49,640 --> 00:02:53,520
They beheaded him
in the Roman theatre,
30
00:02:53,520 --> 00:02:56,600
suspended his mutilated body
from a traffic light,
31
00:02:56,600 --> 00:02:59,440
placed his head between his feet...
32
00:03:01,520 --> 00:03:06,760
..and attached a placard identifying
him as director of idolatry.
33
00:03:08,640 --> 00:03:12,880
Or we might say protector
of what needs to be saved,
34
00:03:12,880 --> 00:03:17,760
cherished, passed on
as the work of civilisation.
35
00:03:20,200 --> 00:03:24,280
A lot of us spend our days
talking about art.
36
00:03:24,280 --> 00:03:28,600
I doubt very many of us are prepared
to lay down our lives for it,
37
00:03:28,600 --> 00:03:33,640
but for Khaled al-Asaad, the stones
and statues and columns of Palmyra
38
00:03:33,640 --> 00:03:37,880
were more than simply
an ensemble of antiquity.
39
00:03:37,880 --> 00:03:42,160
He didn't need a Unesco certificate
to tell him
40
00:03:42,160 --> 00:03:47,360
that the significance of Palmyra was
at once both local and universal.
41
00:03:48,640 --> 00:03:52,440
It's there for believers
and unbelievers, for East and West,
42
00:03:52,440 --> 00:03:55,560
and somehow it had fallen to him
43
00:03:55,560 --> 00:03:59,640
to be the guardian
of that inheritance.
44
00:03:59,640 --> 00:04:03,480
We can spend a lot of time debating
what civilisation is or isn't,
45
00:04:03,480 --> 00:04:08,720
but when it's opposite shows up
in all its brutality and cruelty
46
00:04:09,360 --> 00:04:12,280
and intolerance
and lust for destruction,
47
00:04:12,280 --> 00:04:14,760
we know what civilisation is.
48
00:04:14,760 --> 00:04:18,880
We know it from the shock
of its imminent loss
49
00:04:18,880 --> 00:04:23,160
as a mutilation on the body
of our humanity.
50
00:04:30,600 --> 00:04:35,760
The record of human history
brims over with the rage to destroy.
51
00:04:38,000 --> 00:04:42,080
But it's also imprinted
with the opposite instinct -
52
00:04:42,080 --> 00:04:47,280
to make things that go beyond
the demands of food and shelter,
53
00:04:47,440 --> 00:04:50,960
things that make us see the world
and our place in it
54
00:04:50,960 --> 00:04:53,640
in a different light.
55
00:04:53,640 --> 00:04:57,000
We are the art-making animal,
56
00:04:57,000 --> 00:05:00,120
and this is what we have made.
57
00:05:43,120 --> 00:05:45,760
When did it begin,
58
00:05:45,760 --> 00:05:48,640
that second moment of creation,
59
00:05:48,640 --> 00:05:51,360
the dawning of human creativity?
60
00:05:52,600 --> 00:05:54,520
Where did it begin?
61
00:05:58,840 --> 00:06:01,720
It must have started in Africa
62
00:06:01,720 --> 00:06:06,120
where Homo sapiens first evolved
about 200,000 years ago.
63
00:06:08,120 --> 00:06:10,400
On South Africa's Cape Coast,
64
00:06:10,400 --> 00:06:14,040
archaeologists have found evidence
of human habitation
65
00:06:14,040 --> 00:06:17,600
stretching back
around 100,000 years.
66
00:06:21,760 --> 00:06:25,080
In one of those caves,
this was discovered.
67
00:06:25,080 --> 00:06:28,080
77,000 years old,
68
00:06:28,080 --> 00:06:32,760
a piece of red ochre,
a mineral naturally rich in iron,
69
00:06:32,760 --> 00:06:35,880
etched in a diamond pattern.
70
00:06:35,880 --> 00:06:40,080
The oldest deliberately
decorative marks ever discovered.
71
00:06:41,800 --> 00:06:44,160
The pattern may have been
a kind of language
72
00:06:44,160 --> 00:06:46,640
or a kind of number scoring,
73
00:06:46,640 --> 00:06:50,280
but it's hard to see them
as serving any functional need
74
00:06:50,280 --> 00:06:53,000
connected with shelter
or sustenance.
75
00:06:54,680 --> 00:06:57,480
They are a design,
76
00:06:57,480 --> 00:07:01,360
and design announces
the beginning of culture.
77
00:07:07,600 --> 00:07:12,000
Another 40,000 years pass
and in northern Spain
78
00:07:12,000 --> 00:07:17,000
within a hill so uncannily conical
it seems man-made
79
00:07:17,160 --> 00:07:21,080
that mineral, that red ochre,
has become paint.
80
00:07:25,360 --> 00:07:27,720
Deep inside a cave,
81
00:07:27,720 --> 00:07:32,880
rudimentary marks have bloomed
and multiplied, red circles.
82
00:07:33,720 --> 00:07:37,760
There are no brushes,
no sticks to lay on this paint,
83
00:07:37,760 --> 00:07:40,040
they are all applied orally -
84
00:07:40,040 --> 00:07:42,800
colour swilled in the mouth
with saliva
85
00:07:42,800 --> 00:07:45,560
and blown directly onto the rock.
86
00:07:50,640 --> 00:07:52,960
And then these,
87
00:07:52,960 --> 00:07:58,160
an eruption of design not blown
onto the surface, but painted.
88
00:08:00,320 --> 00:08:05,560
Contours, outlines,
flowing streams of dots.
89
00:08:07,720 --> 00:08:11,280
There's a meaning here,
but we don't know what it is.
90
00:08:11,280 --> 00:08:15,520
The signs of a biological compulsion
to pattern,
91
00:08:15,520 --> 00:08:18,440
it's what we humans do,
92
00:08:18,440 --> 00:08:20,160
what we want to do,
93
00:08:20,160 --> 00:08:22,720
what we can't stop ourselves doing.
94
00:08:34,600 --> 00:08:37,640
And then you come across this.
95
00:08:39,080 --> 00:08:43,400
And in an instant,
vast millennia of time just collapse
96
00:08:43,400 --> 00:08:45,760
and you're in the midst
of fellow humans.
97
00:08:45,760 --> 00:08:48,640
Their hands doing what hands do,
98
00:08:48,640 --> 00:08:52,040
signalling from a very long way off,
99
00:08:52,040 --> 00:08:56,360
37,000 years distant, in fact.
100
00:08:56,360 --> 00:09:01,280
But this long-distance greeting
somehow makes us bond
101
00:09:01,280 --> 00:09:06,480
with the makers of this
because they establish a presence
102
00:09:07,320 --> 00:09:10,160
that is palpably alive.
103
00:09:14,560 --> 00:09:18,800
Astonishingly, hand stencils
like these have been found in caves
104
00:09:18,800 --> 00:09:23,280
as far apart as Indonesia
and Patagonia.
105
00:09:23,280 --> 00:09:28,440
Wherever we went, it seems the urge
to signal a presence went with us.
106
00:09:31,120 --> 00:09:34,000
And, undeniably,
these hand stencils do
107
00:09:34,000 --> 00:09:38,640
what nearly all art
that would follow would aspire to.
108
00:09:38,640 --> 00:09:42,080
First, they want to be seen
by others,
109
00:09:42,080 --> 00:09:46,160
and then they want to endure
beyond the life of the maker.
110
00:09:49,760 --> 00:09:51,840
Like the earliest photographs,
111
00:09:51,840 --> 00:09:55,480
the images here are faded,
indistinct,
112
00:09:55,480 --> 00:09:58,920
but something tantalising is
happening -
113
00:09:58,920 --> 00:10:04,000
the realisation that we can,
however crudely, represent.
114
00:10:07,480 --> 00:10:10,920
In another cave further west
in Asturias,
115
00:10:10,920 --> 00:10:13,720
20 minutes walk away
from any daylight,
116
00:10:13,720 --> 00:10:17,440
are images that are anything
but crude.
117
00:10:29,680 --> 00:10:34,280
This was a doubling of the world,
a life copy,
118
00:10:34,280 --> 00:10:38,320
and executed with startling
precision of drawing technique.
119
00:10:38,320 --> 00:10:41,000
They even understood modelling,
120
00:10:41,000 --> 00:10:45,880
anatomical features following
the rock wall surface of the cave.
121
00:10:45,880 --> 00:10:47,720
And there were many colours,
122
00:10:47,720 --> 00:10:51,360
not just the ubiquitous red ochre,
but violets and blacks.
123
00:10:51,360 --> 00:10:56,040
And all those techniques seem to
have been there from the beginning,
124
00:10:56,040 --> 00:10:59,880
tens of thousands of years ago.
125
00:10:59,880 --> 00:11:02,920
When you think about this technique,
your head just spins
126
00:11:02,920 --> 00:11:08,000
because it has to have been,
above all, a memory exercise.
127
00:11:08,000 --> 00:11:13,280
They would have had to fix in
their mind exact anatomical details
128
00:11:14,120 --> 00:11:18,760
and then transpose them here
on the surface of the cave.
129
00:11:18,760 --> 00:11:21,240
And, yet, when all that was done,
130
00:11:21,240 --> 00:11:26,480
they managed to preserve
miraculously this animal vitality.
131
00:11:27,320 --> 00:11:31,040
This is truly one of
the great marvels
132
00:11:31,040 --> 00:11:35,000
of the suddenly expanded human mind.
133
00:11:39,880 --> 00:11:43,040
It was in the later years
of the 19th century
134
00:11:43,040 --> 00:11:47,000
that images like these
began to be discovered.
135
00:11:47,000 --> 00:11:50,040
The first, and for many years
the most famous,
136
00:11:50,040 --> 00:11:54,680
were in the caves of Altamira,
also in northern Spain.
137
00:11:59,400 --> 00:12:04,240
Extraordinary paintings of bison,
herds of them,
138
00:12:04,240 --> 00:12:09,120
sleeping, lying, standing.
139
00:12:15,640 --> 00:12:19,000
But as the number of painted caves
discovered grew,
140
00:12:19,000 --> 00:12:23,440
it became clear that art and music
came into the world together,
141
00:12:23,440 --> 00:12:26,200
for musical instruments were found.
142
00:12:26,200 --> 00:12:28,400
BLOWS HORN
143
00:12:28,400 --> 00:12:30,200
Animal horns...
144
00:12:30,200 --> 00:12:32,080
FLUTE WHISTLES
145
00:12:32,080 --> 00:12:36,240
..flutes made from
bones of vultures,
146
00:12:36,240 --> 00:12:40,800
and even more hauntingly,
bullroarers,
147
00:12:40,800 --> 00:12:43,880
a piece of wood tied to a rope
spun round the head
148
00:12:43,880 --> 00:12:48,120
that makes
this strange whooping sound.
149
00:12:48,120 --> 00:12:50,720
BULLROARERS WHOOSHES
150
00:12:52,600 --> 00:12:56,080
Recent experiments with
these instruments have suggested
151
00:12:56,080 --> 00:13:01,120
that the proximity of painting
and music was not accidental,
152
00:13:01,280 --> 00:13:05,560
that they were connected elements
in sacred rituals.
153
00:13:06,840 --> 00:13:11,600
I'm using software to test
the acoustics in the space.
154
00:13:11,600 --> 00:13:14,560
So we generate this swept sine wave
155
00:13:14,560 --> 00:13:19,120
and we use that to capture
the acoustic of the cave.
156
00:13:19,120 --> 00:13:24,360
And we can look for relationships
between sound and paintings.
157
00:13:24,680 --> 00:13:27,600
WHISTLING
158
00:13:32,320 --> 00:13:36,480
So the earliest paintings seem to be
in these small little side areas
159
00:13:36,480 --> 00:13:40,320
where maybe one person might be
there alone.
160
00:13:40,320 --> 00:13:45,480
And then the later paintings seem
to be in more grand places,
161
00:13:46,040 --> 00:13:48,400
a venue where a few people
would have gathered,
162
00:13:48,400 --> 00:13:51,040
somewhere more dramatic
that sounds more dramatic.
163
00:13:51,040 --> 00:13:53,120
BULLROARER WHIRS
164
00:13:57,360 --> 00:14:02,560
You can compare these spaces
to a cathedral or a temple.
165
00:14:02,800 --> 00:14:07,080
They're places where people came
for sacred moments
166
00:14:07,080 --> 00:14:12,240
which were full of imagery
and ritual and music.
167
00:14:14,920 --> 00:14:17,480
FLUTE WHISTLES
168
00:14:19,800 --> 00:14:24,600
And it's like going into a place
that's kind of underground,
169
00:14:24,600 --> 00:14:27,040
where you can stop time,
170
00:14:27,040 --> 00:14:32,120
where you can pause
and have that special moment
171
00:14:32,320 --> 00:14:35,160
where you're out of time,
where you're somewhere else.
172
00:14:36,800 --> 00:14:38,960
Painting is the sound.
173
00:14:38,960 --> 00:14:40,880
The sound making, the music-making,
174
00:14:40,880 --> 00:14:44,760
whatever was happening
in this sacred ritual,
175
00:14:44,760 --> 00:14:46,440
that is the painting.
176
00:14:46,440 --> 00:14:49,760
The painting is what's left
of that activity.
177
00:15:06,520 --> 00:15:09,840
Anthropologists
and archaeologists tell us
178
00:15:09,840 --> 00:15:12,360
that almost all of ice-age painting
179
00:15:12,360 --> 00:15:16,320
had some sort of
otherworldly ritual function,
180
00:15:16,320 --> 00:15:20,120
and that, therefore, it ought not
to be seen as art.
181
00:15:20,120 --> 00:15:23,880
Though, of course, religion has been
a primary purpose of art
182
00:15:23,880 --> 00:15:25,560
for thousands of years.
183
00:15:35,120 --> 00:15:39,760
In Africa, the animals that dominate
European cave paintings
184
00:15:39,760 --> 00:15:42,160
are accompanied by humans.
185
00:15:45,000 --> 00:15:49,280
They appear as
stylised, elongated figures.
186
00:15:53,520 --> 00:15:58,720
Sometimes they're shown while
becoming transformed into beasts.
187
00:15:59,440 --> 00:16:02,520
Men with the heads of antelopes,
188
00:16:02,520 --> 00:16:06,000
creatures that could never have been
observed from life,
189
00:16:06,000 --> 00:16:11,240
but which arose from the
trance-struck imagination
of the shamans.
190
00:16:13,120 --> 00:16:17,720
In the rock art of Africa,
these hybrids were painted.
191
00:16:17,720 --> 00:16:20,480
In Europe, where there were
far fewer of them,
192
00:16:20,480 --> 00:16:23,080
they went three-dimensional.
193
00:16:26,120 --> 00:16:30,160
In 1939, the fragments
of this lion-man,
194
00:16:30,160 --> 00:16:35,400
carved from mammoth ivory,
were found in a German cave.
195
00:16:35,640 --> 00:16:38,720
They remained an unsolved puzzle
for 30 years
196
00:16:38,720 --> 00:16:43,760
before archaeologists realised
that they formed a single figure
197
00:16:43,760 --> 00:16:48,200
made between 35,000
and 40,000 years ago.
198
00:16:49,680 --> 00:16:53,960
This may be a shaman
in the middle of a transformation.
199
00:16:53,960 --> 00:16:57,680
It may be the very first
of the beast gods,
200
00:16:57,680 --> 00:17:02,440
around which Pagan religions
would build their mythologies.
201
00:17:02,440 --> 00:17:07,520
Perhaps the making of such things
was itself a sacred calling.
202
00:17:08,960 --> 00:17:11,720
To see how much work was
needed to make a lion-man,
203
00:17:11,720 --> 00:17:16,960
archaeologist Wulf Hein embarked on
an experiment to carve a replica
204
00:17:17,520 --> 00:17:20,880
using authentic tools and materials.
205
00:17:20,880 --> 00:17:22,800
Without a mammoth tusk,
206
00:17:22,800 --> 00:17:27,160
he used a piece of legally sourced
elephant ivory.
207
00:17:27,160 --> 00:17:30,680
I started working from
the whole tusk
208
00:17:30,680 --> 00:17:33,520
and then I took a big stone
and hammered away this piece,
209
00:17:33,520 --> 00:17:35,360
and I was sweating like hell
210
00:17:35,360 --> 00:17:38,360
because if I would have ruined it,
it would be a disaster.
211
00:17:38,360 --> 00:17:42,040
And the most time-consuming part
of the work
212
00:17:42,040 --> 00:17:44,520
was setting free the arms
213
00:17:44,520 --> 00:17:47,320
because I had to take
a very tiny tool
214
00:17:47,320 --> 00:17:50,400
and make grooves like this
underneath, into the ivory,
215
00:17:50,400 --> 00:17:52,640
and just scratch and scratch
and days and days
216
00:17:52,640 --> 00:17:53,880
and working and working.
217
00:17:53,880 --> 00:17:56,880
I had blisters on my hands,
and every finger was aching.
218
00:17:56,880 --> 00:18:00,320
It was very heavy work.
219
00:18:00,320 --> 00:18:04,000
I started in April
220
00:18:04,000 --> 00:18:07,200
and I stopped working
in the middle of July.
221
00:18:08,600 --> 00:18:12,960
I worked about
four, five hours a day.
222
00:18:12,960 --> 00:18:17,160
In the end, it was about 400 hours,
then I stopped counting.
223
00:18:17,160 --> 00:18:20,840
I guess it was a real artist
who made this.
224
00:18:20,840 --> 00:18:24,920
And he was set free by his community
only to do this piece of artwork.
225
00:18:24,920 --> 00:18:27,480
If you do this a whole summer
or a whole winter through,
226
00:18:27,480 --> 00:18:30,200
you can't go hunting, you can't
go fishing, you can't do nothing
227
00:18:30,200 --> 00:18:32,760
because you work all day on it.
228
00:18:32,760 --> 00:18:37,120
It must have had incredible meaning
for the people who made it.
229
00:18:41,000 --> 00:18:44,960
And these must have been charged
with meaning too.
230
00:18:44,960 --> 00:18:49,360
Small figurines embodying
the primal life events
231
00:18:49,360 --> 00:18:52,560
of birth and procreation.
232
00:18:52,560 --> 00:18:56,840
Gravid earth mothers
weighty with fertility,
233
00:18:56,840 --> 00:19:01,920
enormous distended breasts
and buttocks.
234
00:19:01,920 --> 00:19:05,560
So powerfully elemental
they seemed to speak directly
235
00:19:05,560 --> 00:19:09,440
to modern artists
when they first saw them.
236
00:19:09,440 --> 00:19:13,200
The most self-consciously
modern of them all, Picasso,
237
00:19:13,200 --> 00:19:16,840
told a friend that no sculptor
had ever bettered
238
00:19:16,840 --> 00:19:19,080
the Palaeolithic carvers.
239
00:19:19,080 --> 00:19:23,200
He bought a copy of this one,
Venus of Lespugue,
240
00:19:23,200 --> 00:19:27,320
and kept it in his studio
all his life.
241
00:19:27,320 --> 00:19:32,320
Was he touched
by its archaic spirituality?
242
00:19:32,320 --> 00:19:34,280
No.
243
00:19:34,280 --> 00:19:37,640
He was earthly and worldly,
244
00:19:37,640 --> 00:19:42,920
but he felt a deep communion
with the makers of a physical art.
245
00:19:43,560 --> 00:19:47,800
And there were traces of that
communion elsewhere in his work.
246
00:19:50,080 --> 00:19:53,240
Despite rumours,
there's no direct evidence
247
00:19:53,240 --> 00:19:57,240
that Picasso ever visited
the painted caves of Altamira
248
00:19:57,240 --> 00:20:01,360
or saw in person
the extraordinary painted bison
249
00:20:01,360 --> 00:20:03,440
that those caves contained.
250
00:20:04,840 --> 00:20:07,360
But he was obsessed with animals,
251
00:20:07,360 --> 00:20:09,360
one animal in particular,
252
00:20:09,360 --> 00:20:12,280
not the bison,
but it's cousin, the bull,
253
00:20:12,280 --> 00:20:15,800
an animal to which he returned
again and again.
254
00:20:19,040 --> 00:20:22,360
Do we think this is
mere coincidence?
255
00:20:23,960 --> 00:20:27,840
He liked to call himself
a modern primitive,
256
00:20:27,840 --> 00:20:30,840
and in those images,
glimmering images in the caves,
257
00:20:30,840 --> 00:20:33,520
he found, he thought, a fountainhead
258
00:20:33,520 --> 00:20:36,560
of everything that was
truly creative
259
00:20:36,560 --> 00:20:38,840
about the artistic instinct.
260
00:20:38,840 --> 00:20:42,560
So he paid cave art
the ultimate compliment
261
00:20:42,560 --> 00:20:45,240
by doing something very similar.
262
00:20:45,240 --> 00:20:46,920
He looked at a bull
263
00:20:46,920 --> 00:20:52,000
and then he produced this beautiful,
dashing, impulsive picture of a bull
264
00:20:52,000 --> 00:20:55,560
so close to the original
in Altamira,
265
00:20:55,560 --> 00:20:58,240
it could even have been
a studious copy.
266
00:21:00,720 --> 00:21:03,560
But then he produced
another ten prints,
267
00:21:03,560 --> 00:21:07,840
bulls drawn from
his own enormous range of styles,
268
00:21:07,840 --> 00:21:10,600
from meaty naturalism
269
00:21:10,600 --> 00:21:13,120
through classical Cubism
270
00:21:13,120 --> 00:21:18,240
to a lightly delineated bull
that's really just a pair of horns
271
00:21:18,400 --> 00:21:21,720
and then that other thing
that bulls always need.
272
00:21:23,680 --> 00:21:27,000
The entire sequence
expresses his admiration
273
00:21:27,000 --> 00:21:29,360
for the genius of the cave painters,
274
00:21:29,360 --> 00:21:31,840
his belief that ancient or modern,
275
00:21:31,840 --> 00:21:37,040
the hand of the painter, the hand of
the artist, never really changes.
276
00:21:37,920 --> 00:21:41,600
And I have to say,
I agree with Picasso.
277
00:21:53,120 --> 00:21:56,000
We can walk into rooms like this one
278
00:21:56,000 --> 00:22:00,800
which preserve the 19th century
style of museum presentation -
279
00:22:00,800 --> 00:22:02,880
abundance.
280
00:22:06,120 --> 00:22:08,600
And as we wander
through case after case,
281
00:22:08,600 --> 00:22:13,560
not just of minute fashioning tools,
but ivory and bone,
282
00:22:13,560 --> 00:22:17,320
decorated with startling images
of birds and horses,
283
00:22:17,320 --> 00:22:21,000
we can't avoid pushing back
instinctively
284
00:22:21,000 --> 00:22:24,040
against the received wisdom
of the scholars
285
00:22:24,040 --> 00:22:28,040
that none of these things
should ever be thought of as art.
286
00:22:29,720 --> 00:22:33,560
For me, the last word
in this entire debate
287
00:22:33,560 --> 00:22:37,680
belongs to one tiny ancient piece
in particular...
288
00:22:40,920 --> 00:22:43,680
..La Dame de Brassempouy.
289
00:22:43,680 --> 00:22:45,760
The lady of Brassempouy,
290
00:22:45,760 --> 00:22:49,800
found in a cave
in south-west France in 1892.
291
00:22:49,800 --> 00:22:55,000
She's between 22,000
and 25,000 years old.
292
00:22:59,040 --> 00:23:03,800
With this intensively carved
female head,
293
00:23:03,800 --> 00:23:05,520
we have, for the first time,
294
00:23:05,520 --> 00:23:10,040
something immensely
and movingly momentous.
295
00:23:10,040 --> 00:23:14,400
We have the revelation
of the human face.
296
00:23:14,400 --> 00:23:19,640
It's a tiny thing, it can just go
in the palm of your hand.
297
00:23:20,640 --> 00:23:22,320
This is exquisite.
298
00:23:22,320 --> 00:23:25,240
There are downward strokes
and sideward strokes
299
00:23:25,240 --> 00:23:29,400
there is carving and gouging
and polishing and scraping.
300
00:23:29,400 --> 00:23:33,920
Every kind of extraordinary craft
is applied
301
00:23:33,920 --> 00:23:37,840
to give this face what we have to
say is its personality.
302
00:23:37,840 --> 00:23:43,040
One example, a dig is made
below the forehead
303
00:23:43,720 --> 00:23:46,280
to suggest the presence of eyes.
304
00:23:47,640 --> 00:23:52,000
Those eyes are hauntingly vivid.
305
00:23:52,000 --> 00:23:55,240
They only become eyes
when a shadow falls
306
00:23:55,240 --> 00:23:58,080
over that passage in the head.
307
00:23:58,080 --> 00:24:01,120
So this little piece would have been
turned into the light
308
00:24:01,120 --> 00:24:03,880
and as it was turned into the light,
the shadow would have fallen
309
00:24:03,880 --> 00:24:08,000
and suddenly we have eyes as well
as that beautiful nose
310
00:24:08,000 --> 00:24:12,200
and this extraordinary hair
falling down the nape of the neck.
311
00:24:13,920 --> 00:24:18,960
Now we are not supposed to say,
us amateurs in this field,
312
00:24:19,200 --> 00:24:21,640
we're not supposed to
talk about art,
313
00:24:21,640 --> 00:24:24,240
we're not supposed to talk about
things like
314
00:24:24,240 --> 00:24:28,080
the birth of a refined sensibility.
315
00:24:28,080 --> 00:24:30,160
I'm going to do that nonetheless.
316
00:24:30,160 --> 00:24:32,720
I don't care
how anachronistic it is.
317
00:24:32,720 --> 00:24:36,160
With this tiny piece
from Brassempouy,
318
00:24:36,160 --> 00:24:40,480
it seems to me that we have,
right in front of us,
319
00:24:40,480 --> 00:24:43,600
the dawn of the idea of beauty.
320
00:24:47,640 --> 00:24:50,720
But beauty is hard to eat.
321
00:24:53,720 --> 00:24:57,360
The slow growth of civilisations
depended, at first,
322
00:24:57,360 --> 00:24:59,400
on practicalities -
323
00:24:59,400 --> 00:25:03,040
the domestication of animals
and cereal crops.
324
00:25:04,400 --> 00:25:06,840
The most ancient wheats
were harvested
325
00:25:06,840 --> 00:25:11,360
on sites near the River Jordan
about 10,000 years ago.
326
00:25:14,640 --> 00:25:17,680
Civilisations started small,
327
00:25:17,680 --> 00:25:20,440
it depended on the invention
of needful things -
328
00:25:20,440 --> 00:25:24,800
pottery vessels for cooking,
eating and storage.
329
00:25:26,360 --> 00:25:30,400
Excavations in Iraq
in the 1920s and '30s
330
00:25:30,400 --> 00:25:34,440
began to reveal how
intensive irrigation of the planes
331
00:25:34,440 --> 00:25:37,640
between the rivers Tigris
and Euphrates had allowed
332
00:25:37,640 --> 00:25:40,720
the world's first true cities
to arise.
333
00:25:41,800 --> 00:25:44,280
By about 5,000 years ago,
334
00:25:44,280 --> 00:25:49,320
cities with tens of thousands of
inhabitants, such as Ur and Uruk,
335
00:25:49,480 --> 00:25:54,640
were producing art that reflected
the self-image of the powerful.
336
00:25:55,320 --> 00:25:57,520
Here is the Standard of Ur
337
00:25:57,520 --> 00:26:00,320
where mosaic inlaid in bitumen
338
00:26:00,320 --> 00:26:03,240
showed the scenes
that mattered most.
339
00:26:05,800 --> 00:26:07,840
Soldiers march,
340
00:26:07,840 --> 00:26:10,920
war wagons roll,
341
00:26:10,920 --> 00:26:13,960
and on the reverse,
a court convenes
342
00:26:13,960 --> 00:26:18,240
with the king depicted larger
than his priests and courtiers,
343
00:26:18,240 --> 00:26:22,760
ranged below the catering classes,
the toilers and hewers.
344
00:26:22,760 --> 00:26:25,560
It's a complete social world,
345
00:26:25,560 --> 00:26:29,200
and it came with writing.
346
00:26:29,200 --> 00:26:33,040
These scripts usually recorded
administrative matters,
347
00:26:33,040 --> 00:26:38,040
but sometimes told the stories
of heroes and deities.
348
00:26:38,040 --> 00:26:43,200
And animals continue to provide
the models for gods and monsters.
349
00:26:45,960 --> 00:26:51,120
This gorgeous goat, also from Ur,
drew materials from far and wide.
350
00:26:51,680 --> 00:26:54,400
White shells were from the Red Sea,
351
00:26:54,400 --> 00:26:58,840
the blue lapis lazuli
from far Afghanistan,
352
00:26:58,840 --> 00:27:02,760
and the gold leaf was
the work of local goldsmiths.
353
00:27:06,080 --> 00:27:09,400
Around 4,500 years ago,
354
00:27:09,400 --> 00:27:12,040
in the islands
of the Eastern Mediterranean,
355
00:27:12,040 --> 00:27:17,280
migrants from Western Asia seeded
Europe's first great civilisation,
356
00:27:18,600 --> 00:27:21,360
the culture of the Minoans.
357
00:27:23,640 --> 00:27:28,880
Its ruins are everywhere on Crete
and on the islands of the Aegean.
358
00:27:31,240 --> 00:27:33,720
This must have been
a fishing village.
359
00:27:33,720 --> 00:27:35,800
You can almost hear the bustle.
360
00:27:38,480 --> 00:27:42,520
Protected by the sea on two sides,
but closely packed.
361
00:27:42,520 --> 00:27:45,560
So even here people will have had to
learn the skills
362
00:27:45,560 --> 00:27:48,840
that any fixed settlement requires -
363
00:27:48,840 --> 00:27:51,240
how to be neighbourly.
364
00:27:54,280 --> 00:27:58,520
But there's more to civilisation
than keeping neighbours happy.
365
00:28:02,240 --> 00:28:07,200
On Crete itself,
we find the ruins of large towns
366
00:28:07,360 --> 00:28:10,240
where the streets still
thread their way,
367
00:28:10,240 --> 00:28:12,560
opening onto grandiose plazas,
368
00:28:12,560 --> 00:28:16,440
spaces for ceremony and pomp,
369
00:28:16,440 --> 00:28:19,120
for ritual and for politics.
370
00:28:22,960 --> 00:28:27,440
Minoan cultural style spread
across the Aegean Sea
371
00:28:27,440 --> 00:28:30,040
to islands like Santorini.
372
00:28:34,040 --> 00:28:38,600
A volcanic eruption destroyed
the port city of Akrotiri
373
00:28:38,600 --> 00:28:42,440
in around 1627 BCE,
374
00:28:42,440 --> 00:28:45,680
but the ash preserved
the murals found here
375
00:28:45,680 --> 00:28:48,520
in all their vivid realism.
376
00:28:50,560 --> 00:28:54,360
They raised the ghost
of a seagoing civilisation,
377
00:28:54,360 --> 00:28:57,240
a clear ancestor of our own
378
00:28:57,240 --> 00:29:01,120
with its clamour and glamour,
its commercial pulse.
379
00:29:05,040 --> 00:29:07,840
These passengers aren't going
to the afterlife,
380
00:29:07,840 --> 00:29:11,240
they're on ferries
and festive excursions.
381
00:29:12,600 --> 00:29:15,120
And on the land behind them,
there are streets
382
00:29:15,120 --> 00:29:17,480
with multistorey houses,
383
00:29:17,480 --> 00:29:20,520
and in the richer of them,
decorative paintings
384
00:29:20,520 --> 00:29:25,600
of the kind consumers would want
for ever after.
385
00:29:25,600 --> 00:29:30,760
This is the first truly social art
the world had seen.
386
00:29:32,360 --> 00:29:35,640
Here are beautiful youths
duking it out.
387
00:29:37,000 --> 00:29:39,200
Here are saffron gatherers.
388
00:29:41,240 --> 00:29:43,400
Here are swallows.
389
00:29:43,400 --> 00:29:47,400
A perpetual springtime
brought into the living room.
390
00:29:51,680 --> 00:29:56,760
One contact sport dominated
Minoan culture - bull leaping.
391
00:29:57,520 --> 00:30:02,440
Young men, possibly women too,
back flipping over charging bulls.
392
00:30:04,040 --> 00:30:07,120
It's long been argued
that this was too dangerous
393
00:30:07,120 --> 00:30:08,960
to have actually happened,
394
00:30:08,960 --> 00:30:12,000
that the art captures a myth,
a fantasy.
395
00:30:13,480 --> 00:30:16,040
And yet in the British Museum,
396
00:30:16,040 --> 00:30:18,000
there's a little bronze sculpture
397
00:30:18,000 --> 00:30:23,200
that's pulsing with a natural energy
that feels absolutely true to life.
398
00:30:27,880 --> 00:30:32,360
What strikes me
as being physically real
399
00:30:32,360 --> 00:30:35,400
is the fact that this is not
a stylised piece of work at all.
400
00:30:35,400 --> 00:30:38,160
It has physical immediacy.
401
00:30:38,160 --> 00:30:41,040
Even though our jumper
has lost his legs,
402
00:30:41,040 --> 00:30:44,720
his back is braced,
his head is flung back.
403
00:30:44,720 --> 00:30:49,520
And the bull, the bull is
indeed a bull in full charge -
404
00:30:49,520 --> 00:30:52,240
front and back legs tensed.
405
00:30:52,240 --> 00:30:56,520
The eyes, and you can actually see
the eyes, are blazing,
406
00:30:56,520 --> 00:31:00,560
and the muzzle is snorting
with dangerous foam.
407
00:31:05,080 --> 00:31:08,080
Around the 15th century BCE,
408
00:31:08,080 --> 00:31:13,120
Minoan culture was producing
myriad tiny masterpieces.
409
00:31:13,360 --> 00:31:16,320
Seal stones
to be pressed into soft wax
410
00:31:16,320 --> 00:31:20,080
or worn as micro art.
411
00:31:20,080 --> 00:31:25,240
Gold rings, sometimes decorated
with goddesses or their priestesses,
412
00:31:25,960 --> 00:31:30,600
bare-breasted, wasp-waisted
with flaring skirts.
413
00:31:31,760 --> 00:31:36,920
Minoan art was irresistibly
attractive to a raw rising power
414
00:31:37,160 --> 00:31:38,720
on the Greek mainland.
415
00:31:40,080 --> 00:31:43,640
Here was a culture that wanted
to clothe its belligerence
416
00:31:43,640 --> 00:31:48,920
in sophistication that would play
a vital role in European history -
417
00:31:49,480 --> 00:31:51,480
the Mycenaeans.
418
00:31:55,520 --> 00:32:00,720
In 2015, American archaeologists
were digging in western Greece,
419
00:32:01,200 --> 00:32:06,200
and here, far from Crete, they made
the most significant discovery
420
00:32:06,200 --> 00:32:09,800
of Minoan artefacts
for many, many years.
421
00:32:11,320 --> 00:32:16,520
They found the grave of a warrior
buried around the year 1450 BCE.
422
00:32:20,480 --> 00:32:25,240
Here we are in the grave
to look at our body today.
423
00:32:27,000 --> 00:32:29,760
It was the body of a Mycenaean.
424
00:32:33,400 --> 00:32:36,040
Pretty amazing.
425
00:32:36,040 --> 00:32:41,200
Yet almost all the objects found
with the body were clearly Minoan.
426
00:32:41,560 --> 00:32:44,080
This is our third gold ring.
427
00:32:48,040 --> 00:32:52,480
Four solid gold rings were
eventually found in the grave.
428
00:32:55,520 --> 00:32:58,080
They're just exquisite, actually.
429
00:32:58,080 --> 00:33:01,840
The craftsmanship on all of them
is stunning.
430
00:33:01,840 --> 00:33:03,880
And they all have their own story
to tell.
431
00:33:03,880 --> 00:33:06,200
They're very much like
the iconography
432
00:33:06,200 --> 00:33:07,720
that you find in Minoan Crete.
433
00:33:07,720 --> 00:33:10,360
I think that's a really important
lesson to learn
434
00:33:10,360 --> 00:33:14,040
about how civilisations evolve.
Yeah.
435
00:33:14,040 --> 00:33:19,200
That civilisations are constantly
borrowing and receiving inspirations
436
00:33:19,480 --> 00:33:21,320
from their predecessors
437
00:33:21,320 --> 00:33:26,200
and from those that surround them
as they evolve.
438
00:33:26,200 --> 00:33:31,240
In total, the grave contained
over 1,500 separate objects.
439
00:33:32,520 --> 00:33:37,200
There was a corroded bronze mirror
and ivory combs.
440
00:33:37,200 --> 00:33:40,440
Vanity was part of
the warrior's job description.
441
00:33:40,440 --> 00:33:43,600
Hair was ritually combed
before battle.
442
00:33:44,640 --> 00:33:47,680
And, of course, there were swords.
443
00:33:49,360 --> 00:33:52,800
The grave of the Griffin Warrior has
all of the artefacts
444
00:33:52,800 --> 00:33:56,480
that you would expect a warrior
to have accumulated in his lifetime.
445
00:33:56,480 --> 00:33:59,520
And this is the first time
that we can really understand
446
00:33:59,520 --> 00:34:02,920
what the complete warrior kit
looked like.
447
00:34:02,920 --> 00:34:05,080
One of the objects found
in the grave -
448
00:34:05,080 --> 00:34:08,400
tiny, not quite 1.5 inches long -
449
00:34:08,400 --> 00:34:10,680
was crusted in mud and minerals.
450
00:34:12,720 --> 00:34:16,600
Once cleaned, it forces us
to rethink everything
451
00:34:16,600 --> 00:34:20,040
we thought we knew
about this moment in history.
452
00:34:22,080 --> 00:34:26,920
High resolution photographs show
the extraordinary achievement.
453
00:34:35,480 --> 00:34:38,120
We see the long hair flowing free
454
00:34:38,120 --> 00:34:40,320
that would have been combed
before battle.
455
00:34:42,560 --> 00:34:45,320
We see a sword lying on the ground
456
00:34:45,320 --> 00:34:48,480
exactly like the swords discovered
in the grave.
457
00:34:49,640 --> 00:34:52,120
But that is just the beginning.
458
00:34:54,560 --> 00:34:59,800
This is the first fight scene
in all of European art,
459
00:35:00,640 --> 00:35:02,360
for all I know, in all of world art.
460
00:35:02,360 --> 00:35:06,560
Yes, there are occasional moments of
combat and battle in other cultures,
461
00:35:06,560 --> 00:35:09,800
but they're flat,
they're very stylised,
462
00:35:09,800 --> 00:35:14,280
they don't feel like
the smash of bone and bronze
463
00:35:14,280 --> 00:35:18,120
and metal and the spout of blood,
this does.
464
00:35:18,120 --> 00:35:23,400
This goes straight from 1450 BC
to action movies.
465
00:35:24,720 --> 00:35:27,040
Look at those rippling biceps.
466
00:35:27,040 --> 00:35:28,640
Look at those muscles.
467
00:35:28,640 --> 00:35:30,280
Look at those tense bodies.
468
00:35:30,280 --> 00:35:33,480
This cross
of locked-together fighters.
469
00:35:33,480 --> 00:35:37,000
A spear that's about to try
and impale the body of his enemy
470
00:35:37,000 --> 00:35:38,640
before it's too late.
471
00:35:38,640 --> 00:35:41,480
The sword that's about to
plunge down.
472
00:35:41,480 --> 00:35:44,960
It's 3-D, folks.
It's coming at you.
473
00:35:44,960 --> 00:35:49,520
And, inevitably, there is
already a dead body,
474
00:35:49,520 --> 00:35:53,640
perfectly modelled,
an arm bent back.
475
00:35:53,640 --> 00:35:55,720
Homer speaks of such bodies
476
00:35:55,720 --> 00:36:00,560
with a hand or a face
writhing in the dust.
477
00:36:01,640 --> 00:36:06,840
But, people, Homer is
700 years later.
478
00:36:09,720 --> 00:36:14,800
700 years later,
the time between Chaucer and us.
479
00:36:14,800 --> 00:36:20,040
Somebody out there with incredible
hawklike eyesight is drawing on
480
00:36:20,440 --> 00:36:23,280
a body of combat literature
481
00:36:23,280 --> 00:36:27,960
that goes all the way down to those
beautiful Homeric inventions.
482
00:36:27,960 --> 00:36:31,880
It sets something running
in European culture.
483
00:36:31,880 --> 00:36:35,920
This Mycenaean love of guts
and glory
484
00:36:35,920 --> 00:36:39,040
and the Mycenaeans themselves,
along with the Minoans,
485
00:36:39,040 --> 00:36:41,200
will pass into history.
486
00:36:41,200 --> 00:36:43,600
But this doesn't pass into history,
487
00:36:43,600 --> 00:36:46,640
it passes into poetry.
488
00:36:46,640 --> 00:36:50,000
It passes for ever into the world.
489
00:36:54,400 --> 00:36:59,160
Sometimes there are discoveries
that radically transform
490
00:36:59,160 --> 00:37:01,480
existing knowledge.
491
00:37:01,480 --> 00:37:04,600
But then there are other discoveries
492
00:37:04,600 --> 00:37:09,040
that reveal a culture so far outside
the river of history
493
00:37:09,040 --> 00:37:11,560
that we may never
truly understand them.
494
00:37:12,800 --> 00:37:16,160
As Mycenae rose
about 3,000 years ago,
495
00:37:16,160 --> 00:37:20,800
an extraordinary culture grew
in west central China -
496
00:37:20,800 --> 00:37:22,800
Sanxingdui.
497
00:37:26,720 --> 00:37:31,360
Its remains were unearthed in 1986
on a building site.
498
00:37:35,840 --> 00:37:39,320
The revealed pits contained
hundreds of elephant tusks,
499
00:37:39,320 --> 00:37:42,160
the remains of sacrificed animals,
500
00:37:42,160 --> 00:37:47,400
and a vast and startling abundance
of masks.
501
00:38:03,480 --> 00:38:05,880
There were scores of masks,
502
00:38:05,880 --> 00:38:07,560
There were giant masks
503
00:38:07,560 --> 00:38:10,560
which probably stood
in some sort of temple.
504
00:38:10,560 --> 00:38:12,640
There were little itty-bitty masks,
505
00:38:12,640 --> 00:38:15,000
There were masks that were
user-friendly,
506
00:38:15,000 --> 00:38:18,720
that almost certainly could be worn
on the face.
507
00:38:18,720 --> 00:38:22,200
They all have huge eyes.
508
00:38:22,200 --> 00:38:25,800
This one, you can still see
a few traces of black paint.
509
00:38:25,800 --> 00:38:27,840
They were painted black.
510
00:38:27,840 --> 00:38:30,120
Dashing eyebrows.
511
00:38:30,120 --> 00:38:32,520
Diamond-shaped eyes.
512
00:38:32,520 --> 00:38:36,800
Nothing in the rest of ancient China
has ever been discovered
513
00:38:36,800 --> 00:38:40,720
remotely like these faces,
like these heads.
514
00:38:40,720 --> 00:38:45,480
The bronze is the same,
the figures and faces are not.
515
00:38:50,000 --> 00:38:52,360
Nothing that can tell us anything
about the people
516
00:38:52,360 --> 00:38:55,480
who made these objects has survived.
517
00:38:55,480 --> 00:38:59,120
There are no writings, no other
histories to tell us who they were.
518
00:39:00,760 --> 00:39:03,600
It's been suggested
that some of the masks
519
00:39:03,600 --> 00:39:08,760
might have been used in rituals
by impersonators of the dead -
520
00:39:09,120 --> 00:39:12,960
those enormous eyes
which see beyond the world,
521
00:39:12,960 --> 00:39:16,360
the ears which might hear
what the departed say.
522
00:39:17,600 --> 00:39:19,960
But this is all pure speculation.
523
00:39:22,280 --> 00:39:26,560
The civilisation of Sanxingdui came,
it flourished,
524
00:39:26,560 --> 00:39:29,400
and then it disappeared
off the face of the earth.
525
00:39:37,720 --> 00:39:41,760
But civilisation is
always a balancing act.
526
00:39:41,760 --> 00:39:44,160
There may be enemies at the gates,
527
00:39:44,160 --> 00:39:47,880
there may be enemies
within the walls,
528
00:39:47,880 --> 00:39:50,800
and sometimes
the very landscape and climate
529
00:39:50,800 --> 00:39:53,760
in which a culture grows
must be conquered.
530
00:39:57,440 --> 00:40:01,720
It may be too rocky, too arid,
531
00:40:01,720 --> 00:40:06,960
but here canyons and gullies became
the streets and thoroughfares
532
00:40:08,040 --> 00:40:11,000
for one of the most
spectacular civilisations
533
00:40:11,000 --> 00:40:13,240
in all of human history.
534
00:40:40,080 --> 00:40:45,160
This is Petra where the sheer
improbability of its location
535
00:40:45,160 --> 00:40:49,360
was also the secret
of its spectacular flourishing.
536
00:40:51,280 --> 00:40:56,360
The reason why this tomb endured
and survived armies and earthquakes
537
00:40:56,520 --> 00:40:59,000
is that the Nabateans who built it
538
00:40:59,000 --> 00:41:02,760
cut it into the sandstone
surface of the mountain,
539
00:41:02,760 --> 00:41:07,320
rather than build some freestanding
marble monument.
540
00:41:07,320 --> 00:41:10,840
The mountains shook
with earthquakes,
541
00:41:10,840 --> 00:41:15,240
but these buildings stood intact.
542
00:41:15,240 --> 00:41:17,440
The Nabateans had
what you might call
543
00:41:17,440 --> 00:41:19,560
an instinct for cultural ecology.
544
00:41:19,560 --> 00:41:23,680
They worked with the rock
of their desert home.
545
00:41:23,680 --> 00:41:25,960
The columns are graceful.
546
00:41:25,960 --> 00:41:28,440
The capitals are heavily decorated.
547
00:41:28,440 --> 00:41:31,840
It's all part of an international
Hellenistic style,
548
00:41:31,840 --> 00:41:36,080
and, yet, it seems to me
this place is very local,
549
00:41:36,080 --> 00:41:38,760
untransferable.
550
00:41:38,760 --> 00:41:42,520
This is Petra and only Petra,
551
00:41:42,520 --> 00:41:45,920
these great palatial buildings
seem to say.
552
00:41:55,280 --> 00:42:00,120
More amazing still, this place was
built by people who were nomads
553
00:42:00,120 --> 00:42:04,360
when they first arrived here
in the fourth century before Christ.
554
00:42:08,680 --> 00:42:13,840
The Nabataeans were goat herders,
camel riders, dwellers in tents.
555
00:42:15,680 --> 00:42:20,760
But flocks and herds
weren't going to produce this.
556
00:42:25,160 --> 00:42:29,240
Petra was built on trade in incense.
557
00:42:32,960 --> 00:42:34,440
2,000 years ago,
558
00:42:34,440 --> 00:42:38,320
aromatic frankincense and myrrh
were essential
559
00:42:38,320 --> 00:42:41,920
for the ceremonies and rituals
which punctuated daily life.
560
00:42:44,600 --> 00:42:49,200
The nondescript little chunks
and granules of dried tree resin
561
00:42:49,200 --> 00:42:53,360
produced these clouds
of fragrant incense smoke,
562
00:42:53,360 --> 00:42:58,120
and they became the hottest trade
between Africa and Persia.
563
00:42:58,120 --> 00:43:01,440
And here's the thing,
the trees that produce the resin
564
00:43:01,440 --> 00:43:03,680
only grow in a particular part
of Arabia,
565
00:43:03,680 --> 00:43:07,400
and who knew that desert
mile by stony mile,
566
00:43:07,400 --> 00:43:10,760
oasis by oasis,
better than the Nabataeans?
567
00:43:10,760 --> 00:43:12,040
No-one.
568
00:43:12,040 --> 00:43:16,880
So the Nabataeans started as
navigators and pilots, if you like,
569
00:43:16,880 --> 00:43:18,960
for this precious cargo,
570
00:43:18,960 --> 00:43:20,960
went on to be
full-service providers,
571
00:43:20,960 --> 00:43:24,720
and then thought, "Well, why don't
we trade it ourselves directly?"
572
00:43:24,720 --> 00:43:28,880
Pretty soon they were monopolists
of the incense trade,
573
00:43:28,880 --> 00:43:31,480
the emperors of aromatics.
574
00:43:36,400 --> 00:43:39,720
But a civilisation here
was inconceivable
575
00:43:39,720 --> 00:43:43,280
without the one thing more precious
than frankincense -
576
00:43:43,280 --> 00:43:45,320
water.
577
00:43:45,320 --> 00:43:50,400
The Nabataeans engineered systems to
trap the rains which came in winter
578
00:43:50,600 --> 00:43:55,160
and their desert hydraulics made
this place not so much rose red,
579
00:43:55,160 --> 00:43:57,720
as bright green.
580
00:43:57,720 --> 00:44:01,160
A garden city of fountains,
swimming pools,
581
00:44:01,160 --> 00:44:03,480
groves and orchards.
582
00:44:08,560 --> 00:44:11,240
And the water which made
all that possible
583
00:44:11,240 --> 00:44:16,200
also made it possible to feed
a city of 30,000 people,
584
00:44:16,440 --> 00:44:19,280
many of whom were immigrants
from all over the region.
585
00:44:19,280 --> 00:44:23,800
There were Egyptians and Syrians
and Judeans and Greeks and Romans,
586
00:44:23,800 --> 00:44:26,800
and they were all coming to Petra
587
00:44:26,800 --> 00:44:30,640
to enjoy what the Persians called
a pairi daiza,
588
00:44:30,640 --> 00:44:34,600
a pleasure resort,
a little bit of heaven on Earth.
589
00:44:40,200 --> 00:44:45,440
And they all brought a flourish of
their own cultural styles with them.
590
00:44:46,080 --> 00:44:49,560
Most of the art discovered
here has been taken to museums,
591
00:44:49,560 --> 00:44:54,160
but what survives tells the story
of a cosmopolitan playground.
592
00:44:56,040 --> 00:44:58,720
There are curious abstract
representations
593
00:44:58,720 --> 00:45:00,600
of a Nabataean goddess...
594
00:45:02,920 --> 00:45:08,200
..carved heads from the wine soaked
Hellenistic cult of Dionysus.
595
00:45:12,480 --> 00:45:16,200
Recent excavations have brought
to light ritzy villas
596
00:45:16,200 --> 00:45:19,720
carved into the living rock.
597
00:45:19,720 --> 00:45:23,240
Inside them,
"here's to happiness" murals
598
00:45:23,240 --> 00:45:26,080
from that same Dionysian cult,
599
00:45:26,080 --> 00:45:29,800
cherubs, vine leaves,
600
00:45:29,800 --> 00:45:33,240
the inevitable bunches of grapes.
601
00:45:35,480 --> 00:45:39,520
And from the later years
of Petra's life, Byzantine mosaics
602
00:45:39,520 --> 00:45:43,960
found beneath the sand and rubble
of a ruined church.
603
00:45:49,280 --> 00:45:54,480
Petra had its day, or rather
its centuries, and then it ended.
604
00:45:55,520 --> 00:45:57,600
Not because of conquest,
605
00:45:57,600 --> 00:46:02,800
but because new trade routes simply
made Petra commercially irrelevant.
606
00:46:03,160 --> 00:46:05,840
And without
that commercial lifeblood,
607
00:46:05,840 --> 00:46:10,520
there was no longer any reason
to struggle against the desert.
608
00:46:12,760 --> 00:46:14,560
The people left,
609
00:46:14,560 --> 00:46:18,720
the systems for capturing water
fell into disrepair,
610
00:46:18,720 --> 00:46:22,480
and the desert reclaimed the city.
611
00:46:31,080 --> 00:46:33,520
BIRDS SING
612
00:46:40,880 --> 00:46:44,520
On the other side of the world
in Central America,
613
00:46:44,520 --> 00:46:48,200
another culture would face a set of
ecological conditions
614
00:46:48,200 --> 00:46:50,840
that seemed far more hospitable.
615
00:46:53,640 --> 00:46:57,560
The Mayans lived amidst
tropical forests.
616
00:46:57,560 --> 00:47:00,960
It looks almost absurdly fertile.
617
00:47:00,960 --> 00:47:06,240
And these great ruins are proof
that when the delicate balance
618
00:47:06,440 --> 00:47:11,320
between prospering habitat
and vaulting ambition is maintained,
619
00:47:11,320 --> 00:47:15,880
civilisations can bind rulers
and the ruled,
620
00:47:15,880 --> 00:47:21,120
and a culture can burst
into riotously prolific bloom.
621
00:47:24,240 --> 00:47:27,560
If you take away
all this magnificent vegetation
622
00:47:27,560 --> 00:47:30,000
that's sprung up naturally
from the space,
623
00:47:30,000 --> 00:47:33,000
you realise this is
an extraordinary plaza,
624
00:47:33,000 --> 00:47:35,280
it's the centre of a city.
625
00:47:35,280 --> 00:47:38,720
Wherever you look, there are
these huge stone staircases,
626
00:47:38,720 --> 00:47:40,920
some temples, some tombs,
627
00:47:40,920 --> 00:47:44,000
all the more amazing because
there are no draft animals,
628
00:47:44,000 --> 00:47:45,680
there are no wheels,
629
00:47:45,680 --> 00:47:50,280
so human labour only is responsible
for these great things.
630
00:47:50,280 --> 00:47:52,920
This is a spectacular space.
631
00:47:52,920 --> 00:47:57,840
The kind of space you would really
expect to see in Rome or Greece,
632
00:47:57,840 --> 00:48:01,720
these great pyramids
with platforms for performances
633
00:48:01,720 --> 00:48:05,920
because this, as much as anywhere
in the Western world of antiquity,
634
00:48:05,920 --> 00:48:08,760
is essentially an urban theatre.
635
00:48:13,400 --> 00:48:17,280
It's a theatre of political
and religious power.
636
00:48:18,760 --> 00:48:22,120
A structure like this looks down
upon the citizens
637
00:48:22,120 --> 00:48:25,440
and forces them to look back up.
638
00:48:25,440 --> 00:48:29,160
And what they looked up to
was often gruesomely violent,
639
00:48:29,160 --> 00:48:32,360
the mass sacrifice of captives.
640
00:48:32,360 --> 00:48:35,360
And one God in particular
had a special thirst...
641
00:48:36,560 --> 00:48:38,640
..the rain god, Chaac.
642
00:48:45,080 --> 00:48:48,840
The power of the Mayan kings
rested on the promise
643
00:48:48,840 --> 00:48:52,640
that every year they would persuade
Chaac to bring the rains
644
00:48:52,640 --> 00:48:55,320
on which all life depended.
645
00:48:55,320 --> 00:48:58,480
Mayan art and architecture
was a prayer
646
00:48:58,480 --> 00:49:01,000
and appealed to the weather -
647
00:49:01,000 --> 00:49:04,920
"Let us live,
let every year be fruitful."
648
00:49:08,960 --> 00:49:11,240
Only the most damaged of the art
649
00:49:11,240 --> 00:49:14,800
that used to adorn Calakmul
remains on-site.
650
00:49:16,640 --> 00:49:19,200
In Mexico's anthropology museum,
651
00:49:19,200 --> 00:49:23,760
we can see some of that art
and how Mayan society worked.
652
00:49:23,760 --> 00:49:26,800
There were kings
made of flesh and blood
653
00:49:26,800 --> 00:49:29,640
and kings made of stone,
654
00:49:29,640 --> 00:49:32,960
and you had to obey both kinds.
655
00:49:36,560 --> 00:49:41,480
But Mayan art wasn't all enormous
and formal, far from it.
656
00:49:41,640 --> 00:49:43,680
It was hugely varied.
657
00:49:43,680 --> 00:49:47,080
One of the most spectacular
flourishings of creativity
658
00:49:47,080 --> 00:49:48,520
in human history.
659
00:49:50,200 --> 00:49:53,640
Every human type got
his or her figurine,
660
00:49:53,640 --> 00:49:58,280
like action characters and heroes
from a comic book or a play.
661
00:50:03,880 --> 00:50:08,000
There were ceramic vessels
and there were murals too.
662
00:50:09,680 --> 00:50:12,280
And out of the Mayan delight
in making pictures
663
00:50:12,280 --> 00:50:14,920
developed a fully-fledged script.
664
00:50:20,440 --> 00:50:24,720
Writing made up of glyphs
or word pictures.
665
00:50:25,920 --> 00:50:31,000
They were brushed onto paper
made from wild fig tree bark,
666
00:50:31,000 --> 00:50:33,440
painted onto
beautiful ceramic pottery
667
00:50:33,440 --> 00:50:37,600
or, like this one,
carved into limestone.
668
00:50:37,600 --> 00:50:39,840
They were everywhere
in Maya city states.
669
00:50:39,840 --> 00:50:43,640
The Maya were the wordiest
of all ancient cultures.
670
00:50:43,640 --> 00:50:45,440
So that this,
671
00:50:45,440 --> 00:50:48,520
which looks like something purely
decorative, ornamental,
672
00:50:48,520 --> 00:50:50,080
a bestiary with all these animals,
673
00:50:50,080 --> 00:50:52,240
there's a monkey,
674
00:50:52,240 --> 00:50:55,600
there's a magnificently
complacent frog,
675
00:50:55,600 --> 00:50:59,440
there in the middle is
an extremely scary killer rabbit,
676
00:50:59,440 --> 00:51:03,360
in fact, all these are words
which make a text.
677
00:51:03,360 --> 00:51:07,760
Each glyph is not a single word,
but it's a syllable, in fact,
678
00:51:07,760 --> 00:51:12,640
and you put them together and
you have a sentence, a paragraph.
679
00:51:12,640 --> 00:51:16,040
But in this case,
it makes up a date.
680
00:51:16,040 --> 00:51:18,320
We know exactly what that date was.
681
00:51:18,320 --> 00:51:22,840
This is the 11th of February, 526.
682
00:51:27,960 --> 00:51:32,760
In 526, Mayan civilisation
was at its height.
683
00:51:32,760 --> 00:51:35,200
It's art and culture flourished
684
00:51:35,200 --> 00:51:39,240
and many believe that the finest
Mayan art of all is to be found
685
00:51:39,240 --> 00:51:41,080
in the city of Copan.
686
00:51:47,200 --> 00:51:49,200
The city was home to a dynasty
687
00:51:49,200 --> 00:51:52,400
that lasted from the fifth
to the ninth centuries,
688
00:51:52,400 --> 00:51:55,880
16 successive kings ruled here.
689
00:51:58,200 --> 00:52:01,800
An archaeological team,
led by Bill and Barbara Fash,
690
00:52:01,800 --> 00:52:04,640
have been studying Copan
for over 30 years.
691
00:52:06,000 --> 00:52:08,920
And they've found
that for most of its life,
692
00:52:08,920 --> 00:52:13,200
the art of Copan is elegant,
refined, astonishing.
693
00:52:15,000 --> 00:52:19,920
Single carved steles announce
the accession of new kings.
694
00:52:23,360 --> 00:52:27,560
It's the work of a society
where that balance between habitat
695
00:52:27,560 --> 00:52:30,360
and ambition is still in good order.
696
00:52:34,120 --> 00:52:37,920
It's certainly hard to imagine
a more vivid realisation
697
00:52:37,920 --> 00:52:41,520
of the rain god Chaac than this.
698
00:52:41,520 --> 00:52:46,680
Complete with the bubbling streams
of water that his blessings brought.
699
00:52:49,520 --> 00:52:53,160
In the seventh century,
the 12th ruler of Copan
700
00:52:53,160 --> 00:52:56,400
commissioned a new grand structure.
701
00:52:59,200 --> 00:53:02,520
This is the hieroglyphic
stairway of Copan.
702
00:53:02,520 --> 00:53:06,000
It was built, originally,
in honour of ruler 12
703
00:53:06,000 --> 00:53:07,760
who is portrayed here,
704
00:53:07,760 --> 00:53:11,280
and then was finished by ruler 15
705
00:53:11,280 --> 00:53:14,640
who added on
the uppermost section of it.
706
00:53:14,640 --> 00:53:18,360
And it has 64 steps in total
707
00:53:18,360 --> 00:53:21,120
and they told the history of
the dynasty
708
00:53:21,120 --> 00:53:23,800
and the succession
of the different rulers.
709
00:53:25,480 --> 00:53:28,760
The stairway itself is
a monumental statement.
710
00:53:28,760 --> 00:53:33,600
Certainly ruler 15 was trying to
impress the population
711
00:53:33,600 --> 00:53:37,480
so he was really trying to
cement in stone
712
00:53:37,480 --> 00:53:40,960
what the history of Copan was
and what the dynasty was
713
00:53:40,960 --> 00:53:44,320
and to make sure that it stayed
for the future.
714
00:53:47,120 --> 00:53:51,080
The hieroglyphic stairway sought
to impress the people
715
00:53:51,080 --> 00:53:54,160
and to persuade the gods
to continue to bring rain.
716
00:53:58,560 --> 00:54:03,800
But by tunnelling beneath it,
the archaeologists have discovered
717
00:54:04,160 --> 00:54:07,920
that this grand structure was,
in fact, badly built.
718
00:54:10,480 --> 00:54:13,560
You can see all these gaps
in the fill itself
719
00:54:13,560 --> 00:54:16,000
indicate that it was
just loose rubble.
720
00:54:16,000 --> 00:54:18,480
This is a terrible way
to build a pyramid.
721
00:54:18,480 --> 00:54:21,760
What this tells us is that,
at this point in time,
722
00:54:21,760 --> 00:54:24,040
people were no longer
as enthusiastic
723
00:54:24,040 --> 00:54:26,120
about supporting the rulers.
724
00:54:26,120 --> 00:54:31,320
Even though a gorgeous and
very explicit hieroglyphic stairway
was built here,
725
00:54:31,480 --> 00:54:33,520
it was built on poor fills,
726
00:54:33,520 --> 00:54:35,680
so it was a castle built on sand,
727
00:54:35,680 --> 00:54:38,440
and with time, eventually,
it did decay
728
00:54:38,440 --> 00:54:43,440
and the stairway itself collapsed in
a heap at the bottom of the pyramid.
729
00:54:49,200 --> 00:54:52,440
The stairway we see today
has been reconstructed,
730
00:54:52,440 --> 00:54:56,960
but around it, we can see the chaos
of the collapse.
731
00:54:58,720 --> 00:55:03,560
The stairway was built as
the Mayans were suffering a drought
732
00:55:03,560 --> 00:55:05,240
that would last decades,
733
00:55:05,240 --> 00:55:09,320
and the promise of rain had been
a central plank of royal authority.
734
00:55:11,880 --> 00:55:17,040
Shortly afterwards, the kingdom of
Copan itself collapsed completely.
735
00:55:18,720 --> 00:55:21,040
All across the Mayan territories,
736
00:55:21,040 --> 00:55:25,520
art and authority were out of step
with reality.
737
00:55:25,520 --> 00:55:29,760
There was nothing grand or stately
about starvation.
738
00:55:31,440 --> 00:55:35,280
And the ordinary people of the Maya
saw that their civilisation
739
00:55:35,280 --> 00:55:38,840
had become a death trap
and walked away,
740
00:55:38,840 --> 00:55:41,960
left kings and cities
and art behind.
741
00:55:41,960 --> 00:55:46,280
They went back to simpler lives
in the surrounding forest.
742
00:55:47,680 --> 00:55:51,520
And their descendants are
still very much alive.
743
00:55:53,000 --> 00:55:56,560
IN SPANISH:
744
00:56:31,320 --> 00:56:33,600
The Maya and their language lived on
745
00:56:33,600 --> 00:56:37,520
but far away from the stone
monuments of their ancestors.
746
00:56:37,520 --> 00:56:42,480
All that remained to say
that beneath the forest canopy
747
00:56:42,600 --> 00:56:44,720
there was the civilisation,
748
00:56:44,720 --> 00:56:47,320
were the summits
of the platform pyramids,
749
00:56:47,320 --> 00:56:50,040
but only the wheeling birds
750
00:56:50,040 --> 00:56:53,640
and the howler monkeys
scrambling to the tops of trees
751
00:56:53,640 --> 00:56:55,440
would have seen that.
752
00:56:58,760 --> 00:57:03,040
All civilisations want
what they can't have -
753
00:57:03,040 --> 00:57:05,680
the conquest of time.
754
00:57:05,680 --> 00:57:10,120
They build higher and grander
to escape mortality.
755
00:57:10,120 --> 00:57:11,960
It never works.
756
00:57:11,960 --> 00:57:14,600
There's always an ending.
757
00:57:14,600 --> 00:57:18,080
Cities with their markets,
temples, palaces and tombs
758
00:57:18,080 --> 00:57:20,240
are simply abandoned
759
00:57:20,240 --> 00:57:24,160
and that great leveller,
Mother Nature, closes in,
760
00:57:24,160 --> 00:57:27,600
strangling the place
with vegetation,
761
00:57:27,600 --> 00:57:30,600
covering it with desert sand.
762
00:57:33,320 --> 00:57:36,720
It might seem, then, that it's
all for nothing,
763
00:57:36,720 --> 00:57:40,320
but that's entirely wrong.
764
00:57:40,320 --> 00:57:44,400
All these ruins,
all these remains are monuments
765
00:57:44,400 --> 00:57:47,880
to human creativity,
766
00:57:47,880 --> 00:57:50,400
human ambitions,
767
00:57:50,400 --> 00:57:51,960
human hopes.
768
00:57:54,400 --> 00:57:59,600
Monuments to shaping hands
and shaping minds.
769
00:58:02,440 --> 00:58:06,600
Monuments to humanity itself.
770
00:58:12,320 --> 00:58:15,720
The Open University has produced
a free poster
771
00:58:15,720 --> 00:58:18,560
that explores the history of
different civilisations
772
00:58:18,560 --> 00:58:20,240
through artefacts.
773
00:58:20,240 --> 00:58:23,240
To order your free copy,
please call...
774
00:58:26,160 --> 00:58:28,240
Or go to the address on-screen
775
00:58:28,240 --> 00:58:30,720
and follow the links
for the Open University.
64813
Can't find what you're looking for?
Get subtitles in any language from opensubtitles.com, and translate them here.